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#Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
tamacathers · 7 months
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Day 11 - O Mexiofrio - October 8
I slept well at the Albergue Camino Real. Which isn’t to say I didn’t still get up at 6 am. I think most of the pilgrims were out the door before I was. This morning I left alone, yet still was part of a group of peregrinos. Most of them passed me, it’s true. But a set of 5 or 6 people stayed at my hiking speed, though we passed each other numerous times.  I walked past a small barn that…
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darkmaga-retard · 29 days
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Once the microvasculature has been “seeded” with the Spike Protein, systemic microvascular dysfunction ensues in a paracrine manner.
Walter M Chesnut
Aug 27, 2024
Microvascular dysfunction affecting the heart, brain, retina, lung, and kidney, representing different manifestations of small-vessel disease. They share pathophysiologic mechanisms and can occur concomitantly. ANOCA, angina with no obstructive coronary artery disease; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; INOCA, ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease; MINOCA, myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries. 
Now that it has been almost five years since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its Spike Protein, we can observe a pattern of long-term damage from the Spike Protein. The long-term effects have been called everything from Long COVID, to PASC to Vaccine Injury. However, if we look very closely, a picture begins to emerge that is the picture of a novel systemic microvascular disease. 
That the Spike Protein causes microvascular dysfunction and inflammation is well proven. 
In addition to the implications of ACE2 downregulation, our observations also point to a novel effect of spike protein on endothelial cell function and stability. We documented that the engagement of spike protein reduces surface ACE2 and intracellular KLF2 expression, while increasing cell surface expression of vWF in primary human arterial endothelial cells. The changes in KLF2 and vWF expression are indicative of endothelial dysfunction and may perpetuate vascular inflammation and coagulation. 
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Destabilizes Microvascular Homeostasis  https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.00735-21 
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covid-safer-hotties · 6 hours
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Reference archived on our website
Abstract Patients with COVID-19 are at increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease spanning several categories, such as acute myocardial injury/infarction, myocarditis, heart failure and arrhythmias. A growing volume of evidence correlates COVID-19 with myocardial injury, exposing patients to higher mortality risk. SARS-CoV-2 attacks the coronary arterial bed with various mechanisms including thrombosis/rupture of pre-existing atherosclerotic plaque, de novo coronary thrombosis, endothelitis, microvascular dysfunction, vasculitis, vasospasm and ectasia/aneurysm formation. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor plays pivotal role on the cardiovascular homeostasis and the unfolding of COVID-19. The activation of the immune system, mediated by proinflammatory cytokines along with the dysregulation of the coagulation system can pose an insult on the coronary artery, which usually manifests as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers and coronary angiography are essential tools to set the diagnosis. Revascularization is the first-line treatment in all patients with ACS and obstructed coronary arteries whereas in type 2 myocardial infarction treatment of hypoxia, anemia and systemic inflammation is indicated. In patients presenting with coronary vasospasm nitrates and calcium channel blockers are preferred while treatment of coronary ectasia/aneurysm mandates the use of antiplatelets/anticoagulants, corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and biologic agents. It is crucial to untangle the exact mechanisms of coronary involvement in COVID-19 in order to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. We review the current literature and provide a detailed overview of the pathophysiology and clinical spectrum associated with coronary implications of SARS-COV-2 infection.
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heartheathblogs · 21 days
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IWMI Full Form in Medical: A Comprehensive Guide
The full form of IWMI in the medical field is "Index of Microcirculatory Resistance" (IMR). IWMI, or IMR, is a diagnostic tool used to measure the resistance in the small blood vessels (microcirculation) of the heart. This index is essential in assessing the health of the heart's microvascular system, particularly in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or those who have undergone procedures like angioplasty or stenting. It provides insights into the extent of microvascular dysfunction, which can be a critical factor in heart-related conditions.
IMR is measured using specialized techniques during coronary catheterization, where a guidewire equipped with sensors measures blood pressure and flow in the coronary arteries. The importance of IWMI/IMR lies in its ability to identify microvascular issues that may not be detected through standard coronary angiography, which primarily focuses on large blood vessels. By evaluating the microcirculation, doctors can make more informed decisions about treatment strategies, potentially improving patient outcomes, particularly in cases of angina or myocardial infarction.
This guide will delve into the significance, methods, and clinical applications of IWMI/IMR, offering a comprehensive understanding of its role in modern cardiology.
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trinitydigest · 7 months
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Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Market is Expected to Expand at a Healthy Growth Rate During the Forecast Period (2023-2032), States DelveInsight | Caladrius Biosciences, AbbVie, Coroventis, Akcea
http://dlvr.it/T3Qpdc
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conversationpoint · 7 months
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Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Market is Expected to Expand at a Healthy Growth Rate During the Forecast Period (2023-2032), States DelveInsight | Caladrius Biosciences, AbbVie, Coroventis, Akcea
http://dlvr.it/T3QZwS
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sustainable-sian · 11 months
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Angina
Angina happens when your heart isn't getting enough blood, usually because of narrowed coronary arteries. Your heart may try to improve its blood supply by beating harder and faster. This causes symptoms of angina and is a sign that your heart needs to rest.
The key difference between angina and a heart attack is that angina is the result of narrowed (rather than blocked) coronary arteries. This is why, unlike a heart attack, angina does not cause permanent heart damage.
Some people experience episodes of angina before having a heart attack and may continue to experience it afterwards. Other people never experience angina before or after a heart attack.
Symptoms of Angina
Angina symptoms differ from person to person, but can include:
Discomfort, heaviness or tightness of the chest which may spread to the back, shoulders, neck or jaw. Other people describe it as a dull ache
Discomfort in the arm, neck or jaw with no chest discomfort
The discomfort can range from mild or dull to severe
What causes angina?
Angina is usually caused by coronary heart disease (also called atherosclerosis), which is the build-up of plaque in the walls of your arteries. This build-up can narrow one or more of the coronary arteries that feed blood to your heart and makes it harder for your heart to pump blood around your body.
How to treat angina
There are treatments that can be used to help control angina long-term. These include:
Opening up your arteries with a special balloon and stent (angioplasty)
Making a new way for blood to flow around a blocked artery (heart bypass surgery)
Medications to help prevent further angina episodes
Stable and unstable angina
Stable angina is when you get angina symptoms during moderate physical activity or when you are pushing yourself physically. These symptoms go away with rest and/or medication.
Unstable angina is when you get angina symptoms while doing very little or resting. This can happen to people who have never experienced angina before.
Stable angina can become unstable.
Microvascular angina
The coronary arteries supply blood to your heart muscle by routing it through a network of smaller blood vessels. When a blood flow problem occurs in one or more of the smaller blood vessels supplying blood to your heart, it is called microvascular angina, cardiac syndrome X, or coronary microvascular dysfunction.
Because of the reduced size of the blood vessels, it’s likely you will be advised to start a combination of medication and lifestyle changes rather than offered a stent or heart bypass surgery.
Women seem to be more likely than men to experience microvascular angina. The reasons for this have not yet been confirmed.
Preventing angina
Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis. This is a process that is accelerated by a number of factors including unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking, poor diet, being overweight, physical inactivity and poor mental health and wellbeing.
Making changes to your risk factors can slow or stop the damage to your arteries and lower your risk of having another heart attack.
Harvard Referencing:
HEARTFOUNDATION. (N/A) Angina. [Online] Available from: https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/your-heart/heart-conditions/angina [Accessed: 14th November 2023]
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longhaulerbear · 11 months
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From 2012.
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mrunalnerkarblog · 2 years
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Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Market Analysis
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A primary driver for this market is the worldwide increase in occurrence of diabetes and cancer, across all age groups. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 statistics, the number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Moreover according to the World Health Organization cancer factsheet 2018, Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018.  Furthermore, increasing old age population is another driver, which is anticipated to create a high growth scenario for the market. As per the World Population Prospects 2019 revision, the number of people aged 80 years or over is projected to be triple, from 143 million in 2019 to 426 million in 2050.
Alternatively, factors restraining the market are complications and risks associated with the treatment including diarrhea, nausea, hair loss, vomiting, severe infections, infertility, and heart complications. 
Increasing prevalence of cancer will drive the overall autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies market
According to a report by National Cancer Institute, in 2016, around 1,685,210 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the U.S. alone. Moreover, it was also noted that around 595,690 people died from the disease in the same year. Autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies is likely to become one of the preferred treatment for cancer. As the prevalence of cancer is rising at a considerable rate, the market is likely to grow during the forecast period.
North America, followed by Europe accounted for the major share of the autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies market. This is due to minimization of risks related with the treatment. Moreover, the demand for these treatments is high due to their ability to cure a significant number of infectious diseases. Autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies do not need an outside donor; therefore the treatment is less infectious and convenient. These factors are likely to boost the growth of the market in North America. However, Asia Pacific is expected to show the maximum growth in the forecast period. The demand in this region will be led by countries such as China, India, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The demand is likely to grow as autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies aid in the efficient management of cardiovascular diseases as well. Growing healthcare infrastructure as well as increasing collaboration and acquisition by market players in this region is also expected to help in the growth of the autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies market in the Asia Pacific. For instance in January 2018, Vericel Corporation made a licensing agreement with Innovative Cellular Therapeutics (ICT) for development and distribution of autologous stem cell based therapy products such as MACI, Epicel, ixmyelocel-T and Carticel  in Greater China, South Korea, Singapore, and other countries in the region
Key players in the global autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies market are investing heavily in their research and development activities so as to gain an upper hand in the market. Some of the major players operating in the market are Caladrius Biosciences, Vericel Corporation, Fibrocell Science, Inc., Genzyme Corporation, BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics, Regeneus Ltd., and Dendreon Corporation. 
Key players operating in the market has robust pipeline of autologous stem cell and non-stem cell based therapies, which is expected to drive market over the forecast period. For instance in November 2019, Caladrius Biosciences (previously known NeoStem, Inc) announced positive results of CD34+ cell therapy CLBS16 from the ESCaPE-CMD Trial as a significant advancement in treatment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMD), a condition that disproportionately afflicts women.
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thefoodangel · 2 years
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What is it:
Small vessel disease is a condition in which the walls of the small arteries in the heart aren't working properly. This reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart, causing chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other signs and symptoms of heart disease.
Small vessel disease may also be called:
Coronary microvascular disease
Microvascular endothelial dysfunction
Small vessel disease is treatable but may be difficult to detect. The condition is typically diagnosed after a health care provider finds little or no narrowing in the main arteries of the heart despite the presence of symptoms that suggest heart disease.
Small vessel disease is more common in women and in people who have diabetes or high blood pressure.
Symptoms:
Small vessel disease signs and symptoms include:
Chest pain, squeezing or discomfort (angina), which may get worse with activity or emotional stress
Discomfort in the left arm, jaw, neck, back or abdomen along with chest pain
Shortness of breath
Tiredness and lack of energy
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Why Vasculitis Probably can be Ameliorated with Magnesium and Antagonists of Ceramides and PlateletActivating Factor| Lupine Publishers
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Journal of Surgery| Lupine Publishers  
Introduction 
Vasculitis is characterized as an inflammatory disease of the body’s small blood vessels, particularly in the lungs and kidneys [1-4]. Many other organ regions are usually affected which often induces morbidity and mortality [1-4]. Although the exact causes of vasculitis are not known, it appears to be an autoimmune disease even though physical, chemical injuries and infections can result in vasculitis [1-4]. It is classified as a rare disease in the USA because there are only about 200,000 cases. Although numerous treatments have been advocated, there is no known cure or preventative treatment. Vasculitis often leads to difficulties in breathing and renal shut -down. In addition, vasculitis leads to cardiac malfunctions, cardiac failure and strokes. Vasculitis is clearly more common in the aged [1-4]. Recently, we have found that a few patients that were diagnosed with vasculitis appear to have a magnesium deficiency (MgD), particularly in the serum ionized Mg2+fraction [unpublished findings].
Case Report 
Unlike atherosclerosis that takes decades to develop, vasculitis of small and medium sized arterial vessels, as well as microscopic arterioles. venules and capillaries, progresses rapidly, thus producing tissue ischemia via lumen-occlusive intimal hyperplasia and inflammatory syndromes [1-4]. Whether the end result is giant cell arteritis (GCA), polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), Churg- Strauss vasculitis (CSV), Wegner granulomatosis (WG), polymyalgia rheumatica (PR), Behcets disease (BD), or other vascular diseases, invasion of the arterial and microcirculatory walls by macrophages, leukocytes and CD4 T-cells seems to be pivotal [1-4]. In addition, most of these patients appear to demonstrate coagulationopathies. The degrees of luminal stenoses vary from patient to patient. Usually, degradation of the internal elastic laminae (EL) follow suit [1-3]. It has been hypothesized that the latter stenoses are due to concentric growth of the intima which seems to be related to several angiogenic growth factors, e.g., platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [4]. What stimulates the production of these growth factors is not completely known but is thought to involve activation of nuclearfactor-KB (NF-kB) in the macrophages and leukocytes [4]. As stated, the macrophages and leukocytes clearly play key roles in the development of vasculitis. They are activated by NF-kB to produce a host of cytokines and chemokines which are needed for tissue remodeling and granuloma formation in development of vasculitis [2,4]. What activates the macrophages and leukocytes to induce production of NF-kB is not known. 
Why Magnesium Deficiency is Most Likely a Key Player in Development of Vasculitis 
While we were routinely investigating the potential role of magnesium deficiency (MgD) in numerous cardiovascular- diseased patients, who presented with coronary arterial diseases, coronary vasospasm, acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs), congestive heart failure , and strokes, we noted that several of these patients had an underlying vasculitis together with significant deficits in serum ionized Mg, but not necessarily total serum Mg levels [5]. More than 50 years ago, two of us found that reduction in the concentration of extracellular free Mg ions (Mg2+ ) resulted in vasospasm of coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arterial vessels; the lower the [Mg2+ ]0, the more the intense the arterial vasospasm [6-13]. In addition, our laboratories found that microscopic blood vessels in skeletal, cutaneous, and cerebral vascular beds of intact rats, mice, rabbits, guinea- pigs, dogs, and piglets exhibited similar phenomena as dietary Mg intake was reduced over three to 12weeks [14,15]. Moreover, vascular reactivity to circulating humoral and hormonal vasoconstrictor agents (i.e., angiotensin II, norepinephrine, serotonin, numerous peptide mediators, etc.) was intensified when [Mg2+ ]0 was reduced; the lower the [Mg2+ ]0 , the greater the humoral and hormonal-induced vasoconstriction [6-10,13]. It is important to note, here, that these agents are often present at increased, circulating levels in cases of vasculitis. It is now clear that all cases of vasculitis are associated with increased levels of various cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IFN-alpha, IL-1-beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-4, IL-17, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, among others) which are pro-inflammatory in nature [1-4]. We have found that rats placed on MgD diets for 21days generate all of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the blood, cardiac tissues and arterial vessels [16,17]. Other investigators have also reported finding many of these cytokines and chemokines in MgD animals [18]. Furthermore, we have found that. These MgD animals generate growth factors similar to those found in patients presenting with various forms of vasculitis [4,5]. All of these cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, we found in the MgD animals, were associated with microvascular wall remodeling and pathological alterations in the postcapillary venules, resulting in reduced lumen sizes, increased vascular reactivity, and adherence of leukocytes and macrophages on the endothelial cell walls [19-21], thus, in many respects, similar to what is seen in vasculitis. Last, but not least, we have found that the MgD state that we produced in the rats resulted in activation of NF-kB in cardiac, cerebral, and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cells [16-23]. In view of our findings, we believe, collectively, it is difficult to dismiss the probable role of MgD in the etiology and sustenance of a state of inflammation and vasculitis. Thus, we recommend that our hypothesis should be tested in two ways [24-26]: a) Use a Mg2+ -ion selective electrode like those we helped to pioneer [27-31], in order to carefully measure the levels of ionized free Mg; and b) Administer Mg salts, initially, intravenously, then orally, for extended periods of time. 
Low Mg2+ Induces Leukocyte and Macrophage Sticking, Increased Adhesiveness to Venular Endothelial Walls, and Increased Post-Capillary Permeability in The Microcirculation
 Approximately 40 years ago, Ross et al advanced the hypothesis that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease brought about by injury to the endothelial surfaces of the macro- and microcirculations [32]. The hypothesis stated that different forms of injury (e.g., ischemic events) will result in numerous dysfunctions in the homeostatic properties of the endothelium, e.g., increases in adhesiveness of macrophages and leukocytes and/or platelets, alteration in the procoagulant properties, formation/release of cytokines/chemokines and growth factors. Usually, inflammation is defined as a response of microcirculatory blood vessels and the tissues they perfuse to infections and damaged tissues which bring cells and host-defense factors/molecules directly from the circulation to all the diverse sites where they are required in order to eliminate/degrade the offending agents [33]. The mediators of the defense mechanisms include white blood cells, macrophages, phagocytic leukocytes, chemokines, antibodies, and complement proteins [33]. The inflammatory process brings these cells and molecules to the damaged or necrotic tissues. During the normal inflammatory process, macrophages, leukocytes, and monocytes migrate across the venous capillary walls through holes in between the endothelial cells due to increases in permeability and move to the site(s) of injury via chemotaxis. This sequence of events is thought to take place in all types of inflammatory events and in developing vasculitis [34]. The normal mediators for these processes to take place are adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines, all of which we have found in patients with different forms of vasculitis and in MgD [5,23]. 
Probable Contributing Roles of Ceramides and Platelet Activating Factor as a Consequence of MgD to Etiology of Vasculitis
 In the late 1990’s, working with proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMRS), and arterial vessels exposed to low Mg2+ levels, two of us found an increased synthesis of several sphingolipids (namely, ceramides, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1- phosphate) along with an increased formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) [35,36]. We and others have reported that many of these sphingolipids (particularly ceramides) and PAF promote vasoconstriction and vasospasm of different types of arterial blood vessels as well as arterioles and muscular venules in the living microcirculation in situ [22-24,26,37-41]. In addition, three of us found that ceramides and PAF cause increases in postcapillary permeability, leukocyte and macrophage adhesion to the endothelial linings of the postcapillary venules, and migration of these latter cell types to the extravascular tissue spaces [41]. What we found, of particular interest, is that vascular smooth muscle cells (of different types), when exposed, in primary cell culture, to low Mg2+ caused a synthesis of both ceramides and PAF, which could be selectively inhibited using specific antagonists of ceramides and PAF [42]. More than 30 years ago, Cunningham and colleagues reported that sera from rheumatoid vasculitis patients contained platelet-releasing activity [43]. Two years later, Warren and his colleagues, using a rat model of immune complex vasculitis, found that a receptor blocker of PAF inhibited an Arthus reaction [44]. Sera taken from patients in our hospitals which had an underling vasculitis (of diverse origins), and lowered serum ionized Mg, demonstrated increased levels of both ceramides and PAF [5]. We do not believe these findings are merely coincidental. It is our contention that low Mg coupled to increased cellular and serum levels of ceramides and PAF are causal agents in many types of vasculitis.
Conclusion 
Although the exact cause(s) of vasculitis is not known, Mg depletion appears to be a presence in different types of vasculitis. When several of our cardiovascular- diseased patients were admitted to our hospitals, a number of them exhibited an underlying vasculitis coupled with an ionized Mg deficiency along with elevated serum levels of ceramides and PAF. Mg-deficient animals, in our labs, exhibited elevated serum and tissue levels of ceramides and PAF which could be reduced/inhibited with specific antagonists of ceramide and PAF synthesis. Elevated dietary levels of Mg also reduced the synthesis of both ceramides and PAF, at least in experimental animals. Experimental animals fed Mg deficient diets exhibited, in-vivo, inflammatory alterations in the microcirculation similar to those patients presenting with different forms of vasculitis (e.g., elevated cytokines, elevated chemokines, elevated adhesion molecules, elevated tissue levels of NF-kB, along with other substances). In view of these new findings from our laboratories, it is our belief that patients exhibiting vasculitis should be treated with oral Mg supplements along with inhibitors of ceramide and PAF synthesis in order to determine if our hypothesis is valid. 
Acknowledgement 
Much of our original investigations were supported, in part, by research grants from The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, The National Mental Health Institute, The National Institute on Drug Abuse, and The National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse along with unrestricted research grants from several  pharmaceutical companies. Some of our studies were initiated while two of us (BMA and BTA) were on the faculty of The Albert Einstein College of Medicine. While our original studies were underway, two of our colleagues passed away, namely Professor Lawrence M. Resnick and Anthony Carella. Both of these outstanding scientists will be sorely missed. 
#Lupine Publishers
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#Journal of Surgery
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tamacathers · 7 months
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Day 10 - Finding My Personal Reason for My Pilgrimage - MidDay: October 7
In March of this year, I was suddenly ill with a worsening chest pain over my heart. I was so debilitated I needed a handicap placard and was trying to figure out how to get a wheelchair to take me from my car to the cardiologist’s office, when things finally eased up a bit.  I had knew something had been going on for a while; I’d had signs of heart failure for over a year, but all normal tests.…
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mcatmemoranda · 5 years
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Cardiac syndrome X is a condition in which patients experience typical angina-like pain and have abnormal stress testing consistent with coronary artery disease. However, when these patients are further evaluated with cardiac catheterization, the result is a normal angiogram. The condition occurs more commonly in women than in men. Plausible explanations for this syndrome include cardiac microvascular dysfunction and/or an abnormal cardiac pain perception. Prognosis in these patients is generally considered good. Cardiac syndrome X should not be confused with "syndrome X," which was an older term used for metabolic syndrome.
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webionaire · 2 years
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We know this condition from before the days of COVID. That's called coronary microvascular dysfunction because there are a whole subset of patients who continue to have chest pain and shortness of breath. And these patients have no blockages in their arteries. It’s just that endothelial cells are not working fine.
What is new in this study is that linking this and some patients report that initially it was linked more often to diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, renal, kidney problems, things like that. But what we found here is that probably COVID is giving us something that is similar.
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acls-bls-louisville · 2 years
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Why Women Shouldn’t Disregard Chest Pain?
Problems with the microscopic arteries within the heart muscle, which are essential for controlling the heart's blood flow, are the root cause of microvascular angina. It was formerly referred to as cardiac syndrome X.
A particularly concerning type of cardiac chest discomfort is microvascular angina, which is frequently misdiagnosed since it doesn't manifest as a blockage in the main heart arteries during testing. Doctors may overlook the underlying problem due to this condition.
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Any chest pain known as angina is caused by ischemia, which is a condition where your heart muscle isn't receiving enough blood to keep up with its workload. Obstructive coronary disease, which arises when one of the heart's arteries is obstructed, is the most typical cause of angina. Insufficient blood flow to the working heart muscle may cause chest pain in people with this type of angina when they exercise or exert themselves.
The American Heart Association estimates that up to 50% of women who experience angina symptoms do not have a blocked artery. In fact, despite the possibility of other symptoms, they might not even experience chest pain.
For microvascular angina, these women should be examined. Due to spasm or cellular dysfunction, the smallest arteries in the heart may be unable to supply enough oxygen-rich blood, which may result in microvascular angina.
Microvascular angina can be challenging to identify because symptoms like nausea and indigestion might be mistaken for other conditions, and angiograms, a specialist X-ray of the heart, won't reveal constriction or blockages in these tiny arteries. A stress test is frequently used by doctors to diagnose patients by tracking the heart's performance while exercising.
Symptoms
Microvascular     angina can cause chest pain that feels heavy, tight, pressurized, or     squeezing.
Sweating.
Nausea     and lightheadedness.
Stomach     discomfort.
Breathing     challenges.
Though it's extremely rare for this to be the only sign of microvascular angina, being extremely exhausted and lacking in energy.
Treatment
Surgery that can be done on larger arteries cannot be utilized to treat microvascular angina since it affects tiny arteries. Medication, on the other hand, can lessen symptoms and enhance cardiovascular health. Medications for microvascular angina include:
Nitroglycerin     relaxes and dilates arteries to prevent spasms.
Beta-blockers,     lower heart rate.
Statins     can halt the development of fatty plaque in the arteries.
Calcium     channel blockers, aid in blood vessel relaxation.
Precautions
Increased incidences of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure are observed in women with microvascular angina. Many of these risk factors can be addressed by lifestyle changes, such as a balanced diet and regular exercise, which will decrease your likelihood of developing microvascular angina. Additionally, it's critical to not be embarrassed to discuss chest discomfort or other concerns with your doctor.
Basic Life Support Louisville renders a lifesaving technique to promptly identify healthcare emergencies, and save the lives of the victims. The advanced mechanism is being duly implemented by the mentors as per the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. Anybody interested may visit the training site or call 502-804-6132.
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smithhealthcare · 2 years
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Is Paxalisib Better Than Temozolomide In The First-Line Setting?
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Paxalisib better than Temozolomide?
Paxalisib's mechanism of action involves directly suppressing PI3K in the PI3K/AKT kinase (also known as protein kinase B) signalling pathway, which prevents the PI3K signalling pathway from being activated. In sensitive tumour cell populations, this may prevent both cell growth and survival.
When used as first-line therapy in individuals with glioblastoma, paxalisib Phase II results from Kazia Therapeutics are comprehensive and contain interesting sensitivity analysis. In this single-arm research, paxalisib was administered as monotherapy to all 30 evaluable patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with unmethylated MGMT promotor status. According to the study, temozolomide had a median overall survival of 15.7 months while the median overall survival for patients who had previously received treatment was 12.7 months. Furthermore, according to the RANO criteria, the median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 8.6 months, a significant improvement above the 5.3 months linked to temozolomide. Kazia Therapeutics' profile paxalisib (safety) was quite consistent with earlier clinical investigations.
The updated data, which was presented at ASCO today, "provides a more comprehensive view of the trial and also includes some useful sensitivity assessments." - Expert Verdict.
Conclusion
With regard to newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients, paxalisib anticipates a dramatic shift in the therapeutic paradigm given the encouraging results of its Phase II data. But let's not lose sight of the fact that GBM is a very tough nut to crack given the aggressiveness of the illness and the dismal survival rate. Bevacizumab has been approved for recurrent GBM patients for years, however it has not been successful in first-line GBM treatment (except in Japan). However, paxalisib looks to provide better hope for safety and tolerability in patients with recently diagnosed glioblastoma.
The GBM market is currently experiencing some activity in the ASCO 2022, with SurVaxM (MimiVax) demonstrating promising results and paxalisib now demonstrating its promise in the first-line context. Other important GBM treatments, including Regorafenib (Bayer), Durvalumab (MEDIMMUNE/AstraZeneca), and ONC-201, are in development (Chimerix).
Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Companies- Aivita Biomedical, Inc., Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Denovo Biopharma, IMVAX, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. and Eisai, MimiVax, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis Pharmaceuticals.
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