siwarcheimbi

[siwarcheimbi]

Can You Be Friends with Someone Who Broke Your Heart? Lessons from the Desk Across Mine

Dear readers,

The intricacies of love often play out like a Shakespearean tragedy. And in the epicenter of this romantic saga lies the tale of Mr. C—a man whose presence in my life has been as tumultuous as a summer storm.

Our story began in the hazy embrace of a summer's day, amidst the sterile confines of our shared workspace. There, amidst the hum of fluorescent lights and the rhythmic clatter of keyboards, I first laid eyes on C—a man whose presence exuded an enigmatic charm that captivated my senses from the very beginning.

He was a vision of contradiction—a walking paradox wrapped in a cloud of mystery. With his tousled hair and mischievous grin, he embodied the essence of the quintessential bad boy, his artistic soul pulsating with a love for weed and an inexplicable affinity for cats.

From the moment our eyes met across the expanse of our office, I knew there was something different about him. Perhaps it was the way his laughter danced through the air, or the spark of mischief that glinted in his eyes. Whatever it was, I found myself drawn to him like a moth to a flame—a flame that would burn bright and hot, only to flicker and fade with the passing of time.

Our courtship was a delicate dance of words and gestures—a symphony of longing and desire that swept me off my feet and carried me away on a tide of passion and romance. He showered me with compliments and affectionate gestures, spoiling me with promises of forever and declarations of undying love.

But as the old adage goes, all good things must come to an end. And so it was with us—our whirlwind romance crashing against the jagged rocks of reality, leaving behind a trail of shattered dreams and unspoken words.

In the aftermath, I found myself grappling with a question that seemed to linger like the faint scent of his cologne: Can we salvage a friendship from the wreckage of our failed romance?

For weeks, I found myself adrift in a sea of uncertainty, my mind consumed by thoughts of C and the fragile connection that bound us together. His sudden disappearance, his cryptic confessions—all served as painful reminders of the fragility of our bond.

And yet, despite the odds, I found myself clinging to the hope that perhaps, just perhaps, we could salvage something beautiful from the wreckage of our failed romance.

But as the days turned into weeks, and the weeks into months, I found myself confronted with a harsh reality: C was not the man I thought he was. His words, once so sweet and comforting, now rang hollow in my ears, a cruel reminder of the lies and deceit that had shattered my trust.

And yet, despite the pain and disappointment that threatened to consume me, I couldn't bring myself to hate him—not entirely, at least. Instead, I found myself making excuses for him—forgiving his transgressions, overlooking his flaws, and clinging to the faint hope that perhaps, deep down, he was still the man I fell in love with.

But with each passing day, that hope grew dimmer, overshadowed by the harsh reality of who he truly was—a man capable of breaking hearts with reckless abandon, without a second thought for the consequences of his actions.

I remember one particular instance where C disappeared for days without a word, leaving me to wonder what had gone wrong. When he finally resurfaced, he offered vague explanations about needing space and dealing with personal issues. And although my heart ached with longing, I chose to believe him, desperate to cling to the hope that our connection was worth salvaging.

But as time went on, his actions spoke louder than words. He continued to flit in and out of my life, offering empty promises and half-hearted apologies that did little to assuage the pain of his betrayal.

And then came the revelation that shattered whatever fragile trust remained between us. C confessed that he had been dealing with issues with his girlfriend all along—the same girlfriend he had failed to mention during our courtship. Yet, despite this revelation, he still professed a desire for us to remain friends, to salvage some semblance of the connection we once shared.

But how could I be friends with someone who continued to flirt with me, to tease me with the promise of something more, only to leave me adrift in a sea of uncertainty once again?

And so, dear readers, I find myself at a crossroads once again—torn between the lingering affection I feel for C and the bitter resentment that simmers beneath the surface. Can you be friends with someone who broke your heart? In the end, perhaps the answer lies not in the actions of others, but in the strength and resilience of the human spirit.

For amidst the pain and heartache, there exists the possibility of healing—a glimmer of hope that refuses to be extinguished, even in the darkest of times. And so, as I gaze out across the expanse of our shared history, I find myself clinging to that hope—a beacon of light amidst the stormy seas of romance.

Until next time, dear readers, remember that love, in all its forms, has the power to heal even the deepest of wounds. And though the road may be long and fraught with peril, the journey is always worth the risk.

Yours in love and friendship,

[siwarcheimbi]

Dans mon dernier article, je partage en toute transparence les stratégies qui m'ont personnellement aidée à cultiver un équilibre sain et à maintenir mon bien-être au travail. Rejoignez la conversation et découvrez comment vous aussi pouvez prendre soin de vous tout en restant performant ! 💡💻

[siwarcheimbi]

𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐢𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐈'𝐯𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐞! I had so much fun talking about African women entrepreneurs and the challenges they face in securing funding. This article explores the reasons behind this disparity and highlights some amazing women breaking barriers in the African tech scene. "𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚'𝐬 𝐕𝐂 𝐬𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞, 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐥𝐥-𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐨𝐟 $5.2 𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 2022, 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝐚 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬. 𝐀 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬, 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐞 4% ($188 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧) 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐂 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚 𝐢𝐧 2022 𝐠𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐩𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫, 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐭 96% ($4.6 𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧) 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞-𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬."

[siwarcheimbi]

Discover how Africa is addressing its cybersecurity skills gap.

Learn about policy recommendations, education initiatives, and regional collaborations to protect against rising cyber threats.

[siwarcheimbi]

Over time, nuclear reactors have gotten much better. They are safer, work more efficiently, and fit well into our modern society. These improvements are partly thanks to using important Data, even though it is sometimes ignored.

[siwarcheimbi]

Kai’s Brilliance Breaks Brentford’s Derby Dominance: Gunners Soar to The Top

In a nail-biting clash at Brentford’s fortress, Arsenal shattered the hosts’ 14-match unbeaten streak in London derbies with a dramatic 1–0 victory, courtesy of Kai Havertz’s late heroics.

The Gunners faced an early scare as goalkeeper Aaron Ramsdale, deputizing for the unavailable David Raya, nervously lost possession in his six-yard box.

However, Declan Rice’s goal-line clearance spared Arsenal’s blushes and set the tone for an intense encounter.

Despite a sluggish start, Arsenal’s Gabriel Jesus and Leandro Trossard came close to breaking the deadlock before VAR intervened, disallowing Trossard’s effort for offside.

The game hit a stalemate after the break, prompting both managers to make attacking changes in pursuit of a crucial breakthrough. Oleksandr Zinchenko showcased his defensive prowess with a crucial goal-line clearance, embodying the resilience needed in tight contests.

The frustration grew for the Gunners, evident when Zinchenko tried his luck from distance, missing the target. Yet, his redeemer moment came when he heroically denied Neal Maupay’s goal-bound attempt, sparking a revival for Arsenal. The tide turned as William Saliba and Declan Rice came close to breaking the deadlock, setting the stage for a late, game-changing moment.

With the clock ticking towards the 90th minute, the breakthrough finally arrived. Kai Havertz rose to the occasion, heading home Bukayo Saka’s precise cross, sealing a crucial win that propelled Arsenal to the summit of the Premier League.

This stunning victory not only marked the end of Brentford’s derby dominance but also showcased the Gunners’ resilience and determination to claim three vital points.

In the theater of football, where drama unfolds with every kick, Kai Havertz emerged as the protagonist, taking Arsenal to new heights and leaving Brentford to ponder their second home defeat of the season.

The Gunners, under the guidance of Mike Arteta, now find themselves at the pinnacle of the Premier League, their ascent fueled by moments of brilliance and a team spirit that refuses to be extinguished.

As the dust settles on this thrilling encounter, Arsenal fans revel in the sweet taste of victory, knowing that with Kai, the limit is truly Gunner!

[siwarcheimbi]

Is Guanyu Zhou more than just a ‘pay driver’?

In Formula 1, where speed, skill, and strategy converge, narratives surrounding drivers often extend beyond their performance on the track.

Guanyu Zhou, a rising star in F1, has faced persistent scrutiny, with critics quick to brand him as a ‘pay driver.’ However, a closer look at Zhou’s journey reveals a story of remarkable talent, team spirit, and a determination to defy stereotypes.

On-Track Impression: A Statistical Showcase

Zhou’s statistics in the 2022 season tell a compelling story of his skills behind the wheel. Finishing 18th overall with a notable 8th place in a race, Zhou showcased not only consistent performance but a clear trajectory of improvement. His ability to secure points in challenging races goes beyond financial backing, underscoring his genuine skill as a driver.

Exceptional Team Spirit: Going Beyond Individual Success

What distinguishes Zhou is not only his performance on the track but his exceptional team spirit. In a standout display of camaraderie, he selflessly offered his car to teammate Bottas for additional training. This act, prioritizing the team’s success over personal gain, is a rarity in the fiercely competitive world of Formula 1 and speaks volumes about Zhou’s character.

Debut History: Making Waves from the Start

Zhou’s debut in 2022 was nothing short of historic. Scoring points in his very first race, he joined an elite group of drivers who achieved this feat. This remarkable performance becomes even more noteworthy considering the limited preparation and challenges he faced as a rookie in the highly competitive F1 landscape.

The Vue de l’Ensemble: Beyond Financial Backing

Zhou’s journey in Formula 1 transcends the financial backing often associated with the ‘pay driver’ label. It is a narrative of resilience, skill, and unwavering team dedication. His continual improvement and adaptability under pressure are not only commendable but essential indicators of a driver who brings more to the table than monetary support.

A Star in the Making: Redefining Success

As Zhou continues to carve his path in Formula 1, he challenges not only the ‘pay driver’ label but also redefines the parameters of success in this elite sport. His story is one of passion, hard work, and an unwavering pursuit of excellence, illustrating that true talent, coupled with a positive attitude, can make waves in the highly competitive world of Formula 1.

Conclusion: Guanyu Zhou — More Than a Label

In conclusion, Guanyu Zhou’s journey thus far is a source of inspiration. It dispels the notion of him being merely a ‘pay driver,’ emphasizing that his success is grounded in genuine talent and a commitment to the collective goals of his team. As Zhou continues to navigate the twists and turns of Formula 1, his story serves as a testament to the transformative power of skill, resilience, and a team-centric approach in the pursuit of excellence.

[siwarcheimbi]

Billy Elliot: 20 Years Later.

Ever since I watched Rocketman last year, I found myself indulging more and more in Jamie Bell’s movies and works. And the most recent one I watched that got my attention was ‘Billy Elliot’. It tells the story of an eleven years old boy from Durham Yorkshire, a small mining village in the North East of England during the miners’ strike in 1984. This setting definitely adds grit to the story.

The movie starts out with Billy taking boxing lessons, which he doesn’t really like. And one day, his boxing coach announces that the boxing hall will be shared with girls his age who take ballet lessons. He decides to give it a try and soon enough realizes that it is his true passion. But his father and brother, two homophobic neanderthals, opposed to Billy’s dancing on the basis that “boys do football”. He, therefore, decides to take the lessons clandestinely with the dance teacher, Mrs. Wilkinson, who from the very beginning was found of his talent and saw something in him. She pushes him to register for a competition to enter a prestigious ballet school in London. And then, during Christmas, the season of miracles, Billy’s father sees his child dancing and realizes how talented he is. So that’s when he; Jackie Elliot, decides to leave the strikers’ camp and join the workers to be able to pay for Billy’s school. And despite his prejudices, he accepts and believes that dancing will surely provide Billy with a better future. Billy successfully passes the exam and convinces the jury within a moment of goosebumps and nerve wreck. Twenty years later, Billy became a ballet dancer and we are witnessing his spectacular debut with the presence of his proud father and brother, and his childhood friend Michael.

There’s no doubt that this movie influenced a generation of male dancers since its release in 2000. And Jamie Bell’s remarkable central performance struck a chord with boys who love dancing everywhere. This movie helped to create a shift in the public perception of male dancing. 

Billy Elliot offers us a conversation that 20 years later, we still need to have which is ‘does liking feminine interests make a boy gay?’. Which is definitely not the case and Bily is a perfect example. And at 11 years old, Billy has already internalized that dancing is something he shouldn’t be doing.

Billy is not gay, he just wants to dance, and back in 1984 and in 2000 and maybe even now in 2020 that is an important message. It’s very important to remind boys that they can be straight and still explore interests encoded as feminine, it’s totally okay. 

But here still remains the underlying assumption that being gay or feminine would be bad. Even twenty years later, and the legalization of same-sex marriage in many countries. People still use the ‘I don’t want life to be hard for you’ when someone comes out to them. It sounds so old-fashioned yet it is still being said. 

And with the emergence of technology and social media, we’re defining children’s gender earlier and earlier. And through all this progressivity, heteronormativity is still the standard. The ones who come out are usually gay, trans, or nonbinary. 

And as the movie handles the issue of ‘feminine’ interests in boys, we can see it’s more socially punishable than girls who pursue ‘masculine’ interests and expressions. Again, society has labeled that being feminine is bad and children grow up internalizing that. 

Billy Elliot tells the story of a lot of boys around the world. Boys who grew up being told what they like is wrong; be it dancing, makeup, or even cooking. I found this movie absolutely mesmerizing and fantastic as the issue of gender roles has always captured my mind. I truly think it’s one of those movies that can be considered as a historical milestone.

[siwarcheimbi]

The Evolution of International Relations: From State-Centric to Transnational Perspectives

International Relations is a discipline of political science that applies concepts, theories, and methodologies to the study of international politics. Only after World War II did it become widely researched in universities. Furthermore, it has always attempted to legitimize its existence.

Having a wide range of approaches and methodologies is not necessarily bad. It may be beneficial in gaining a better knowledge of the world. Moreover, what unifies those approaches is that they are concerned with internal situations inside a given territory and how that territory interacts with other territories.

However, as transnational ties have incorporated multinational corporations, smugglers, and migrants, those relationships have become more complicated. The focus now shifts to anything that goes beyond the control of a single government.

International Relations examines the critical considerations of when to go to war and why we should or should not. They go far deeper into events, developments, and longer-term patterns than a newspaper piece could. And that this is a far more helpful approach to researching international politics and relations.

Foreign policy is at the heart of most international interactions. Many have begun to challenge the state-centric nature of the discipline. Rather than thinking that International Relations is only a study of foreign policy, many individuals examine how people react to it and who is being left out.

People pledge their allegiance to their nation in the end. Understanding how individuals connect with other communities and states benefits their community. International relations specialists are concerned with conflict and crimes but also research collaboration and integration. The danger of a conflict between France and Germany has become outmoded, if not impossible.

There is a solid case for being as transparent as possible about a researcher's biases when doing research. Furthermore, detachment based on extensive research will likely educate and strengthen conversations and societal debates more accurately.

One of the critical contrasts between a pub discussion and an academic debate is that neither can begin with fury but with a case for why someone should study what they believe is essential to the world - or not just what is popular in the baroque tradition.

There are two significant kinds of students who wish to understand the causes of events and why they are occurring throughout the vast spectrum of global politics. Another set of students wishes to pursue careers in diplomacy, international relations, or international economic connections.

In Star Trek, there is a split in international relations between what are known as realists and idealists, as well as pessimists who believe that international relations and interstate relations are built up to lead to state conflict immediately, plainly, and constantly.

In IR theory, divisions are a significant subject in international relations, implying that a universal human civilization is implausible. On the other hand, many idealists feel that the world may improve due to cooperation and collaboration between states rather than disputes.

[siwarcheimbi]

The Prospects and Challenges of Korean Reunification: Economic, Humanitarian, and Political Considerations

The process of bringing together the two Koreas, which have been politically and geographically divided since the end of World War II, is referred to as Korean reunification. Following the evacuation of Japanese colonial forces in 1945, the Korean peninsula was initially split into the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).

The divide of the peninsula has since become one of the most heavily militarized boundaries in the world, and ever since, political and military tension has existed between the two Koreas.

Both North and South Korea, as well as the international community, have long sought reunification. The split of the peninsula has had a significant effect on the lives of the Koreans because the two Koreas have distinct governmental systems, economics, and lifestyles. The Korean people's lives would be better, and the divide would stop with the reunification of the Korean peninsula. The potential economic advantages of reunification are one of the primary justifications for it.

The Korean peninsula has tremendous economic potential with a sizable and well-educated population, rich natural resources, and a prime location in East Asia. This opportunity would allow a united Korea to capitalize on building a robust and thriving economy. This will enhance the quality of life for Koreans and benefit the surrounding area.The humanitarian component of reuniting is another justification; due to the peninsula's partition, families and loved ones have been divided. Reuniting these families would end the emotional misery they have been causing since the end of the Korean War. Reunification would also end North Korea's human rights violations, including forced labor, political detention, and a lack of access to needs like food and medical treatment.

The process of reunification does not, however, come without difficulties. The political and ideological divisions between North and South Korea are one of the major obstacles. South Korea is a democratic republic, while North Korea is a communist country. Conciliating the disparities between the political systems of the two nations would be challenging and complex.

Another obstacle that must be overcome for a successful reunion is North Korea's nuclear weapons development.

The question of money presents another difficulty; reunification would be expensive, and integrating the two economies and societies would be expensive. Concerns have also been raised over the possibility of societal instability and violence due to reunification.

In summary, reunifying the Korean peninsula is a challenging and complex process, but it is viewed as a means to end the divide and enhance the quality of life for the Korean people.

Economic gains, as well as the reunification of families and loved ones, are possible as a result of reunification. However, addressing the issues and identifying a peaceful solution that would benefit both North and South Korea is crucial. The United Nations, other regional organizations, and the international community can be crucial in assisting and enabling the reunion process.

[siwarcheimbi]

Exploring Edward Said's Orientalism: Impact, Analysis, and Critique of Western Portrayals of the Middle East.

Edward Said's most well-known work, Orientalism, was published in 1978. It has impacted a half-dozen well-established fields, including literary studies (English, comparative literature), history, anthropology, sociology, area studies (primarily Middle East studies), and comparative religion. Said investigates Western portrayals of Middle Eastern civilizations and cultures (fiction and nonfiction) in Orientalism. The book brought him worldwide acclaim for its creative and provocative investigations of the interrelationships between literary and non-literary materials. Said analyzes these works in light of the social, political, and economic conditions in which they were created. In his work, Edward Said takes a continental interdisciplinary approach to literary criticism, tracing the connections between literature and politics utilizing the ideas of phenomenology, existentialism, and French structuralism. His beliefs and approaches have significantly impacted American academic circles, particularly in literary theory and cultural studies. The complex links between writing and cultural politics, language, and power are essential to Said's preoccupation with Orientalism. He tries to explain how Western journalists, novelists, and academics contributed to Eastern cultures' widespread and unfavorable perception as inferior, stagnant, and degenerate. He also tries to demonstrate how pervasive these portrayals are in Western culture. The West used these depictions to legitimize its imperialist activities in the Middle East.

"Orientalism is a style of thought based on an ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and (most of the time) 'the Occident,'" according to Wikipedia. Said maintained that his contrast highlighted the Occident's superiority over the Orient's inferiority. Second, Orientalism is a branch of academic study encompassing anybody who teaches, researches or writes about the Middle East. Third, Orientalism began in the seventeenth century as a "corporate organization for dealing with the Orient." Orientalism is "a Western way of controlling, reforming, and exercising dominance over the Orient."

Furthermore, it is a method of dealing with the Orient (the East) founded on the Orient's unique position in European Western culture and experience. According to this viewpoint, the Middle East is immobile, unchangeable, and unable to identify itself. As a result of Orientalism, the West assumed representing the Orient, exposing it to exploitation. The goal of Orientalism is to seize control of the Orient and deprive it of its power to speak for itself. According to Said, the Western depiction of the Orient is determined by stereotypes and prejudices. 

Edward Said also defined 'Orientalism' as a discourse borrowed from the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault. Discourse, according to Foucault, is a system of thinking that guides a person's knowledge acquisition. This understanding is based on preconceived conceptions and concepts. As a result, discourse results from a never-ending interaction loop between power and knowledge. Knowledge, according to Foucault, is both a source of power and a means of attaining power. Following Foucault's views, Edward Said focused on the link between power and knowledge. He argued that understanding the hugely systematic discipline by which European culture managed—and even constructed—the Orient politically, militarily, sociologically, scientifically, imaginatively, and ideologically during the post-Enlightenment period requires looking at Orientalism as a discourse.

Edward Said advances his thesis and analysis in three significant chapters in Orientalism; the scope of Orientalism is discussed in Chapter I, Oriental Structures and Restructures in Chapter II, and Orientalism Now in Chapter III. 

'The Scope of Orientalism' includes all aspects of the subject, historically and in terms of a time period. Furthermore, it addresses the problem from a political and philosophical standpoint. Said examines pre-18th-century writing on the Muslim Near East and the sociopolitical consequences of Napoleon's conquest of Egypt in 1798. He claimed the East was considered a literary world for the West. Classical rather than current periods of Eastern culture piqued the curiosity of European Orientalists.

Said examines the evolution of modern Orientalism in this chapter by providing a broad chronological overview. He also tries to track it down by describing a collection of methods that are commonly seen in the works of famous artists, poets, and academics. Said examines the French and English traditions of studying the Muslim Near East in the nineteenth century and until World War I. For this aim, he focuses on works by French Orientalists like Sylvester de Sacy and English Orientalists like Edward Lane's Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836). Furthermore, Edward Said aims to show how Orientalism has influenced and shaped Western perceptions of the Arab Middle East and Middle Eastern conceptions of themselves in this chapter.

The second chapter picks off just where the last one left off. It is about the year 1870. This period is marked by massive colonial expansion into the Orient, culminating in World War II. The transition from British and French to American predominance is described in the final half of this chapter. It depicts Orientalism's social and intellectual aspects in the United States today. Said starts this chapter by talking about Orientalism in the 1920s and 1930s. He does so by looking at prominent Islamicists of the time, such as French academic Lovis Massignon and English historian Hamilton Gibb. Edward Said takes notice of Hamilton Gibb's lectures as head of Harvard University's Center for Middle Eastern Studies, particularly his views on the Arab Mind and the Muslim's "aversion to the mental process of rationality," referring to Islam as Mohammedanism. 

Edward Said examines Post-World War II Orientalism under The Last Phase, when the United States became the epicenter of action in the East. The highly competent American "area experts" assumed this latter phase, replacing the previous philologists. Edward Said investigates the function of the East's "region experts." He claims they contributed to the perpetuation of Orientalism dynamics by categorizing Islam and Arabs into four groups. Popular Image and Social Science Representation, Public Relations Policy, Merely Islam, and To See the Orient as an Imitation West are the four categories.

Said covers popular images and social science representations of the East under Popular Image and Social Science Representation. He claims that the 'area experts" approach of Arabs and Islam is predictable and habitually unfavorable because it stems from the transferring of common anti-Semitic animus from Jews to Arabs. Academic research, according to Said, backs up these unfavorable stereotypes. These photos are parodies of Arab and Islamic culture in their worst form.

Said focuses on American public relations policy in the second category of distortion of Arabs and Islam. It is via this approach, he claims, that current researchers attempt to maintain the traditions established by European Orientalists. Consider Earnest Renan's racist rhetoric and dogmas from the 1840s. He grounds his thesis on Gustave von Grunchbaun's work. He was a German Orientalist with a "virulent hate for Islam," as he put it. In the works of Grunchbaun and other Orientalists, Said discovers the following dogmas: The absolute distinction between the Occident (rational and superior) and the Orient (irrational and inferior), the superiority of abstractions about the Orient over direct evidence from the current Orient, and the realization that the Orient should be feared and controlled.

'Marely Islam,' according to Said, is the third type of current Orientalist representation. He criticizes the Muslim near-purported Orient's incapacity to be as fully human as the West. He also mentions the opinion of a well-known political scientist. According to this viewpoint, the Muslim mind can only have four of the eight human mental processes. He adds the head of the Middle East Studies Association's assumption that "because the Arabic language is heavily influenced by rhetoric, Arabs are thus incapable of real cognition."

Edward Said places and takes on the present Western Orientalists' presupposition that the "Orient is an imitation West" in the fourth category, Orient is an Imitation West. He also mentions their efforts to persuade Easterners to measure themselves by Western standards and achieve Western objectives. Said bemoans that the contemporary Orient has succumbed to the bait and is now Orientalizing itself. Edward Said concludes his exploration of Orientalism by briefly addressing the positive side of the challenge of trustworthy Orientalism studies. He expects that researchers "whose allegiance is to a discipline defined intellectually and not to a 'field' like Orientalism defined either canonically, imperially, or geographically" would perform honest work on the Arabs and Near East.

Edward Said explicitly said in his work that Orientalism did not result from colonial power. However, it predates colonization as a pattern of knowing. According to Said, the Orient's viewpoint dates back to the ancient Greeks. However, before the colonial period, Orientalism was a literary discourse with a long history of writers, texts, studies, and conceptualizations. As an example of early attempts to build an Orient, Said cited Aeschylus' The Persians. 

According to Said, Orientalism has only recently become a "science" or an expanded body of knowledge and tradition. He highlighted two 18th-century thinkers who pioneered the shift from literary to scientific knowledge in Orientalism. Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetile-Duperron is one, while William Jones is the other. These two intellectuals replaced Orientalism's literary foundations with one that seemed scientific and impartial. Their focus had shifted away from the description of the strange and toward its comprehension.

According to Said, knowledge or understanding achieved through scientific study of the Orient leads to direct control and authority over the Orient. He clearly illustrated this interplay by examining Lord Balfour's address to the House of Commons in 1910. Lord Balfour convincingly defended Britain's existence and engagement in Egypt in this speech. So, knowledge is power in a very fundamental sense. It is potent because it is exclusively available to Europeans, not the Orientals. The underlying premise is that the Orientalist' knows' the Orient better than the Orientals. Because of his paternalistic mindset, he comes to the unavoidable and reasonable conclusion that he must annex the Orient.

One of Edward Said's critical Orientalism theories is that knowledge about the East is created through imagined constructs rather than facts. These constructions imagined "Eastern" society as essentially akin to "Western" societies, sharing features that "Western" societies lack. As a result of this "a priori" understanding, the Orient became the antithesis of the West. According to Said, such information is derived from literary writings and historical records, both frequently restricted in their grasp of the reality of life in the Middle East. 

Said also asserted a pervasive and subtle Eurocentric bias towards Arabo-Islamic people and culture. He said that in Western society, a long heritage of misleading and idealized views of Asia and the Middle East had implicitly justified Europe and America's colonial and imperial goals. Said also chastised Arab elites for internalizing the concepts of American and British orientalists about Arabic culture. Said made it evident that "Orientalism is, and does not only symbolize," an essential feature of modern political and intellectual culture, even if he limited his discussion to the academic study of the history and culture of Middle Eastern Africa and Asia.

Edward Said's criticism of academic Orientalism was restricted to late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century studies. The earliest' Orientalists,' or 19th-century scholars, were the ones who translated 'the Orient's texts into English. These translations were founded on the premise that an effective colonial invasion necessitated a thorough understanding of the conquered people. Said's criticism is replete with references to knowledge as a source of power and authority. The Occident came to possess the Orient through understanding it. The Orient became the subject of observation, study, and object.

On the other hand, Orientalist scholars were the seers, observers, pupils, and subjects. The Occident (West) was dynamic, whereas the Orient (East) was docile. According to Said, Orient, and Occident functioned as diametrically opposed terms. The 'Orient' was built to represent a negative reversal of Western civilization. The Orient was never (and still is not) a free topic of thinking or action due to Orientalism.

The argument that Orientalism was not the objective area of study it purported to be was that Said spent the most time exploring and creating instances in Orientalism. Instead, it provided a platform for the Occident to explain its political and cultural dominance in the Orient. He aimed to "explain how Orientalism arose as a theory and corporate organization for asserting Western dominance over the Orient." The Orientalists achieved this by portraying what they referred to as Orientals as culturally and psychologically inferior to their European counterparts. Political authorities took up this thread and exploited it to legitimize their colonial ambitions. 

Knowledge is power for Said, as it was for Foucault. The conquerors' power foundation was built on their understanding of the Orient, which was erroneous yet powerful. Said distinguished between pure knowledge and political knowledge in this passage. Basic arithmetic is an example of 'pure knowledge.' It was difficult for 2+2=4 to permit another group's dominance.

On the other hand, politics adapted itself well to the transition from specialized to policy. Said exemplified how policymakers look to experts, Orientalists, to help them create their policies. These strategies frequently resulted in the dominance of those studied by the professional, demonstrating Said and Foucault's view of knowledge as power. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1978 was Said's first example. "This invasion put in motion... [processes]... that continue to dominate our modern cultural and political viewpoints," Said went on to explain the colonization process and its ultimate goal: "What the machine (the colonial power structure) branches feed into it in the East—human material, wealth, knowledge[…]—is processed by the machine and then converted into more power." Said then clarified the function of Orientalism in the preceding process: "The specialist does the immediate translation of mere Oriental matter into useful substance: the Oriental becomes, for example, a subject race, an example of Oriental mentality, all for the enhancement of the "authority" at home. "Local interests" are Orientalist special interests, the "central authority" is the greatest interest of the imperial society as a whole." The colonial force converted the subjugated people, the subalterns, into mere raw resources that the empire consumed, thanks to the help of the Orientalists. This was another instance of information being used to gain power. The Orientalists' political understanding bolstered the subjugators' influence.

The Orientalists facilitated their metamorphosis into materials by inscribing fundamental features onto humans. These key features were fixed, unchanging, and inferior to those in Europe. Said cited Paul Valéry as an example of this concept. While Europe owed the Orient its "legacy of the arts" and knowledge, Valéry claimed they were still "monsters." As a result, "maintaining the power of choice" has to be used to cope with them. According to the Europeans, this ailment existed forever. This, according to Said, was a catastrophic blunder. In the afterword of Orientalism, Said said clearly: "…human identity is not only natural and stable, but constructed, and occasionally even invented outright." No one would dare to construct essential features of "the Negro mind" or "the Jewish personality," according to Said, but essential elements of "the Islamic mind" and "the Arab personalities" were allowed. As a result, an essentialist perspective of the Orientals, Arabs, Semites, and Islam equals racism. While colonists frequently believed they provided knowledge to the uncivilized, this paternalistic mentality was just as racist as other dominative theoretical frameworks.

For every Western academic, Orientalism's mistaken essentialism was and remains unavoidable. "No academic, not even a Massignon, can withstand the influences on him from his homeland or the intellectual tradition in which he works," Said argued. Said went on to add that, in keeping with his rejection of essentialism, one must allow an individual genius's potential to transcend one's circumstances. This thought to be exceedingly implausible, given that no academic had previously been able to accomplish so. This subtle racism is built into the system, much like the brutality alleged by the rioting peasants in Monty Python's Holy Grail. How can one learn about other people's groups if it is nearly difficult for any Western researcher to break free of these ties? Said's response to this puzzle and Spivak's is that the subaltern might talk. Said hoped that his work would help loosen the chains that Orientalism has and continues to have over the world's poor. A new study of each culture's history and experience was used to break these ties.

In conclusion, Said suggested that Orientalism evolved from the necessity for the West to establish itself as the polar opposite of a counterbalancing entity. During the Crusades, Europe discovered the Orient to be this counterbalancing element. The West found itself in positions of political and military control over what it perceived as the Orient, which was then utilized to conquer the region. The Orientalists, a group of Orientalists, sprang up alongside this authority, providing legitimacy and traction. The custom crystallized as the West created a tradition of superior ideals and a static perspective of the Orient. It was and continues to be, virtually hard for any academic inside the tradition to break away. However, '[Humans] build their history,' Every community is in perpetual change and evolution. As a result, each group must speak for itself and establish discourses about their past. They must exchange and converse with different people groups to genuinely understand each other, not just political understanding.

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