#Ferroalloy

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Figure 13.54 shows in schematic fashion some of the alternative paths leading from ores to pure metals, all of which involve reduction as the essential chemical process.

"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.

[danae-cxferroalloy]

Good afternoon, everyone

This is Danae from Anyang Changxing Cast Steel Metallurgy Co., Ltd,We export LCFeCr,MCFeCr,MCFeMn,LCFeMn,CaSi, SiCr, BaSi, FeSi, Cr Metal, Mn Metal, Mg Metal, Ca Metal.

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First time to blog, please take care

[sarda-metals-alloys]

The Role of Ferro Manganese in Steel Production: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

In the realm of steel production, few elements play a more vital role than ferro manganese. This comprehensive guide delves into the significance of ferro manganese in the steelmaking industry, exploring its production process, and its profound impact on the quality of the final steel products.

Understanding Ferro Manganese

Ferro manganese is an essential alloy used in the steelmaking process, and it comprises iron and manganese. This section delves into the basics of this alloy.

The Significance of Ferro Manganese

Explore the pivotal role ferro manganese plays in enhancing the properties of steel. Understand why it's a crucial component in modern steel production.

Types of Ferro Manganese Alloys

Dive into the various types of ferro manganese alloys and their unique applications in the steel industry. Learn how different compositions cater to specific needs.

The Production Process

Uncover the intricate process of producing ferro manganese. This section provides a step-by-step breakdown of the alloy's creation, from raw materials to the final product.

Advantages of Ferro Manganese in Steelmaking

Enhancing Strength and Durability

Discover how ferro manganese contributes to steel's strength and durability. Learn how it fortifies steel structures against wear and tear.

Corrosion Resistance

Explore how the addition of ferro manganese prevents steel from succumbing to corrosion. Understand the science behind its protective properties.

Deoxidization and Desulfurization

Delve into the role of ferro manganese in removing impurities like oxygen and sulfur from the steel, ensuring a cleaner and higher-quality end product.

Ferro Manganese and the Steel Quality

Impact on Steel Properties

Learn how ferro manganese's incorporation impacts steel's mechanical and metallurgical properties, such as hardness, ductility, and tensile strength.

Case Studies in Steel Quality Improvement

Real-world examples demonstrate how ferro manganese has transformed steel quality in various applications, from construction to automotive manufacturing.

Environmental Considerations

Challenges in Ferro Manganese Production

Understand the environmental challenges associated with ferro manganese production. Examine issues like waste management and energy consumption.

Sustainable Practices in Ferro Manganese Production

Explore the innovative and eco-friendly measures adopted by companies like Sarda Metals in their quest for greener ferro manganese production.

Ferro Manganese Market Insights

Global Demand

Analyze the current global demand for ferro manganese, uncovering the key drivers influencing market trends.

Pricing Dynamics

Examine the pricing trends of ferro manganese in the ever-evolving steel industry. Discover what factors contribute to price fluctuations.

Beyond Steel Production

Emerging Applications

Learn about the lesser-known applications of ferro manganese in industries beyond steel, such as renewable energy, electronics, and aerospace.

Research and Development

Discover ongoing research and development efforts aimed at expanding the applications of ferro manganese in new and exciting ways.

Sarda Metals: A Pioneer in Ferro Alloy Production

A Company Overview

Explore the history and accomplishments of Sarda Metals as a significant player in the ferro manganese industry.

Sustainable Initiatives

Learn about Sarda Metals' commitment to sustainable practices and their impact on the industry and local communities.

Challenges and Opportunities

The Impact of the Pandemic

Discuss the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ferro manganese industry, highlighting the disruptions and opportunities that emerged during challenging times.

Future Prospects

Look into the future of ferro manganese and the steel industry, considering emerging technologies and market trends.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ferro manganese is undeniably a linchpin in the steel production process. Its influence on steel quality, environmental considerations, and emerging applications make it a fascinating subject to explore. As the industry evolves, so does the role of ferro manganese, cementing its importance in the world of steel production.

FAQs

1. Is ferro manganese the same as regular manganese?

No, ferro manganese is an alloy of iron and manganese, whereas regular manganese typically refers to pure manganese metal.

2. What are the main applications of steel enhanced by ferro manganese?

Ferro manganese improves steel quality in applications such as construction, automotive manufacturing, and infrastructure projects.

3. How does ferro manganese contribute to environmental sustainability?

Ferro manganese companies are adopting greener practices to minimize their environmental impact, from waste management to energy efficiency.

4. Can you find ferro manganese in everyday products beyond steel?

Yes, ferro manganese finds applications in renewable energy, electronics, and aerospace due to its unique properties.

5. What is the future outlook for the ferro manganese industry?

The industry is expected to evolve, with a focus on sustainable production methods and diversification into new applications beyond steel

🏠 Address: 50-96-4/1, 2nd & 3rd Floor, Sri Gowri Nilayam, Seethammadhara NE, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530013 - India.

📞 Phone: 9493549632

📧 Email: info@smal.co.in

[mohan-muse]

Ferroalloy refers to an alloy of iron containing a significant proportion of one or more other elements like silicon, manganese, chromium, aluminum, or titanium. It is used in the production of steel and alloys.

For suitable quality ferroalloys, visit us at https://www.srggroup.info/ or contact +91 93910 24338, +91 94933 97710

[chetanagblog]

The Ferroalloys Market was valued at US$ 64.98 Bn in 2022 and is estimated to reach at an evaluation of US$ 98.36 Bn by the end of 2029, growing at a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast 2023 and 2029.

[sarojinigroup]

Metal Handling Systems: Efficient and Precision Ferroalloy Manufacturing

The metal handling systems play a vital role in ferroalloys manufacturing and processing. Just having quality products is not enough. You need to understand how the workers in the plat are handling the raw material and output also needs expert intervention.

For more information visit https://www.sarojinigroup.com

[megharesearch]

The Global Ferroalloys market is anticipated to rise at a considerable rate during the forecast period, between 2023 To 2030. In 2022, the market is growing at a steady rate and with the rising adoption of strategies by key players, the market is expected to rise over the projected horizon.

[kiranadhavmarketstudy]

Ferroalloys Market Opportunities 2022 with Industry Size, Growth, Trends and Forecast by 2028

The research reports provide deep insights into the global market revenue, market trends, macro-economic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness per market segment. The report provides an overview of the growth rate of Ferroalloys market during the forecast period, i.e., 2022–2030. The report, most importantly, identifies the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies. The research segments the market on the basis of product type, application type, technology type, and region. To offer more clarity regarding the industry, the report takes a closer look at the current status of various factors, including but not limited to supply chain management, distribution Trade, channels, supply and demand, and production capability differ across countries.

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Ferroalloys Market Company Profiles Analysis:

Essel Mining & Industries Limited (EMIL)

D S Alloyd Pvt Ltd

AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V.

Shanghai Shenjia Ferroalloys Co. Ltd.

LekonGermess Ltd

FE Mottram Ltd

Note – The Covid-19 (coronavirus) pandemic is impacting society and the overall economy across the world. The impact of this pandemic is growing day by day as well as affecting the supply chain. The COVID-19 crisis is creating uncertainty in the stock market, massive slowing of supply chain, falling business confidence, and increasing panic among the customer segments. The overall effect of the pandemic is impacting the production process of several industries. This report on ‘Ferroalloys Market’ provides the analysis on impact on Covid-19 on various business segments and country markets. The reports also showcase market trends and forecast to 2030, factoring the impact of Covid -19 Situation.

Market Segmentation:

Ferroalloys Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Process, Carbothermic Reduction Process, Metallothermic (Alumino Thermic Process), Hall Electrolytic Process; By Product; By Application; Global Industry Insights, Trends, and Forecast, 2021-2028.

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Regional Framework

The report provides a detailed overview of the industry including both qualitative and quantitative information. It provides an overview and forecast of the global Ferroalloys Market based on various segments. It also provides market size and forecast estimates from the year 2022 to 2028 with respect to five major regions. The Ferroalloys Market by each region is later sub-segmented by respective countries and segments. The report covers the analysis and forecast of 18 countries globally along with the current trend and opportunities prevailing in the region.

Promising Regions & Countries Mentioned in The Ferroalloys Market Report:

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

Latin America

The Middle East & Africa

Major Features of Ferroalloys Market Report:

Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players and segments in the global Ferroalloys market.

Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies.

The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in the global Ferroalloys market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies.

Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets.

Scrutinize in-depth global market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the market, as well as those hindering it.

Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin commercial interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing and distribution.

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[jayeshgroup2020]

Top manufacturer of ferroalloy powders | Jayesh Group

Jayesh Group is the top manufacturer of ferroalloy powders. We offer the product in combination with other components such as Chromium, Manganese, Silicon, Vanadium, Molybdenum, etc. This helps create different Ferro alloys such as Ferro Chromium, Ferro Manganese, Ferro Silicon, Ferro Tungsten, Etc, which are used in the making of Stainless Steel, Castings, Flux Cored Wire, etc. Contact us now to book your order. 

[carlolee]

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Slag

A general term for the waste produced during smelting, slag mainly consists of oxides, though the exact composition depends on the metals and minerals being processed. Essentially, during smelting, two things are produced: the target metal/alloy, and its slag. It is typically classified into one of three categories: ferrous (containing iron/generated during iron or steel production); ferroalloy (generated during ferroalloy production); or non-ferrous (essentially, all other smelting processes). Slag is generally disposed of in a solid form in slag dumps, where they can potentially leach toxic or heavy metals into nearby soil and groundwater. The push to recycle slag, or find applications for it, has therefore been increasing in recent years.

Sources/Further Reading: (Images - Wikipedia) (ASMS) (USGS) (2021 book chapter) (2021 article) (2017 article)

[sarda-metals-alloys]

Discover the High-Quality Silico Manganese Offered by Sarda Metals

Introduction

Introduction

Silico manganese, a potent ferroalloy composed of silicon and manganese, has been a transformative force in the steel industry. Its exceptional properties as both a deoxidizer and alloying element have redefined steel’s strength, resilience, and overall performance. Sarda Metals, a renowned manufacturer and supplier of premium ferroalloys, including silico manganese, has played a pivotal role in shaping this evolution. With a remarkable legacy spanning over three decades, Sarda Metals has emerged as a symbol of excellence and innovation, fueled by their steadfast commitment to quality and sustainability.

The Dynamic Duo: Silicon and Manganese

The composition of silico manganese, combining silicon and manganese, endows it with extraordinary attributes that have revolutionized steel production. As a deoxidizer, this alloy efficiently eliminates impurities from molten steel, leading to refined and purer end products. Additionally, its role as an alloying element enhances steel’s mechanical characteristics, making it more robust, resilient, and resistant to wear and tear.

Sarda Metals: Leading the Ferroalloy Frontier

Sarda Metals, a leading ferro alloys producer in India, is dedicated to providing top-tier ferroalloys, including silico manganese. This commitment has earned them a distinguished reputation. Their dedication to innovation and excellence has been instrumental in propelling the growth of the steel industry. Leveraging their extensive expertise and cutting-edge manufacturing facilities, Sarda Metals consistently delivers silico manganese of unparalleled quality, meeting the exacting demands of the industry.

Advancing Structural Integrity

Silico manganese’s most prominent advantage lies in its ability to enhance the strength and durability of steel. This characteristic has rendered it indispensable for structural applications, such as bridges, skyscrapers, and towering buildings. The incorporation of silico manganese into steel formulations ensures these structures possess the tenacity and strength required to withstand the rigors of time and external pressures.

Elevating Steel Performance

Beyond structural uses, silico manganese elevates steel’s performance across various domains. The alloy’s introduction enhances steel’s hardness, toughness, and resistance to abrasion. This translates into components and products that exhibit prolonged lifespan, reduced maintenance requirements, and remarkable functionality even in the harshest conditions.

Crafting Quality through Innovation

Sarda Metals’ commitment to maintaining consistently high standards is unwavering. As a ferro alloys producer in India, they employ advanced manufacturing techniques to ensure that each batch of silico manganese retains the desired levels of purity and effectiveness. Only premium raw materials are utilized, and rigorous quality assessments are conducted throughout the production journey. The result is a product that not only meets industry benchmarks but surpasses them.

Sustainability at the Heart

Sarda Metals’ pursuit of excellence extends beyond product quality — it encompasses environmental stewardship as well. The company is dedicated to sustainable practices that minimize their ecological footprint. Initiatives such as waste reduction, energy efficiency measures, and the adoption of renewable energy sources underscore their commitment to preserving the planet while advancing the steel industry.

A Bright Future Ahead

Sarda Metals, a distinguished ferro alloys producer in India, is steadfast in their dedication to quality, innovation, and sustainability. This positions them as leaders in the steel industry. Their exceptional silico manganese offerings and dedication to excellence have forged enduring partnerships with customers. As the industry continues to evolve, Sarda Metals remains poised to steer growth and success for years to come, upholding their legacy as catalysts for advancements in steel production.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the remarkable transformative impact of silico manganese on steel’s strength and durability cannot be overstated. Sarda Metals, bolstered by its extensive history and resolute commitment to excellence, stands as a cornerstone in propelling the steel industry’s capabilities forward. Through the consistent delivery of premium silico manganese, they have contributed significantly to the industry’s evolution. As the steel sector continues to advance, Sarda Metals’ unwavering dedication to innovation, sustainability, and maintaining rigorous quality standards ensures their enduring influence. Their legacy of excellence and foresight positions them as a driving force in shaping the future landscape of steel production. With a commitment to remaining at the forefront of advancements, Sarda Metals is poised to guide the industry towards a future defined by cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and uncompromising quality, further solidifying their role as a leading force in the steel sector.

Call: +91 9493549632

Visit: https://sardametals.com/

[mariacallous]

With Russia’s full-scale invasion now in its third year, destruction and reconstruction are still proceeding simultaneously in Ukraine. Be that as it may, Kyiv has been laying out big plans for the country’s post-war recovery, which will require more than just international investment. In an article originally written for Kit, journalist and researcher Konstantin Skorkin looks to the future and examines the key stumbling blocks for rebuilding Ukraine that are already emerging through the fog of war. The following translation has been abridged for length and clarity.

The following is an abridged translation that appeared in The Beet, a weekly email dispatch from Meduza covering Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Sign up here to get the next issue delivered directly to your inbox.

Even if Russia’s invasion ended today, according to the most conservative estimates, Ukraine’s reconstruction and recovery would cost around $500 billion and take at least 10 years. Kyiv has already taken the first steps on this long road, establishing a dedicated office for assessing the full extent of the damage, laying out a recovery plan, and securing tens of billions of dollars in international support for reconstruction. 

According to Bloomberg, Ukraine’s reconstruction could be “the biggest investment opportunity since at least World War II.” And companies worldwide are already jockeying for their piece of the pie. 

But rebuilding Ukraine will take more than cash. The war has dealt a terrible blow to the country’s human capital, from lives lost on the battlefield to civilians forced to flee abroad, many never to return. And bringing large numbers of people back to Ukraine is much harder than securing large amounts of funding. 

The damages 

Russia’s aggression has caused more than $150 billion in direct damage to Ukraine. The country’s GDP fell by 30 percent in 2022 and grew only 5 percent in 2023. The World Bank estimates the cost of reconstruction and recovery at $486 billion, while European Investment Bank chief Werner Hoyer predicts that Ukraine may require as much as $1.1 trillion in outside assistance to rebuild. 

Ukraine’s main export sectors, agriculture and metallurgy, have been hit especially hard. According to estimates from the Kyiv School of Economics, the agricultural sector has suffered more than $80 billion in damages and losses, with Russia occupying fertile areas in Ukraine’s south and east, and shelling and landmines rendering farmland in the north unusable. Ukraine’s richest oligarch, Rinat Akhmetov, has seen his agricultural holding HarvEast lose 70 percent of its arable land to Russian occupation. And one of Ukraine’s leading grain exporters, Nibulon, estimates its losses due to the war at more than $400 million. A Russian missile strike killed the company’s founder, grain tycoon Oleksiy Vadatursky, in July 2022.

The Azovstal steel plant in Mariupol. May 10, 2022.

AFP / Scanpix / LETA

The Ukrainian steel industry, meanwhile, has seen two of its biggest producers turned to rubble: the Azovstal and the Ilyich Iron and Steel Works in occupied Mariupol. These two factories, which once accounted for 40 percent of Ukraine’s steel production, made up the core of Akhmetov’s Metinvest Group. In June 2023, the company estimated its total damages from the war at more than $3.5 billion. Two other major steelworks — Akhmetov’s Zaporizhstal and ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih (formerly Kryvorizhstal) — are operating at half capacity, while the Nikopol Ferroalloy Plant, located in the Dnipropetrovsk region, has suspended work altogether. 

Ukraine’s energy sector is also suffering, mainly due to sustained Russian attacks on its power plants. Last month, President Volodymyr Zelensky said that Russia had destroyed “almost all” of Ukraine’s thermal power generation. And since Ukraine’s green energy infrastructure is concentrated in the south, Russian occupation has knocked out of commission 90 percent of its wind energy and half its solar power. 

For Ukrainians, the damage to power plants and the electric grid means living with rolling power and heating outages. Moreover, repaired energy infrastructure risks getting hit again — like Kharkiv’s Thermal Power Plant No. 5. After being damaged in a missile strike in September 2022, the power plant came back online this March only to suffer a devastating attack two weeks later. Repair work is expected to take at least a year. 

The Ukrainian authorities estimate that the country will need about $15 billion for immediate reconstruction and recovery efforts in 2024 alone. And Kyiv’s post-war Recovery Plan will require $750 billion over 10 years. Two-thirds of this funding is expected to come from Ukraine’s partners, with the remainder from private investors and confiscated assets from Russia and Russian oligarchs. 

In July 2022, 40 countries signed the Lugano Declaration, pledging to support Ukraine’s post-war recovery. According to Bloomberg, the European Union plans to “contribute the bulk” of this financial assistance, which could exceed 500 billion euros ($523 billion). E.U. countries are also kicking in individually: Finland’s Ukraine Investment Facility, for example, plans to fund 50 million euros ($54 million) worth of projects in 2025–2026. Other European countries — including Austria, Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, and Germany — have committed to helping rebuild specific Ukrainian regions. 

An aerial view of the destroyed engine room of the Trypilska TPP, one of Ukraine’s largest thermal power plants in the Kyiv region, following a Russian missile attack. April 11, 2024.

Kostiantyn Liberov / Libkos / Getty Images

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has provided more than $23 billion in humanitarian, economic, and development assistance to Ukraine since the start of the full-scale invasion. Private companies are investing in Ukraine’s reconstruction, as well. In January, Kyiv announced that it was creating a Ukraine reconstruction bank with help from JPMorgan Chase and BlackRock. At the time, Zelensky’s deputy chief of staff Rostyslav Shurma said the fund could launch in five or six months with close to $1 billion in committed capital.

Theoretically, reparations and confiscated assets from Russia could also be important in rebuilding Ukraine. However, this is easier said than done. The former will hinge on when (and, more importantly, how) the war ends, while the latter is the subject of ongoing policy debate. Western countries have frozen around $300 billion in sovereign Russian assets since February 2022. The U.S. is still developing legislation that would allow for seizing the $5–$8 billion under its jurisdiction, while the E.U. greenlit using the profits from frozen Russian assets to help Ukraine just this week. 

The people 

The war has dealt perhaps the most terrible blow of all to Ukraine’s human potential. On top of causing tens of thousands of military and civilian losses, Russia’s invasion prompted one of the 21st century’s largest refugee waves. According to the United Nations, more than 6.4 million people have left Ukraine since February 2022. Some were forced to flee to Russia, but most found refuge in Europe.

More than two years on, many of these refugees have adapted to life in another country, and a significant proportion don’t plan to return home. A recent study by the U.N. Refugee Agency found that in the last year, the number of refugees who hope to go back to Ukraine has dropped from 77 percent to 65 percent. According to data from the Kyiv-based Center for Economic Strategy, between 1.3 million and 3.3 million Ukrainians may not return to Ukraine. 

A long line of Ukrainian drivers waiting to cross into Poland through the Shehyni border checkpoint. March 4, 2022.

Dan Kitwood / Getty Images

With the war still ongoing, European countries continue to extend temporary asylum to Ukrainian refugees, and governments faced with labor shortages are encouraging Ukrainians to integrate into their countries’ labor markets. (That said, some countries — such as Norway and Finland — have decided to provide one-time payments to Ukrainians who want to return home.) 

Then there’s the acute problem of displacement within Ukraine. The Ukrainian government has counted nearly five million internally displaced persons (IDPs). The aforementioned U.N. study found that 15 percent of Ukrainian IDPs have no intention or hope of returning to their former places of residence. For some, there’s nothing to return to: cities in the Donbas region like Bakhmut, Maryinka, and Avdiivka have been practically wiped off the map. 

In interviews for this article, three internally displaced Ukrainians complained about a lack of affordable housing and about difficulties obtaining compensation for their destroyed homes. For those whose homes are located in Russia-occupied territories, there’s no compensation available at all. Social support for IDPs is also minimal, with payments ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 hryvnias ($50 to $75) per month. The government also tightened eligibility for IDP benefits as of March 1.

The displaced Ukrainians said they receive a lot of help from the U.N., UNICEF, and European charities. Since 2023, the E.U. has financed a special program aimed at converting existing buildings in 10 Ukrainian cities into housing facilities for IDPs. However, the Kyiv-based Rating Group found that 60 percent of Ukrainians surveyed consider the restoration of jobs and businesses more important than direct financial support. 

The Rating Group poll also shows that opinions on reconstruction vary by region. For example, residents of western and central Ukraine are more supportive of postponing reconstruction until the war ends, whereas those living in eastern regions are more likely to support rebuilding as soon as possible. 

An aerial view of the total destruction in Bakhmut from heavy battles. September 27, 2023.

Libkos / Getty Images

Divisions such as these create additional tensions in society, which could, in turn, hinder Ukraine’s recovery. According to Rating Group’s director Oleksii Antypovych, a number of dividing lines have already begun to emerge, including between those who stayed (IDPs and the non-displaced), those who fled abroad, those who served in the army, and those who lost loved ones. “I think the biggest divisions are between those who are absorbed in the war ­— the mobilized and their families, people who lost their loved ones, residents of frontline territories — and those Ukrainians who are still trying to live a normal life,” sociologist Inna Volosevych told Politico earlier this year. 

At the same time, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology director Volodymyr Paniotto notes that people are far more aggressive in their opinions on social media than in real life. For example, KIIS found that nearly 90 percent of those surveyed in Ukraine bear no ill will towards Ukrainian refugees currently abroad. 

One way or another, Ukraine is on the verge of a demographic catastrophe. Polish political analyst Jadwiga Rogoża notes that current forecasts for Ukraine’s future population range from 24 to 35 million (compared to 48.5 million in 2001). Ukraine’s own Ministry of Social Policy estimates that the population could drop to 25 million by the end of 2050. What’s more, Ukraine is projected to have one of Europe’s oldest populations by 2030, since so many young people are leaving the country or dying at the front. 

As Rogoża explains, the dynamics of Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction and economic development will depend on not only the level of spending on reconstruction but also the size, age, and health of the country’s population. “The slow and uneven reconstruction process may leave the map of Ukraine dotted with numerous ‘ghost towns’ — half-ruined places with no prospects for work and development,” she warns.

A woman begs in an underground passage in downtown Kyiv. October 20, 2023.

Roman Pilipey / AFP / Scanpix / LETA

The future

To get an idea of Ukraine’s potential post-war trajectory, it’s worth looking at the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s, which are perhaps the closest example of a major armed conflict in recent European history comparable to the war in Ukraine.

The wars that followed Yugoslavia’s collapse displaced around 3.7 million people in the 1990s, 700,000 of whom received temporary asylum in Germany. By 2000, 75 percent of these refugees had returned to their home country or another part of former Yugsolavia; another 15 percent settled in third countries and only 10 percent remained in Germany. 

However, the return of these refugees didn’t solve the demographic problems facing the Balkan countries, which were in a state of post-war devastation. “Migration flows only grew stronger after the war,” says Maksim Samorukov, a fellow at the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center. “One of the reasons [for this was] tighter European integration; the war-torn countries of the Western Balkans simply couldn’t compete with Europe in terms of attractiveness for living.” 

Further rapprochement between Ukraine and the European Union, and the experiences of Ukrainian refugees living in the bloc, could produce similar results: many Ukrainians may very well prefer life in E.U. countries to the instability of post-war Ukraine.

For now, martial law remains a restraining factor on emigration. Ukraine’s borders have been closed to military-age men for more than two years, so 80 percent of Ukrainian refugees are women and children. Once martial law is lifted, however, many men will reunite with their families abroad and may even choose to stay there. 

As Alfred Kammer, the director of the International Monetary Fund’s European Department, has pointed out, Ukraine’s economic recovery will depend on a number of factors, including how many people return to the country and their home regions in the medium term. 

And though the fog of war makes economic forecasting difficult, some of what the future holds for Ukraine is already visible today.

According to Deloitte, the Ukrainian economy will not survive without structural changes. Agricultural exports, for example, will depend on developing rail routes as an alternative to maritime ports. And the metallurgy industry should not rely on restoring Soviet legacy infrastructure, but rather invest in innovative production such as green steel. 

Researcher Oleksandr Zabirko believes Ukraine’s Donbas could end up like other post-industrial regions of Europe, such as the Ruhr in Germany and Upper Silesia in Poland. “Obviously, the role of the E.U. in Ukraine’s recovery will be key, and I doubt that European investors will want to rebuild monstrous Soviet factories like Sievierodonetsk’s Azot and Mariupol’s Azovstal,” Zabirko speculates. In other words, E.U. investment will likely be aimed at developing new industries — running contrary to the interests of Ukrainian “steel barons” like Akhmetov. 

As such, post-war reconstruction could radically reshape Ukraine. Small- and medium-sized businesses, including ones in new industries like IT, began to flourish after the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, but massive Soviet-built factories continued to play a key role in the country’s economy until Russia’s 2022 invasion. Now, it seems the country’s economic revival will largely depend on its ability to produce and sell high-tech goods.

A geographical shift in Ukraine’s economy is also underway, with enterprises moving from the industrial southeast to the country’s west and center. This shift, first and foremost, is for security reasons: even in the event of a frozen conflict, Ukraine’s southern and eastern regions will remain under constant threat. It’s also logistically more convenient since Ukraine has severed ties with its eastern neighbors and is strengthening its economic cooperation with the E.U. 

This westward migration began in March 2022, when the government launched a free relocation program for Ukrainian businesses. The program helped companies move their employees and equipment to safer regions. Enterprises that have taken advantage of the program range from a small Kyiv-based adhesive tape producer to the Zaporizhzhia Non-ferrous Metals Plant and the distillery behind Khortytsa vodka. 

Ukraine’s western and central regions are also taking in displaced people from the occupied territories. The Rating Group’s research shows trends towards population growth in the Zakarpattia, Khmelnytskyi, Vinnytsia, Kirovohrad, Odesa, and Dnipropetrovsk regions, as well as in Kyiv. 

According to sociologist Ella Libanova, who heads the Institute for Demography and Social Studies at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the country’s central regions have the greatest potential for denser settlement. (Citing ecologists, Libanova said that much of western Ukraine has nearly reached its ecological carrying capacity, which means it will soon be impossible to build new housing, businesses, and industry there.) 

Libanova also estimates that Ukraine will need to attract around 300,000 immigrants annually to keep its population at the predicted 30 million. Given the low standard of living, these immigrants will most likely come from poorer countries.

* * *

When it comes to restoring any country, the most crucial factor isn’t money or the size of the population; the attitude of those living there and those who will return is far more important. Without their faith in the future, no amount of investment will work. 

And in this sense, things look optimistic for Ukraine. According to the Rating Group’s polls, despite all the hardships of wartime life and the setbacks at the front, 80 percent of Ukrainians believe their country’s future looks “rather promising.”

[that-is-who-you-are]

Photo of damage to the Zaporizhzhia NPP after shelling .

Several members of the IAEA remained there. Will there be any reaction?

Statement of NNEGC "Enerhoatom":

«During the last three days, the russian occupying forces have continued intensive shelling of the territory around the Zaporizhzhia NPP. As a result, the 750 kV ZAEP – Dniprovska, 330 kV ZaTES – Kakhovs'ka and 330 kV ZaTES – Melitopol' transmission lines were damaged and disconnected. The 750/330 kV power plant of the ZNPP was also damaged. Other lines of the ZANP/ZaTES complex were damaged even earlier.

Today, September 5, 2022, as a result of a fire caused by shelling, the 330 kV ZaTES – Ferroalloy transmission line was disconnected, that is, the last line that connected the ZaNPP/ZaTES node with the energy system of Ukraine! As a result, power unit No. 6 was unloaded and disconnected from the network, which currently supplies the ZNPP's own needs.»

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Exports of Brazilian niobium ferroalloys increase in May

Brazil exported 6,841 mt of niobium ferroalloys in May, against 6,301 mt in April, according to customs.

The exports in May were destined to Asia (5,353 mt, of which 4,102 mt at $25,294/mt to China), Europe (805 mt at $25,975/mt), The US (507 mt at $25,872/mt), South Africa (82 mt at $24,720/mt), Canada (73 mt at $26,572/mt) and South America (21 mt at $30,818/mt), all FOB conditions.

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