#Adenovirus Vector Vaccine Market Share | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

metiresearchinfo · 3 years

Text

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market By Service [Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Services (API, FDF), Drug Development Services, Biologics Development], End User [Big & Generic Pharmaceutical Companies] – Global Forecast to 2027

The Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% from 2020 to 2027 to reach $134.23 billion by 2027. The complex structure for manufacturing pharmaceuticals, increasing investments in pharmaceutical R&D, growing outsourcing of clinical trials, and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic are some of the major drivers for the growth of this market. In addition, the rising demand for generic medicines & biologics, growing demand for cell & gene therapies, and increasing pharmaceutical outsourcing support the growth of this market. However, service quality & IPR issues, lack of skilled professionals, and introduction of serialization are the factors expected to hinder the growth of the pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing market during the forecast period.

COVID-19 Impact on the Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market

The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has impacted the healthcare market. The pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing industry has experienced a positive impact due to this pandemic. The outbreak has catalyzed the demand for pharmaceuticals and has stirred the development of corona-related vaccines, antiviral vaccines, antibody therapy, and various pharmaceutical products. This has urged pharmaceutical organizations to hire contract development and manufacturing organizations for pharmaceutical drug development & manufacturing to sustain their business.

The demand for both high quality and high volume CGMP drug substance and drug product manufacturing services has soared, particularly for CDMOs able to support a wide range of COVID vaccine technologies and, to a lesser extent, therapeutic monoclonal antibody products.

Most pharmaceutical companies, CROs, and research institutes are working together to translate research into effective pharmaceutical products. For instance, in August 2020, Catalent Inc. (U.S.) signed an agreement with AstraZeneca PLC (U.K.) to expand manufacturing support for the University of Oxford’s adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222. In September 2020, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (U.S.) partnered with Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (U.S.) to manufacture INOVIO's DNA COVID-19 vaccine candidate INO-4800 and to enhance the commercial production of INO-4800.

Click here to: Get Free Sample Pages of this Report

Increasing investments in the pharmaceutical R&D support the market growth

The pharmaceutical industry is largely driven by scientific discovery and development, in conjunction with toxicological and clinical experience. Also, healthcare R&D activities have significantly increased with rising funding from various government organizations. This funding is mainly driven by rising health care concerns, complexities in clinical trials, and drug failure in early-phase studies.

Governments in developed and developing nations are offering to fund the propagation of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical research. For instance, the Indian government launched 'Pharma Vision 2020' to increase the production capacities of biopharmaceuticals by reducing the approval time for new facilities. Also, the government decided in favor of 100% foreign direct investment in the pharmaceutical industry, which is expected to increase investments in R&D activities. Similarly, in the U.S., the National Institute of Health (NIH) collaborated with 11 biopharmaceutical companies to launch the Partnership for Accelerating Cancer Therapies (PACT) to develop immunotherapy for cancers. The program involved a total investment of USD 215 million.

Further, pharmaceutical companies have also increased their spending on R&D. The extent of pharmaceutical R&D spending serves as an important metric to show a company’s commitment to finding new drugs. At present, the global pharmaceutical industry has the second-highest R&D intensity, i.e. expenditure as a share of any sector's sales measures. Thus, the increasing investments from the government for pharmaceutical R&D is likely to boost outsourcing, thereby accelerating pharmaceutical contract development & manufacturing market growth.

Growing consolidation in the market, an ongoing trend

Due to growing pressure on leading pharmaceutical players, complex drug development process, growing number of patents expiring, increasing R&D costs, and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases are some of the factors making outsourcing essential.

CDMOs offer the convenience of time and cost due to the inherent nature of dealing with a single entity. The relationship also creates opportunities for the pharmaceutical CDMOs to sell more services to the same customer and locking in products at earlier stages of their life cycles.

Due to the growing pressure on the industry’s leading players to follow stringent regulatory timelines and lack of human clinical trial data, pharmaceutical giants are entering into collaborations, partnerships, and agreements to jointly broaden their services offered across all drug development & pharmaceutical manufacturing processes:

In June 2020, Catalent Inc. (U.S.) collaborated with Moderna, Inc. (U.S.) for large-scale, commercial fill-finish manufacturing of Moderna’s mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate (mRNA-1273).

In April 2020, ICON plc (Ireland) agreed with Pfizer Inc. (U.S.) to supply drug and device development and commercialization services.

Click here to: Get a Free Request Sample Copy of this report

Key Findings in the Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market Study:

Pharmaceutical manufacturing services generated a large proportion of revenue compared to other services

The large share of this segment is mainly attributed to the use of advanced technologies & manufacturing skills, the growing need to reduce manufacturing cost, the requirement for high-quality bulk manufacturing, and the growing demand for generic drugs.

Pharmaceutical API contract manufacturing services are estimated to account for the largest share of the pharmaceutical contract manufacturing services market in 2020

The need for the reduction in the cost of production of APIs, growing number of initiatives undertaken by pharmaceutical companies, increasing investments in API manufacturing services, and growing need to reduce the time required for the drug development process are expected to drive the growth of the pharmaceutical API contract manufacturing services segment.

In 2020, the big pharmaceutical companies segment to dominate pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing market

The major share of this segment is primarily attributed to the growing prevalence of various infectious diseases, growing need for state-of-the-art processes & production technologies, and the rising cost of clinical trials and early development studies.

Asia-Pacific: Fastest growing regional market

In 2020, North America is estimated to command the largest share of the pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing market, followed by Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. However, Asia-Pacific will be the fastest-growing regional market due to the growing manufacturing sector, favorable government regulations, increasing emphasis on off-patent drugs, and highly skilled workforce in the region. In addition, the increase in outsourcing activities in countries like India and China due to lower costs and availability of qualified healthcare professionals are the other key factors propelling the growth of the Asia-Pacific pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing market.

Key Players

The report includes a competitive landscape based on an extensive assessment of the key strategic developments adopted by leading market participants in the industry over the past four years. The key players profiled in the pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing market report are Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (U.S.), Catalent Inc. (U.S.), PPD Inc. (U.S.), Lonza Group Ltd (Switzerland), Recipharm AB (Sweden), Vetter Pharma-Fertigung GmbH & Co. KG (Germany), AbbVie Inc. (U.S.), Synoes Health, Inc. (U.S.), Piramal Enterprises Limited (India), Almac Group (U.K.), Albany Molecular Research Inc. (U.S.), Fareva Holding SA (France), and Jubilant Life Sciences Limited (India).

Scope of the Report:

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by Service

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Services

Drug Development Services

Biologics Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical FDF Manufacturing Services

Parenteral/Injectable Manufacturing Services

Tablet Manufacturing Services

Capsule Manufacturing Services

Oral Liquid Manufacturing Services

Other Formulations Manufacturing Services

Biologics API Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by End User

Big Pharmaceutical Companies

Small and Med-Size Pharmaceutical Companies

Generic Pharmaceutical Companies

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by Geography

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific (APAC)

Latin America

Middle East & Africa

U.S.

Canada

Germany

U.K.

France

Italy

Spain

Rest of Europe (RoE)

China

Japan

India

Rest of APAC (RoAPAC)

0 notes

biogenericpublishers · 3 years

Text

COVID-19, the Pandemic, and Challenges Associated with Vaccines by Cheryl Ann Alexander in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought many issues facing the international community as a whole to the forefront. Issues related to achieving herd immunity, to wear a mask or not to mask, get the vaccine or skip the vaccine, as well as the numerous issues of the pandemic that surround our children during the pandemic and issues surrounding vaccination. Vaccines have been a major concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper introduces the types of methods, techniques, and platforms involved in making COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines against COVID-19 and the length of time between first and second doses; the efficacy of vaccines; the variants or mutations and the efficacy of vaccines against the variants; the side effects of vaccines; vaccines for individuals with complications or pregnancy; herd immunity; and vaccine hesitancy.

Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccines, variants, mutations, herd immunity, vaccine hesitancy

Introduction

Nature has a powerful way of reminding us of her ability to produce severe infectious disease which can sicken, kill, and disrupt even the most economically and technologically advanced societies. When Pandora’s Box was opened in December 2019, multiple international governments immediately started breaking down the genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 to discover and potentially develop therapeutics and vaccines. President Donald J. Trump, USA, began Operation Warp Speed (OWS) in February 2020, when the first cases were hitting the US. Operation Warp Speed gathered numerous pharmaceutical corporations, research and development organizations, and the US government to attempt what had never been done prior to this pandemic; it was the goal of Operation Warp Speed to produce a viable vaccine to combat the pandemic, while simultaneously producing millions of doses of vaccines for populations most vulnerable to COVID-19. Therefore, when it was announced in mid-November that two mRNA vaccines had received emergency use authorizations (EUA) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA. BNT162b2 (Pfizer and BioNTech) and Moderna (ModernaTX, Inc, USA), showed around 95% efficacy for preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and about 100% efficacy in preventing severe COVID-19 or hospitalizations in clinical trials. One study showed a 94.5%-95% reduction in asymptomatic infections 14 or more days after the second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine or the Moderna vaccine. Today it is well-known that all vaccines require at least a 14-day window for the vaccine to establish a viable antibody response and provide established immunity for the person vaccinated [1].

The FDA issued an EUA on February 27, 2021, for the third vaccine developed within OWS, a vaccine developed by Johnson & Johnson using a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 vector vaccine, encoding the stabilized prefusion spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 [2]. The Johnson & Johnson Janssen COVID-19 vaccine unfortunately caused a scare for patients desiring the one-shot vaccination as multiple individuals suffered and some died as a result of rare blood clots in the large abdominal vessels, the cerebral venous sinuses, and other sites, and the large vessels of the lower extremities. This thrombosis with thrombocytopenia shared clinical course features with the autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following vaccination. The FDA did at one point, halt the administration of the J&J Janssen vaccine, but it has since been resumed (J&J Janssen COVID-19 vaccine @janssencovid19vaccine.com). By January 2021, 30 vaccines had entered the human trial phases and 165 vaccines had registered for trials. Additional entries were seen including Medigen from Taiwan, ReiThera from Italy, and Zydus-Cadila’s Indian subsidiary. Other countries, such as China, Russia, and others were cooperating with other countries in Central America and Western Europe for approval. Some vaccines were in the market that had received EUA by the FDA or the European Medicines Agency (EMA), such as Moderna’s mRNA-based vaccine, BioNtech-Pfizer joint venture vaccine, the Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen vaccine, and the Oxford-AstraZeneca’s ChAdOx [3].

The objective behind the push for vaccination began almost with the development of the first vaccines. Herd immunity, an epidemiological term that means most of the population of any given populace has reached immunity, either naturally by infection with the pathogen or through an acquired immunity gained through vaccination, has always been the goal of the international community affected by COVID-19. Some countries were on target to reach herd immunity even without the vaccines as the infection rates during the peak of COVID-19 had reached over 70%, which would have pushed the population over the numbers necessary for herd immunity. However, in the US, for example, some politicians and pundits, as well as some key pandemic practitioners kept changing the percentages of the population necessary to reach herd immunity, in some cases to extend the pandemic for financial and political gain. Other countries, such as Italy, began the push for vaccination as it was the first European country to make COVID-19 vaccination mandatory for healthcare workers. Serbia also considered making a similar policy. In Ireland, the Health Information and Quality Authority advised adoption of a policy that encouraged “progressive” interventions to persuade healthcare workers who refused to take vaccines [4]. In March 2021, fears of vaccine shortage led to the Indian government temporarily stopping exports of the University of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (Covishield) produced by the Serum Institute of India in Pune [5]. COVID-19 vaccine donation by the US to low- and middle-income countries was investigated but became a political issue. For example, in the US, older Americans were less likely to endorse vaccine donations and were more likely to want all Americans eligible for vaccination to have access. On the other hand, Democrats favored vaccine donation more so than Republicans, who supported vaccination of all eligible Americans first [6].

During the heights of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people chose or were forced to work from home, doctors conducted telemedicine appointments, and many states stayed on lockdown for several months, causing employers to question how to bring employees back to the workplace, customers back to malls, theatres, and restaurants and bars, etc. Government and medical officials juggled with various ideas on how the US could safely assure a person was not contagious, or had received the vaccine, making them safe to return to work. In response, a COVID-19 ‘Immunity Passport’ was promoted as one approach to enabling activities to resume and some cities and states have established mandates requiring these ‘immunity passports’ to engage in work, go to theatres, dine in a restaurant, drink at a bar, etc. Hence, mobile phone app has been developed based on the need for a COVID-19 Antibody Test/Vaccination Certificate, verifiable credentials, the distributed storage of cryptographic public/key pairs, and the decentralized verification of data with confidentiality [7]. Since many international countries have been developing COVID-19 vaccines, and the question of vaccine efficacy has become the most important question, determinants such as vaccine features or place of vaccination has been investigated. Although most determinants are hypothetical, analyses are especially significant in a country where vaccine confidence is continually low [8].

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and expose significant issues regarding COVID-19 vaccines. This paper is organized as follows: introduction of primary issues, the second section introduces types of methods, techniques, and platforms involved in making vaccines; the third section presents vaccines against COVID-19 and length of time between first and second doses; the fourth section introduces the efficacy of vaccines; the fifth section presents variants or mutations and efficacy of vaccines against the variants; the sixth section introduces side effects of vaccines; the seventh section deals with vaccines for individuals with complications or pregnancy; the eighth introduces herd immunity; the nineth section discusses vaccine hesitancy; and the tenth section is a conclusion.

Spike Protein and Challenges in Vaccine Production

For the last 70 years, vaccine production has primarily relied on an adenovirus or vector virus grown in chicken eggs to establish immunity. Most seasonal-flu vaccines produced in the US still use this method. Production of vaccines in eggs using a vector virus is a somewhat slow process and can take weeks. Vector virus vaccines also require specific pathogen-free chicken eggs and takes up too much space since each egg only yields one dose of vaccine. Eggs are still a mainstay in vaccine production; however, newer, faster, and more efficient methods using mammalian cells are stepping up. Researchers have turned to mammalian cells to make more viral vaccine quickly in a more controlled environment and in much less space than the egg-based approach [9].

Our understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is primarily based on what limited studies are available on other members of the coronavirus family, which has been circulating since 2003. Therefore, characteristics of the immune response to an infection with other members of the coronavirus family should serve as the theoretical basis for targeting the antigen for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has four major structural proteins: spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N). The S protein is used as the target antigen in vaccine development as it is responsible for recognizing the host receptor which allows the virus to enter the cell. Although the N protein is highly immunogenic and plays the vital role in coronavirus infections of packaging the viral RNA into a helical capsid essential for the viability of the virus. It is virtually impossible to detail the N protein’s complex role in inducing the immunological response as a target for neutralizing and protecting the host against the virus, as studies have revealed that N antibodies are not neutralizing nor protecting. Further examination of the N protein, as well as various other viral antigens which do show the positive stimulation of the host immune system by different antigen components of SARS-CoV-2. This confirmed presence of antibodies in the convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients from multiple proteins and components of the virus, raises the question about how SARS-CoV-2 releases antibodies against multiple components throughout the disease course. Therefore, researchers need to consider the presence of other viral antigens, particularly the N antigen, in addition to the S antigen as a main component inducing neutralizing antibodies [10].

Many pharmaceutical companies are now considering a variety of major vaccine platforms from the traditional recombinant design to the latest biotechnology mRNA vaccines which takes the genetic footprint of the virus and creates a viable vaccine. A high level of safety is also a primary goal of pharmaceutical companies engaged in vaccine production and there is always the theory that any vaccine could also make the SARS-CoV-2 virus much more severe through genetic alteration or arbitrary mutation of the virus. However, data from in vivo studies on what would be necessary to prevent re-infection or how long that protection would last by studying the S protein, replicating and nonreplicating viral vectors, and nucleic acid DNA and mRNA. Significant factors include safety and reactogenicity, speed and flexibility of manufacture, vaccine stability, durability of immunity, cold chain requirements, scale and cost of manufacturing, and the profile of humoral and cellular immunogenicity. Some companies have developed nucleic acid–based vaccines, including Moderna, BioNTech/Pfizer, Inovio (DNA-based), and CureVac (mRNA-based). DNA- and mRNA-based vaccines may be produced quickly based on the viral sequence. mRNA vaccines utilize lipid nanoparticles to protect and deliver the mRNA and elicit the immunogenic response effectively. The scalability of the lipid nanoparticles and the temperature stability should be resolved as soon as possible to increase the ease for transportation and storage of the mRNA vaccines [11].

A prominent feature of the vaccine development for COVID-19 is the range of technology platforms being assessed, including nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), viral vector (replicating and non-replicating), recombinant protein, peptide, virus-like particles, live attenuated virus, and inactivated virus methods. Some of the platforms are currently not the basis for licensed vaccines. Four main platforms for vaccines against COVID-19 are of nucleic acid vaccines, virus vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and protein-based vaccines. Vaccines based on viral vectors present a high- level of protein expression and long-term stability and induce greater immune responses [12, 13].

Three kinds of COVID-19 vaccines in the market have been tested in adult clinical trials. They are: 1) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines; 2) vector vaccines; and 3) protein subunit vaccines. It also takes at least two weeks for the human body to build immunity after vaccination. mRNA vaccines have genetic elements specific to SARS-CoV-2. After the genetic vaccine is administered, the host's cells begin to produce the protein antigen that mimics the virus. In turn, the body makes antibodies, T-Cells, and B-lymphocytes to combat the protein, constructing memory cells and protection for future exposure to the virus. The protein subunits of the vaccines have harmless proteins of SARS-CoV-2 [14]. The authorized COVID-19 vaccines currently available utilize various approaches to establish immunity such as messenger RNA (mRNA), viral vector, DNA vaccine, protein subunit, and virus inactivated immunizations [15]. Table 1 explains the primary features of the RNA vaccine, the protein vaccine, the viral vector vaccine, and the inactivated-virus vaccine [16].

Vaccines against COVID-19 and Length of Time between First and Second Doses

Vaccines approved or used in multiple countries are designed to block the spike protein located on the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Involved in a variety of cellular functions, the S protein functions primarily as the cell receptor which enables the virus to infect the human host cell; acts in determining the virulence of the COVID-19 virus, among other functions. Vaccines that have been approved by the FDA or EMA are: BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 (Moderna, USA), AZD1222 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine (Johnson & Johnson, USA). Sputnik V (Gamaleya, Russia). BBIBP-CorV (SinoPharm, China), and CoronaVac (Sinovac, China) have been used in some Central American countries and others [17].

COVID-19 vaccines include genetic vaccines—DNA and RNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, viral subunit vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines. DNA vaccines are made up of small strands of DNA, a gene, encoding the Spike. RNA vaccines consist of a strand of mRNA, which encodes the antigen, or S-Protein. Viral vector vaccines use a harmless virus known as a vector to carry a foreign gene, for example, the S-Protein. As for viral subunit vaccines, subunits of the pathogen are used in vaccine preparation. These vaccines can produce strong antibody responses. Inactivated vaccines contain a whole pathogen that is inactivated by chemicals, heat, or radiation [18]. Some COVID-19 vaccines, their types, and production counties are shown in Table 2 [18]. Various jurisdictions allowed for a prolonged second dosing interval. Table 3 [19] shows some recommendations for mRNA COVID-19 vaccines from different regulating bodies.

Efficacy of Vaccines

Reference [20] gave the calculation of vaccine efficacy as vaccine efficacy (%) = (1-OR)×100, where the OR is called odds ratio and is calculated as:

OR=((a⁄b))⁄((c⁄d)=((a×d))⁄((b×c)))

where a is the number of vaccinated participants infected with COVID-19, b is the number of vaccinated participants without the infection of COVID-19, c is the number of unvaccinated participants infected with COVID-19, and d is the number of unvaccinated participants without the infection of COVID-19.

Reference [21] presented two kinds of calculation for vaccine efficacies: 1) (1-(risk among vaccinated patients/risk among unvaccinated patients))×100, based on those remaining at risk according to a specified analysis period; 2) (1-IRR)×100, where IRR is the computed ratio of confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 1000 person-years of follow-up in the active vaccine group to the corresponding sickness rate in a placebo group.

mRNA-based Moderna and Pfizer vaccines have 94–95% efficacy in stopping symptomatic COVID-19 and the vaccine efficacy can be calculated as (1 - the attack rate with vaccine divided by the attack rate with placebo) × 100. Specifically, in a population such as the one registered in trials, with a cumulated COVID-19 attack rate over a period of three months of about 1% without any vaccine, it is expected that approximate 0.05% of vaccinated individuals could be infected. It is the meaning that 95% of individuals are secure from COVID-19 due to a vaccine [22]. Vaccines help stop viruses mainly (but not exclusively) by eliciting the neutralization of antibodies that block spike and hence thwart the ability of SARS-CoV-2 in infecting cells. Around 95% efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine has indicated that eliciting the neutralization of antibodies to spikes significantly related to protection from the virus due to vaccines [23].

In a study of nursing home residents who had asymptomatic COVID-19 detected through twice-weekly surveillance testing, receipt of a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine within the previous three weeks was related to a substantially less nasopharyngeal viral load than was detected in the absence of vaccination. An mRNA vaccine can have an instant effect on lowering the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among nursing home residents with a high risk after the first dose; the single-dose strategy may be a viable public health approach. In a randomized, observer-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial, the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine demonstrated 52% efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 within the 21 days between first and second doses, and 95% efficacy when greater than seven days after the second dose [24].

Results from a UK surveillance study showed that a reduction of COVID-19 infections by 65% after the first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca. No evidence indicated the difference between the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines in reducing infection rates besides faintly different immune responses. Two doses of Pfizer obtained strong responses of antibody for all ages. There is less reduction in asymptomatic infection than that with symptoms, highlighting the potential for people with vaccination to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [25].

Variants, Mutations, and the efficacy of Vaccines against the Variants

Evidence demonstrated a reduction in the numbers of asymptomatic COVID-19 among individuals who were vaccinated by a series of nasal swab testing. Variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in the USA, South Africa, United Kingdom, etc. These variants share the N501Y substitution, which affects the spike (S) protein and the viral receptor binding site for cell entry. Early epidemiological evidence has shown that mRNA vaccine-induced immune responses may be effective in neutralizing the variants [15]. In March 2021, India’s health ministry said gene sequencing by a consortium of ten national research laboratories had revealed that several COVID-19 variants were circulating in the country. One of the variants is B.1.1.7 variant, which was first detected in the United Kingdom, then spread more broadly to the international community [5]. This variant, also known as the Delta variant, is more effective in causing infection, even among the vaccinated. However, the Delta variant is not any more deadly than other variants. Individuals who are already vaccinated can expect to suffer a mild case of flu-like symptoms or be asymptomatic.

There was an increase in the number of viral variants in New York City in the US. Most of these variants were the B.1.526 variant first identified in New York City and the B.1.1.7 variant. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have greater clinical concerns over bed shortages, rising infection and death rates, and the propensity the Delta variant has for infecting children, even the youngest infants. There have been cases of several people with vaccine breakthrough infection though they completed the second dose of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech). Despite evidence of the efficacy of the vaccines, some individuals still developed COVID-19 symptoms evidenced by a positive test using the gold standard, or the polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2, despite completion of the dual doses or single dose of the vaccine. Viral sequencing confirmed specific variants, indicating a possible risk after vaccination is completed. The ability of variants to evade vaccine-induced immunity and lead to asymptomatic or symptomatic infection is of a major concern [26].

An important mutation in SARS-CoV-2 is the spike D614G substitution. This mutation facilitates an easier binding with the ACE2 receptor of the respiratory tract. This mutation does not increase viral pathogenesis in animal models but does enhance viral replication in the upper respiratory tract of humans, leading to more efficient transmission via respiratory aerosols. Despite this spike protein mutation, mRNA-based vaccines that encode D614 antigens have still achieved 94–95% efficacies, which is difficult to improve on during the initial months of the pandemic [27].

The evolution of viral infections, including mutations, may involve deletions, insertions, misincorporations, or recombination, as well as natural selection for favorite features (e.g., more efficient viral transmission, replication, and the evasion of host defenses). The continuous spread of SARS-CoV-2 presents a chance for the buildup of more consequent mutations in S and throughout the viral genome. Mutations in the spike protein of a SARS-CoV-2 variant can weaken immunity. Increased capacity of phenotypic and genotypic testing is important within the global to identify and characterize a SARS-CoV-2 variant. P.1, B.1.351, and B.1.1.7 are primary spreading variants, and each has at least eight single, nonsynonymous nucleotide changes. Other variants with multiple mutations in S1 include B.1.525, A.23.1, the lineages B.1.526 (identified in New York, USA), and B.1.429 (occurred in California, USA) with a substitution in the receptor-binding domain. It was thought that B.1.525 and A.23.1 first occurred in Nigeria and Uganda, respectively [28].

A SARS-CoV-2 lineage known as B.1.1.7 spreads faster than other strains. This variant has many mutations. One of mutations, N501Y, is in the receptor binding site. The spike with the mutation binds more tightly to ACE-2 (its cellular receptor). BNT162b2-immune sera neutralized SARS-CoV-2 with an introduced N501Y mutation as effectively as they neutralized SARS-CoV-2 without a mutation. The essentially preserved neutralization of pseudo-viruses bearing the B.1.1.7 spike by BNT162b2-immune sera makes it impossible for the UK variant to escape BNT162b2-mediated protection [29]. The variant Δ382 linked to mild COVID-19 infection. The mutation named “VUI-202012/01” comprises a mutation in the coronavirus genome, leading to much more rapid spread of COVID-19. Mutations (generally deletion) in ORF8 may influence treatments, the development of vaccines, and the discovery of drugs in the future [3].

Mutations that evade the vaccine may occur when immunity wanes or because of incomplete vaccination (e.g., taking only one of two required vaccines), so complete vaccination and monitoring immune responses need to be performed [30]. Studies suggested that the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants should be related to the lack of strong immune protection after first exposure to previous (wild-type) viruses or even to vaccines. This evolution, regarding the emergence of immune escape mutants, has not only been observed with SARS-CoV-2. Such evolution may be supported by the waning of the immune response and remarkably the antibody response. The quick arrival of variants (e.g., variants first detected in South Africa and Brazil) indicated a natural immune evasion. The dynamics of natural or vaccinal collective immunity in regions where the variants occurred may have put considerable pressure on the viral ecosystem, helping the arrival of a variant with increased transmissibility [31].

There has been a concern about decreased vaccine-induced immune protection to emergent variants with mutations in the spike protein. The variant B.1.1.7 (also named 501Y.V1) occurred in the UK in September 2020. It has eight amino acid changes in the spike. The B.1.1.7 spike mutations affect transmission as well as immune recognition. The E484K mutation was observed in the variant B.1.351 (also called 501Y.V2) that occurred in South Africa. The variant P.1 emerged in Brazil and sporadic examples from UK sequencing showed E484K on the B.1.1.7 background [23]. A study found that both Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines appeared to be very effective against infection compatible with the Kent variant (B.1.1.7) [25].

The spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 is the target of antibodies in convalescent and vaccine sera. 23 mutations in spike protein have been reported in the variants P.1, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351. Viral mutations often occur due to the instability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and error-prone replication. Distinct from inactivated vaccines developed in China, western countries prefer to develop viral vector vaccines or mRNA vaccines, targeting the spike protein because its mutations are worthy of constant monitoring. There have been following guidance or suggestions regarding COVID-19 vaccines and therapy: 1) inactivated vaccine seed strain of spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants deserves development for future epidemics; 2) desired vaccine candidates, multivalent vaccines, or cocktail vaccines ought to be developed to neutralize all spreading variants; and 3) a personalized antibody therapy or cocktail therapy against COVID-19 should be useful through the local spreading variants screening for patients [32].

Transparency and Issues Related to Vaccine Side Effects

Safety monitoring for COVID-19 vaccines has been important. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) that is a spontaneous reporting system and v-safe that is an active surveillance system have been used for monitoring for side effects of the vaccines in the US. VAERS is a national passive surveillance system used for adverse events after vaccination; it collects reports from the public, healthcare providers, and manufacturers of vaccines. V-safe is a safety monitoring system created by the US CDC, however, it has not received the public attention needed to implement mass vaccination. Headache, fatigue, myalgia, and injection site pain have been most often reported, with a greater frequency after the second dose. There are more reactions on the vaccination day than any other day [33]. Other reports of side effects include fatal or debilitating blood clots, myocarditis, heart attacks, and strokes.

European regulators expressed a concern about a potential link between rare blood clots and a vaccine developed by AstraZeneca at Cambridge and the University of Oxford in the UK. Clots tentatively linked to the AstraZeneca and J&J vaccines have special features: occurring in uncommon parts of the body (e.g., the abdomen or brain), or being coupled with low levels of platelets, and cell fragments that facilitate blood coagulation. Early reports indicated that younger women with vaccination were the most vulnerable to blood clots; however, the European Medicines Agency suggested that it should not recognize any particular group with a high risk from the data of the AstraZeneca vaccine. The obvious bias towards women might be due to vaccination priority for healthcare workers who are primarily female in many countries [34]. Anaphylaxis to mRNA vaccines is predicted at 2.5–11.1 cases per million doses, mainly in people with the allergy history [15]. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that appears infrequently after vaccination. During December 14–23, 2020, monitoring by the VAERS identified 21 cases of anaphylaxis after the administration of a reported 1,893,360 first doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine; 71% of them appeared within 15 minutes after vaccination. Immediate treatment on anaphylaxis is needed. The following should be ensured: 1) healthcare providers early diagnose symptoms and signs of anaphylaxis; 2) essential supplies should be available in vaccination locations to handle anaphylaxis; 3) suspected anaphylaxis is treated with intramuscular epinephrine; and 4) people suffering anaphylaxis are transferred to facilities where suitable medical treatment is available for them [35].

‘‘COVID arm’’ is an unusual adverse effect that may appear as a localized and transient erythematous rash several days after the first dose of Moderna. Topical steroids and oral histamines have shown success in controlling its symptoms and clearing the rash. Patients should be informed by providers that COVID arm is a benign possible side effect; therefore, the second dose of Moderna should not be stopped due to COVID arm [36]. Both Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech may cause local and systemic adverse effects that are shown in Table 4 [37]. The effects can be mild to moderate and last 24 hours or less. Acetaminophen can alleviate these symptoms, but it cannot completely remove them.

Vaccines for Individuals with Complications or Pregnancy

The probability of the COVID-19 infection is greater in patients with multiple sclerosis who are older, have significant baseline disability, and have cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities. B cell depleting therapies might also raise the risk; discontinuation of these therapies for high-risk patients should be considered. The therapies (e.g., ocrelizumab and rituximab) reduce the immunization effect of vaccines although the degree of effect differs with the vaccine and timing [38]. A case report has suggested that pharmacovigilance on cardiac injury be considered, particularly with suspected or confirmed previous COVID-19 history aimed to actively search for acute myocarditis when discomfort or chest pain is reported [39].

Immunocompromised people have been excluded from the studies of mRNA vaccines of COVID-19. In these patients, the immune response to vaccination can be reduced. The humoral response to the first dose in solid organ transplant recipients was studied and quantified to better know about the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines in these people. The finding of poor anti-spike antibody responses in organ transplant recipients following the first dose of mRNA vaccines indicates that these patients are still at a higher early risk of COVID-19 despite vaccination. Deep immunophenotyping of transplant recipients with vaccination, including characterization of memory B-cell and T-cell responses, is significant in deciding vaccination strategies and immunologic responses following the second dose [40].

In December 2020, the Canadian National Advisory Committee on Immunization recommended that a COVID-19 vaccine should not be provided to breastfeeding or pregnant women until further evidence is available; however, it can be considered in special scenarios where benefits outweigh risks. On the contrary, guidance from specialist bodies in the US is against withholding the COVID-19 vaccination from breastfeeding or pregnant women [41].

An Overview of Herd Immunity and the Reason for Mass Vaccination

Herd immunity, achieved either by vaccination or natural infection, is pursued to stop the disease spread and control the pandemic; but mounting evidence suggests that natural infection is not able to achieve herd immunity as expected. Some reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, indicating that immunological memory generated by natural infection may not strong or last long enough to protect people from reinfection [30]. Recommendations from public health specialists include giving at least one dose of vaccine to previously infected patients to reinforce their immunity. However, it is highly unrecommended to give dual-dose vaccinations to individuals who were previously infected with COVID-19. Overall, natural immunity (i.e., immunity received by recovering from the virus) typically fosters a robust immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. It is important to guarantee high vaccine uptake and herd immunity in the population. The threshold of herd immunity for SARS-CoV-2 is projected at 60–83% [42].

Achieving enough vaccine coverage in working-age adults is vital if herd immunity is a goal. Information highlighting benefits of herd immunity may help reduce the vaccine hesitancy of COVID-19 [43]. Herd immunity can be achieved only by mass vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy is the main barrier to accomplishing herd immunity [44]. A widespread belief that vaccination is riskier than COVID-19 itself is an obstruct to herd immunity. Transparency is perhaps the most important concept when dealing with public health, the pandemic, and individual healthcare. This kind of belief will prolong the pandemic [45]. If substantial immune evasion occurs (due to variants), available vaccines may still have some efficacy on individuals; but they might induce viral selection and escape at the population level, making fulfilling herd immunity difficult [31].

Vaccine Hesitancy

Vaccine hesitancy refers to the delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines though vaccines and services are available. It is complex and context specific, being associated with time, place, and vaccines. It is also a complicated public health issue regarding efficacy, safety, or a need for vaccination. It has depolarized vaccine-supporters and their anti-vaccine counterparts. It is individual’s behavior and affected by some factors such as knowledge and experiences in the past. It is also influenced by factors such as convenience, complacency, and confidence. Specifically, factors resulting in vaccine hesitancy include 1) having difficulties in accessing vaccines, 2) not realizing a need for a vaccine (such as the under-estimation of the severity of COVID-19), and 3) lacking confidence in or being fearful of vaccines. A stronger intention of COVID-19 vaccination is related to more collective responsibility, less complacency, more confidence, and a younger age. Much work stress also causes demands for the vaccination [46, 47]. Trust in doctors (recommending and administering vaccines), healthcare system, and vaccine information obtained via the media plays a significant role in the decision-making of vaccination. However, misinformation regarding COVID-19 vaccine on major social media companies has been a problem, especially for newly available vaccines. The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization Working Group insisted that healthcare professionals’ poor communication played a significant role in the vaccine hesitancy [48].

Misinformation and vaccine hesitancy are barriers to achieving coverage and community immunity. Misinformation spread via multiple channels has negative effects on the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Accurate, clear communication and Transparent, evidence-informed policies are important for all relevant stakeholders. A higher level of trust in information from government sources facilitates the vaccine acceptance; an accelerated pace of vaccination possibly brings up public anxieties and compromises the acceptance. Government officials need to have consistent and clear communications on vaccines, which is key to creating public confidence in vaccine programs such as introducing how vaccines are developed and how they work; explaining the effectiveness of a vaccine, the time needed for protection, and the implication of population-wide coverage to achieve community immunity. Respected groups based on community and non-governmental organizations, for example, the Red Cross, also assist building trust in COVID-19 vaccines. People with a better income are more likely accept vaccines than people with a lower income. Men are generally less likely to accept vaccines or their employers’ suggestion on vaccination. An older person is more likely to take a vaccine [49].

Although vaccination emergency is somewhat regarded as a mandatory commitment to reduce infectious contacts and hospitalization, vaccination hesitancy is still a concern, especially for the messenger RNA (mRNA)‐based vaccines. Correct information on mRNA‐based vaccines was ever very limited in Italy. Some news reached a wide community due to commercial impact, leading to wrong expectations. The purported 95% efficiency of mRNA vaccines was intensely criticized. Misleading information regarding RNA-based vaccines caused vaccine hesitancy with a high degree in Italy and the US. The complicated issue of vaccinology (especially during a pandemic) should be a basic educational mission for public health [50].

Features of COVID-19 vaccines might change over time (e.g., technology used, efficacy, country of manufacturer, effectiveness against variants, risk of severe side-effects, and post-vaccination transmission as more evidence emerges). Vaccine hesitancy is related to the potential vaccine features. Most people are not likely completely for or against COVID-19 vaccines. Depending on their profiles, preferences, and features of available vaccines, vaccine-hesitant persons may consider taking a vaccine or delay to obtain another vaccine [43]. The Anti-vaccination behavior of COVID-19 is significantly related to some situations: lower educational level, female gender, no chronic condition report, ages with an inverted U-shaped relationship, lower perceived severity of COVID-19 infection, poorer compliance with suggested vaccination in the past, etc. Vaccine acceptance in the working-age people relies on the features of new vaccines and the nationwide vaccination strategy [44].

The vaccine hesitancy of the general public is mainly due to indifference to COVID-19 infection risks, misconceptions about contracting SARS-CoV-2 from vaccines, and concerns about possible vaccine side effects. Although immigrant families have positive attitudes on vaccines, their vaccination rate was low due to various reasons such as immigration status, language differences, transportation problems poor local availability of vaccines, low health literacy, lack of health insurance, and vaccine costs. Whether insured, uninsured, or underinsured, many people in the racial/ethnic minority community do not have a medical home or a regular primary care provider, which limits their access to vaccines. In addition, underrepresented groups in the US are often more skeptical of the efficacy and safety of new medical products [51].

Vaccine hesitancy is characterized by uncertainty and ambivalence about vaccination. Surveys indicated many people with vaccine hesitancy are from ethnic minorities. A UK survey in December 2020 showed that vaccine hesitancy was higher among black, Bangladeshi, and Pakistani people compared with white people. Population groups with frequent address change have lower vaccination rates which is common among people from ethnic minorities and makes NHS records inaccurate [52]. Concerns about vaccine hesitancy have been laid primarily at the feet of African American and Latinx communities in the US. Disinformation and fears of vaccine consequences have spread through Latinx communities. Some news media’s focus on mistrust or seemingly ridiculous conspiracies ignored the racist structures and led to health disparities [45]. Some Indigenous and African people are hesitant in vaccination due to long-standing racism and abuse [41].

Conclusion

The advantages of mRNA vaccines over conventional vaccines lie in the capability of quick development and manufacturing at low cost, with good efficacy, etc. The mRNA-1273 vaccine and BNT162b2 vaccine have high degree of efficacy and immunogenicity. There is a reduction of asymptomatic cases in vaccinated individuals. There is a risk of infection with a variant virus even if individuals have completed vaccination; some individuals, however, may be susceptible to greater side effects from vaccination against the pandemic, have chronic illnesses that predispose them to increased side effects, or simply not trust the methods behind the vaccine development because transparency has not been the main method of finding out information regarding the vaccines. Furthermore, some individuals may suffer increased side effects resulting in death or disability.

The probability of the COVID-19 infection is higher in individuals with older ages, major baseline disability, and cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities. Yet, the number one comorbidity for adults is obesity. Natural infection does not enable herd immunity as expected. Vaccine hesitancy is a major barrier to accomplishing herd immunity. Concerns about vaccine side effects, indifference to COVID-19 infection risks, and misconceptions about contracting SARS-CoV-2 from vaccines are major reasons of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy of the general public.

More information regarding this Article visit: OAJBGSR

https://biogenericpublishers.com/pdf/JBGSR.MS.ID.00228.pdf https://biogenericpublishers.com/jbgsr-ms-id-00228-text/

#COVID-19 #SARS-CoV-2 #vaccines #variants #mutations #herd immunity #vaccine hesitancy #Cheryl Ann Alexander #oajbgsr #jbgsr #bgsr #bio generic publishers

0 notes

marketglobalresearchreport · 3 years

Text

Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth, Demand and Estimates to 2027

The recently Published Report titled Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth, Demand and Estimates to 2027 by Axel Reports offers a comprehensive picture of the market from the global view point as well as a descriptive analysis with detailed segmentation, complete research and development history, latest news, offering a forecast and statistic in terms of revenue during the forecast period from 2021-2027. The report covers a comprehensive analysis of key segments, recent trends, competitive landscape, and key factors playing a substantial role in the market are detailed in the report. The report helps vendors and manufacturers to understand the change in the market dynamics over the years.

Get Sample Copy of this Report with the Latest Market Trend and COVID-19 Impact: https://axelreports.com/request-sample/55827

Global Market Segmentation by Top Key-Players: Advanced Bioscience Laboratories Creative Biogene Boehringer Ingelheim Sanofi Brammer Bio Pfizer GE Healthcare

NOTE: Consumer behaviour has changed within all sectors of the society amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Industries on the other hand will have to restructure their strategies in order to adjust with the changing market requirements. This report offers you an analysis of the COVID-19 impact on the Viral Vector Vaccines market and will help you in strategising your business as per the new industry norms.

Report offers: 1. Insights into the intact market structure, scope, profitability, and potential. 2. Precise assessment of market size, share, demand, and sales volume. 3. Authentic estimations for revenue generation and Viral Vector Vaccines Market development. 4. Thorough study of Viral Vector Vaccines Market companies including organizational and financial status. 5. Perception of crucial market segments including, forecast study. 6. Acumen of upcoming opportunities and potential threats and risks in the market.

Market segments by Types of, the report covers- Adenovirus Fowlpox Virus Attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccinia Virus Vectors Others Market segments by Applications of, the report covers- Hospitals Clinics Others

The report diversifies the global geographical expanse of the market into five prominent regions as:

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)

Key Elements Discussed In The Report: The report then discusses important dynamics on the business drivers that have a major impact on the performance are given in the report. The business drivers are important to the business operations and financial results of the industry. All the drivers are determined in the research study using market analysis. The report is comprehensive coverage of the existing and potential markets along with their assessment of their competitive position in the changing market scenario. It scrutinizes in-depth global market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the global Viral Vector Vaccines market, as well as those hindering it.

Get Up to 30% Discount on the first purchase of this report @ https://axelreports.com/request-discount/55827

Moreover, the report throws light on the pinpoint analysis of global Viral Vector Vaccines market dynamics. It also measures the sustainable trends and platforms which are the basic roots behind the market growth. With the help of SWOT and Porter’s five analysis, the market has been deeply analyzed. Consumer behavior is assessed with respect to current and upcoming trends. The report takes a detailed note of the major industrial events in past years. These events include several operational business decisions, innovations, mergers, collaborations, major investments, etc.

Customization of the Report: This report can be customized to meet the client’s requirements. Please connect with our sales team ( [email protected]), who will ensure that you get a report that suits your needs. You can also get in touch with our executives on +18488639402 to share your research requirements.

ABOUT Axel Reports:

Axel Reports has the most comprehensive collection of market research products and services available on the web. We deliver reports from virtually all major publications and refresh our list regularly to provide you with immediate online access to the world’s most extensive and up-to-date archive of professional insights into global markets, companies, goods, and patterns.

Contact: Axel Reports Akansha G (Knowledge Partner) Office No- P 221 Pune, Maharashtra 411060 Phone: US +18488639402 Web: https://axelreports.com/

#Viral Vector Vaccines #viral vector vaccines market #vaccines market

0 notes

researchcognizance · 3 years

Text

Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market Expected to Witness Rapid Expansion by the End of 2027

The recent report on “Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market Report 2021 by Key Players, Types, Applications, Countries, Market Size, Forecast to 2027” offered by Axel Reports, comprises a comprehensive investigation into the geographical landscape, industry size along with the revenue estimation of the business. Additionally, the report also highlights the challenges impeding market growth and expansion strategies employed by leading companies in the “Viral Vector Vaccines Market”.

An exhaustive competition analysis that covers insightful data on industry leaders is intended to help potential market entrants and existing players in competition with the right direction to arrive at their decisions. Market structure analysis discusses in detail Viral Vector Vaccines companies with their profiles, revenue shares in the market, comprehensive portfolio of their offerings, networking and distribution strategies, regional market footprints, and much more.

Download Sample PDF+ All Related Graphs & Charts (Including COVID19 Impact Analysis) @: https://axelreports.com/request-sample/55827

By Market Players: Advanced Bioscience Laboratories Creative Biogene Boehringer Ingelheim Sanofi Brammer Bio Pfizer GE Healthcare

By Type Adenovirus Fowlpox Virus Attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccinia Virus Vectors Others By Application Hospitals Clinics Others

(Note: The sample of this report is updated with COVID-19 impact analysis before delivery)

Key Questions Covered in the Report :

What is the total market value of the Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market report?

What would be the forecast period in the market report?

What is the market value of the Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market in 2021?

What is the Key Industry Leader’s opinion for the Global Viral Vector Vaccines?

Which is the base year calculated in the Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market Report?

What are the key trends in the Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market Report?

What are the market values/growth % of emerging countries?

Which market holds the maximum market share of the Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market?

Some Point from Table of Content:

Market Overview: It includes six chapters, research scope, major manufacturers covered, market segments by type, Viral Vector Vaccines market segments by application, study objectives, and years considered.

Market Landscape: Here, the competition in the Worldwide Viral Vector Vaccines Market is analyzed, by price, revenue, sales, and market share by company, market rate, competitive situations Landscape, and latest trends, merger, expansion, acquisition, and market shares of top companies.

Profiles of Manufacturers: Here, leading players of the global Viral Vector Vaccines market are studied based on sales area, key products, gross margin, revenue, price, and production.

Market Status and Outlook by Region: In this section, the report discusses about gross margin, sales, revenue, production, market share, CAGR, and market size by region. Here, the global Viral Vector Vaccines Market is deeply analysed on the basis of regions and countries such as North America, Europe, China, India, Japan, and the MEA.

Application or End User: This section of the research study shows how different end-user/application segments contribute to the global Viral Vector Vaccines Market.

Market Forecast: Production Side: In this part of the report, the authors have focused on production and production value forecast, key producers forecast, and production and production value forecast by type.

Research Findings and Conclusion: This is one of the last sections of the report where the findings of the analysts and the conclusion of the research study are provided.

Do You Have Any Query Or Specific Requirement? Ask to Our Industry Expert @ https://axelreports.com/enquiry-before-buying/55827

Note: This content doesn’t contain all the Information of the Report please fill the form (via link) and get all interesting information just one click in PDF with the latest update with chart and Table of Content. Any special requirements about this report, please let us know and we can provide custom report.

ABOUT US:

Contact: Axel Reports Akansha G (Knowledge Partner) Office No- B 201 Pune, Maharashtra 411060 Phone: US +18488639402 Web: https://axelreports.com/

[email protected]

0 notes

ken-research-market-research · 3 years

Text

Global Adenovirus Vector Vaccine market- Industry Analysis, Market Size, Share, Trends, Application Analysis, Growth and Forecast 2021-2027: Ken Research

The global Adenovirus Vector Vaccine market is expected to reach USD XX Million by 2027, with a CAGR of XX% from 2020 to 2027, based on HNY Research newly published report. The prime objective of this report “Global Adenovirus Vector Vaccine Industry Research Report 2021 Segmented by Major Market Players, Types, Applications and Countries Forecast to 2027” is to provide the insights on the post…

View On WordPress

0 notes

leonfrancisblog · 3 years

Text

Viral Vector and Vaccine Market is Rising exponentially at a Healthy CAGR of 14.50% During the Anticipated Period of 2020 to 2027| Novasep, MerckKGaA, Cobra Biologics Ltd., uniQure N.V., Waisman, Creative-Biogene

Viral Vector and Vaccine Market size is expected grow at a compound annual growth rate of 14.50% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027 due to the growing prevalence of disease such as cancer, cardiac diseases, HIV and hemophilia which has raised the need for the development of therapies using viral vector and is primarily driving the market growth rate. Beside this, the presence of untapped medical sector in some regions and rising government initiatives for R&D sector of healthcare sector will produce lucrative opportunities for the growth of the viral vector and vaccine market.

High transfection efficiency, effective gene delivery and stable gene expression have made viral vectors preferred choice for gene transfer and it is evident by increasing clinical trials on viral vector medicated gene therapy. Increasing prevalence of disease such as cardiac diseases, cancer, HIV, Hemophilia has raised need for the development of therapies using viral vector whereas advancement in technology to manufacture viral vector is the key factor driving market growth. Moreover rising adoption of viral vectors by biopharmaceutical industries and increasing cost effective treatments are factor propelling market demand whereas lack of skilled professionals and high cost are factors restraining market growth. However untapped medical sector in some regions and increasing government initiatives for R&D sector of healthcare sector will produce lucrative opportunities in coming years.

Global Viral Vector & Vaccine Market By Type (Adenovirus, Retrovirus, Plasmid DNA, AAV, Lentivirus, Others), Workflow Upstream Processing, Downstream Processing, Application (Antisense & RNAi, Gene Therapy, Cell Therapy, Vaccinology), Disease (Cancer, Genetic Disorders, Infectious Diseases, Others), End Use (Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Companies, Research Institutes), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany, Italy, U.K., France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Turkey, Russia, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East & Africa) Industry Trends and Forecast to 2027 This viral vector & vaccine market report provides details of new recent developments, trade regulations, import export analysis, production analysis, value chain optimization, market share, impact of domestic and localised market players, analyses opportunities in terms of emerging revenue pockets, changes in market regulations, strategic market growth analysis, market size, category market growths, application niches and dominance, product approvals, product launches, geographic expansions, technological innovations in the market. To gain more info on viral vector & vaccine market contact us for an Analyst Brief, our team will help you take an informed market decision to achieve market growth.

Get Sample PDF of Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Report (including COVID19 Impact Analysis) @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-viral-vector-and-vaccine-market

Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Scope:

Viral vector and vaccine market is segmented on the basis of countries into the U.S., Canada and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa(MEA), Brazil, Argentina and Rest of South America as part of South America.

All country based analysis of viral vector and vaccine market is further analyzed based on maximum granularity into further segmentation. Based on type, the viral vector & vaccine market is segmented into adenovirus, retrovirus, plasmid DNA, AAV, lentivirus, and others. Based on workflow, the viral vector and vaccine market is segmented into upstream processing, downstream processing. Based on application, the viral vector & vaccine market is segmented into antisense & RNAi, gene therapy, cell therapy, and vaccinology. On the basis of disease, viral vector and vaccine market is segmented into cancer, genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and others. Viral vector and vaccine market has also been segmented based on end use into pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, and research institutes.

Viral vectors are one of the promising tools that are used for gene therapy and vaccines. Viral vector-based vaccines can improve immunogenicity without an adjuvant and encourage a robust cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to eradicate virus infected cells.

Key Market Competitors Covered in the report:

Novasep, MerckKGaA, Cobra Biologics Ltd., uniQure N.V., Waisman, Creative-Biogene, Aldevron, Addgene, Oxford Biomedica, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Cell Therapy Catapult Limited Eurogentec, Fujifilm, Spark Therapeutics Inc. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

Key Pointers Covered in the Viral Vector Market Size:

Market New Sales Volumes

Market Replacement Sales Volumes

Market Installed Base

Market By Brands

Market Procedure Volumes

Market Product Price Analysis

Market Healthcare Outcomes

Market Cost of Care Analysis

Market Regulatory Framework and Changes

Prices and Reimbursement Analysis

Market Shares in Different Regions

Recent Developments for Market Competitors

Market Upcoming Applications

Market Innovators Study

MAJOR TOC OF THE REPORT:

Chapter One: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Overview

Chapter Two: Manufacturers Profiles

Chapter Three: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Competition, by Players

Chapter Four: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Size by Regions

Chapter Five: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Revenue by Countries

Chapter Six: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Revenue by Type

Chapter Seven: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Revenue by Application

Chapter Eight: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Revenue by Industries

Chapter Nine: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Revenue by Deployment Model

Chapter Ten: Viral Vector and Vaccine Market Revenue by End User

Get Detail TOC@ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-viral-vector-and-vaccine-market

Key Report Highlights:

Comprehensive pricing analysis based on different product types and regional segments

Market size data in terms of revenue and sales volume

Deep insights about regulatory and investment scenarios of the global Information Rights Management Market

Analysis of market effect factors and their impact on the forecast and outlook of the global Information Rights Management Market

The detailed assessment of the vendor landscape and leading companies to help understand the level of competition in the global Information Rights Management Market

A roadmap of growth opportunities available in the Global Information Rights Management Market with the identification of key factors

The exhaustive analysis of various trends of the Global Information Rights Management Market to help identify market developments

Key Questions Answered in Report:

What is the key to the Information Rights Management Market?

What will the Information Rights Management Market Demand and what will be Growth?

What are the latest opportunities for Information Rights Management Market in the future?

What are the strengths of the key players?

Access Full Report @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-viral-vector-and-vaccine-market

Browse Related Reports@

Pediatric Vaccine Market

Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market

Veterinary Clostridium Vaccine Market

About Us:

Data Bridge Market Research set forth itself as an unconventional and neoteric Market research and consulting firm with unparalleled level of resilience and integrated approaches. We are determined to unearth the best market opportunities and foster efficient information for your business to thrive in the market

Contact:

Data Bridge Market Research

Tel: +1-888-387-2818

Email: [email protected]

#Market by Type Market Development Market Forecast Market Size Future Innovation Market Future Trends Market Share Market Demand Market Growt

0 notes

saraseo · 4 years

Text

0 notes

metiresearchinfo · 3 years

Text

COVID-19 Impact on the Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market

Click here to: Get Free Sample Pages of this Report

Increasing investments in the pharmaceutical R&D support the market growth

Growing consolidation in the market, an ongoing trend

In June 2020, Catalent Inc. (U.S.) collaborated with Moderna, Inc. (U.S.) for large-scale, commercial fill-finish manufacturing of Moderna’s mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate (mRNA-1273).

In April 2020, ICON plc (Ireland) agreed with Pfizer Inc. (U.S.) to supply drug and device development and commercialization services.

Click here to: Get a Free Request Sample Copy of this report

Key Findings in the Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market Study:

Pharmaceutical manufacturing services generated a large proportion of revenue compared to other services

Pharmaceutical API contract manufacturing services are estimated to account for the largest share of the pharmaceutical contract manufacturing services market in 2020

In 2020, the big pharmaceutical companies segment to dominate pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing market

Asia-Pacific: Fastest growing regional market

Key Players

Scope of the Report:

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by Service

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Services

Drug Development Services

Biologics Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical FDF Manufacturing Services

Parenteral/Injectable Manufacturing Services

Tablet Manufacturing Services

Capsule Manufacturing Services

Oral Liquid Manufacturing Services

Other Formulations Manufacturing Services

Biologics API Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by End User

Big Pharmaceutical Companies

Small and Med-Size Pharmaceutical Companies

Generic Pharmaceutical Companies

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by Geography

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific (APAC)

Latin America

Middle East & Africa

U.S.

Canada

Germany

U.K.

France

Italy

Spain

Rest of Europe (RoE)

China

Japan

India

Rest of APAC (RoAPAC)

0 notes

cmfelatestarticle · 5 years

Text

Cancer Gene Therapy Market is predicted to reach USD 16,494.66 million by 2030

Cancer Gene Therapy Market is predicted to reach USD 16,494.66 million by 2030The Global Cancer Gene Therapy Market held USD 558.24 million in 2018 and is predicted to reach USD 16,494.66 million by 2030 with a CAGR of 32.6% from 2019-2030

Read Report Overview @

https://www.nextmsc.com/report/cancer-gene-therapy-market

Cancer gene therapy is a technique of healing distribution of genetic material into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease and compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein. The cancer cells can modify themselves in numerous genetic factors that make them further divide into very often and form a tumor.

During the treatment of cancer, the genes are replaced to fight against cancer-causing tumor cells. Gene therapy is an effective treatment for chronic diseases as they cause least side effects with maximum efficacy. The innovation in the gene therapy with better success rate and increasing prevalence of cancer worldwide is generating new opportunity for cancer gene therapy market.

The cancer gene therapy market size is growing owing to factors including increased prevalence of cancer, the growing popularity of DNA vaccines. Furthermore, increasing funding for R&D activities for cancer gene therapy majorly driven the cancer gene therapy market. Further, ethical acceptance of gene therapy for treatment of diseases, and favorable government regulations growing has further supplemented the market growth. However, the high cost of gene therapy treatment and unwanted immune responses is hampering the growth of the cancer gene therapy market. The rapid technological advancements and untapped markets in developing economies will open new opportunities for cancer gene therapy market share in the future.

The cancer gene therapy market is segmented on the basis of therapy, end-user, and geography. On the basis of therapy, the cancer gene therapy market is classified into gene induced immunotherapy, gene transfer, and oncolytic virotherapy. The gene induced immunotherapy is further sub-segmented into the delivery of cytokines gene and delivery of tumor antigen gene. The gene transfer is further sub-segmented into naked/plasmid vectors, sonoportion, magnetofection, electroporation, and gene gun. The oncolytic virotherapy segment is further sub-segmented into adenovirus, lentivirus, vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus, alpha virus, retro virus, adeno associated virus, simian virus, and others. On the basis of application, the market is divided into hospitals, diagnostics centers, and research institutes. Geographic breakdown and analysis of each of the aforesaid segments include regions comprising North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.

North America denotes a higher adoption of the cancer gene therapy and is anticipated to hold the highest market share during the forecast period. This is attributable to the factors including enhanced developments in healthcare, a large number of aging population, technological advancement, and high consumer awareness.

It is expected that the emerging economies, specifically in the Asia-Pacific region would witness increasing market size owing to improvement in a healthcare facility, increasing government initiatives, and increasing the affordability for advanced treatment due to increasing disposable income.

Request to view Sample Report:

https://www.nextmsc.com/Cancer-Gene-Therapy-Market/request-sample

Comprehensive competitive analysis and profiles of the major market players such as Bluebird bio, Inc., Merck, Adaptimmune, GlaxoSmithKline, BioCancell, Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech, SynerGene Therapeutics, Celgene, Shanghai Sunway Biotech, OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals, and among others are provided in the cancer gene therapy market report.

0 notes

captainvileshmodiworld-blog · 5 years

Text

Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market 2019 | Manufacturers In-Depth Analysis Report to 2024

The latest trending report Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market 2019-2024 added by DecisionDatabases.com

Viral vector vaccines combine many of the positive qualities of DNA vaccines with those of live attenuated vaccines.

The worldwide market for Viral Vector Vaccines is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly xx% over the next five years, will reach xx million US$ in 2024, from xx million US$ in 2019.

This report focuses on the Viral Vector Vaccines in global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.

Browse the complete report and table of contents @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/ip/40542-viral-vector-vaccines-industry-analysis-report

Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers

· Advanced Bioscience Laboratories

· Boehringer Ingelheim

· Brammer Bio

· Creative Biogene

· GE Healthcare

· Pfizer

· Sanofi

Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers

· North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

· Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)

· Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)

· South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.)

· Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

Market Segment by Type, covers

· Adenovirus

· Fowlpox Virus

· Attenuated Yellow Fever

· Vaccinia Virus Vectors

· Others

Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into

· Hospitals

· Clinics

· Others

Download Free Sample Report of Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/download-sample-40542

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters: Chapter 1, to describe Viral Vector Vaccines product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks. Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Viral Vector Vaccines, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Viral Vector Vaccines in 2017 and 2018. Chapter 3, the Viral Vector Vaccines competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast. Chapter 4, the Viral Vector Vaccines breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 12, Viral Vector Vaccines market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2019 to 2024. Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Viral Vector Vaccines sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

Purchase the complete Global Viral Vector Vaccines Market Research Report @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/buy-now-40542

All Vaccines Related Reports by DecisionDatabases.com @ https://goo.gl/Q2GmDt

About-Us: DecisionDatabases.com is a global business research reports provider, enriching decision makers and strategists with qualitative statistics. DecisionDatabases.com is proficient in providing syndicated research report, customized research reports, company profiles and industry databases across multiple domains.

Our expert research analysts have been trained to map client’s research requirements to the correct research resource leading to a distinctive edge over its competitors. We provide intellectual, precise and meaningful data at a lightning speed.

For more details: DecisionDatabases.com E-Mail: [email protected] Phone: +91 9028057900 Web: https://www.decisiondatabases.com/

#Viral Vector Vaccines Market #Viral Vector Vaccines Market Report #Viral Vector Vaccines Industry Report #Viral Vector Vaccines Market Analysis #Viral Vector Vaccines Market Growth #Viral Vector Vaccines Market Trends #Viral Vector Vaccines Market Outlook #Global Viral Vector Vaccines Industry Report

0 notes

sagarj-things-blog · 7 years

Text

Polyinosinic Acid Market By Manufacturers, Type and Applications, Status and Forecast, 2016-2024

Global Polyinosinic Acid Market: Overview

Polyinosinic acid used as a model RNA, is composed of a polynucleotide chain. It consists entirely of inosinic acid residues. Polyinosinic acid is made from polycytidylic acid. It is a homopolymer of inosine used with polycytidylic acid to form a double stranded homopolymer. This acts as a major effector of the immune response against viral pathogens. Polyinosinic acid is primarily used in the form of sodium salt to simulate viral infections.

Browse Market Research Report: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/polyinosinic-acid-market.html

Polyinosinic acid (abbreviated as Poly I:C) along with polycytidylic acid acts as an immunostimulant. It is known to interact with toll-like receptor 3, which is expressed in the membrane of B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Polyinosinic acid enhances delivery of adenovirus vectors. It is used primarily in pharmaceuticals, health care, and medical sectors. Polyinosinic acid is employed as a potent adjuvant in the medical sector to enhance the specific anti-tumor immune responses against a peptide-based vaccine. Growth in pharmaceutical and health care sectors is expected to boost the demand for polyinosinic acid in the next few years. Polyinosinic acid is anticipated to penetrate the market rapidly due to the various research and development activities conducted by several companies and medical organizations. It is not available widely since it is medical product; however, demand for polyinosinic acid is high due to its anti-tumor immune responses. Polyinosinic acid requires ionic strength to maintain the double strand structure. In order to prevent denaturation, polyinosinic acid is reconstituted in solutions with physiological salt concentrations. Furthermore, it may require heating and cooling to achieve re-annealing.

Asia Pacific held the major share of the polyinosinic acid market in 2015, led by the high growth of pharmaceutical and medical sectors. Demand for polyinosinic acid is also high in Europe and North America. The U.S., Germany, China, India, and Japan accounted for key share of the polyinosinic market in 2015. Polyinosinic acid is highly produced and consumed in these countries due to the increase in population, high standard of living, rise in number of diseases among the people, and expansion in pharmaceutical and medical sectors. Middle East & Africa constituted smaller share of the polyinosinic market in 2015; however, demand for polyinosinic acid is anticipated to rise at a rapid pace in the region in the next few years. Optimization of physicochemical properties of polyinosinic acid has led to generation of derivatives that have increased stability in body fluids (such as polyICLC), or reduced toxicity through reduced stability in body fluids. This is estimated to boost the polyinosinic acid market during the forecast period.

Get accurate market forecast and analysis on the Polyinosinic Acid market. Request a sample to stay abreast on the key trends impacting this market @ http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=22208

Key manufacturers of polyinosinic acid across the globe include Biotain Pharma Co. Ltd., N&R Bio Industries Inc., Beijing Isomersyn Technology Co. Ltd., Hubei XinyuanShun Chemical Co. Ltd., and Hangzhou Dingyan Chem. Co. Ltd.

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.

About Us

Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company’s exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information.

TMR’s data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With extensive research and analysis capabilities, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques to develop distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.

Transparency Market Research

90 State Street, Suite 700

Albany, NY 12207

Tel: +1-518-618-1030

USA - Canada Toll Free: 866-552-3453

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/

0 notes

metiresearchinfo · 3 years

Text

COVID-19 Impact on the Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market

Click here to: Get Free Sample Pages of this Report

Increasing investments in the pharmaceutical R&D support the market growth

Growing consolidation in the market, an ongoing trend

In June 2020, Catalent Inc. (U.S.) collaborated with Moderna, Inc. (U.S.) for large-scale, commercial fill-finish manufacturing of Moderna’s mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate (mRNA-1273).

In April 2020, ICON plc (Ireland) agreed with Pfizer Inc. (U.S.) to supply drug and device development and commercialization services.

Click here to: Get a Free Request Sample Copy of this report

Key Findings in the Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market Study:

Pharmaceutical manufacturing services generated a large proportion of revenue compared to other services

Pharmaceutical API contract manufacturing services are estimated to account for the largest share of the pharmaceutical contract manufacturing services market in 2020

In 2020, the big pharmaceutical companies segment to dominate pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing market

Asia-Pacific: Fastest growing regional market

Key Players

Scope of the Report:

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by Service

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Services

Drug Development Services

Biologics Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical FDF Manufacturing Services

Parenteral/Injectable Manufacturing Services

Tablet Manufacturing Services

Capsule Manufacturing Services

Oral Liquid Manufacturing Services

Other Formulations Manufacturing Services

Biologics API Manufacturing Services

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by End User

Big Pharmaceutical Companies

Small and Med-Size Pharmaceutical Companies

Generic Pharmaceutical Companies

Pharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Market, by Geography

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific (APAC)

Latin America

Middle East & Africa

U.S.

Canada

Germany

U.K.

France

Italy

Spain

Rest of Europe (RoE)

China

Japan

India

Rest of APAC (RoAPAC)

0 notes