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What is Plant Breeding and Genetics for Crop Improvement

What is Plant Breeding and Genetics for Crop Improvement

In this tutorial, we have defined ‘What is Plant Breeding and Genetics for Crop Improvement‘ based on the following topics: 01. Improvement in crop variety 02. Management of crop production 03. Management of crop protection INCREASE IN FOOD PRODUCTION BY CROP IMPROVEMENT All living beings require food for their maintenance and survival. Two major sources of food are crop plants and animals. With…

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What is Algae? Definition, Classification, Examples

What is Algae? Definition, Classification, Examples

In this tutorial, we have defined ‘What is Algae?‘ and explored ‘Classification of fungi‘, ‘Economic Importance of algae’, etc.  — Algae Definition: Algae (L. Alga – see weed; singular – alga) are defined as eukaryotic, autotrophic (holophytic), chlorophyllous, thalloid, non-vascular plants with no cellular differentiation. These are characterized by the absence of the embryonic stage and the…

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What is Fungi? Definition, Classification, Examples

What is Fungi? Definition, Classification, Examples

In this tutorial, we have defined ‘What is Fungi?‘ and explored ‘Classification of fungi‘, ‘Economic Importance of fungi’, ‘Affinities‘ etc.  — Fungi Definition: Fungi (singular, fungus) are achlorophyllous, heterotrophic, spore-forming, non-vascular, eucaryotic organisms or plants, which reproduce both sexually and asexually and whose generally filamentous and much branched plant body (mycelium)…

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What is Life? Definition & Characteristics of Life

What is Life? Definition & Characteristics of Life

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘What is Life?‘ along with ‘Definition & Characteristics of Life’. WHAT IS LIFE ? Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules that expresses itself through chemical reactions which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation, and reproduction. The objects exhibiting growth, development, responsiveness, and other characteristics of life are…

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Origin of Life (Biopoiesis) and Origin of Universe

Origin of Life (Biopoiesis) and Origin of Universe

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘Origin of Life (Biopoiesis) and Origin of Universe’ including ‘What is Living’, ‘Living and Nonliving‘ and many theories. LIVING AND NONLIVING All diverse things on this planet are divided into three kinds: living, nonliving and dead. Nonliving could mean either dead or inanimate. But these two terms are not equivalent. The essence of an organism lies in…

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Transportation in Plants || Means of Transport

Transportation in Plants || Means of Transport

— Plants like other living organisms, i.e., humans and animals, also need to transport various types of substances such as gases, minerals, water, hormones, food, and organic solutes to short as well as long distances. All this transport takes place in absence of interstitial fluid as well as a regular circulation system. — Transportation in plants is essential for moving or transporting various…

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Example of Biofertilizers, Organic & Chemical Fertilizers

Example of Biofertilizers, Organic & Chemical Fertilizers

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘Type and Example of Biofertilizers, Organic & Chemical Fertilizers‘.  WHAT ARE FERTILIZERS? ► DEFINITION: Fertilizers are commercially produced synthetic chemicals added to the soil to maintain its fertility and have sustained plant growth. Since they are produced synthetically from inorganic material artificially, they do have some harmful acids which reduce…

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Role of Microbes in Human Welfare

Role of Microbes in Human Welfare

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘Role of Microbes in Human Welfare‘.  WHAT ARE MICROBES — Microbes or microorganisms are those organisms that are not visible to the naked eye and can be observed only with the aid of a microscope because they have a size of 0.1 mm or less. — Microbes belong to diverse groups of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic plants. Viruses,…

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Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration in Plants

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration in Plants

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration in Plants‘. The common pathway of aerobic respiration consists of three steps – glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and terminal oxidation. — All the cellular activities are grouped into two categories: anabolism (biosynthetic activities of the cell) and catabolism (breaking up processes of the cell). — The anabolic activities are…

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Angiosperm Plant Families and their Floral Formula

Angiosperm Plant Families and their Floral Formula

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘Angiosperm Plant Families and their Floral Formula‘. Flowering plants are described in sequential order of morphological characters, like habit, habitat, root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed of the plant. On the basis of floral characters, a floral diagram and a floral formula are drawn. By the observed characters, the plant is identified…

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What is Mycorrhizae? Types and Importance in Biology

What is Mycorrhizae? Types and Importance in Biology

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘what is Mycorrhizae’, ‘ types of mycorrhizae’, ” importance of mycorrhizae’, etc. What is Mycorrhizae — Mycorrhizae (from Greek words meaning “fungus roots”) are the obligate symbiotic relationships with fungi and the root of higher plants. Mycorrhizae occur in about 80% of plants (and more than 90% of all plant families).  —They are thick, irregular without…

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What is Lichen? Component, Structure, Economic Importance

What is Lichen? Component, Structure, Economic Importance

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘what is lichen’, ‘components of the lichen’, ‘structure of lichens’, ‘lichen examples with their economic importance’ and many more.  What is Lichen — A lichen is a symbiotic association of one or more fungi and a photoautotroph (either a green alga or a cyanobacterium). In this symbiotic relationship, the photoautotroph provides the fungus with organic…

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What is Transpiration in Plants?

What is Transpiration in Plants?

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘what is transpiration in plants‘, ‘type of transpiration‘, ‘Mechanism of transpiration‘ etc. Transpiration Definition Plants absorb a large quantity of water from the soil. Only a small part of it (1-2%) is utilised by the plant for building up the processes, while bulk of the water (98–99%) is lost into the air from the leaves and other aerial parts of the…

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Development of Seed and Formation of Fruit

Development of Seed and Formation of Fruit

In this tutorial, we have discussed development of seed and formation of fruit and their biological significance. Development of Seed Fertilisation induces the following changes during the development of ovule into seed: 1. Zygote develops into embryo. 2. Triploid primary endosperm nucleus gives rise to nutritive endosperm. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo. 3. Nucellus…

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Why Seed Dispersal is important? Agents of Seed Dispersal

Why Seed Dispersal is important? Agents of Seed Dispersal

In this tutorial, we have discussed ‘why seed dispersal is important?’ ‘Different agents of seed dispersal’ etc. What is Seed Dispersal? Seed is the final outcome of the sexual reproductive process in flowering plants. It represents the beginning of a new generation. Kozlowski and Gunn (1972) have defined a seed as a ‘fertilised mature ovule‘ that possesses an embryonic plant, stored food…

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Different Types of Fruits in Biology & its Importance

Different Types of Fruits in Biology & its Importance

In this tutorial, we have discussed different types of fruits in biology and their significance. WHAT ARE FRUITS — True fruit or eucarp is a ripened ovary which develops under the influence of ripening ovules and is meant for protecting them. It consists of a pericarp formed from the wall of the ovary and seeds formed from ovules. The pericarp may be dry or fleshy, when fleshy it consists of the…

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What is Pollination? Definition, Types, Agents, Significance

What is Pollination? Definition, Types, Agents, Significance

What is Pollination –  Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower borne by the same plant (i.e., genetically similar flower) or of another flower borne on a different plant (i.e., genetically different plant of the same species). –  It occurs only in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Flowering plants have evolved an array of…