englishhighbrowss

[englishhighbrowss]

Common Confusions in the English Language

Written by Yeisha Descalzo and Rachel Catanyag

This topic is somehow funny, but also one of the most concerning and controversial to hear and to know from people using the English Language. I have observed some of these common confusions with the said language.

1. Quite vs quiet

The word 'quite' is used to refer to the utmost degree or completely. The word 'quiet' means to make no or little noise, i.e., being noiseless and discreet.

2. Affect vs. Effect

Affect is usually used as a verb meaning “to influence or produce a change in something.” Effect is generally used as a noun, and refers to the result of a change, but it's sometimes used as a verb meaning “to bring about a specific change.”

3. Altogether vs. "All together"

Altogether means “completely,” “all things considered,” or “on the whole.” All together means “everyone together” or “everything together.”

4. Apart vs. "A part"

Apart implies a separation between things (they are away from one another), and a part denotes that a thing is a share of another, bigger thing (there's togetherness going on).

5. Desert vs. Dessert

Desert, spelled with one S, refers to a dry region. Dessert, spelled with two S's, refers to a sweet dish eaten after a meal. Sometimes, though, desert is an entirely different word referring to what you deserve, especially in the phrase just deserts.

6. Diffuse vs. Defuse

Diffuse can be used as a verb meaning "to spread out" or an adjective meaning "not concentrated." It is often confused with defuse, which can only be a verb. The original meaning of defuse was "to take the fuse off a bomb," but the word now usually means "to make less dangerous or tense."

7. Map vs mop

A mop (such as a floor mop) is a mass or bundle of coarse strings or yarn, etc., or a piece of cloth, sponge, or other absorbent material, attached to a pole or stick. It is used to soak up liquid, for cleaning floors and other surfaces, to mop up dust, or for other cleaning purposes. Map is the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world.

8. Were vs. We’re vs. Where vs. Wear

Where is most commonly used as an adverb to define a location or position. It can also be used informally as a conjunction in place of the words "that" or "whereas." We're is a contraction of "we are." Where is most commonly used as an adverb to define a location or position. Wear is a verb and a noun. As a verb, it can mean "to bear or decorate on a body," as in "to wear clothes," or it can mean "to break something down over time," as in "to wear down during a physical activity."

9. Pore vs. Pour

A pore is small opening in a surface that lets stuff through. To pour, on the other hand, means to flow continuously and rapidly.

10. Lie vs. Lay

Lay means "to place something down flat," while lie means "to be in a flat position on a surface."

11. Lose vs. Loose

Lose typically functions only as a verb, with meanings related to failing to win or hold onto something; one might “lose a game” or “lose one's temper.” Loose can be used as an adjective ("not securely attached"), a verb ("to free something or someone"), and less commonly, a noun or adverb.

12. Your and you're

"Your" indicates possession (e.g., "Your book"), while "you're" is a contraction of "you are" (e.g., "You're going to the party").

13. There, Their, and They're

"There" indicates location (e.g., "Over there"), "their" shows possession (e.g., "Their house"), and "they're" is a contraction of "they are" (e.g. "They're coming").

14. Its and It's

"Its" denotes possession by "it" (e.g., "The dog wagged its tail"), while "it's" is a contraction of "it is" (e.g., "It's raining").

15. To, Too, and Two

"To" is a preposition or infinitive marker (e.g., "Go to the store"), "too" means "also" or "excessively" (e.g., "I want to go too"), and "two" is the number 2.

16. Accept and Except

Accept is a verb meaning to receive or agree to. Except is usually a preposition meaning aside from or excluding.

17. Bring and Take

Use “bring” if the action is directed toward you. Use “take” if the action is away from you.

18. Censor(v) and Censure

To censor is to suppress objectionable subject matter, while to censure is to criticize strongly or disapprove.

19. Conscience and Conscious

Conscience is a noun referring to a sense of right and wrong, while conscious is an adjective meaning awake or aware.

20. Continuous and Continual

Continuous means constant, without interruption, while continual means recurring or frequently repeated.

Understanding these distinctions can help improve communication and prevent misunderstandings.

Above everything, these confusions and mistakes can still be corrected as long as the person is willing to be corrected and has the desire to be better in the language, and especially, when a person is really interested to excel in using the language.

References: 1. 'Lose' or 'Loose'? 2. How to Use 'Lay' and 'Lie' 3. pore/pour 4. Mop vs. Map 5. 'Diffuse' vs. 'Defuse' 6. “Desert” vs. “Dessert”: When To Use Each One 7. When to use apart 8. Altogether vs. All Together 9. “Affect” vs. “Effect”: What’s the Difference? 10. Difference between Quite and Quiet 11. Advance vs. Advanced 12. Common Confused Words

[englishhighbrowss]

Common English Language Mistakes Committed by Filipinos and How to Solve Them

Written by Hazeline Soriano and Jenny Jane Tumandao

Filipinos are known as one of the biggest English-speaking countries in the world. We can speak language, at least conversationally, or at best at a native level. However, if we look closely, Filipinos, in truth, make a ton of errors, not only in pronunciation and spelling but also in grammar. This is evident from numerous Facebook and other social media posts. Here, we have a list of English grammar mistakes commonly made by Filipinos.

• MORE + ADJECTIVE + ER

One common mistake that Filipinos make in spoken English is adding the word “more” in front of an adjective that is already in the comparative degree. Example: “more taller,” “more better,” “more nicer,” “more brighter,” and “more prettier.” How to correct: Just say “taller,” “better,” “nicer,” “brighter,” and “prettier.”

• “YOUR” AND “YOU’RE”

This is a common blunder when it comes to written English. “Your” and “You’re” are quite different from each other. “Your” implies possession while “You’re” is a contraction that stands for “you are”. Example: “Your welcome.” How to correct: Say “You’re welcome.”

• “ITS” AND “IT’S”

This one is understandably confusing for some since we were taught that “‘s” implies possession. However, for this case, it should be noted that “It’s” is short for “It is” while “Its” indicates ownership. Example: “Its nice.” How to correct: The correct term is “It’s nice.”

• “TIN NUMBER”

: “Ma’am, do you already have TIN NUMBER?” How to correct : Do not say “TIN NUMBER,” because it will mean “Tax Identification Number Number.” “TIN” will do.

• TRAFFIC

“Sorry I am late! It was TRAFFIC!” Well, this may sound correct but it’s not. “Traffic” refers to the flow of vehicles on a road or high way. How to correct: It is proper to say, “Oh! Sorry I’m late! There was a HEAVY TRAFFIC!”

• ANYWAYS

Why do we love the letter “S” so much that we always add it to the words we use? How to correct: “Anyway” is good.

• “OPEN AND CLOSE” THE LIGHT

It is like we’re saying “open and close the door.” How to correct: “Turn on and turn off the light.” That will sound better!

• FOR MY OPINION

Often heard when someone’s reporting in front of the class. How to correct: We should say “In my opinion.”

• FALL IN LINE

How to correct? We should rather say: “Stand in a queue” or “line up” or “make a line.”

• FILL UP THE FORM

“Fill up” means to make something full, generally with a liquid. It is often used to refer to a car’s fuel tank. “Fill up” CANNOT be used to mean “complete a form.” This is wrong. How to correct: The appropriate expression to use with a form is “fill in” or “fill out.” So please, don’t ask anyone to “fill up a form.” Ask them to “fill in” a form or “fill out” a form.

❖ Redundant Phrases;

• 1st YEAR ANNIVERSARY

“Anniversary” already means an event you celebrate each year. To place the words “anniversary” and “year” in one phrase is just redundant.

• “CAN YOU REPEAT THAT AGAIN?”

Redundancy at its finest! How to correct: It is better to say the following: “I’m sorry?” Or “Excuse me. I didn’t get what you said.”

• STAND UP

How to correct: You can say “please stand” instead of “please stand up.

• SIT DOWN

How to correct: You can say “Have a seat.

• NOT UNLESS

How to correct: You can say “unless”

• FILL UP

“Fill” already signifies putting something into a container, such as toys into a toy box, or juice into a cup. How to correct: You could specify “Fill it halfway” or “Fill it up half way.”

• RETURN BACK

In this case, the adverbial “back” is completely unnecessary and should especially be avoided in formal contexts.

• PINAKA LATEST

Translated as most latest. “Latest” is already in the superlative, meaning, there is nothing “later” than it. Therefore, “pinaka latest” is also redundant.

❖ Trademarks used as generic term;

• COLGATE

“Pabili pong Colgate, ‘yung Close-up.” It is translated as “May I buy Colgate, the Close-up one.” Have you heard this line already? Well, it’s quite popular here in the Philippines. But for your information, Colgate is not Close-up. The two are both trademarks of toothpaste. How to correct: You can rather say, “May I buy toothpaste, the Close-up one.”

• BAND AID

There are other names of adhesive bandages like Elastoplast, Curad and Nexcare. But most of the time we call them generically as Band-Aid, which is also a brand of adhesive bandages produced by Johnson & Johnson’s.

• SCOTCH TAPE

When I was younger, I really thought that Scotch tape is the clear one. Did you know that Scotch tapes is a brand by 3M and is a type of cellophane tape?

• PAMPERS

Another famous line we, Filipinos, unintentionally blurt out in front of a sari-sari store is “Pabili po ng Pampers, ‘yung Huggies.” Most of the time filipinos meant to buy another brand of diaper such as Huggies but they just altered the word diaper to a known brand, which is Pampers.

• CUTEX

Maybe many of us don’t know this but did you know that cutex is also a brand name? It’s a brand of nail care products owned by Revlon. So begin to address “Cutex” as “nail polish”.

• XEROX

I know it’s quite familiar to us, but for everyone’s information, it’s “photocopy.” Xerox is a brand of photocopying machine. According to research, the company who owns Xerox took this matter seriously and even posted an ad on Manila Standard regarding this matter.

➢ General: How to correct common English mistakes committed by Filipinos

Since there are Filipinos who are not aware of these corrections, these wrong terms and phrases have appeared to be acceptable, but in the English speaking world, this should be avoided. Committing mistakes is part of learning, and even experts of the language commit an error from time to time. The good news is that you can avoid such errors by simply being familiar with the common mistakes most Filipino make. They have to be corrected and to be taught to promote the good use the language as well as to be understood better.

So now that you know about it, please spread this to your friends! Let them find the common errors that they must have been possibly making for a long time!

References: 1. Grammarist 2. Common Everyday Mistakes by English-Speaking and Writing Filipinos 3. Grammatical Mistakes Made by Filipinos

[englishhighbrowss]

The Subtle Art of Grumbling: Exploring Common Pet Peeves in English Language

by Dominic Avena

The English language: a beautiful, complex beast, capable of expressing infinite ideas, but also prone to misunderstandings and minor annoyances that often morph into full-blown pet peeves. Today, we delve into the realm of these linguistic bugbears, exploring some of the most common mistakes that make grammar enthusiasts wince.

GRAMMAR GREMLINS

The Misuse Of Apostrophes

From the dreaded "it's" for "its" to the possessive apostrophe in plurals ("apple's"), this punctuation mark is often misused. Remember, an apostrophe indicates possession (the dog's bone) or contractions (can't, you're).

Confusing "There," "Their," and "They're"

These homophones can trip even the best of us. "There" refers to a place (over there), "their" indicates possession (their car), and "they're" is a contraction of "they are" (they're happy).

"Alot" vs. "A Lot

This common confusion is easily solved. "Alot" isn't a word, while "a lot" means "in large quantity".

"Could of," "Would of," and "Should of"

These sound similar to the contractions "could've," "would've," and "should've," but they're grammatically incorrect. The correct phrases are "could have," "would have," and "should have.

The "Me" vs. "I" Conundrum

This classic mix-up often appears in phrases like "between you and I" (incorrect) instead of "between you and me" (correct). The key lies in understanding their function: "I" is the subject pronoun, while "me" is the object pronoun. Remember, if you can remove the other person from the sentence and it still makes sense, "me" is the right choice.

The Dangling Modifier

This grammatical gremlin dangles precariously, modifying something it shouldn't. For example, "Walking down the street, a dog barked at me." Who's walking? The dog or you? By clarifying the subject ("As I walked down the street, a dog barked at me"), we avoid confusion.

BEYOND GRAMMAR

Jargon and Overused Phrases

Buzzwords and clichés can drain the life out of language. Strive for clear, concise communication, avoiding jargon specific to your field unless necessary.

Mispronounced Words

From "nucular" instead of "nuclear" to "affect" instead of "effect," mispronunciations can be grating. Consult dictionaries and online pronunciation guides to ensure you're saying it right.

Redundant Redundancies

Phrases like "ATM machine" or "PIN number" are unnecessary repetitions. "ATM" stands for "Automated Teller Machine," and "PIN" stands for "Personal Identification Number." Be mindful of using acronyms or abbreviations correctly to avoid redundancy.

Nonsensical Sentence Structure

Run-on sentences, comma splices, and unclear sentence structure can leave readers or listeners lost in a maze of words. Sentences need proper punctuation and structure to convey meaning smoothly.

Buzzwords and Clichés

Phrases like "think outside the box" and "synergy" might sound impressive, but overuse can make your writing sound generic and inauthentic. Opt for fresh and specific language instead.

Informal Writing in Formal Settings

While casual language is perfectly acceptable in everyday communication, using informal slang or abbreviations in formal situations like emails, reports, or presentations can come across as unprofessional. Tailoring your language to the context is crucial for effective communication. In the intricate tapestry of the English language, navigating its nuances can sometimes lead to frustration as we encounter common pet peeves. From the misuse of apostrophes to the perplexing "there," "their," and "they're," and the ever-present battle with grammar gremlins, we've explored the landscape of linguistic irritations. Beyond the realm of grammar, we've tackled jargon, mispronunciations, redundant redundancies, nonsensical sentence structures, and the overuse of buzzwords and clichés. As we journey through these linguistic pitfalls, let us remember the importance of clarity, precision, and context in our communication, ensuring that our words resonate authentically and effectively with our audience.

References: 1. Seven Grammar Pet Peeves 2. Writing Pet Peeves 3. Grammar Pet Peeves: 6 Ways to Use Apostrophes Correctly 4. Grammar Peeves

[englishhighbrowss]

Common Pet Peeves in the English Language: An Exploration

by Mikaelah Perez

Introduction:

The English language is a complex and versatile means of communication that is spoken by millions of people around the world. However, despite its widespread use, there are common pet peeves that many individuals encounter when it comes to the English language. In this article, we will delve into some of these common pet peeves and shed light on why they can be sources of frustration for language enthusiasts and native speakers alike.

Incorrect Word Usage:

Using words incorrectly or interchangeably can be a source of annoyance for many language enthusiasts. For example, confusing "affect" and "effect," "compliment" and "complement," or "accept" and "except" can lead to confusion and miscommunication. It is important to understand the nuances of word meanings and use them appropriately to ensure clarity in communication.

Lack of Punctuation:

The absence or inconsistent use of punctuation marks is another pet peeve that can hinder effective communication. Neglecting to use commas, periods, or question marks in the appropriate places can make sentences difficult to understand and disrupt the flow of reading. Proper punctuation helps convey meaning and structure within written language.

Incorrect Pronunciation of Proper Nouns:

Mispronouncing commonly known proper nouns, such as names of places, people, or brands, can be a pet peeve for both native speakers and those familiar with the correct pronunciation. Examples include mispronouncing "Nike" as "nyke" instead of "nai-kee" or "Sherlock Holmes" as "sher-lock holms" instead of "sher-lock hohmz." Taking the time to learn and use the correct pronunciation of proper nouns can contribute to effective communication.

Improper Use of Prepositions:

Using prepositions incorrectly or inconsistently is another pet peeve that can impact the clarity of a sentence. For instance, saying "I am waiting on the bus" instead of "I am waiting for the bus" or "I am meeting with my friends" instead of "I am meeting my friends" can be incorrect usage. Paying attention to the appropriate preposition usage helps convey intended meaning accurately.

Lack of Proofreading:

Many individuals find it frustrating when written content contains grammatical errors, typos, or misspellings due to a lack of proofreading. Neglecting to review and correct mistakes can undermine the credibility of the writer and make the content difficult to comprehend. Taking the time to proofread written material helps ensure accuracy and professionalism.

Incorrect Subject-Verb Agreement:

Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental aspect of English grammar, and its incorrect usage is a common pet peeve for many language enthusiasts. Ensuring that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number (singular or plural) is crucial for grammatical correctness. For instance, saying "The cats is sleeping" instead of "The cats are sleeping" demonstrates a lack of subject-verb agreement. To avoid this pet peeve, it is essential to check the agreement between subjects and verbs when constructing sentences.

Inconsistent Capitalization:

Inconsistent capitalization is another pet peeve that can cause annoyance among language enthusiasts. English follows specific rules for capitalizing proper nouns and the beginnings of sentences, but sometimes individuals capitalize words arbitrarily or without proper justification. For instance, writing "I went to the Store to buy Milk" instead of "I went to the store to buy milk" can be jarring to readers. Consistency in capitalization helps maintain clarity and professionalism in writing.

Conclusion:

These common pet peeves in the English language highlight the importance of precision, clarity, and adherence to grammatical rules. By being mindful of these pet peeves and striving for accuracy in our spoken and written communication, we can enhance our language skills and avoid unnecessary frustrations.

References: 1. The Objectively Objectionable Grammatical Pet Peeve 2. Pronunciation 3. Prepositions: Definition and Examples 4. Commas: Quick Rules

[englishhighbrowss]

Common Misconceptions in the English Language

by Nicole Correa

Most people are having a hard time speaking in English, especially those students who did not experience having a scrupulous guide during their basic education on how to use verbs, when to use them, etc. Honestly, I am one of those people who struggles using the English language. So, I feel pressured now that I am required to use the said language which is aligned with my chosen program in college.

1. If English is your native language, then you are proficient in it.

When English or any other language is your native tongue, you assume that you use it pretty well. People can understand when you speak, and you understand everything on TV and in newspapers pretty easily. But what if there is an instance where you need to write a research paper? When facing such a challenge, most students decides to hire professional writers to write an essay for them. Some would argue that graduates cannot write advanced prose because the educational system fails to train them properly. The fact is, no matter how hard you try to master the English language, there are always new layers to discover. Being open to learning means that even though you know you have enough knowledge, there are things that someone knows that you don't.

2. You must not start your sentence with a conjunction

“Don't start a sentence with but!” “Don't start a sentence with ‘and’.” How many times have you received this saying? Elementary and high school teachers were usually pretty harsh with this “rule”. Still, there is no grammatical rule that says you must not use a conjunction in the beginning of a sentence. This is a stylistic preference. No one can explicitly tell you what your style is. So if you feel like starting a sentence with that, you might as well just do that. But it is better to be formal when writing academic papers. Teachers are still pretty strict with their expectations. There are so many rules that we don't yet know, but as time goes by, we encounter new vocabulary that might change our perspectives on the English language.

3. You can’t end a sentence with a preposition.

This is another rule that teachers used to enforce: “Don’t end a sentence with ‘by’, ‘on’, ‘with’, ‘about’, or any other preposition.” This “rule” has its roots in the 17th century, when Latin-obsessed writers wanted to impose their influence on the English language. Compare these two sentences: “You have much to dream about!” “You have much about which to dream.” The first one seems much more natural. And it ends with a preposition. It is hard for us to suddenly change what we learnt first.

4. There should be a specific number of sentences in a paragraph.

Some teachers will tell you to maintain a fixed number of sentences, such as three or five in a paragraph. This idea is delusional! The paragraph serves as a section that covers one main idea. As a matter of fact, you may use as many or as few sentences as you need to expose that idea. As long as we want to insert our idea on that topic, we can use as many words as we can.

Above all, there is what we called prescriptive and descriptive grammar in the English language. It only differs on the type of a literature or usage of the language if it is going to be used as formal or informal.

References: 1. Common misconceptions-about-the-english-language

[englishhighbrowss]

English Language Myths: Let's Set the Record Straight

by Kim Jushua Irinco

Despite the fact that English has been the most studied language in the world, there are still many, including me, who are confused and unsure about it. The English language is also considered to be the most significant language in the world for a number of reasons. These includes

1. English is the language of business — Global businesses speak in English. English language is the most dominant language in business, and many international companies such as Samsung, Nokia, Microsoft, and Apple use English as a form of communication. Also, learning the English language makes you employable not only in the US or UK; it is also required in many countries where English is not the official language. Studies from Cambridge English stated that English is important for over 95% of employers.

2. English is the language of the world. Approximately, there are about 400 million native speakers of the English language, trailing only Mandarin and Spanish. The English language is considered the global lingua franca, so it serves as the common language people use to communicate. The English language is also used as a primary or secondary language in many companies, organizations, and business transactions.

3. English is the language of science and academia. The English language is the dominant language used in different research projects and in academia. Many different scientific research studies, publications, and books are written in English. It is very hard to find scientific research in different languages or dialects, such as Filipino; there is only plenty of research in the Filipino language. English proficiency is a key for those who are seeking knowledge. Despite the fact that English is one of the most important languages in history, there are still a lot of misconceptions about the language. There are still people like me who are confused about the different rules and concepts with regards to the English language. Even if you are a native speaker or it’s your second or third language, you are not immune to these different misconceptions. So, let’s try to list some of those misconceptions. Let us begin by busting the myths.

Common Misconceptions in English Language

1. “You are proficient in English if it's your first language”.

When English is your first language or you are native to a nation that mostly speaks it, you are confident and might assume that you know how to use and speak it well. You understand people who are speaking, and they can understand you as well. You even know how to read the language, but what if you tried writing an essay or a research paper? Only by  then will you realize that you really don’t know how to use and speak the English language. I know this because even though it is not my first language, I used to think that I knew how to speak and write English until I started to write essays and research papers. Even other graduates admit that they cannot write an advanced composition. The truth is that learning and mastering the English language is challenging because it is a language that has been constantly changing.

2. “You need a large vocabulary in order to speak English well.”

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there are approximately 170,000 words in use today and an additional 47,000 out-of-date terminologies. Did you know anyone who knows every word in the English lexicon? If there is, may I meet him, her, or them? It certainly helps to have a large vocabulary to learn any language, but only knowing all the words might not significantly help you. Simple, yet meaningful words that you can use in everyday situations are all you need; fancy words are not necessary.

3. “Living in an English-speaking country is necessary for effective English language learning.”

This statement is simply erroneous. Yes, it will certainly help if you are in a country dominated by the English language because you are surrounded by people who speak it. However, even if you happen to live in a nation where English is not the primary language, it does not mean that you will not have the capacity to acquire and learn the language. There are many examples of this such as the English scholars here from the Philippines and in other countries. We have English teachers and students who are able to use it in their daily lives. So, if you truly want to learn, your surrounding cannot abate your capability of learning the language.

4. “There is only one correct pronunciation for English words.”

Some people believe that there is only one way to pronounce a word. But because the English language has been evolving, we are aware that the said statement is invalid. There are many examples of this word, like the word “aunt”. It has two pronunciations: "ant,” like the insect, and "ahnt,” which rhymes with want. Another example is the word almond, which has three pronunciations. First is "ALL-mund” — “L” is pronounced, and th “al” sounds like “all”. Second is "AH-mund" — “L” is not pronounced. The last one is "AW-mund” — L is not pronounced, and “a” sounds like aw.

5. “I’m too old to learn English or any other language."

It is unfortunate that many people give up on language learning because they're old. There is a saying: “You cannot teach an old dog new tricks!” But this is not true; yes, learning a language will be more difficult for you than for a child, because children still have a strong memory and can absorb information easily. Adults, on the other hand, possess motivation, experience, and knowledge that can aid in language learning. So, do not give up on learning a language or anything just because you are old, because when it comes to learning, there are no barriers.

6. “Learning how to speak English takes a long time.”

It actually depends on the student. When you are motivated and teachable, you will be able to manage it efficiently, quickly, and effectively. However, if you truly want to master the English language, it will take a long time. It may take several months or even years. Simply put, when learning any language, just have fun and fully immerse yourself. Only then will you become proficient in the language you are learning. Therefore, persevere. You can succeed!

7. “British English is the only ‘true’ English”.

It is a misconception to think that British English is the original form of the language persists throughout the world. In actuality, American English has managed to hold onto many of the traits that the British brought with them when they immigrated to the New World. The British lost some of these subtleties to the languages over time. Having so many "correct" versions of a language may not seem tidy and orderly, but that is the reality. All of these English translations are, of course, occasionally interchangeable. So, there is no “correct��� English because the language changes depending on the location and situation.

References: 1. The Importance of English 2. 8 biggest misconceptions about the English language 3. 6 Misconceptions About Learning English 4. Number of Words in the English Language

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Structure of English

Academic Article:

Common Misconception in the English Language.

Common Pet Peeves in the English Language.

Common English Language Mistakes committed by Filipinos and How to Solve them.

Two more chosen topic.