A pair of satellite images acquired almost 50 years apart--by Landsat 1 in 1973 (top) and Landsat 8 in 2022 (bottom)--reveals striking changes in the glaciers and ice caps of northwest Greenland.
A Half-Century of Loss in Northwest Greenland
Observations of Earth from space are now common. But prior to the 1970s, no Earth-observing satellites had been launched with the specific intent of monitoring our planet’s land areas. That changed with the launch of Landsat 1 in 1972. The Landsat mission continues onward through today, with the launch of Landsat 9 in September 2021.
This image pair spans the Landsat era so far, revealing changes across a peninsula north of Thule Air Base (Pituffik). The Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) on Landsat 1 acquired the first image (left) on September 3, 1973. The second image (right), acquired on August 20, 2022, by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8, shows the same area 49 years later.
The 1973 image resembles natural color, but it is actually false color (MSS bands 6-5-4). This becomes apparent along some of the ice-free areas where vegetation shows up as red. But with very little vegetation in northwest Greenland, the false-color Landsat 1 image appears similar in color to the natural-color Landsat 8 image (OLI bands 4-3-2). Bare land is brown, and snow and ice are white.
The similarity in color makes it easy to see where glacial ice has retreated, narrowed, and in one case surged. Notice the clear retreat of the large glaciers flowing into the water of Wolstenholme Fjord. Isolated ice caps and smaller glaciers throughout the image all generally shrink, and in some places disconnect from each other. In contrast, the large glacier flowing west from North Ice Cap (Nunatarssuaq Ice Cap) appears to lengthen. Such surging behavior might be caused by ice at higher elevations of the ice cap draining into the glacier.
The images were acquired just two weeks apart in their respective years. Notice that in 2022, the edges of the ice caps and glaciers generally appear much grayer than in 1973. A warm summer in 2022 melted away more of the bright-white snow cover exposing darker, dirtier ice. Fresh snowfall might also be present in the 1973 image, although September is early in the accumulation season, which largely runs from September until May.
Inspired by recent research on changes to Greenland’s peripheral glaciers, Christopher Shuman searched Landsat data records and identified this image pair. “Because this is such a cold, northern area, I figured that the losses over time would be relatively slow, so we needed almost 50 years to show the change,” said Shuman, a glaciologist at University of Maryland, Baltimore County, based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.
The research showed that peripheral glaciers, which are relatively small and disconnected from the main ice sheet, account for a small proportion of Greenland’s ice-covered area (about 4 percent). But peripheral glaciers account for 11 percent of the island’s ice loss, which makes them outsized contributors to current sea level rise.
Peripheral glaciers in northwest Greenland have been losing about 3.5 to 7 gigatons (4 billion to 8 billion U.S. tons) of ice per year in recent decades amid accelerated warming, according to the research. That’s more than the peripheral glaciers in southeast and southwest Greenland are losing, but less than in north Greenland, where peripheral glaciers have been losing as much as 26 gigatons (29 billion U.S. tons) per year since the early 2000s.
Bellamy has described The 2nd Law as a “Christian gangsta-rap jazz odyssey, with some ambient rebellious dubstep and face-melting metal flamenco cowboy psychedelia.” Actually, it’s a lot more convoluted than that. “Panic Station” is like an outtake from an unreleased Rush album from 1986 produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, except really odd. The torch-y balladry of “Explorers” imagines a scenario in which Celine Dion performs Jeff Buckley’s Grace in its entirety while riding a flaming seahorse through downtown Las Vegas. The very pretty “Save Me,” one of two songs sung by bassist Christopher Wolstenholme, dials it back a bit, crossbreeding Led Zeppelin’s “The Rain Song” with the opening track from Jimmy Eat World’s Clarity.
— Steven Hyden, "The Meaning of Muse", Grantland, 2 October 2012
A fascinating mixed review of The 2nd Law. While I disagree with some of the individual song opinions, it's still a surprisingly great overview of the band's genre-mashing and how they fit into the larger music landscape of the time.
Found the archives of some old sites, and I don't know about other people but I'm feeling slight old/lost fansites nostalgia, so I might post some clippings from fansites here. What is this blog if not a tribute to everything in the Muse universe anyway?
But so that it's not an awful scroll on your dashboards, I will break it up into posts. Find the full thing on the Internet Archive, linked (thank goodness for the internet archive!)
The Muse biography from the now-defunct microcuts.net, one of the biggest Muse fansites before MuseWiki ended up being the only one left (social media doesn't count).
Archived here.
Biography
Muse are an English trio hailing from the sleepy town of Teignmouth in Devon. The band consists of Matthew Bellamy (lead vocalist, lead guitarist, and pianist), Chris Wolstenholme (bass guitarist) and Dominic Howard (drummer).
Matthew’s childhood
Matthew was born in Cambridge on the 9th June 1978 and moved to Devon with his family at aged 10. Matthew’s dad was in a band called The Tornadoes, who were the first band from the UK to get a US number 1 record. At the age of 14 Matthew’s parents got divorced. "It was ok at home, middle class, we had money,” Matthew says. “Well until the age of 14. I think I almost got everything I wanted until the age of 14, yes. Then, everything changed, parents got divorced, and I went to live with my grand mother, and there wasn't that much money. I have a sister who's older than me, she's actually my stepsister: my dad had her from a previous marriage, and also a younger brother. Until the age of 14 music was part of my life since it was part of the family circle: my dad was a musician, he had a band, etc. But it's only when I moved in with my grandparents that I started playing music myself. It was like a need to me."
Matthew moved in with his grandmother and then found music was a need for him. He started playing piano at 6, but the absence of his parents turned him towards the guitar when he was 14. His parents and older brother also used an Ouija Board to contact the dead, which Matt discovered when he was wandering downstairs late at night. He then became interested in it after the divorce of his parents. “It was exciting to go to school and to tell 10-year-old kids all about it, as they found it all quite scary and I was quite impressed that I was doing something that was scary to other people but that wasn’t to me. I did get quite into that.” His beliefs changed after one correspondence predicted the first Gulf War a year before it started. “My beliefs in the whole thing changed. I now believe that you’re contacting something in your subconscious, which is quite different. Something that you might not have known was already there. That’s probably more realistic than thinking you’re contacting somebody who’s already dead. And I do practice that.
Dominic's childhood
Dominic was born on the 7th December 1977 in [Stockport,] Manchester and also moved to Devon when he was 8 years old. He and his family had no interest in music until Dominic went to high school when he then became interested in a jazz band, and started playing the drums.
Christopher's childhood
Chris was born on the 2nd December 1978 in Rotherham, Yorkshire but also moved to Devon (at 11). His mum would buy records regularly. He started by learning the guitar, and then the drums to finally play the bass when he met Dom and Matt.