#George E. Leach

[hclib]

Famous Mentalist Visits Minneapolis Mayor

In February, 1927, Joseph Dunninger, "the mastermind of modern mystery", mystified audiences at the Hennepin Orpheum as the headline vaudeville act for the week. On February 3rd, he flabbergasted the city's mayor, George E. Leach with his mind reading skills. The two were photographed together outside City Hall.

Joseph Dunninger (1892-1975), a New Yorker, was a debunker of fraudulent mediums. He was also a pioneer performer of magic on radio and television. Dunninger was photographed again in Minneapolis in 1944.

Learn all things magic and classic Houdini tricks from Dunninger at your library.

Photo from the Minneapolis Newspaper Photograph Collection in the Hennepin County Library Digital Collections.

[scenesandscreens]

The Last Starfighter (1984)

Director - Nick Castle, Cinematography - King Baggot

"Things change. Always do. You'll get your chance! Important thing is, when it comes, you've got to grab with both hands, and hold on tight!"

[todaysdocument]

Deposition of George Rheims

“while I was swimming I looked over my shoulder and saw the "Titanic" go down.”

Record Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United StatesSeries: Admiralty Case FilesFile Unit: In the Matter of the Petition of the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company, Limited, for Limitation of its Liability as owner of the steamship TITANIC

Received Copy UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK I n T h e M a t t e r of The Petition of the Oceanic Steam Navi- gation Company, Limited, for Limitation of its liability as owner of the S.S. "TITANIC" Original DEPOSITION OF GEORGE RHEIMS. HUNT, HILL & BETTS Proctors for Claimants Frederick K. Seward et al, 165 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY Direct Cross Re-Direct Re-Cross GEORGE RHEIMS, 2 17 25, 27 27. Exhibits: Page Claimant's Exhibit A, (drawing of ice berg) 9 Petitioner's " " ( diagram ) 19 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : I n T h e M a t t e r : of : The Petition of the Oceanic Steam Navi- : gation Company, Limited, for Limitation of its liability as owner of the S.S. : "TITANIC". : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : Deposition of GEORGE RHEIMS, taken pursuant to notice before Robinson Leach, Esq., Notary Public, at No. 165 Broadway, New York, on November 14, 1913, at two o'clock P. M. Present: Hunt, Hill & Betts by Mr. Betts and Mr. Kinnicutt, for claimants, Frederick K. Seward, et al; Mr. Houston; Mr. F. R. Smythe; Mr. F. L. Robbins; Mr. Church; Mr. Hency C. Quinby; Mr. Frederick A. Stroh, for other claimants. Mr. Burlingham and Mr. Leach for the petitioner. IT IS STIPULATED that the deposition may be taken by a -2- stenographer, signing, filing and certification waived; steno- grapher's fees taxable in lieu of notary's fees; copy to be served on the petitioner's proctors. GEORGE RHEIMS, being duly sworn, testified as follows: DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. KINNICUTT: Q Will you give your full name? A George Lucia Rheims. Q And your residence? A Paris, France. Q Were you a passenger on board the "Titanic"? A Yes. Q Where did you embark? A Cherbourg. Q Where did you buy your ticket? A At Martin's in Paris. Q Was anything said to you by the person who sold you your ticket with regard to anything on the back of the ticket? MR. BURLINGHAM: Object to. A Nothing. Q On the night of the 14th of April, 1912, where were you at about 11:40 o'clock? A I was coming out of the bath- room. Q On what part of the ship? A On the forward part of the ship. Q What deck? A Deck A. Q Did anything peculiar happen about that time? A Just the time of the accident, the shock. Q Just state what your felt? A Why I was coming out of the bathroom and I felt a slight shock, and I turned to see what had happened and in looking to the right I saw through [full document and transcription at link]

[terriblestcrm]

spell out your url using song titles !

P owa — tune yards E ye in the sky — handmade moments R ats — ghost F ancy shoes — kira & mona E asy - cro C ant be loved — kniki an the beale T ake your time — george leach S lut! — taylor swift T hrough the echos — paolo nutini C hancellor — gord downie R ocky raccoon — charlie parr & nicholas mrozinski M other mother — tracy bonham

tagged by: @barkskins

tagging: @saudadexmses @queenxfthedxmned @dcydrecmings @wintcring!

[sounmashnews]

[ad_1] Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-serving monarch of the UK, died on Thursday, aged 96. "The Queen died peacefully at Balmoral this afternoon. The King and The Queen Consort will remain at Balmoral this evening and will return to London tomorrow," the Royal Family mentioned in an announcement. Several actresses have essayed the position of the British monarch, who reigned over England for over 70 years, on small and large screens. Two of the actresses, Helen Mirren and Emma Thompson, had been additionally honoured with the title of Dame by the Queen. Here, check out the actress who performed the position of the Queen: Helen Mirren: 'The Queen', a biographical drama movie was launched in 2006. Written by Peter Morgan and directed by Stephen Frears, the movie starred Helen Mirren within the title position of Queen Elizabeth II. Emma Thompson: Emma Thompson portrayed Queen Elizabeth II within the 'Playhouse Presents: Walking the Dogs'. The British TV movie showcased the 1982 Buckingham Palace break-in by Michael Fagan. Sarah Gadon: Sarah Gadon performed the position of Princess Elizabeth in 'A Royal Night Out'. The film showcased the younger princess alongside together with her sister Princess Margaret (Played by Bel Powley) having fun with an evening away from Buckingham palace on the event of V. E. Day (Victory In Europe Day). Claire Foy: Claire Foy gained a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for essaying the position of the Queen within the sequence 'The Crown'. Olivia Colman: After the primary two seasons, Olivia Colman featured as Queen Elizabeth II for the fourth and the fifth season of 'The Crown'. She bagged the Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of the Queen. Imelda Staunton: For the fifth and the sixth season of 'The Crown', Netflix obtained Imelda Staunton on board to star because the Queen. Freya Wilson: The actress starred as Queen Elizabeth II within the film 'The Kings Speech' which relies on her father, the longer term King George VI (Essayed by Colin Firth). Jane Alexander: The movie 'William & Catherine: A Royal Romance' showcased the romance between Prince William and Kate Middleton. Jane Alexander gave her efficiency because the Queen within the movie. Jeannette Charles: Jeannette Charles performed the position of Queen Elizabeth II in a number of films like 'The Naked Gun: From the Files of the Police Squad!', 'National Lampoon’s European Vacation', 'Austin Powers in Goldmember' and 'All You Need Is Cash'. Maggie Sullivan: Maggie Sullivan featured as Queen Elizabeth II in 'Harry & Meghan, A Royal Romance' and its sequel. Barbara Flynn: Barbara Flynn, Samantha Bond, Emilia Fox, Susan Jameson and Diana Quick portrayed Queen Elizabeth at totally different ages in UK Channel's 'The Queen'. Rosemary Leach: The actress performed the position of the British monarch within the movie 'Margaret'. The movie was in regards to the former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom. [ad_2] Source link

[whatdoesshedotothem]

Saturday 16 December 1837

8 35

11 35

very fine morning F43° at 9 35 breakfast at 9 40 in about ½ hour – then one or 2 people to pay – A- had SW. – all to be at Landymere at 12 on Monday – with them a little while – SW. had not been able to leach much of Mr. Tordoff – desired him to inquire about Metcalfe who was here yesterday – and to make plan of the Northgate hotel premises, and ask Mr. Parker to get ready the rough draft of the lease – with A- a little and in and out – a little while in the garden – the gardener in distress at the sudden death of his wifes’ father – sent him David Mann instead of Sam Booth whom I have in the stables and about during George the groom’s absence – Robert Mann pothering about as well as his foot will let him – 2 of his men laying drain under the road against the back Lodge that is to be entrance gates – Jack Green and Michael at the terraces – Edward Waddington and John Sharpe at the Laundry closet grate – Robert Sharpe and Gray at the steps in the kitchen court and flagging there – Riley and his lad jobbing – painting garden doors – putting up pegs in the stable etc with A- at luncheon – then had Mr. Jubb 20 minutes Mrs. AW- ‘very nicely’ – Cookson recovered – then had Wheatley – Magnalls’ leg doing well but the granulations too proud – W- touched them with lunar caustic – to come again on Wednesday or Thursday – asked Mr. Jubb to go once a week to Cliff Hill in our absence as a friend unless when desired to go by Mrs. AW. (but it being understood that each visit should be set down to A- J- behaved very

SH:7/ML/E/21/0015

well about it – said he would do anything for us – but did not say he would set down the visits to us – if he will not do this, we must present instead of pay – out with W- till A- had mounted her pony about 3 ½ to go to Cliff Hill – walked by her side almost as far as Charles Howarth’s – then returned and was out about till came in with Robert Mann to pay him for coal for Northgate from Wilsons’ pit and for bellows etc. got for the blacksmith’s shop – had 13 loads at 9d. soft bed from Wilsons’ this morning for the house – had them measured as Robert and Sam Booth got the coal into the coal shed – they measured barely 11 loads instead of 13! – then in the stables till 6 – dressed – read a little of Taylors’ Roman history till 10 ¾ dawdling over 1 thing or other – fine day till between 2 and 3 pm then gentle rain for some time – and soft evening F42 ½° now at 10 ¾ pm – then reading the newspaper till 11 ¼

[wapiti3]

The zoological miscellany : being descriptions of new, or interesting animals

By Leach, William Elford, 1790-1836 Nodder, Frederick Polydore. Nodder, R. P. fl 1-90-1 Shaw, George, 1751-1813 Publication info London :Printed by B. McMillan for E. Nodder & Son and sold by all booksellers,1814-1817. Contributor: Smithsonian Libraries BIODIV LIBRARY

[randomlyrandoms]

Celebrity Deaths 2018

JANUARY Jon Paul Steuer - Jan. 1 (TV Actor) Robert Mann - Jan. 1 (Violinist) Rick Hall - Jan. 2 (Music Producer) Thomas Monson - Jan. 2 (Religous Leader) Bruce Halle - Jan. 4 (Entrepreneur) John Young - Jan. 5 (Astronaut) Jerry Van Dyke - Jan. 5 (TV Show)  *Dick Van Dyke's Brother* Donnelly Rhodes - Jan. 8 (TV Actor) Doreen Tracey - Jan. 10 (TV Actor) Eddie Clarke - Jan. 10 (Guitarist) Jessica Falkholt - Jan. 11 (TV Actress) Keith Jackson - Jan. 12 (Sportscaster) Bobby Zarin - Jan. 13 (Reality Star) Dolores O'Riordan - Jan. 15 (Rock Singer) Peter Wyngarde - Jan. 15 (TV Actor) Bradford Dillman - Jan. 16 (Movie Actor) Jo Jo White - Jan. 16 (Basketball Player) Jessica Falkholt - Jan. 17 (TV Actress) Dorothy Malone - Jan. 19 (Movie Actress) Fredo Santana - Jan. 19 (Rapper) Olivia Cole - Jan. 19 (TV Actress) Dorothy Malone - Jan. 19 (Movie Actress) Paul Bocuse - Jan. 20 (Chef) Jim Rodford - Jan. 20 (Musician) Bob Smith - Jan. 20 (Activist) Connie Sawyer - Jan. 21 (TV Actress) Ursula K. Leguin - Jan. 22 (Children's Author) Hugh Masekela - Jan. 23 (Composer) Joel Taylor - Jan. 23 (Meteorologist) Nicanor Parra - Jan. 23 (Poet) Lari White - Jan. 23 (Country Singer) Mark E. Smith - Jan. 24 (Punk Singer) Warren Miller - Jan. 24 (Director) Ingvar Kamprad - Jan. 27 (Entrepreneur) **Mark Salling - Jan. 30 (TV Actor) Louis Zorich - Jan. 30 (TV Actor) Ann Gillis - Jan. 31 (Movie Actress) Rasual Butler - Jan. 31 (Basketball Player) Leah LaBelle - Jan. 31 (Pop Singer)

FEBRUAY Dennis Edwards - Feb. 1 (Rock Singer) John Mahoney - Feb. 4 (TV Actor) Khalif Smith - Feb. 5 (Youtuber Star) Mickey Jones - Feb. 7 (TV Actor) Ebony Reigns - Feb. 8 (Reggae Singer) John Gavin - Feb. 9 (Movie Actor) Reg E. Cathey - Feb. 9 (TV Actor) Jóhann Jóhannsson - Feb. 9 (Composer) Vic Damone - Feb. 11 (Pop Singer) Jan Maxwell - Feb. 11 (TV Actress) Daryle Singletary - Feb. 12 (Country Singer) Marty Allen - Feb. 12 (Comedian) Morgan Tsvangirai - Feb. 14 (Politician) Billy Graham - Feb. 21 (Religious Leader) Emma Chambers - Feb. 21 (TV Actress) Nanette Fabray - Feb. 22 (TV Actress) Ensa Cosby - Feb. 23 (Family Member) *Bill Cosby's Daugher* Bud Luckey - Feb. 24 (Cartoonist) Sridevi Kapoor - Feb. 24 (Movie Actress) Rogelio Guerra - Feb. 28 (Soap Opera Actor)

MARCH David Ogden Stiers- March 3 (TV Actor) Roger Bannister - March 3 (Runner) Hubert de Givenchy - March 10 (Fashion Designer) Ken Dodd - March 11 (Comedian) Craig Mack - March 12 (Rapper) Nokie Edwards - March 12 (Guitarist) Stephen Hawking - March 14 (Physicist) Jim Bowen - March 14 (Game Show Host) Ed Charles - March 15 (Baseball Player)   Tom Benson - March 15 (Entrepreneur) Tripp Halstead -March 15 (Blogger) Dushon Monique Brown - March 13 (TV Actress) Mike MacDonald - March 17 (Comedian) Charles Lazarus - March 22 (Entrepreneur) Fergus Anckorn - March 22 (War Hero) Morgana King - March 22 - (Movie Actress) Dushon Monique Brown - March 23 (TV Actress) Stéphane Audran - March 27 (Movie Actress) Rusty Staub - March 29 (Baseball Player) Bill Maynard - March 30 (Comedian)

APRIL Steven Bochco - April 1 (TV Producer) Winnie Madikizela-Mandela - April 2 (Politician) Susan Anspach - April 2 (Movie Actress) Ray Wilkins - April 4 (Soccer Coach) Eric Bristow - April 5 (Darts Player) Tim O'Connor - April 5 (TV Actor) Cecil Taylor - April 5 (Pianist) Jonathan Pitre - April 6 (Activist) Chuck McCann - April 8 (TV Actor) Art Bell - April 13 (Radio Host) R. Lee Ermey - April 15 (TV Actor) Pamela Gidley - April 16 (Movie Actress) Hal Greer - April 16 (Basketball Player) Harry Anderson - April 16 (TV Actor) Barbara Bush - April 17 (Political Wife) Dale Winton - April 18 (TV Show Host) Avicii - April 20 (DJ) **Verne Troyer - April 21 (Movie Actor) Bob Dorough - April 23 (Jazz Singer) Johnny Bennett - April 25 (TV Show Host) Kristin Nelson - April 27 (TV Actress) Judith Leiber - April 28 (Fashion Designer) Lil Lonnie - April 29 (Rapper) Robert Mandan - April 29 (Soap Opera Actor)

MAY Scott Hutchison - May 10 (Guitarist) Hubert de Givenchy - May 10 (Fashion Designer) Margot Kidder - May 13 (Movie Actress) Doug Ford - May 14 (Golfer) Tom Wolfe - May 14 (Journalist) Hugh Dane - May 16 (TV Actor) Joseph Campanella - May 16 (TV Actor) Young King Dave - May 17 (Instagram Star) Stephanie Adams - May 18 (Model) Robert Indiana - May 19 (Pop Artist) Clint Walker - May 21 (Movie Actor) Nara Almeida - Nay 21 (Fashion Designer) Allyn Ann McLerie - May 21 (Dancer) Philip Roth - May 22 (Novelist) Elizabeth Sung - May 22 (TV Actress) John Bain - May 24 (Youtube Star) Blake Painter - May 24 (Reality Star) Jerry Maren - May 24 (Movie Actor) Blake Painter - May 25 (Reality Star) Cornelia Frances - May 28 (TV Actress)

JUNE Sophia Gall - June 1 (Instagram Star) Georgann Johnson - June 4 (TV Actress) Dwight Clark - June 4 (Football Player) **Kate Spade - June 5 (Fashion Designer) Alan O'Neill - June 6 (TV Actor) Peter Stringfellow - June 7 (Entrepreneur) Anthony Bourdain - June 8 (Chef) Jackson Odell - June 8 (Movie Actor) Eunice Gayson - June 8 (Movie Actress) Neal Boyd - June 10 (Opera Singer) D.J. Fontana - June 13 (Drummer) Matt Murphy - June 15 (Guitarist) Leslie Grantham - June 15 (Soap Opera Actor) Xxxtentacion - June 18 (Rapper) Big Van Vader - June 18 (Wrestler)   Sophie Gradon - June 20 (Reality Star) Charles Krauthammer - June 21 (Journalist) Vinnie Paul - June 22 (Drummer) The Random Toon Show - June 24 (Youtube Star) Richard Harrison - June 25 (Reality Star) Harlan Ellison - June 27 (Novelist) Steve Soto - June 27 (Musician) **Joe Jackson - June 27 (Talent Manager) *Michael Jackson's Father* Emily Hayward - June 28 (Youtube Star) Derrick O'Connor - June 29 (Theatre Actor) Steve Ditko - June 29 (Cartoonist) Smoke Dawg - June 30 (Rapper)

JULY Alan Longmuir - July 2 (Bassist) Richard Swift - July 3 (Music Producer) Ed Schultz - July 5 (Radio Host) Claude Lanzmann - July 5 (Director) Alan Longmuir - July 7 (Bassist) Tab Hunter - July 8 (Movie Actor) Jorge Valenzuela - July 8 (World Music Singer) Annabelle Neilson - July 12 (Reality Star) Roger Perry - July 12 (TV Actor) Ray Emery - July 15 (Hockey Player) Jon Schnepp - July 19 (Director) Elmarie Wendel - July 21 (TV Actress) Oliver Dragojevic - July 28 (Rock Singer) Arielis Paulino - July 29 (TikTok Star) Nikolai Volkoff - July 29 (Wrestler)

AUGUST Rick Genest - August 1 (Tattoo Artist) C. Struggs - August 3 (Rapper) *Charlotte Rae - August 5 (TV Actress) Barry Chuckle - August 5 (Comedian) Stan Mikita - August 7 (Hockey Player) Jill Janus - August 14 (Metal Singer) **Aretha Franklin - August 16 (Soul Singer) Atal Bihari Vajpayee - August 16 (Politician) Kofi Annan - August 18 (Politician) Craig Zadan - August 20 (Film Producer) **Stefan Karl Stefansson - August 21 (TV Actor) Barbara Harris - August 21 (Movie Actress) Ed King - August 22 (Rock Singer) Robin Leach - August 24 (TV Show Host) John McCain - August 25 (Politician) Neil Simon - August 26 (Playwright) Vanessa Marquez - August 30 (TV Actress)

SEPTEMBER Bill Daily - Sept. 4 (TV Actor) Burt Reynolds - Sept. 6 (Movie Actor) **Mac Miller - Sept. 7 (Rapper) Kim Porter - Sept. 11 (Movie Actress) Rachid Taha - Sept. 12 (Rock Singer) Marin Mazzie - Sept. 13 (Stage Actress) Denis Norden - Sept. 19 (Radio Host) Al Matthews - Sept. 22 (Movie Actor) Chas Hodges - Sept. 22 (Rock Singer) Gary Kurtz - Sept. 23 (Film Producer) PeeWeeToms - Sept. 28 (Youtube Star) Kim Larsen - Sept. 30 (Rock Singer)

OCTOBER Charles Aznavour - Oct. 1 (Pop Singer) Geoff Emerick - Oct. 2 (Sound Desinger) Will Vinton - Oct. 4 (Film Producer) Audrey Wells - Oct. 4 (Screen Writer) Hamiet Bluiett - Oct. 4 (Saxophonist) **Scott Wilson - Oct. 6 (Movie Actor) Peggy McCay - Oct. 7 (Soap Opera Actress) Paul Allen - Oct. 15 (Entrepreneur) Dennis Hof - Oct. 16 (Entrepreneur) Oli Herbert - Oct. 17 (Guitarist) James Karen - Oct. 23 (Movie Actor) Ntozake Shange - Oct. 27 (Poet) James Karen - Oct. 28 (Movie Actor) Jin Yong - Oct. 30 (Novelist) Willie McCovey - Oct. 31 (Baseball Player)

NOVEMBER Roy Hargrove - Nov. 2 (Trumpet Player) Sondra Locke - Nov. 3 (Movie Actress) **Stan Lee - Nov. 12 (Comic Book Author) David Pearson - Nov. 12 (Race Car Driver) Katherine MacGregor - Nov. 13 (TV Actress) Kim Porter - Nov. 15 (Model) Roy Clark - Nov. 15 (TV Show Host) Devin Lima - Nov. 21 (Pop Singer) Nicolas Roeg - Nov. 23 (Director) Ricky Jay - Nov. 24 (TV Actor) Stephen Hillenburg - Nov. 26 (Director) Bernardo Bertolucci - Nov. 26 (Director) *George H.W. Bush - Nov. 30 (US President)

DECEMBER Ken Berry - Dec. 1 (TV Actor) Geoff Murphy - Dec. 3 (Director) Philip Bosco - Dec. 3 (Stage Actor) Pete Shelley - Dec. 6 (Punk Singer) Nancy Wilson - Dec. 13 (Jazz Singer) **Penny Marshall - Dec. 17 (Director) Donald Moffat - Dec. 20 (Movie Actor)

[hclib]

EXHIBIT AND LOCAL HISTORY PROGRAM Faithfully Yours: An Artistic Look at Former Minneapolis Mayor George E. Leach

Special Collections Exhibit, Minneapolis Central Library Oct. 5 – Dec. 7

Opening Reception and Presentation, 4th floor, Sat., Oct. 19, 1–3 p.m.

Inspired by the visual ephemera of life, commercial photographer and visual artist, Frank Miller, creates multi-layered, collage artworks. He finds photos, news clippings, letters, postcards, greeting cards, tickets, and handwritten notes in thrift stores, family albums, and museum archives. His most recent project is based on the scrapbooks kept by WWI hero and two-time mayor of Minneapolis, George Leach — whose numerous scrapbooks are in the archives at Hennepin History Museum, the Hennepin County Library, and Camp Ripley.

Join us for the opening reception and presentation of "Faithfully Yours: An Artistic Look at the Scrapbooks, Life, and Letters of War Hero and Minneapolis Mayor George Leach," an exhibit created by artist/photographer Frank Miller and writers Stephen D. Chicoine, Johannes R. Alert and Linda Koutsky. On view in Special Collections at Minneapolis Central Library through December 7, 2019.

October is American Archives Month! Learn more about archives in the atrium display case at Minneapolis Central Library, on view through October 2019.

[igreyphd]

PORNOPTICON

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Preciado, Beatriz-Paul, Pornotopia: An Essay on Playboy’s Architecture and Biopolitics (New York: Zone Books, 2014).

Rheingold, Howard, “Teledildonics: Reach Out and Touch Someone,” Mondo 2000 (Summer 1990), pp. 52-54.

Singley, Paulette, “The Anamorphic Phallus within Ledoux’s Dismembered Plan of Chaux,” Journal of Architectural Education 46.3 (February 1993), pp. 176-88.

Sprinkle, Annie, Post-Porn Modernist: My 25 Years as a Multimedia Whore (San Francisco: Cleis Press, 1998).

Stone, Allucere Rosanne, The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1996).

Strange, Carolyn and Alison Bashford, Isolation: Places and Practices of Exclusion (New York: Routledge, 2003).

Triclot, Mathieu, Philosophie des jeux video (Paris: Zones, 2011).

Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas, 2d ed. (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1977).

Vidler, Anthony, The Architectural Uncanny: Essays in the Modern Unhomely (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1992).

—, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Architecture and Utopia in the Era of the French Revolution (Basel: Birkäuser, 2005).

—, The Writing on the Walls: Architectural Theory in the Late Enlightenment (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1987).

Vigarello, Georges, Histoire du viol, XVIe-XXe siècles (Paris: Seuil, 1998).

Vigarello, Georges (ed.), Histoire du corps (Paris: Seuil, 2005).

Virilio, Paul, “Improbable Architecture,” Semiotexte (1991), pp. 69-100.

—, “The Overexposed City,” in Neil Leach (ed.), Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 381-90.

Virilio, Paul, and Sylvère Lotringer, “After Architecture: A Conversation,” Grey Room 3 (Spring 2001), pp. 32-53.

Wallenstein, Sven-Olov, Biopolitics and the Emergence of Modern Architecture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).

Wigley, Mark, “The Architectural Brain,” in Anthony Burke and Therese Tierney (eds.), Network Practices: New Strategies in Architecture and Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), pp. 30-53.

—, “Prosthetic Theory: The Disciplining of Architecture,” Assemblage 15 (August 1991), pp. 6-29.

—, “Towards a History of Quantity,” in Anthony Vidler (ed.), Architecture: Between Spectacle and Use (Williamstown, MA: Clark Art Institute, 2008).

—, “Untitled: The Housing of Gender,” in Beatriz Colomina (ed.), Sexuality and Space (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1992), pp. 327-89.

Williams, Linda, Hard Core: Power, Pleasure, and the Frenzy of the Visible (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

Williams, Linda (ed.), Porn Studies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).

Zahn, Johanes, Oculus artificialis Teledioptricus, in Hans-Dieter Lohneis, Die deutschen Spiegelkabinette (Munich: Tuduv, 1985).

[esperanza1955]

El 18 de enero de 1904, en Bristol, Inglaterra, llegaba al mundo Cary Grant (nacido Archibald Alexander Leach), el británico que actuaba bien incluso de espaldas y obtuvo la nacionalidad estadounidense en 1942.

Decían de él que actuaba bien incluso de espaldas, tal era su porte y su estilo, su elegancia y su imponente presencia en cámara; pero, hasta llegar a su éxito profesional, su vida fue dura, casi cruel, 5 años antes de que Cary Grant naciera, moría de meningitis su hermano mayor con tan solo un año de edad; ni tan siquiera su llegada al mundo evitó el alcoholismo de su padre ni la depresión de su madre, era todavía un niño cuando su padre le anunció la muerte de su madre .. aunque en realidad la había ingresado en un hospital para enfermos mentales, Grant la creyó muerta hasta que, cuando contaba ya 31 años, su padre, que era ya muy anciano, no quiso marcharse de este mundo con tal secreto a sus espaldas y le contó la verdad.

Su padre se volvió a casar pero Cary Grant no contaba en su nueva familia y, con esto, su infancia se rubricó como un tiempo oscuro y triste. en su juventud se marchó a Estados Unidos dispuesto a construir su propio sueño americano y lo hizo, actuación a actuación en teatros de segunda fila por unas y otras ciudades hasta que en 1931 recibió una oferta de la Paramount.

El cine americano de los años 30, 40 50 e incluso de los 60, no se entiende sin Cary Grant, dijo Mae West al conocerlo que, si podía hablar, lo contraba y ese mismo magnetismo que irradiaba Grant en persona se hacía sentir desde la gran pantalla; trabajó con las actrices más importantes de su tiempo ¿quién no lo recuerda en Charada con Audrey Hepburn? Atrapó a un Ladrón con Grace Kelly y se quedó encadenado a Ingrid Bergman; trabajó también con Katherine Hepburn, Mae West y Marlene Dietrich en La Fiera de mi niña, Lady Lu y La Venus Rubia respectivamente. En cuanto a directores, actuó bajo la batuta de Hichtcock, George Cukor, Frank Capra, Howard Hawkes, Michael Curtiz o Blake Edwards entre otros.

Por lo que respecta a su vida personal, si bien trató de ser un hombre tan discreto como elegante, lo cierto es que no sólo se casó 4 veces y tuvo 1 hija sino que se decía en los mentideros de Hollywood que había frecuentado círculos homesexuales.

Se despidió del mundo ya en la ancianidad, contaba 82 años y dejó como legado una filmografía imperdible de principio a fin.

Sus algunas frases

- “Haz tu trabajo y exige tu compensación - pero en ese orden.”

- “Cuando la gente te dice lo joven que te ve, te está diciendo lo viejo que eres.”

- “Mi fórmula para vivir es bastante sencilla. Me levanto por la mañana y me voy a la cama por la noche. Entre ambos momentos me ocupo lo mejor que puedo.”

- “Mi padre solía decir 'permíteles verte a ti y no al traje. Eso debe ser secundario.'”

- “Creo que hacer el amor es la mejor forma de ejercicio.”

- “El divorcio es un juego que practican los abogados.”

[rationedwell]

                                @rationedwell​ / duke crocker / syfy’s haven canon ❛          Your spirit pounds against your ribcage over and over, trying to break free, and they all say that’s only your heartbeat. So you appease it. You work and you work, and you’re tired, yet you still work until you build yourself into that — ( finely tuned machine ). You are the EMBODIMENT OF HEALTH, that picture perfect smile to match a slender frame. Your body is not a temple. You do not worship another almighty being within its confines. It will not  crumble with the right amount of pressure. This mortal flesh is but a cage. It houses the power of the sea and the uncertainty that those tossing waves bring. It’s the shelter that holds back the mighty  H U R R I C A N E . What a vibrant mask you’ve painted yourself, boy. To live in the calm before the storm, when you know well that you are the aftermath.

                    @skogstrom​ / george “ratboy” skogstrom / sons of anarchy canon ❛          It makes you wonder,  R I G H T — makes you wonder if an original thought has ever drifted between those eager ears. You soak it all up like a child, a sponge, a leach. Because you’ve always wanted to be one of the mighty. How you long to be a king. You’ve always wanted to look in the mirror and see something more than another pest. But you forget what rodents are; their cunning, their resilience, THEIR HEART. If you were what you wanted, would you be  h a p p y ? You’ve seen men hunt those lions and tigers and bears and hang their skins for all to see. Once a horse breaks his leg, what good is he to man? Even packs of wolves can be picked apart piece-by-piece. Now, how can you be so damn stupid, so dense, not to see just how powerful the RAT can be?

                                @dirtsmile​ / anthony “finn” lyle / sons of anarchy oc ❛          You ever seen a tornado rip a house from its foundation and scatter it for miles? You’re a caved in roof. A road marked “DEAD END”, but the tire tracks lead out farther. The frame of a school bus,  o v e r g r o w n  and reclaimed by mother nature. Oil-stained skin, even fresh out of the shower. You’re a garage, stacked to the ceiling with boxes of useless junk and the promise that “one man’s trash is another man’s TREASURE”. You’re the clap of thunder at three in the morning that wakes up the whole neighborhood. Loud, but LONELY nights, sitting in front of the TV just to watch the same shit you watched last week. A full hamper, a fridge stocked with NOTHING but condiments and leftovers. You’re a stranger’s smile on a bad day. You’re the stray mutt that followed you for three blocks, but you can’t keep. You’re the accident causing that five mile detour. You’re a natural disaster, disguised as an act of God. And for that killer party  e v e r y o n e ’ s  talking about, you sure are a GHOST TOWN.

                       @reynardiine​ / thomas walker, fox mask / you’re next canon div. ❛          Here we find the answer to an age-old question: How can a single soul be a NIGHTMARE and live one all at once? Then again, no man should call this a life. Here lies everything you have ever wanted to be, neither six feet under or spread across the known universe. They will tie you to the weight of your own thoughts and toss you into the bayou behind that one-bedroom mindset. The harder you fight, the faster you’ll sink, but that’s nothing new. Your chest heaves as you INHALE your own loathing, and you watch in that same stark  s i l e n c e  from your childhood as your lungs expel the smoke of a funeral pyre. If you could cry, it would flood the world thrice over. Damn the bible story; no ARK could withstand the pain which you have never learned to feel.

[apettis1]

HW5 Case

Ethics Case- Security & Privacy: The Patriots ACT

  Q1 (33 pts.). As a “case” to discuss for this unit, use a law related to security, privacy, etc. Suggestions: HIPAA, FERPA, Computer Security Act, Sarbanes-Oxley, Gramm-Leach-Bliley, COPPA, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), US Patriot Act, Section 508 of the Americans with Disabilities Act, or some other law. If you just type the name into a search engine you should be able to find plenty of information. This should include

a link or     other citation to the case you are using. If it is from personal     experience, point that out.

Doe-V-Holder Patriot ACT Case

Congress.gov Patriot ACT

Patriot ACT Laymen’s Terms  

USA Freedom Act-v-US Patriot Act

 A list of 8 or more important facts about the case, in your own words. You can refer to these as reminders when you tell your group members about the case.

1.     Doe-v-Holder is a lawsuit filed In 2004 by the NYCLU and ACLU arguing the unconstitutionality of FBI National Security Letters (NSL) under the authority of the Patriot Act.

 2.     The Patriot Act is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.

 3.     The Patriot Act was out into effect after the terroristic attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 by President George W. Bush.

 4.     The Patriot Act Legalized the use of undisclosed surveillance, tapping and collection of private information of suspected terrorist.

 5.     This act also broadens the list of acts that can be considered “terroristic acts” while also increasing the penalty for those acts.

 6.     The Patriot Act permitted the FBI to send national security letters (NSLs) to banks, libraries, telephone and Internet companies, and businesses requesting customers’ private information whenever the FBI certifies that those records are relevant to an authorized national security investigation.

 7.     National Security Letters are to be seen as a unique form of subpoena under section 2709 of the Patriots Act.

 8.     NSL can demand that sensitive and private information be handed over to the FBI without disclosure or consent of the individual under investigation.

 9.     The plaintiffs argued that Section 2709’s broad subpoena power violates the First (freedom of speech), Fourth (against unreasonable search and seizure) and Fifth Amendments (right to a trial and due process) by allowing the FBI to obtain private information without any form of judicial review.

  A list of questions (4 or more) you could ask your group members in order to get an interesting and enlightening discussion going (for in-class students), or that you could consider yourself or ask someone else about (for online students); see the “Questions to ask during discussion” tab on the course web page for some suggestions in developing your discussion questions.

What should count as”     reasonable suspicion” of a terrorist act before national security letters     request must be honored by private companies?

Do NSLs unfairly compromise the     financial security and trust between private businesses and their customer     base if the companies are barred from disclosing the request to their     customer?

At what point should the     liberty of the individual be compromised to protect the safety of the     nation?

Is it possible for the Patriots     Act be applied only to individuals under “reasonable suspicion” of terrorism     without surveilling people without suspicion?

Should the FBI be allowed to     search and surveil telephone, e-mail, and financial records without a     court order.

Should the FBI be allowed to expanded     access of local law enforcement agencies to business records, including     financial records?

A 5th discussion question about how computer security relates to or could relate to the case. The computer security question could be about hacking, viruses or worms, theft of information, piracy, abuse of privileges, destruction of assets, information privacy, disruption of operations, unauthorized access, corporate abuse of information or computing, government abuse of information, physical harm, or any other issue in the general area of computer security.

Computer Security Related Question:

·         With the increasing reliance on electronic banking, does the use of national security letters make the FBI or engaged local law enforcement equally liable for hacking breaches that may render an suspect venerable to significant financial lost or theft. Can the suspect sue the FBI or is the liability only placed with the company force to comply?  

[ashleyenst1000]

Food Production and Aquatic Resources (10/28/20)

Ashley Morales

This week’s readings covered food production, scarcity, and water resources and biodiversity. Much of the world experiences food scarcity, where they do not have access to enough access to safe and nutritious food to live an active and healthy lifestyle. Malnutrition, or lack of necessary proteins, vitamins and nutrients, can cause many health problems and hurt the development of children. Food insecurity is mainly caused by poverty, because through poverty people do not have enough money to purchase or grow their own food. Other social issues such as war and environmental issues such as drought also play a factor in food insecurity, intensifying in already poor and food-scarce areas. The ways in which we produce food also influence access to food, and influence environmental issues which may then cycle back and affect production of other types of food. Industrial farming is a major culprit of a lot of problems regarding food production and environmental hazards. In general, we need to decrease our reliance on industrial farming, chemicals, and livestock and start investing more in sustainable agriculture and fishing. Governments need to support this investment, as well as an investment in programs to reduce poverty and increase food security.

There are three major types of farming. Subsistence or traditional farming is farming in a way that uses few to no pesticides or heavy machinery. It relies on human labor and is often seen in smaller farms and in less developed countries. Many traditional farms focus on polyculture, which is the practice of growing many different crops at the same time. Polyculture is beneficial because different crops with different maturity times can provide food throughout a whole year, and different root systems prevent soil erosion and require less fertilizer and water due to the plants’ efficient use of resources. 

Industrial farming is a method common in the United States, and it is defined by the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, heavy machinery, large amounts of energy use and emissions. While industrial agriculture does tend to produce a high yield, it does so at the cost of the environment. Industrial agriculture is known to cause high levels of pollution, especially of water. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture, which is the practice of planting only one crop across miles, and this reduces biodiversity and in turn leads to increased use of synthetic chemicals. These synthetic chemicals can leach into groundwater and pollute said water. Industrial farming is also characterized by the use of antibiotics and growth hormones in the raising of livestock, and these animals are usually kept in crowded cages. Due to a worldwide increase in meat consumption, animal waste as a pollutant increases. “According to the USDA, animal waste produced by the American meat industry amounts to about 67 times the amount of waste produced by the country’s human population. Ideally, manure… should be returned to the soil as a nutrient-rich fertilizer in keeping with the chemical cycling principle of sustainability. However, it is often so contaminated with residues of antibiotics and pesticides that it is unfit for use as a fertilizer” (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). In addition to the synthetic chemicals in the animal waste, it also has high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, which can contaminate water and lead to the death of marine life due to the excess of nutrients. Another waste product from livestock is methane, which is a very potent greenhouse gas.

The third method of farming is organic farming, which avoids the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, instead opting for a more sustainable approach to farming. Animals are raised on 100% organic feed and without antibiotics. Moving towards sustainable food production would involve making a few changes to the way that we farm. For example, no till farming would reduce soil erosion, and crop rotation, which is when “a farmer plants a series of different crops in the same area from season to season” (Miller and Spoolman, 2021), would decrease a need for pesticides because of the variety of crops. Hydroponics is the growth of food in water, avoiding soil at all, and would also reduce the need of pesticides and fertilizers, and through this, would reduce pollution. Finally, the expansion of organic agriculture as a whole would be a good decision for many countries, because organic agriculture builds soil, reduces emissions, is more weed tolerant and matches conventional/industrial yields.

Another source of our food is the oceans. According to the textbook, “about 42% of the world’s people get 15–20% of their animal protein and essential nutrition from seafood” (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). However, overfishing and climate change threaten aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Our activities degrade ecosystems and habitats, endangering marine life in coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, and coral reefs. Anthropogenic climate change and global warming leads to the warming and acidification of the ocean, and therefore the bleaching and death of coral reefs. In addition to food, marine ecosystems provide economic benefits such as fishing related jobs, health benefits such as nutrients from seafood. The oceans also provide ecological benefits such as generating oxygen, and absorbing carbon dioxide and heat. “Oceans generate 50-70% of the oxygen we breathe, mostly from the phytoplankton floating on or near the ocean surface” (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). Because of this, it is integral to monitor damage to marine ecosystems and make sure our effect on them is more positive than negative.

A potential method for sustainable use of fisheries is “open-ocean aquaculture, which involves raising large carnivorous fish in large underwater pens—some as large as a high school gymnasium. They are located far offshore where rapid currents can sweep away fish wastes and dilute them. Some farmed fish can escape from such operations and breed with wild fish, and this approach is costly. However, the environmental impact of raising fish offshore is smaller than that of raising fish near shore and much smaller than that of industrialized commercial fishing” (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). Passing and enforcing laws as well as establishing marine sanctuaries and marine reserves are other methods of marine ecosystem protection. 

Government action can be used to both incentivize sustainable farming while reducing food insecurity. Government subsidies such as tax breaks and financial support to organic farms can increase the practice of organic farming which would reduce pollution and harmful environmental effects, while also increasing food production in general. Government programs can also be implemented to reduce poverty, which is a main cause of food insecurity. A final way to reduce food insecurity is to reduce our  consumption of meat in general. According to figure 12.2 in the textbook, “20,000 kilocalories of grain provide 2,000 kilocalories each for 10 people, [while] 20,000 kilocalories of grain provide enough food for a beef steer to provide 2,000 kilocalories for 1 person”  (Miller and Spoolman). If we diversified the plants we grew, we could provide nutrients for many more people than meat could. Additionally, replacing a significant portion of livestock with vegetation would take up less land and prevent further ecosystem destruction.

Word count: 1162

Blog question: If organic agriculture often results in an equivalent yield to industrial agriculture, what would it take for developed countries like the United States to completely switch over to organic farming and sustainable methods?

Bibliography:

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. 2021. Living in the Environment.

Monbiot, George. 2015. “There’s a population crisis all right. But probably not the one you think.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/19/population-crisis-farm-animals-laying-waste-to-planet.

[xtruss]

Michigan to pay $600 million to victims of Flint contaminated-water crisis

Workers load bottled water into vehicles waiting in line at a water distribution site in Flint in 2018. (Brittany Greeson/The Washington Post)

— By Kayla Ruble | August 20, 2020 | The Washington Post

DETROIT — Michigan will pay $600 million to children and families in Flint who were exposed to dangerous lead-contaminated drinking water in one of the nation's worst public health disasters, Gov. Gretchen Whitmer announced Thursday.

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In a statement, Whitmer (D) apologized to residents for the "uncertainty and troubles" they have endured since 2014 and acknowledged that the healing "will take a long time."

"What happened in Flint should have never happened," she said, "and financial compensation with this settlement is just one of the many ways we can continue to show our support for the city of Flint and its families."

The settlement resolves a lengthy legal battle that began under her Republican predecessor, Rick Snyder, who was among the many public officials accused of ignoring or even denying the crisis in the poor, largely minority city of 95,000. The problems started almost immediately after Flint changed the source of its municipal water supply to save money, and they continued for nearly two years despite residents' increasing complaints and concerns.

Flint’s lead water pipes are being replaced as part of the remediation effort throughout the city. (Paul Sancya/AP)

Under the terms of the agreement, 80 percent of the monetary award will go to residents who were younger than 18 at the time of their exposure. More than half of that amount will go toward the children younger than 6 — whose age put them at greatest risk for lead poisoning and the physical damage and neurological problems that can result.

Between 18,000 and 20,000 children and adolescents lived in Flint during the water crisis, officials have estimated.

“The kids in Flint at every turn have been unnecessarily victimized by the circumstances of their life, poverty, a government that was dishonest with them,” said Corey M. Stern, the lead counsel for plaintiffs in the settlement, which encompasses multiple lawsuits and cases filed against the state.

“This is a crescendo moment,” he added, reflecting on the many obstacles that delayed justice. “To these kids, there’s been a hell of a lot of losses. And I don’t know of many wins . . . [but] this is a big win for them, and it’s beyond the money. It’s what it says.”

The remaining 20 percent of the payments will go to plaintiffs whose lawsuits pertained to other issues, such as property damage and loss of revenue.

Toxic lead, scared parents and simmering anger: A month inside a city without clean water

The deal follows 18 months of negotiations involving four attorneys acting on behalf of Flint residents and businesses, and court-appointed mediators overseen by U.S. District Judge Judith E. Levy. Talks escalated greatly in recent months amid the coronavirus pandemic.

According to Stern, the amounts awarded to each child will vary. The negotiating team constructed a grid with categories of claimants, with each category then broken into empirical levels of harm as determined by blood-lead tests and other data. The final total will depend on the number of children covered; before the announcement, 7,500 had legal representation.

“I do not think every kid should be treated equally, because not every kid is injured equally,” Stern said.

Florlisa Fowler, a mother of three who lives on Flint’s northeast side, learned of the agreement Wednesday evening through conversations and early news reports. As details emerged, some people were excited and energized, others dissatisfied. Fowler found herself on both sides.

“I was like, ‘Well, at least it’s something,’ ” she said Thursday. “And that’s kind of sad that we think that way because we’re worth so much more, but at least it gives some people hope.”

Even amid her skepticism, though, she felt relief. Her daughter was 12 at the time of the crisis, and tests detected lead poisoning. Now 17, the girl has cognitive issues as well as gastrointestinal problems that have been attributed to her lead exposure.

The debacle began when Flint stopped drawing its water from Lake Huron and switched to the Flint River. But state officials failed to ensure that corrosion-control treatments were added to the new water supply. Without them, rust, iron and lead leached from the city’s aging pipes and contaminated the drinking water of homes and businesses.

Residents started complaining of discolored and foul-smelling water and then worse — skin rashes after bathing — but their concerns were largely ignored.

Among some children tested in 2015 at a local hospital, the percentage with lead poisoning doubled after the switch in water sources. In some neighborhoods, it tripled. Rather than prompting immediate action, the test results were questioned, and the pediatrician who tried to highlight them was harshly criticized.

When the city and state finally responded, forced in part by the federal Environmental Protection Agency invoking its emergency powers, a massive effort got underway to distribute bottled water and water filters throughout Flint. Snyder told residents in a State of the State address that “government failed you at the federal, state and local level.”

‘If I could afford to leave, I would.’ In Flint, a water crisis with no end in sight.

Former lawmaker Phil Phelps (D) represented Flint at the height of the disaster and led legislative efforts to secure recovery funding for the city and accountability from state officials. On Thursday, he was struggling with a mix of emotions.

“There is no amount of money that’s going to be able to reverse the damage caused to the mental and physical health of Flint residents,” said Phelps, who worries legal fees will leave many children lacking.

Although officials have declared the crisis over and Flint’s drinking water no longer a health hazard, residents say they have little trust in what comes out of their taps. Most continue to use bottled water.

A criminal investigation by the Michigan attorney general’s office continues. Felony charges initially were filed against more than half a dozen local and state officials, but last year those were dismissed and the probe restarted.

Thursday’s announcement is just one facet of the city’s recovery. Since 2015, Flint has received tens of millions of dollars in state and federal funding to repair its devastated water system. More than 25,000 lead service lines have been removed and replaced to date. Roughly 5,000 more lines still need to be dug up.

And in her statement, Whitmer touted additional programs and aid. The state’s current budget allocated $120 million to water infrastructure investments aimed at cleaning up the city’s drinking water, and the upcoming budget will direct millions more to support various programs, including nutrition, health care and early childhood services.

Yet the financial settlement comes at a particularly timely moment as the country grapples with the impacts of systemic racism, exposed not just by the coronavirus pandemic but by the deaths of George Floyd and other African Americans during encounters with police.

“Flint is everything that people are out protesting about,” said Stern, who represents some 2,600 young plaintiffs there. “Flint is a microcosm of what our most underserved communities look like, and one of the reasons why the crisis reached the level it did was because people weren’t listening to the voices of those in Flint.”

Melissa Mays, a mother who became one of the most outspoken in demanding state compensation for the community, is feeling a measure of vindication.

“Today is day 2,309 since they switched our water and took away our clean water,” she noted Thursday. “So it’s a very, very long fight, and we have to keep telling ourselves we matter. This is what’s right.”

[cunhacruz2]

Etnografia não é método

Fragmento extraído do texto “Etnografia não é método”, de Mariza Peirano - originalmente publicado na revista Horizontes antropológicos  (vol.20 no.42 Porto Alegre July/Dec. 2014). O texto, em sua integralidade, pode ser acessado clicando aqui.

Se o mundo muda, boas monografias continuam a nos inspirar porque não são retratos fiéis, mas formulações teórico-etnográficas. Political systems é etnografia, etnografia que traz encravadas novas posturas teóricas. O fato de as monografias clássicas estarem distantes no tempo paradoxalmente nos ajuda a renunciar a uma avaliação presentista. Por outro lado, preenchem também um papel sociológico importante - o de embasar os diálogos além fronteiras. Entre dois falantes é sempre necessária uma convenção que dê estabilidade ao diálogo. A história teórica serve a esse propósito: quais são os livros que, independentemente de origem, antropólogos temos em nossas bibliotecas?

Uso esse exemplo conhecido para ressaltar mais uma vez o fato fundamental de que monografias não são resultado simplesmente de "métodos etnográficos"; elas são formulações teórico-etnográficas. Etnografia não é método; toda etnografia é também teoria. Aos alunos sempre alerto para que desconfiem da afirmação de que um trabalho usou (ou usará) o "método etnográfico", porque essa afirmação só é válida para os não iniciados. Se é boa etnografia, será também contribuição teórica; mas se for uma descrição jornalística, ou uma curiosidade a mais no mundo de hoje, não trará nenhum aporte teórico.

O papel das monografias

Mas, infelizmente, não é o que hoje oferecemos na maioria dos programas de pós-graduação em antropologia. Uma pesquisa recente sobre as disciplinas obrigatórias nos cursos de pós-graduação mostrou que, quando entrevistados, professores refletiam detidamente e de forma sofisticada sobre a história da disciplina. Mas quando traduziam essa reflexão na organização das matérias obrigatórias, estas ainda mantinham o velho esquema de apresentação de "escolas": evolucionismo, culturalismo (sic) norte-americano, antropologia social britânica, estruturalismo, hermenêutica, antropologia pós-moderna - geralmente apresentados pela via de historiadores ou comentadores.8

A adoção dos rótulos, dos essencialismos, das caixinhas fechadas, das classificações vai contra o fato óbvio que escolas só existem a posteriori, geralmente com uma conotação política de superação ou, quando apresentadas no momento em que são definidas, como posição (política) da novidade. Se queremos formar antropólogos, e não meramente ensinar antropologia, precisamos ser reflexivos: não há uma história da antropologia. Devemos deixar espaço para que nossos antecessores possam nos falar sobre sua experiência, possam nos informar sobre os problemas (teóricos ou existenciais) que enfrentaram, possam, enfim, nos fazer refletir a partir do que fizeram - lembrando que aprendemos pelos bons e pelos maus exemplos. O resultado é que nossa história será sempre espiralada, nunca evolutiva nem unidirecional.9

Ler monografias tem benefícios que alcançamos:

                                                 i) pelos diálogos teóricos que elas nos proporcionam. Cada uma das monografias conversa, responde, contrapõe, reconsidera, expande outras que vieram antes. Isto é, um autor não se segue a outro por uma razão cronológica, tampouco porque faz parte de uma mesma "escola", ou de outra, rival, mas porque quer debater (concordando ou, no mais das vezes, discordando total ou parcialmente) algumas ideias a partir de dados de sua própria pesquisa ou experiência etnográfica. Nenhum autor é uma ilha, já reforçava o antropólogo Triloki Madan, na Índia;10

                                                ii) a antropologia é comparativa por definição. Ao contrastar nossas concepções com outras (distantes no Pacífico, ou próximas, como no posto eleitoral), o contraste revela dimensões inesperadas. Sem desconhecer as condições de exploração no passado (e no presente), é chegada a hora de ver o lado positivo, explorando a surpresa constante, o inesperado, a diversidade, a curiosidade e, por que não, a humildade, que precisamos preservar, porque surpresas nos espreitam a cada momento;

                                                iii) ao ler monografias, reforçamos a percepção de que a etnografia é parte do empreendimento teórico da antropologia. Não se trata de um "detalhe metodológico" que antecede uma teoria; a indagação etnográfica em si já tem um caráter teórico, porque somente (ou principalmente) ela nos permite questionar os pressupostos então vigentes pelas novas associações ou novas perguntas que nos proporciona: como já dizia Malinowski, novas pesquisas levam à "transformação de um ponto de vista teórico";

                                                iv) finalmente, monografias revelam novas teorias porque não são totalmente "teorias dos etnógrafos". Monografias resultam do diálogo dos pesquisadores com os sujeitos, as pessoas: a teoria da linguagem de Malinowski não é dele; é, principalmente, dos trobriandeses, e chegou a nós pelo talento do etnógrafo, ampliando nossa percepção (teórica) da linguagem. Assim, a etnografia abala nossos estilos de vida e nossas ideias de existência; abala nossa crença moderna na referencialidade dos sentidos e impõe uma reflexão sobre a multiplicidade de modos de vida.

É um privilégio continuar a ler as monografias clássicas. Nas universidades de centros metropolitanos, geralmente privadas e não públicas, os cursos têm valor de mercado: seria verdadeiramente exótico dispender recursos para ler monografias escritas sob regime colonial sobre sociedades africanas ou melanésias. Em contextos pós-coloniais recentes, por outro lado, a antropologia é uma contradição em termos, a história da disciplina ferindo os sentimentos mais básicos de autoestima e pertencimento. Nesses casos, como na Índia, por exemplo, antropólogos no exterior, muitas vezes, em casa, se autodenominam sociólogos.11

A boa etnografia

Resta uma questão incômoda: toda etnografia é boa? Boas etnografias cumprem, pelo menos, três condições: i) consideram a comunicação no contexto da situação (cf. Malinowski); ii) transformam, de maneira feliz, para a linguagem escrita o que foi vivo e intenso na pesquisa de campo, transformando experiência em texto; e iii) detectam a eficácia social das ações de forma analítica.

A primeira e mais importante qualidade de uma boa etnografia reside, então, em ultrapassar o senso comum quanto aos usos da linguagem. Se o trabalho de campo se faz pelo diálogo vivido que, depois, é revelado por meio da escrita, é necessário ultrapassar o senso comum ocidental que acredita que a linguagem é basicamente referencial. Que ela apenas "diz" e "descreve", com base na relação entre uma palavra e uma coisa. Ao contrário, palavras fazem coisas, trazem consequências, realizam tarefas, comunicam e produzem resultados. E palavras não são o único meio de comunicação: silêncios comunicam. Da mesma maneira, os outros sentidos (olfato, visão, espaço, tato) têm implicações que é necessário avaliar e analisar. Dito de outra forma, é preciso colocar no texto - em palavras sequenciais, em frases que se seguem umas às outras, em parágrafos e capítulos - o que foi ação vivida. Este talvez seja um dos maiores desafios da etnografia - e não há receitas preestabelecidas de como fazê-lo.

Os títulos espirituosos ou evocativos dos trabalhos etnográficos do século passado, tanto nos livros quanto nos artigos - "Virgin birth" (Leach), "Twins, birds and vegetables" (Firth), "Some muddles in the models" (Schneider) - talvez revelem o desejo do etnógrafo de provocar o leitor, tanto quanto de insinuar o lado surpreendente da experiência da pesquisa. A persistência até hoje do caráter poético dos títulos de artigos (ou monografias) talvez indique o desejo de chamar a atenção, não para aquela contribuição que seja reconhecida como científica, mas, sim, para a complexidade da tarefa que é comunicar uma nova descoberta que reavalia a teoria, alcançar novos voos, provocar novas dúvidas, ampliar o leque de possibilidades interpretativas, e manter a tradição da eterna juventude das ciências sociais.12

CONTINUE LENDO CLICANDO AQUI

8 Ver Sanabria (2005). 9 Se a boa formação dependesse apenas da história da disciplina, George Stocking Jr. teria sido um dos mais respeitados antropólogos. Mas ele próprio se via como um marginal na profissão e confessava ser apenas um historiador. Ver sua autobiografia (Stocking Jr., 2010). 10 Ver Madan (1994). 11 Para uma maior discussão sobre esse tema ver Peirano (1998). 12 "A eterna juventude das ciências" é, naturalmente, uma referência a Max Weber. Percebo uma tendência recente na criação de títulos de artigos, de dissertações e de teses no Brasil pela utilização de uma frase "nativa" acompanhada de um subtítulo explicativo no jargão antropológico.

Bibliografia: 

MADAN, T. N. Pathways: approaches to the study of society in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.

PEIRANO, M. When anthropology is at home. The different contexts of a single discipline. Annual Review of Anthropology, v. 27, p. 105-129, 1998.

SANABRIA, G. V. O ensino da antropologia no Brasil: um estudo das formas institucionalizadas de transmissão da cultura. Dissertação (Mestrado em Antropologia social) - Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 1995.         [ Links ]

STOCKING JR., G. 2010. Glimpses into my own black box: an exercise in self-deconstruction. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2010.         [ Links ]