#Global Attitude and Heading Reference System

[vjovhal]

The global attitude and heading reference system market was valued at USD 788.5 million in 2024 and is projected to experience a CAGR of 5.3% from 2025 to 2034.

[rimaakter45]

The Resilient Entrepreneur: Thriving in Uncertain Times

In today’s fast-paced, ever-evolving business landscape, the concept of entrepreneurship has taken on new dimensions. As markets fluctuate and consumer behaviors shift, the need for resilience has never been more crucial for entrepreneurs. Whether you're a seasoned business owner or a budding startup founder, cultivating resilience can be your greatest asset in navigating uncertainty.

Resilience in entrepreneurship refers to the ability to withstand and recover from challenges, setbacks, and failures. It is about maintaining a forward-thinking attitude while being adaptable to change. The past few years have illustrated just how unpredictable the business environment can be—whether due to a global pandemic, economic downturns, or technological disruptions. Entrepreneurs who can pivot their strategies, learn from failure, and maintain their vision are the ones who ultimately thrive.

One key aspect of resilience is a growth mindset. This idea, popularized by psychologist Carol Dweck, emphasizes the belief that abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. Entrepreneurs with a growth mindset view challenges as opportunities for learning rather than obstacles. This perspective fosters innovation and creativity—essential components in identifying new markets or improving product offerings. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many businesses not only adapted their operations but also discovered new customer needs, leading to the creation of successful alternative products and services.

Networking is another vital element that contributes to entrepreneurial resilience. By building a strong support system of fellow entrepreneurs, mentors, and industry contacts, individuals can share experiences, resources, and insights. This collective knowledge can be invaluable in facing challenges. In times of uncertainty, having a network to rely on for advice and encouragement can make all the difference. Moreover, collaboration often leads to unexpected opportunities for growth and development.

Financial management is also crucial. Resilient entrepreneurs prioritize financial literacy and effective budgeting to withstand economic fluctuations. By maintaining a solid financial foundation, businesses are better positioned to weather storms and seize new opportunities when they arise. Diversifying revenue streams can also enhance stability, allowing entrepreneurs to mitigate risks associated with relying on a single source of income.

Finally, cultivating a strong sense of purpose is fundamental for resilience. Understanding why you started your business helps keep motivation alive during tough times. A clear mission not only guides decision-making but can also inspire employees, stakeholders, and customers, ultimately leading to a more robust organizational culture.

In conclusion, resilience is not just a personality trait; it’s a skill that entrepreneurs can cultivate over time. By fostering a growth mindset, building a supportive network, practicing sound financial management, and staying connected to their purpose, entrepreneurs can not only survive uncertain times but also emerge stronger and more innovative. In an age marked by change, the resilient entrepreneur stands out, ready to face challenges head-on and drive progress in their industry.

[giresearch]

Inertial Systems Market Size, Analyzing Forecasted Outlook and Growth for 2024-2030

Global Info Research announces the release of the report “Global Inertial Systems Market 2024 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2030” . The report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis presented by region and country, type and application. As the market is constantly changing, the report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2024, are provided. In addition, the report provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals, COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War Influence.

According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Inertial Systems market size was valued at USD million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during review period. The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the Inertial Systems industry chain, the market status of Industrial (Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS), Inertial Positioning and Orientation Systems), Aerospace and Defense (Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS), Inertial Positioning and Orientation Systems), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of Inertial Systems. Regionally, the report analyzes the Inertial Systems markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global Inertial Systems market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base. Key Features:

Global Inertial Systems market size and forecasts, in consumption value), sales quantity, and average selling prices, 2019-2029

Global Inertial Systems market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value, sales quantity, and average selling prices, 2019-2029

Global Inertial Systems market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value, sales quantity, and average selling prices, 2019-2029

Global Inertial Systems market shares of main players, shipments in revenue, sales quantity, and ASP, 2019-2024

The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:

To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries

To assess the growth potential for Inertial Systems

To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market

To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace

This report profiles key players in the global Inertial Systems market based on the following parameters - company overview, production, value, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments.

The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level: Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the sales quantity (K Units), revenue generated, and market share of different by Type:     Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS)     Inertial Positioning and Orientation Systems     Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the Inertial Systems market. Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the Inertial Systems market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets. Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the Inertial Systems market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends. The report also involves a more granular approach to Inertial Systems: Company Analysis: Report covers individual Inertial Systems manufacturers, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies. Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards Inertial Systems This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application:     Industrial     Aerospace and Defense     Automotive     Other

Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to Inertial Systems. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in Inertial Systems areas. Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the Inertial Systems market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players. Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.

The Main Contents of the Report, includes a total of 15 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment) product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.

Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment), with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment) from 2019 to 2024.

Chapter 3, the Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment) competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4, the Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment) breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value and growth by regions, from 2019 to 2030.

Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2019 to 2030.

Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2023.and Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment) market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2025 to 2030.

Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends and Porters Five Forces analysis.

Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment).

Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Optical Tweezers (Mechanobiology Equipment) sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.

The analyst presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters. Our report on the Inertial Systems market covers the following areas:

Inertial Systems market sizing

Inertial Systems market forecast

Inertial Systems market industry analysis

Analyze the needs of the global Inertial Systemsbusiness market

Answer the market level of global Inertial Systems

Statistics the annual growth of the global Inertial Systemsproduction market

The main producers of the global Inertial Systemsproduction market

Describe the growth factor that promotes market demand

Global Info Research is a company that digs deep into global industry information to support enterprises with market strategies and in-depth market development analysis reports. We provides market information consulting services in the global region to support enterprise strategic planning and official information reporting, and focuses on customized research, management consulting, IPO consulting, industry chain research, database and top industry services. At the same time, Global Info Research is also a report publisher, a customer and an interest-based suppliers, and is trusted by more than 30,000 companies around the world. We will always carry out all aspects of our business with excellent expertise and experience.

[aviationanddefence1]

Global defense Inertial Measurement Unit market reports

A device called an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) uses accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure and report force, respectively, and angular rate. Defense inertial measurement units monitor a number of important factors, two of which are the specific gravity and the angular rate of an object. It should be noted that a magnetometer, which measures the magnetic field surrounding the system, is an optional part of this arrangement. By combining a magnetometer into a Defence Inertial Unit, which filters algorithms to determine orientation information results in a device, an apparatus known as an Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (ARHS) is constructed.

One inertial sensor may be able to perceive just measurements along or around one axis, according to the general operation of an inertial measurement unit. To get a three-dimensional solution, three different inertial sensors have to be mounted in an orthogonal cluster, or triad. This trio of inertial sensors arranged in a triad is referred to as a 3-axis inertial sensor since each of the three axes may yield a single measurement from the sensors. This kind of inertial system, which provides two independent measures along each of the three axes for a total of six measurements, is called a 6-axis system. It consists of a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope.

Main elements propelling the market's expansion:

The market for inertial measurement units is expected to rise as a result of the growing use of autonomous cars and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in both the defense and commercial sectors. The demand for MEMS-based IMU technology is increased by the global defense Inertial Measurement Unit market reports ability to display the precise location of the automotive system in real-time.

Trends impacting the market's expansion:

One of the primary drivers of the growth of the defense inertial measurement units market is the growing use of gyroscopes in the defense industry. The instrument is used to both stabilize the angular velocity and measure the precise velocity. The demand for MEMS-based technology, which enables end users in the commercial automobile and defense sectors to get exact information about their surroundings, is driving the overall growth dynamics.

Dynamics of the Market:

The defense inertial measurement unit is expected to have higher research-based expenditure, which would propel market expansion. The expansion of defense inertial measurement units is also expected to be driven by the rising market penetration of unmanned systems. IMUs are currently widely used in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), AGVs, and other robots that need to know their altitude and position in space.

Advancements:

Another area of research using inertial measurement units that is becoming more and more prominent is collaborative robot research. The focus of the study is on the positioning of human workers who collaborate with collaborative robots. The deployment of human workers is required to achieve safe human-robot cooperation. Vision and ranging sensors will be used to determine the workers' positions. On the other hand, IMU can be used to determine both the operator's position and the altitude. Compared to the previous technology, which frequently only recorded the operator's approximate location and direction, the motion capture system based on IMUs can follow the movement of the operator's full body, making it more appropriate for human-robot collaboration.

[rockislandadultreads]

Celebrate Earth Day! Fun picks from your local library

National Geographic Atlas of the National Parks by Jonathan Waterman

From the white sand beaches of Dry Tortugas to the snowy peaks of Denali, this captivating book combines authoritative park maps with hundreds of graphics and photographs to tell the stories of America's sixty one beloved national parks. Former ranger and author Jonathan Waterman introduces readers to the country's scenic reserves and highlights the extraordinary features that distinguish each: magnificent landmarks, thriving ecosystems, representative wildlife, fascinating histories, and more. With striking imagery and state-of-the-art graphics reflecting details of wildlife, climate, culture, archaeology, recreation, and more, this lush reference provides an up-close look at what makes these lands so special--and so uniquely American. A heartfelt foreword from National Geographic CEO Gary Knell reminds us how important these lands are to our lives and our national pride.

Our Planet by Alastair Fothergill, Keith Scholey, Fred Pearce

Featuring some of the world's rarest creatures and previously unseen parts of the Earth—from deep oceans to remote forests to ice caps—Our Planet takes nature-lovers deep into the science of our natural world. Revealing the most amazing sights on Earth in unprecedented ways, alongside stories of the ways humans are affecting the world’s ecosystems—from the wildebeest migrations in Africa to the penguin colonies of Antarctica—this book captures in one concise narrative a fundamental message: What we do in the next twenty years will determine the future of not just the natural world but humanity itself. If we don't act now to protect and preserve our planet, the beauty we're lucky enough to witness on these pages will have disappeared . . .

The Sound of the Sea: Seashells and the Fate of the Oceans by Cynthia Barnett

In The Sound of the Sea, acclaimed environmental author Cynthia Barnett blends cultural history and science to trace our long love affair with seashells and the hidden lives of the mollusks that make them. Spiraling out from the great cities of shell that once rose in North America to the warming waters of the Maldives and the slave castles of Ghana, Barnett has created an unforgettable account of the world’s most iconic seashells. She begins with their childhood wonder, unwinds surprising histories like the origin of Shell Oil as a family business importing exotic shells, and charts what shells and the soft animals that build them are telling scientists about our warming, acidifying seas. From the eerie calls of early shell trumpets to the evolutionary miracle of spines and spires and the modern science of carbon capture inspired by shell, Barnett circles to her central point of listening to nature’s wisdom—and acting on what seashells have to say about taking care of each other and our world.

Rebugging the Planet: The Remarkable Things that Insects (and Other Invertebrates) Do – And Why We Need to Love Them More by Vicki Hird

Meet the intelligent insects, marvellous minibeasts and inspirational invertebrates that help shape our planet - and discover how you can help them help us by rebugging your attitude today! Remember when there were bugs on your windscreen? Ever wonder where they went? We need to act now if we are to help them survive. Chris Packham, Isabella Tree and George Monbiot are but a few voices championing the rewilding of our world. In Rebugging the Planet, Vicki Hird adds her voice to this chorus, explaining how our planet is headed towards 'insectageddon' with a rate of insect extinction eight times faster than that of mammals or birds. Rebugging the Planet gives us crucial information to help all those essential creepy-crawlies flourish once more. Hird passionately demonstrates how insects and invertebrates are the cornerstone of our global ecosystem. They pollinate plants, feed birds, support and defend our food crops and clean our water systems. They are also beautiful, inventive and economically invaluable - bees, for example, contribute more to the UK economy than the Queen! Rebugging the Planet shows us small changes we can make to have a big impact on our littlest allies: Learn how to rebug parks, schools, pavements, verges and other green spaces.Leave your garden to grow a little wild and plant weedkiller-free, wildlife-friendly plants.Take your kids on a minibeast treasure hunt and learn how to build bug palaces.Make bug-friendly choices with your food and support good farming practices. Begin to understand how reducing inequality and poverty will help nature and wildlife too - it's all connected. So do your part and start rebugging today! The bees, ants, earthworms, butterflies, beetles, grasshoppers, ladybirds, snails and slugs will thank you - and our planet will thank you too.

[businesswriter]

Why Businesses Fail?

Why do businesses fail?

Abstract:

This paper aims to investigate the common reasons of business failure. As economies and organizations are increasingly becoming complex, environment changing more rapidly, and acceptable response times diminishing, the old management structures are simply failing to cope with change and development. The complex, fast evolving, virtual business of this technology driven digital age demands new methods and management systems. This paper has addressed the structure of modern organizations in the context of a fundamental change in organizational structure, which is currently taking place in many businesses in view of their organizations and the deep-rooted requirements and results. Additionally, the paper has discussed the traditional organizational structures and the new evolving ones as well in order to ascertain their relationship with business failure. For this purpose, the paper has outlined in detail the major reasons of business failure among small, medium, and large businesses as well as start-ups. The paper has attached relative real life examples where the international as well as local and regional businesses or their subsidiaries have failed over the years. The prime focus of this paper has been on the European businesses and the impact of their organizational structures on their failure/success.

Key Words:

Business, organizational structures, failure, management, coordination

Introduction:

Business failure is a dynamic term because it is not confined to a set of situations and circumstances as believed and propagated by many analysts. It is a multilayered and multi-faceted phenomenon. Therefore, the question comes to the mind what is a business failure and what constitutes a business failure. There have been countless research studies and surveys probing into the question. Some believe that a business has failed when it files for bankruptcy protection, while for others; filing for bankruptcy is only one component of business failure (J. Watson, Journal of Small Business Management ). According to one school of thought, a business has failed when it reaches a point, where it fails to satisfy the stakeholders of its business including creditors, employees, customers, employers, and suppliers. From entrepreneurial point of view, business failure is dissolution of an entrepreneurial initiative that does not succeed in achieving its goals (W. Weitzel, 1989).

Usually businesses have a life cycle consisting of four stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Businesses and start-ups often face a slow introductory and growth phase, followed by a small maturity phase and reach the last phase too early. The businesses having this kind of life cycle are termed as ‘failed’ by the others (M. J. Ulmer, 1947). Additionally, the businesses that are conceding losses, instead of profits, are termed as failed businesses. Sometimes the reasons can be personal ones such as death, illness or retirement of owner or selling a business to invest in another. In this perspective, business failure is an organization’s inability to exist (L. R. Gaskill, 1993).

Although there is no set criterion as to when a business actually fails, yet Berryman has enlisted certain criteria/parameters. Those parameters, if met, indicate that a business has failed. (1) Earning criterion, this says that a business fails if its return on capital is markedly lower than what is obtainable on the similar investments. (2) Solvency criterion says that a business fails, when its owner withdraws from it voluntarily without paying its obligations. (3) Bankruptcy criterion refers to a situation to describe a failed business that is legally bankrupt. (4) Loss cutting criterion says that a business fails if its owner shut down the organization that is conceding losses in order to avoid further losses (Berryman, ,1982).

Moreover, organizational structures are of utmost importance and play a crucial role for success or failure of a business organization. An organizational structure helps in designating the activities, responsibilities, roles and rules for smooth sailing of a business organization with result-oriented approach. The organizational structures are employed and created in systematic manner in order to divide, categorise, regulate, and co-ordinate activities (Clawson, 2008). The structure of an organization provides a framework in order to organize its resources; influences spatial and power relationships among different components of a business organization (Robert H. Waterman, 1980). Organizational structures have a vast array of benefits such as faster decision-making, improved operative efficiency, increased employee performance, reduced employee conflicts, reduced confusion, better communication, organized activities and reduced stress at workplace among many others (Organizational Structure: Definition and Types, 2021).

Many organizational structures are deployed by different organizations in order to boost their business and fulfil their needs and objectives. Major organizational structures are functional, divisional, flat, matrix, line, network and team-based organizational structures. It is imperative for an organization o pick the right organizational structure, because it plays crucial role for success or failure of that organization.

Organizations with functional structures have specialized groups with specific duties, goals, and rules such as IT, finance, HR etc. This type of structure is usually employed by small to medium enterprises. Every specialized group/department has a manager who is responsible for the activities of that department. An executive who heads many departments supervises the manager (Elina Gurianova, 2015).

Divisional organizational structure groups functions of an organization into divisions, based on products or regions. Each division has its own resources, marketing teams, managers, finance or IT departments. Such organizational structures are employed by large-scale international business organizations (Chapter 11: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES: CONCEPTS AND F0RMATS, 1993). The failure/ success of one division do not directly affect the overall performance of the parent company. Large companies such as Coca Cola, General Motors, McDonald’s and other big shots follow this structure.

A matrix organizational structure is a mixture of functional and divisional structures. It involves the employees reporting to multiple bosses based on their current projects (Williams). Such a structure is followed by small and medium sized organizations, which have small number of employees. However, this structure can be used by all business organizations of any size and volume (Greenbaum, 1983).

Flat organizational structures are decentralized structures where the employees are given more control and authority to carry out activities. It is a kind of decentralized structure, which is mostly used by start-ups. The employees have access to the top leadership and they communicate directly with their bosses (Kenton, 2021).

The team-based structures are less hierarchical and group employees under different teams. Those teams have complementary skills, work together for common goals and may include the members from different functional groups. The members of teams are expected to work certain hours on the common project and work in their respective functional departments as well (J. Hage, 1971).

Line organizational structure is the most simplest of all structures. The authority flows from top to bottom. The head of department has the control over decision-making process in his department. Line structures enable effective communication, which plays a role in stability of business organization. All of the organizational structures are being used in different parts of the business realm and all of them work in particular situations.

Literature review:

Why do businesses fail-some common reasons:

According to a report, around 82% of first-time European entrepreneurs fail (Mallipeddi, 2019). Start-ups, small and medium enterprises as well as the big shots in business industry all face multiple regulatory and taxation issues in Europe, which make it harder for European businesses to compete with their American and other competitors (Laury H. Bollen, 2005). Many factors are responsible for failure of businesses and we need to look closely at those factors in order to understand the reasons behind failure of businesses. Following are some of the most common reasons and issues that lead to failure of businesses.

Lack of relevant leadership skills:

Effective leadership skills of management and owners of businesses are among the key factors for the success of any business organization of ant scale (Probst, 2005). In the same vein, poor leadership is one of the common reasons among the businesses that fail. As leaders are at the forefront of any organization, they motivate and inspire the others in achievement of organizational goals. Leadership skills refer a collection of behaviours, attitudes, temperaments, abilities, tools and strategies that are employed by leaders, in order to succeed at motivating, directing and persuading members of an organization towards actively participating for the overall success of organization (Adair, 2007). Additionally, the organizational structures lacking in bringing effective leadership at the forefront of decision-making, eventually have to roll back their operations. Moreover, a lack of vision for future in the leadership may pave the way for business failure (Laurie L. Barnes, 2018).

One such example is that of Nokia, a Finnish pioneer of cellular mobile phones in the world. Nokia was a global leader in Mobile phone industry in 2000s. When the arrival of internet caused the other competitor companies to go for data driven and software based innovation in mobile phones, the leadership of Nokia kept focusing on the hardware only (Surowiecki, 2013). In the meanwhile, Steve Jobs launched IPhone, a Smartphone without the keyboard, revolutionizing the whole consumer experience. When Nokia leadership finally decided to compete with android in 2008, it was too late, because the tide had been turned in favour of its competitors. Consequently, Nokia lost customers to its leadership’s hesitation in making the right decisions when they mattered.

Lack of management control:

An effective management plays instrumental role for shaping the successful future for business organization of small, medium or large scale (S. Kale, 1998). A good management having the vision and foresight for future risks and potential profits can pave the way for progress of a business organization. Conversely, poor management strategies and control are said to be the common denominator for failure of businesses across the globe, according to Management Review. Plenty of research studies point out the incompetency of managers of small business organizations for failure (S. Haswell, 1989). The common management related shortcomings include the lack of managerial experience, lack of market-specific experience and unbalanced management experience. The organizations that fail to take up competent managers on their panel are sure to decline eventually. The managers with soft and hard skills and relevant competency in their fields lead to effective delivery of services and achievement of excellence for their organizations (A. V. Bruno, 1987).

One prominent example of business failure due to incompetent management is that of Coors, a successful American Beer manufacturer. When it launched its ‘turn it loose’ campaign in Spain, the management’s incompetency and complacent attitude in choosing the tagline led to its decline. The tagline adopted by Coors in Spanish language, literally meant ‘suffer from diarrhoea’, which did not sit well with the natives. Although Coors managed to have a strong base in Spanish market, yet in this case, the management’s lack of knowledge and research regarding culture and language led to the failure of the campaign at the start (MediaBeacon).  

Communication gap among the internal management:

Effective communication leads a business towards success. Communication is an art, a tool and a strategy that can do wonders for any business organization. It is sharing of ideas, messages, information, strategies, risks among the members of a business organization following particular protocols (Mallett-Hamer, 2005). The organizational structures that maintain a steady stream of communication among all its stakeholders have known to fare well in crunch market competitions. Moreover, internal communication is vital for any business, poor internal communication or inconsistency in communication can be lethal (Sabine Müller, 2014). In a workplace, where different members of a team work together, for completion of a shared goal, effective communication is always important (Hunsaker, 1993). Studies have shown that in the organizations with internal communication gap face a breakdown in the way information is being sent, particularly in top-down hierarchy. The common factors that lead to communication gap in an organization are inappropriate channels/timing of communication, unpleasant work environment, and wrong body language of top hierarchy among many others.

One famous example of communication gap is that of Yahoos’ 2014 data breach scandal. The leadership of Yahoo only admitted in 2016 that hacking attacks in 2014 breached the accounts of its 500 million users. The internal investigations found out that the reasons for large-scale data breach incident of 2014 included failures in communication, management, internal reporting and lack of comprehension in handling the incident (McAndrew, 2018).

Lack of adequate managerial experience:

Inadequate managerial experience of business managers and entrepreneurs is another reason that is common in almost all the businesses that face failure. According to a report lack of managerial experience is the reason that 80% of businesses fail within first five years of their establishment (Clark, 2000). Managerial experience refers to the set of capabilities, aptitude, knowledge, practice and experiences play pivotal role in the success of any business, new or already established (TS Bateman, 1996). Most of the times, the lack of managerial experience is a vice that is faced by small and medium enterprises, because large-scale multinational businesses can easily afford the services of experienced and polished managers (Zuzana Papulová, 2007). The management teachers at the academic institutions play a significant role in this regard. It has been recorded in a research that 71% of bankrupt enterprises reported that one significant internal factor for bankruptcy was lack of general and financial managerial experience (J. Baldwin, 1997).

For example, JCPenny has been a leading department store at one time. It has managed the largest catalog retail business. The stores offer clothes for church, school, work etc. However, the company’s revenue started to shrink when Ron Johnson took over the company and became its CEO. During his tenure as CEO, the company lost 985 million, 1900 employees and closed around 138 stores. This led to the temporary downfall of the company. However, with the new CEO Mike Ullman, the retail store has started to see growth again (Mourdoukoutas, 2017).

Inappropriate pricing strategy:

Unrealistic pricing strategies are a major cause of small to medium sized businesses across Europe. The price a company offers for its products or services must align with and cover all costs with some margin of profit as well. However, the pricing mechanism must not be static and must evolve (Keller, 2009). The two common mistakes regarding pricing are (1) prices are lower than customers’ perceived value of the product, or (2) prices higher than the customers’ perceived value of the product. Another mistake while pricing the products is that the companies fail to segment their customers into clients and professionals (Simon, 2015). Moreover, some companies keep their prices at the same level for too long and do not take into account the changing in costs, customers’ preferences, and market competitiveness, which lead to failure.

An example of inappropriate pricing strategy would be Google Glass’ wearable ‘smart glasses’ launched in 2013-14. Although, Google Glass had many issues such as cultural backlash, privacy issues, yet the sky-high prices was a significant reason for its collapse in 2013-14. Google attempted to associate the product with fashion designers as well. However, the product did not garner many customers (WEIDNER, 2020).

Lack of control on cash flow:

A huge amount of cash flows in and out of every business on daily basis. This cash flow needs to be managed and monitored effectively, because this cash flow is the source of profit, covers bills, and manages surprise expenses needed for growth and innovation. It suggests that cash flow is vital for the growth and health of a business (Florentina-Simona, 2010). Cash input and output flows are categorized under the following headings. Cash flows from operational activity are receivable or payable for unfolding of the main business. This evaluates the amount of cash produced or used by the company during sale or production of goods or services. The cash flow for operational activity is needed to be positive mostly. These are employed for paying dividends, credits, investing in new ventures or reinstating new production capacities (John, 1991). The cash flows for investment activity refer to the cash receivable or payable for buying or selling products, assets or services. These assets or services maintain the operational capacity or insure the future development of any enterprise. The cash flow statements from financial activity represent the cash that is receivable or payable by the company during the movements between the businesses, creditors or debtors. Therefore, this kind of cash flow statement represents net flow of a business organization or company, available for funding (John, 1991). Overall, the cash flow statements provide the details regarding where the money is spent, help in creating excess cash flow, reveal cash planning returns, present the optimum level of cash balance, helps in analysing the working capital (Thakur, 2021).

A positive cash flow refers to the situation where the amount of incoming cash is greater than the amount that go out of company in the form of costs and bills. Most companies aim for positive cash flows, particularly the start-ups and new businesses. A negative cash flow represents that the business is receiving less than what it is spending (Pearson, 1991). Such a business may struggle in covering the immediate bills and may need to borrow money to pay its debts. Poor cash flow will slow down normal operations, future investments and overall future growth of a business. The companies and lenders take long-term negative cash flow as the indicator for credit worthiness, value generation and stability (DelVecchio, 2020). Therefore, the businesses with negative or poor cash flow could find themselves on the brink of disasters, as the lenders or creditors would not be available for lending funds for operational activities.        

Tink Labs, a billionaire start up closed down in 2019. The company tried to pursue growth aggressively. However, the profits of the company could not materialize its vision. Additionally outstanding bills also contributed to Tink Lab’s downfall (Inside the unravelling of Tink Labs, 2019).

Theft of assets in cyber security attacks:

In this age of digitalization, every company or business organization is at the risk of cyber attacks in the form of ransomware, viruses, phishing attacks, Trojan attacks and other related cyber attacks. Today more than 61% of full industry exchanges occur on the internet, so the area prerequisite high quality of security for best exchanges (Rohit Kalakuntla, 2020). Cyber Security refers to the umbrella term for proactive and reactive measures, which focus on confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, contrary to potential vulnerabilities (Mihaela, 2019).The most common categories of cyber security are following. Application security, which refers to keeping the devices and software secure from the cyber attacks. Today the applications are designed while keeping in mind the risks of cyber attacks, because a compromised application may render the important data insecure. Information security focuses on integrity and privacy of data present in storage. Network security centres on the safety of computer networks, while preventing the intruders from carrying out targeted or opportunistic cyber attacks (The Economic Times, 2021).

Cyber security is essential for businesses as it surrounds everything that is concerned with protecting our sensitive data, personally identifiable information (PII), protected health information (PHI), personal information, intellectual property, data, industry and governmental information systems from theft and damage perpetrated by cyberspace criminals and hackers. Cybercrime is a term for any illegal action that uses computer as its main source of commission and theft. The ever-increasing list of cybercrimes includes network intrusion, dissemination of computer viruses as well as computer-based variations of existing crimes such as identity theft, stalking bullying, and terrorism. Some of the major cyber attacks of 2020 in the crucial time of Corona virus pandemic ranged from attacks on international health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Magellan Health; to telecommunication applications such as Twitter and Zoom; to hospitality behemoths such as Marriot internationals and MGM Resorts. The security researchers at the firm, Check Point said that ransomware attacks increased by 80% in the UK and 98% in the US, in 2020. It is incumbent on the businesses that function electronically, to have proper security protocols in place for disaster management and recovery in case of a cyber attack. The security measures include strong passwords, effective authentication, firewall, antivirus software, data encryption and backup protocols (Rajasekharaiah, 2020). Most of the businesses targeted for cyber attacks end up following the downhill journey. Additionally, cyber crimes are going to cost businesses $5.2 trillion worldwide across the globe, within five years (Ninth Annual Cost of Cybercrime Study, 2019).

Apple’s iCloud data breach happened in 2014, costing it $500 million. The hackers accessed the company’s online data storage system and posted private photos of celebrities. Apple authorities admitted that the celebrities’ iCloud accounts were broken into, yet they denied any breach into their data security system (Solomon, 2014).

Lack of market research:

Inadequate market research before starting a new business or even expanding an already established line of products can lead to business failure. Whenever a new business organization move towards innovation or starts a new line of products, it is imperative to have a thorough background research regarding market trends, demands of consumers, nature of competitors. The business management and leaders must know what their customers are going to like and how they are going to handle the influx of customers, once a new products hits the market (Hague, 2006 ). A lack of market research often results in mismanagement, indecision or failure of a new venture categorically. The relevant market research helps in making the rights decisions through systemic collection of relevant data. A good market research does not remain limited to collection of data; instead, that data needs to be analysed and interpreted to make successful business decisions in future (Hague, 2006 ). A lack of market intelligence is a sure recipe for business disaster.

An example concerning the lack of market research would be KFC coupon riots. KFC collaborated with Oprah Winfrey to promote a new line of chicken product in 2009. Winfrey announced on her website that she would be giving free coupons to customers; the staff at KFC did not have proper market intelligence on how overwhelming the Oprah effect would be. It resulted in customers being angry when the free coupons did not grant them free chicken. Finally, KFC had to reimburse the customers with rain checks. The incident left a bad taste and a dent on KFC’s reputation (Kludt, 2009).

Bad debt:

Business debt is major contributor and a common denominator (mostly) for businesses that fail, irrespective of their magnitude. Borrowing for expanding or even establishing new businesses is inevitable, which helps in boosting a business organization (Lachowski, 1995). However, due to some external factors such as recession, pandemic or internal factors such as uncontrolled growth, unmanaged costs and decrease in revenue, business debts can take an ugly turn. For ordinary business organizations, bad debt represents the losses that arise from transactions that are made on credit (Lucia Michalkovaa, 2018). The businesses that fail to deal with high debts need to adopt certain organizational changes in order to rectify credit management procedures. There are certain strategies that can be employed in order to get rid of bad business debt such as cutting on costs, increasing revenue (The Financial Situation and Bad Debts of Enterprises in Poland, 1995), and negotiating better terms with creditors, consolidating your debt, setting realistic credit limits, among many others.

Tower Records, the immensely popular music store is the classic example where the bad debts led to bankruptcy of the brand. It took a debt of 110 million USD to expand it into a chain of music business, led to its decline (Sisario, 2018). The business did not anticipate the competition offered by rising online music sources such as Napster or iTunes, and low prices of CDs offered by other companies. Finally, the huge debt led to company’s bankruptcy in 2006, after around 40 years of business.

Hesitation in going for organizational change:

Organizational change is relatively an uphill task for many organizations that have established themselves and made a reputation. Change is inevitable in uncertain, dynamic and variable business circumstances that every business has to go through (Todnem, 2005). In this age of global revolution, technological innovations, shifting democracies, and mounting competition, organization are required to be vigilant in the face of unpredictable work environment (Burnes, 2011). Most of the times, organizations fail to respond to the changing expectations in the business climate and lag behind the other attentive and hawk-eyed competitors. This results in losing customers, decline in sales and altogether failure (in some cases) of organizations (Daft, 2018). Change does not occur in isolation, it is a team effort. Therefore, it is imperative for organizations to install change in systematic manner. It will speed up the process of change, in order to compete with the competitors and to maintain its repute. Certain strategies can speed up the process of organizational change including establishing a sense of urgency, developing a shared vision, empowering people to act upon the vision, forming a guiding coalition, consolidating change and institutionalizing the change (Kotter, 2008).

MySpace used to be a leading social networking site until Facebook came along. The CEO of MySpace Chris DeWolfe met Facebook’s CEO Mark Zukerberg in 2005 for business collaboration. In the meeting, Zukerberg offered to sell Facebook for 75 million USD to MySpace. However, the CEO of MySpace hesitated and rejected the offer. Meanwhile, Facebook grew fast and became one of the leading social networking sites in the next decade. MySpace could not compete with Facebook and started a downhill journey. Finally, in 2011 it fired around 500 employees due to continuous decline in users (Dredge, 2015).

Corruption and malpractices of management:

Corruption encompasses all kinds of fraud, misconduct, price/value manipulation, and other forms of malpractices (Carol Alexander, 2020). Corrupt business organizations and their owners manipulate by starting insider trading, false disclosures, frontrunning, option backdating, bribery and improper execution in order to extract money from ordinary investors and to build false reputation. Such practices ultimately result in failure and collapse of organizations that indulge in these activities. Often times, the corrupt owners and entrepreneurs are sentenced to several years in prison along with gravely damaging the organization’s honour (Paunov, 2016). Corrupt practices often stem from greed and lead to hampering growth, innovation, organization’s sustainability and continuance (D. Athanasouli, 2015).

For example, WorldCom was a telecommunication giant at one time, when it used to handle 50% of US internet traffic and all of the world internet traffic. However, the company started conceding losses in 1999 as the prices started to fall. At that time, the company’s CEO Bernie Ebbers started cooking the books, in order to boost earnings and make the company look valuable. WorldCom started categorising the operating expenses as the long-term capital investments, and started turning its losses into 1.38billion USD. Its competitors grew suspicious, because all of them including AT&T were losing money (Stefano, 2005). Finally, an internal audit returned that WorldCom was inflating its profits. Ebbers was found guilty of fraud and manipulating securities laws. Consequently, he was sentenced to 25 years in jail. The company announced bankruptcy in 2002.

Unrealistic goals:

Setting workable goals for any business is the first step towards growth and success. Goal setting plays a motivational role and inspires the whole organization towards working hard to materialize the set of goals (Goerg, 2015). However, such ambitious and enthusiastic entrepreneurs may end up setting goals that are not practicable. Therefore, it is important to set the goals that are realistic, and within the bounds of unpredictable business culture (McGrath, 1999). This leads to collapse of newly established businesses mostly. Because the young minds are full of all kinds of ideal notions, yet they lack in experience and vision to recognize the probability of meeting those goals.

On the contrary, if goal-setting process is thoroughly thought out and researched, then it can do wonders for the business. For example, large technology firms including Google, Twitter, Facebook, and Intel have started to install goal-setting approaches for providing real tie feedback to their workers (Goerg, 2015). In this way, the inspired workers may lead the firm to completion of goal and ultimately contribute in the success of the organization.

For example, Best Buy purchased 50% stakes in UK mobile phone company Carphone Warehouse in 2010. It set the goal to launch 200 stores in UK. However, upon entering the market, the electronic retailer revised its goal and decided to open only 100 stores in UK, but even the company could even manage this. Finally, in 2011 the company announced that it was going to shut down the 11 stores that the company managed to open. The reason was unrealistic goals in the time of worst economic condition in UK. This fiasco cost the company a whopping 318Million USD (Groth, 2011).

Lack of preliminary cultural knowledge and red tape protocols:

Globalization is on the rise and many international brands keep extending their businesses to different international markets. This requires the international firms and businesses to have knowledge about different cultures in which, they intend to operate their businesses. In this regard cross-cultural communications play strategic role (M. A. Aneas, 2009) for companies that are bound to employ culturally diverse work force. It is important for successful business venture to understand the culture and particularly business culture/behaviour of the country, where you want to establish subsidiary business platform (R. M. Frankel, 2012). For instance, many multinational companies commit the grave mistake of bringing unmodified set of employee management strategies from one culture to the other, without taking into consideration the working behaviour and laws of the host country. This leads to employee turnover and de motivates the remaining employees. Consequently, the operations of the company are hindered and it affects the overall functioning of the company (Dr. Mohan Dass, 2019). Additionally, excess bureaucracy and regulations (red tape) also obstruct dynamic adaptation and entrepreneurial activities of multinational firms in Europe. There has been evidence that administrative red tape in UK hinders many businesses, while their counterparts in USA thrive due to less administrative regulations (Wesley Kaufmann, 2018).

For example, Wal-Mart opened a chain of 84 stores in Germany in 1997. The owners wanted to tap into Germany’s frugal lucrative discount department market. However, it failed to take into account the cultural and government’s layered regulations. Germany’s intricate labour laws, restricted working hours, rows of regulatory red tape made it harder for Walmart to crack the market. For instance, Wal-Mart did not adhere to fair trade practices under German law. The German law prohibited it to sell the goods below cost price, yet Wal-Mart was found guilty of selling goods below cost. Finally, Wal-Mart pulled out of Germany in 2006, at the cost of 1billion USD (Barbaro, 2006).

Poor marketing strategies:

The rise of globalization has transformed the realm of business marketing altogether with the introduction of digital marketing platforms such as social networking sites and other online applications. Most of start-ups and small businesses do not take into account the potential impact and importance of digital platforms for marketing purposes. Marketing realm is constantly changing and according to 67% marketers, marketing is evolving at light speed (Sands, 2014). Multichannel Marketing is on the rise currently, where businesses and start-ups try to engage their customers via multiple channels such as social media sites, electronic and print media etc. However, enthusiastic new start-ups and in some cases small to medium enterprises have lagged behind in their PR strategies, which take a toll on their business growth. According to CBInsights, poor marketing has led to failure of 14% start-ups out of 101 in UK (CBInsights , 2019). Moreover, sometimes well-intentioned marketing campaigns turn out to be biggest blunders, when businesses fail to go through the mandatory three strategic business marketing phases namely planning phase, swot analysis and marketing mix strategy (McDonald, 2006). Poor swot analysis often lead to poor decisions regarding the launch of products and targeted customers.

The American fashion brand, Abercrombie & Fitch, was one of the trendiest and leading names in fashion industry in early 2000s, for casual wear and accessories. Their target clients were the teens, who were impressed by the pop culture of 2000s. However, in 2006 the CEO of A&B came out with a poor marketing statement, which was offensive and scandalous. The CEO said that their target clients were good-looking people and they would prefer to burn their clothes instead of catering to the clients that do not meet the criterion of beauty. This statement was considered poor in taste and led to public criticism. After this fiasco, the store is completely out of touch with its target clients. Now the company is trying hard to rebrand, yet it remains one of the most hated brands in US (Taylor, 2017).

Poor entrepreneurial skills:

Entrepreneurship has positively changed world economies (Quadrini, 2000). Research studies have talked about different factors that influence the success or failure of a business and entrepreneurship is one of them. Effective entrepreneurship skills contribute to growth success of their business (Dafna, 2008). Entrepreneurship skills represent entrepreneurial competence. It refers to a collection of abilities that lead towards sustainable business diversity of organization’s resources and opportunities (Widji Astuti, 2019). Some researchers have described the entrepreneurship as a wide term, with different dimensions. According to Kotzhanova, there are four dimensions of entrepreneurship. They are technical skills, managerial skills, entrepreneurship skills and personal maturity skills (T. Kutzhanova, 2009). Other researchers have included leadership skills and innovation skills in this list as well.

Moreover, there is also a subjective dimension to entrepreneurship skills and their link to business success/failure. The intentions of entrepreneurs play a significant role for growth of a business, which include factors such as financial implications, contributions to community, work family balance, stress and loss of control among many others. The external factors that affect the performance and growth of entrepreneurship initiatives include management capability, funding, shortage of orders, poor product services, marketing capacity among others (Cooney, 2012).

Poor entrepreneurial skills were one of the many reasons that the famous British Home Stores (BHS) went out of business after 88 years of service. In the earlier decades, it enjoyed huge success in UK including a place on FTSC100 index. However, the incompetent entrepreneurs with the lack of creativity could not keep up with the growth standards. The poor shopping environments, personal greed of leadership and recklessness of its owner Sir Phillip Green were the major reasons of its downfall (Quinn, 2016).  Moreover, the debts of £1.3 billion including liabilities of £571 million proved to be the last nail in the costly coffin of BHS. Finally, Sir Philip Green sold the company for £1 to the investors (Curwen, 2016).

Failure to re-align/adapt goals:

Change is the only constant factor in the life cycle of a business enterprise. Usually businesses start with a business model and stick to that model in order to attain certain goals and objectives. However, sometimes the rigidity to stick to unmodified business models and structures may lead to decline an enterprise. In business world, change is inevitable and a prerequisite for growth and success (Cornett, 2011). Additionally, management’s unwillingness to change and adapt the goals is another reason behind slow organizational change. A firm’s routine business strategy turns into its behaviour and it becomes an impediment towards bringing change. The inadequate innovative ability of a business organization can also be a cause of slow or low business adaptation. Such a situation makes it difficult to take risky and critical decisions at the right moments, hence leading to the loss of potential business opportunities (George Wright, 2004).

In this age of digital revolution, the businesses and organizations are required to go digital in their operations. However, statistics have shown that most organizations resist digital transformation and lose potential customers thereof. According to a report, 56% CEOs have admitted that digital transformation has led to increased revenue (Morgan, 2019). Slow change or realignment of goals often lead to losing competition among the competitors that are more inclined to change their policies according to circumstance (Hughes, 2018).

The best example in this regard can be provided by dissecting IBM’s history. The multinational technology company, IBM, was launched in 1960s. It had a breakthrough when it designed a family of computers to cover a complete range of applications. However, in early 1990s the tech giant failed to adjust to the personal computer revolution, heralding the downfall of IBM. Nonetheless, IBM quickly adjusted its policies and priorities, started to work on its shortcomings. Further, its management changed and the new management succeeded in turning around the company’s fortune consequently (Markoff, 1991).

Poor customer support services:

Customer support services have taken the front seat in this technology driven business environment. Instant feedback mechanisms and tools lead to instant reviews of customer services by bloggers, reviewers, analysts and public. Therefore, streamlining customer support services should be priority for businesses and start-ups that are venturing to grow and establish themselves. However, bad customer services may turn the tables for even a throbbing business organization and latest statistics endorse this trend.

Bad customer services cost $62 billion to businesses across the globe annually (Hyken, 2016). Bad customer service is defined as an inability of a business organization in order to meet the expectations of its customers in terms of quality, response time or overall customer experience. Poor customer services can be in any form such as putting customers on hold for too long, using negative language by staff, lack of empathy of agents, asking customers to repeat, rude attitude of agents among others (Bhat). According to Salesforce Research, around 89% of customers are expected to make another purchase after a good customer service experience (Mulcahy, 2020).

Bad customer services may result due to a number of factors including putting wrong people at desks, employee burnout, lack of training of staff members, inclusion of dysfunctional advanced applications, ignoring the value of customers’ time, increased pressure from customers, software errors, etc. Bad customer services often result in loss of customers, loss of profit, loss of employee, increase in debts, negative reputation and overall decline of a business. According to Global Customer Service survey report of Microsoft, 62% customers switched brands due to poor customer services in 2018 (Dynamics, 2018).

A case customer services blunder unlocked during a twitter exchange between an Austrian user and T-Mobile Austria’s official account. The twitter user asked whether the T-Mobile stored the user passwords in clear texts, the official account of the mobile company replied casually in affirmative. It led to a heated discussion on twitter from privacy and ethical perspective. However, the backlash forced the mobile company to announce that they were no longer saving the password details of their users (Kan, 2018).

Discussion:

An organization is a structured social unit, where people work collectively for common goals (R. M. Burton, 2004). The management structures of organizations determine the relationships among various activities and members; subdivides roles, assign roles, responsibilities and authority to perform different tasks. The organizational structures and related activities are required to be coordinated in order to excel in business endeavours (Kuprenas, 2003). Coordination refers to bringing different areas and units together through communication, leadership, IT, marketing, culture, routines, incentives, training and procedures (A. H. Van de Ven, 1976). The major reasons that have been discussed above are the most common among the businesses that have failed over the years, they include

(a) Lack of relative leadership

(b) Lack of management control

(c) Communication gap among the internal management

(d) Lack of adequate managerial experience

(e) Inappropriate pricy strategies

(f) Lack of control on cash flow

(g) Theft of assts in cyber security attacks

(h) Lack of market research

(i) Bad debt

(j) Hesitation in going for organizational change

(k) Corruption and malpractices of management, unrealistic goals

(l) Lack of preliminary cultural knowledge, red tape protocols

(m) Poor marketing strategies

(n) Poor entrepreneurial skills

(o) Failure to re-align goals

(p) Poor customer support services

The business organizations that are discussed above had different organizational structures in place including functional, Divisional, matrix, and flat. For example, Nokia had functional and product based organizational structures in place earlier. It had different functional groups like finance function, human resource function and engineering function. However, the market competition by other mobile companies led Nokia to come up with the new organizational structure that was combination of both functional and divisional structure to put more focus on power, resources and products. Nokia came up with the divisions such as market division, functional groups, and smart devices divisions etc. In the new matrix structure, there was more flexibility for competitiveness. However, during the course of time many issues arose and, Nokia’s market value declined by 90% a few years after Apple’s arrival (Lee, 2013). The core reason behind Nokia’s fiasco revealed by case studies afterwards was its leadership. The temperamental leaders and frightened middle managers of Nokia did not push for the much-needed changes and did not tell the truth for fear of being terminated. It has also been revealed that the top leadership knew that its operating systems could not compete with Apple’s IOS, yet they did not acknowledge it for fear of losing investors, suppliers and customers. The inexperience of middle managers in tackling the issue was also a contributing factor in this fiasco. Instead, the middle managers/leadership lied to the top leadership, which lacked technical competence in order to see through the cover ups of their leaders and managers (Minds, 2018). This led to the management’s failure to re-align goals according to changing market competition. For instance, it was only in 2008 that Nokia’s management thought about entering the software realm. Likewise, there is the example of JCPenny that managed one of the largest retail businesses. However, the new manager Ron Johnson’s tenure as CEO of JCPenny led the company towards decline. Mostly, the reason was the inadequate managerial expertise of CEO; as after his successor Mike Ullman took control, the retail business restarted its uphill journey (Mourdoukoutas, 2017).

In another example, the CEO of WorldCom’s greed and malpractices led to the bankruptcy of the telecommunication giant. As the hierarchical organizational structure of WorldCom offered more authority to the CEO and some board of directors. The board of directors only acted as rubber stamp management and endorsed all the fraudulent activities of CEO in order to create false reputations that helped the organization in obtaining investors (Verma, 2004). However, the European regulators doubted the inflated statistics offered by the management of WorldCom and finally they found out about the discrepancies in their accounts.

Moreover, poor customer services, unrealistic goals and poor market research are somewhat interconnected issues of businesses that play a major role in promotion of business, obtaining new clients, creating sound reputation and overall success/failure of marketing campaigns. KFC, a popular global fast food chain has divisional organizational structure. Such a structure divides organizations into numerous units based on operational requirements. Each division has the responsibility to handle specific operations, campaigns and other stuff. However, such a big shot can also not escape marketing failures, due to poor market research.

For instance, the Oprah Winfrey fiasco where the customers were rendered unsatisfied due to huge influx of customers on free chicken. The marketing team did not anticipate the huge number of customers, did not take into account the social media hype that the campaign obtained (Kludt, 2009). Consequently, the campaign ended up staining the name of popular food chain giant. Further, the issue of unrealistic goals is the major cause of failure of most of start-ups. The over-ambitious newcomers in the field of business often set unrealistic goals for their firms and end up failing in the early duration of businesses (Berryman, ,1982). Such start-ups follow flat structures with little authoritative control over expenses and resources. The example of ‘Best Buy; is fitting in this regard. Although, it was an established firm, yet it failed to gauge the true potential of its operations.

Additionally, IBM also has divisional organizational structure; the divisions are geographic, regional, and product-based. The decision-making is carried out by evaluating and investigating the overall performance of many divisions spread on many geographical/ regional arenas. The structure was the leading technology company with diverse operations and products. However, in late 1990s, the company’s indecision and lack of co-ordinated efforts in going for personal computers jolted the company for a time being. A quick revisit of its policies and realignment of objectives brought the company right on track (Markoff, 1991). The company did not change the organizational structure altogether, instead made the necessary changes to make it more profitable and competitive. Here, we can say that the organizational structures may be one of the contributing factors towards the success/failure of a business. However, the mandatory changes and adaptations can change the situation altogether in terms of reputation and revenue.

Further, the T mobile company is a telecommunication giant; has branches in many European countries including Austria, follows hierarchical structure. As discussed earlier, a hierarchical structure concentrates power in a few stakeholders and given that it is a multinational company, there are many employees. One of the disadvantages of hierarchical structure is that it creates a huge distance between the leaders and employees. The communication gap often leads to issues within the employees, leaders, or investors. Moreover, the training of employees also proves to be somewhat lacking when it comes to dealing with customers and their satisfaction. One such example, where the employees ended up being too blunt with customers happened when Austrian branch of T mobile company’s official twitter account responded that they store the first four letters of their users (Kan, 2018). It led to public backlash and ended with an apology and announcement from the company that it no longer pursued the policy of storing user passwords.

In case of British Home Stores (BHS), the investigators had delved into the real issues that led to its decline and came up with the reasons such as poor administrative control, personal greed of Sir Philip Green, poor risk management and poor corporate governance (J. Stimpson, 2013). Moreover, the consumer market had revolutionized with the digitalization. However, the BHS did not have an online presence. It totally ignored the potential of online shoppers and only relied on shoppers who wanted to shop in-stores (Ruddick, 2016). The business model of BHS did not consider all these facts and certainly did not go for the important changes. The hierarchical structure was being followed by BHS and it created communication issues, governance issues, administrative control issues as well as bad debt. Although, we cannot say that the hierarchical structure was the reason of the retail store, yet it was one of the core-contributing factors. The foundation of policies and activities of a company are dictated under the organizational structure that is being followed by the said company.

Furthermore, the administrative red tape in Europe is the bane for many start-ups and other businesses. Many start-ups and small to medium enterprises in Europe are the victims of over regulations and administrative red tape. They require the reduction of red tape protocols in order to boost competition and remove extra burden from the nascent and established businesses. The former Prime Minister of Finland was also seen to be endorsing the same at a roundtable in Brussels (Europe, 2018). The member of European Young Leaders forum also confessed that red tape slows down businesses and it proves to be the reason behind the failure of countless start-ups (European Young Leaders). In this case we can quote the example of Wal-Mart’s failed initiative in Germany, where the strict regulations of the country’s labour and work ethics was one of the many reasons behind the failure of Wal-Mart. Here, we can see that it is not always the organizational structure, which is responsible for complete failure of an organization. Sometimes, the external matters force the companies and businesses to bend that want to do business in multiple geographical locations (Boyd, 2021).

Next, cyber security measures and recovery systems of business organizations also play a vital role in success of failure in this technology driven age. Many large size businesses are investing in cyber security heavily due to dangerous increase in the number of attempted and successful cyber attacks on them (Rohit Kalakuntla, 2020). The businesses are expected to grow smoothly, where the organizational structure puts more emphasis on the importance installing cyber security measures and software (Mihaela, 2019). According to a global research and advisory firm, Gartner, the worldwide spending on Cybersecurity is estimated to reach $133.7billion by 2022. It means that firms and businesses are taking the issue of cyber security seriously across the globe.

In this case, the apple’s iCloud scandal has been discussed earlier. The cyber security vulnerabilities not only mar the reputation of affected businesses but also hinder the progress and anticipated outcomes of business initiatives. Almost all the giant business chains and stores had been affected by the cyber security challenge in the form of ransom ware attacks, phishing attacks, virus attacks, cloud attacks and IoT attacks among others. Companies like Google, Apple, social media sites (Facebook, Twitter), hotel chains (Marriot Hotels) had been among the most famous ones to be attacked by hackers (Irwin, 2021). Different companies according to their requirements in order to address the issue of cyber security are deploying all of the major organizational structures. The large and multinational firms and businesses can afford dedicated security systems and blockchain systems, while the small to medium and most start-ups are working towards creating secure business environment within their limited resources (McAndrew, 2018). Although, in this age, a business can never be completely secure form potential cyber attacks and threats.

Conclusion:

In the paper the major organizational structures and their potential relationships with the failure of businesses have been discussed. After the discussion, we can safely say that no single organizational structure is perfect for all the organizations. Different organizations, with different sizes, volumes, anticipated goals, requirements, and different rules make use of different organizational structures in their entirety or partially (John J. Fay, 2018). We can say that the organizational structures do play an important role in the smooth sailing of a business, assign duties, responsibilities, and create divisions/departments and so on. Yet, the external and internal issues of organizations also play major role in the success or failure of an initiative. It is also important to note however, an organizational structure should not be rigid. It should have flexibility to be moulded and adapted according to budgetary considerations, evolving goals and changing circumstances of a business enterprise (Charles A. Sennewald, 2016).

We can also conclude that the organizational structures with lesser layers of management sometimes work best for businesses such as horizontal and vertical structures. However, in other instances matrix, flat or lines structures may also be the contributing factors for growth of a business entity. The reasons that have been discussed in the paper are the most common ones for failure of an initiative, campaign, start-up or an established. In order to turn the tables, the business organizations have to be more vigilant and proactive. Best managerial practices are at the heart of successful businesses (A. V. Bruno, 1987).

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[lucarioisinthevoid]

both puppets, Scraptrap, Scrap baby, music man, normal chica, mr. hippo, and finally nightmare fredbear. we need a good mix, you know?

(Thanks for the request, I will get jumpscared SO bad and I’m excited to find out by who. Edit: No longer excited, hated it, I needed to pay attention to the audio because of Chica and Marion, hope the chapter will be more fun for it. Full disclosure, in my first run I died ten seconds in due to Nightmarionne, so- I did a second one that escalated just as badly. I’m an idiot, RIP Henry. Warning for a tiny bit of torture at the end, not TOO prolonged, but it’s gonna be there!)

“Alright.” Henry sat there with Helpy in front of a giant spreadsheet, showing little portrays of all the animatronics. “Am I actually supposed to believe that Foxy can throw in all of his parts one by one? And then repair himself to attack me?” “Yep!” The little bear happily confirmed. “… I do not have a choice aside from accepting it, do I?” “Yep!” “And how do I tell that he is here?” “A little figure on your desk! If it’s Bonnie, Bonnie is out, if there is Foxy, Foxy is out!” “Why… is Bonnie in Foxy’s cove?” Helpy shrugged. “Funtime Foxy doesn’t share, so there’s only one cove.” MY GOD. THERE WAS ONLY ONE COVE- Irritated Henry frowned, but he chose to ignore it. “… is there a way for me to tell who is there in general? I feel like having to check every single place on the camera is somewhat difficult and rather unfair.” Before he could say anything, the sheet turned grey, only leaving a selected few of them bright and colorful. His eyes went from one portray of the Marionette to the other. “… why thank you.” Helpy looked at the selection, frowning a little. “Oh… that’s… that’s not good. Uhm, Mr. Miller?” The man had stood up by now, making his way towards the door. “… yes?” “… you should keep the global music box on for tonight. B-but not too loud!” “… thanks you for the advice.” With that he exited the room, the weirdly cold main area greeting him instead. Making his way right towards the office, his mind was buzzing with a few questions to himself. These questions were only amplified when he entered the now more normal seeming office, seeing a rather familiar face. “You.” “Me!” Cheerfully Scrap Baby responded. “Good to see you again, bitchass.” “Excuse me-“ “Apology accepted.” She put her skaters on the table, waiting for Henry to sit down on the other side- which he did, seeing as he hardly had another choice. “Look at you. MISERABLE. I love it!” “… and I enjoy seeing you all scrapped up, made out of trash and metal scraps. However, I have the satisfaction of knowing that you are in this condition because of me. You, however, do not.” Leaning over, the girl let her claw snap. “… you are a brave boy, Miller… let’s see how brave you’ll be when I test how easily I can behead you with my claw!” Henry’s hand was hovering over the button for the electronic shock and she noted, leaning back again. He had the shock, she had her claw… it was only a matter of time to see who could react quicker. A raspy, broken voice sounded from the back. “Wow… look at you two… getting along like a house on fire… I almost don’t want to interrupt… a l m o s t.” Instantly Henry looked down, flipping up the monitor to activate the global music box and reset the ventilation, as well as spotting the animatronic in the duct system and quickly placing a lure. The nightmarish animatronic chuckled. “Oh, Henry… don’t you want to look at me…?” “Seeing as it will take me life… no.” Despite his words, he sneaked a short glance at the creature- it was hard to ignore, so giant and unnatural, his curiosity was begging him to take a look. “… as much as I hate to be rude.” His head felt feverish, there was something wrong. Baby was from his old home. She referred to the things they had gone through together. Not that it was much, but it was there. And then there was the monstrous creature, one he knew could exist, but never came to fruition. This place of course wasn’t tied to time and space, but it seemed this place wasn’t even tied to a single-strained reality. It would also explain why everyone seemed to know him. That threw up a few more questions though, for example, if the souls roaming were actually- He could hear the global music box playing, as well as Chica’s rummaging in the back. When he lowered the camera again, he stared to the side, trying his hardest to not look at the creature, while keeping an eye on Baby and her position. “… you will look. Eventually. I know. You know. Why are you drawing out the inevitable, Henry? I thought you hated that.” “It is not inevitable.” Henry said, his voice full of confidence, but his eyes remained on the corner to the side. If he just kept the routine up, then- … dear god. The power was draining a little bit too quickly for his liking. Was the music box this much of a strain? It wasn’t too bad yet, if he kept things going it might would be tight, but not impossible- Out of nowhere an obnoxious voice sounded. "Uh-oh! How unfortunate! Uh-oh! How unfortunate! I know how much you like to fight, so I'll add a new problem to your night!" Snapping around, Henry spotted a girl- ANOTHER DAMN BALLOON CHILD- stand in a corner, snickering to herself, watching him with glee. “Wh-what!? Who are you?” But as he asked that, the entire screen started to rumble and quake, something was coming from the left, it was coming FAST, it must have been something INCREDIBLE RAGEFUL and in a blind panic he smashed all the doors to that side close. The lights flickered off for a second and the Balloon Girl disappeared- the creature however had been locked out. It felt like it was too close- his brain wasn’t supposed to react that panicked! Had that been Dave? Really? It sounded like- His mind was a mess. The Nightmarionette chuckled, now lounging at the right side of the office. For some reason Baby snickered too. “What is so funny?!” He hissed, quickly flipping through the cameras, checking the vents and airduct cameras, trying desperately to find who this creature had added- Then his eyes lowered down to the energy that was being wasted. Rapidly it decreased. No, no, the global music box couldn’t be draining THIS much power, right?! Was it even possible to keep the global music box playing all night? Twenty-four percent at two AM. No way he could do it. Frustrated he looked to the side, wondering who exactly would come for him once the lights were out. Would the puppet or Chica come into the office? Taking revenge for being deprived of their other form of entertainment? He hadn’t seen the Nightmare Fredbear for the entirety of the night, something that slightly disappointed him. The only nightmarish creature he was allowed to see was the one he wasn’t allowed to look at. Now it was actually inevitable to die- and the machines in front of him enjoyed it, obviously. The way they looked at each other made it clear they were deciding on who would get the honors. With a headache Henry glanced at his deactivated tablet. … if they were unlucky, then the newly arrived stranger would be the one getting to strike first. “Why are you so quiet, Henry? Bear got your tongue?” “… was there anything left to talk about?” Baby snickered. “Maybe you should cut that attitude. Or I’ll cut your tongue out… both would fix it!” “That is not a conversation worth having, at least in my eyes. I am open for a counterpoints, but us talking about it will not aid either of us. Correct?” Ten percent. It was still draining quickly, instantly down to double digits, and it just had turned to three AM. “Any last words?” Baby asked. Henry just tsked, closing all the doors and glancing at her. “Get it over already. Boasting is not a polite thing to do.” She clacked her claw. “You just want to get me shocked before going down.” “If that is what you think.” A few heartbeats now- Then the lights went down. … what a familiar noise indeed… Slowly it went darker and darker, the afterglow of the lamps fading fast. Henry breathed slowly, listening in, trying to guess who was approaching to kill him. From the side, the Nightmarionnette moved closer, putting a heavy claw on his shoulder, leaning down. Its bright white eyes and shining teeth were the only thing still seeing- aside from the stripes, vaguely. Henry stared inside them, without showing fear. “Henry…” “Yes, Charlie?” “… you left the right door locked up until now.” For a moment Henry was frozen, then he slapped his own face. “I am such an idiot.” “Now, now, do not damage the goods… that is my job!” Picking him up carefully, like a little doll, the Nightmarion let one of his claws move over Henry’s stomach- Henry just hanging in the grasp, stubbornly refusing to fight back. “… will I go to actual hell after this?” The machine laughed, it sounded a bit like a circular saw, a far distance away. “Henry! This IS your hell! And… the nightmare is just beginning.” With that he dug his claws inside of his body, right at the chest. It was a horrible crushing feeling, the pressure on his skin, of his lungs growing stronger and stronger until it broke open, blinding white pain, opening up- One claw peeled off the skin, the other aimed right for the heart, pulling it out until separating it with and abrupt RIP- … how was he still conscious, this was far too much pain, far too much damage, how was he- how was he still conscious... Fascinated the machine looked at the heart. “You have one! What a surprise. Now… to the real test.” It took it to his maw, shoving it against his teeth, opening it up, tearing it to pieces, as a long tongue slipped out, catching a few bloody drops, while another few dropped on the ground, joining the pool from where Henry was being held. “… I do like the taste…” With that it reached out again, reaching in- And that was thankfully the last thing he experienced before fading away. He woke back up on the couch, coughing abruptly, feeling close to dry heaving- Stumbling over, he got himself a glass of water. Then he sat down next to the sink, trying to breathe more regularly. … it would get better. He would get better.

[vvfitcom-blog]

Psychiatry | Psychiatrist | Psychiatric Problems - VVFIT.COM

Psychiatry : Bio Medical Global Health IoT Automated Network — VVFIT.COM

How do we define psychiatry?

Definition of Psychiatry : Psychiatry is an important part of modern medical science. It mainly studies the etiology, symptom characteristics and clinical consultation, clinical diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation, social management, judicial appraisal and assessment of mental disorders.

What does psychiatry mean?

Meaning of Psychiatry : Modern psychiatry includes the diagnosis and treatment of various mental disorders, neurosis, psychosomatic diseases or mental disorders accompanied by physical diseases, communication adaptation disorders, personality disorders, sexual psychological biases and many types of children’s intellectual or moral developmental disorders. Psychiatry theoretically involves medical genetics, psychological development and social sciences and is combined with psychological counseling in clinical practice.

Common Disease Name:Psychology

English Name:Psychiatry

Medical Department:Psychiatry

Psychiatry Degree: MD for full fledged practice

Common Symptoms in psychiatric problems

Different degrees of mental developmental disorders characterize clinical manifestations.

Genetic defects: Genetic mutations, polygenic inheritance are the main factors. Cultural background, physical condition, and personality characteristics are genetically predisposable.

Environmental Induction: Individual life experience, social status, cultural background, etc. may be induced to varying degrees to affect the patient’s disease and life.

Perception is feeling and perception. Various attributes of objective things in the human brain and by means of past experience form the complete impression.

1. Sensory Disorders

These are more common in organic diseases of the nervous system and snoring:

i. Sensitization Allergies increase the sensitivity to general external stimuli, such as the harshness of sunlight, the harshness of sound and the uncomfortable feeling of touching the skin. This is more common in neurosis, menopause syndrome and so on.

ii. Decreased sensation is reduced sensitivity to general external stimuli, and the sensory threshold is increased. Patients are slightly or completely unable to perceive strong stimuli (the latter is called anesthesia). Seen in depression, stupor, and disturbance of consciousness. We can see deprivation of sensation n hysteria and is called switching symptoms such as blindness and deafness.

iii. Internal perceptual discomforts are all kinds of uncomfortable and / or unbearable strange sensations that happen to generate inside the body, such as pulling, squeezing, swimming, and ants crawling. The nature is difficult to describe. There is no clear local positioning, and the concept of suspected disease can be secondary. More common in neurosis, schizophrenia, depression and somatization disorders.

2. Perceptual Disorders

Changes in the strength and nature of perception:

Intensity: Patients show better feelings than usual during manic episodes. The opposite is true during depressive episodes with worse feelings than usual.

Nature: Often unpleasant or with distortion. As some patients with schizophrenia describe, the taste of flowers is particularly irritating and spicy, and the taste of food is particularly unpleasant.

I. Illusion is an object’s wrong perception of objective things: Illusions can occur in normal people, but after the conditions are improve or are explained. Normal people’s illusions can quickly recognize errors and correct them quickly. Illusions usually occur in the following four situations.

i. Illness occurs when the sensory stimulus level is reduced due to poor sensory conditions.

ii. Illusion occurs when the inte lligibility of perception is reduced due to fatigue and inattention.

iii. Illness occurs when the consciousness level of the object decreases.

iv. Illusion occurs when the emotion is in a certain strong state.

II. Hallucination is a kind of perceptual experience that occurs when an object person lacks the corresponding external stimuli acting on the sensory organs. Hallucinations have two characteristics:

i. realistic perception experience, not imagination

ii. Most hallucinations come from the outside world. Normal people can also experience hallucinations which mainly occur before falling asleep and after waking up. Normal hallucinations are usually transient and simple, such as hearing a bell or a person’s name.

a. Auditory hallucination: Auditory hallucination m eans that the patient can hear various sounds when there is no sounding object. This is one of the most common hallucinations. If what the patient hears is speech conversation, it is called speech auditory hallucination. If the speech content is a review of the patient’s words and actions, it is called a critical auditory hallucination. If the content of the speech is to order the patient to do something, it is called an imperative auditory hallucination. Speech auditory hallucinations, especially critical auditory hallucinations and command auditory hallucinations, are more common in schizophrenia.

Thinking ringing or thinking sound means that the patient hears his thoughts when he thinks about them. Functional auditory hallucination refers to the fact that when the patient hears the stimulus of the actual object, the auditory hallucination occurs. The auditory hallucination and the realistic stimulus coexist and disappear simultaneously. Functional auditory hallucinations are mainly found in schizophrenia.

b. Visual hallucinations: Visual hallucinations refer to patients seeing objects when no object appears in front of their eyes. Visual hallucinations often appear alongside other hallucinations. Visual hallucinations are rich and diverse, and the image of an object can be clear and indistinct. There are objects with large hallucinations (giant hallucinations) and small hallucinations (both villain hallucinations). Patients’ attitudes towards visual hallucinations can be participants or bystanders. Visual hallucinations are more common in organic disorders such as delirium, poisoning, and epilepsy, but also in functional mental disorders such as schizophrenia.

c. Olfactory hallucinations: Olfactory hallucinations refer to patients who smell special odors without objective material stimulation. Smell is usually an unpleasant taste for some patients. In schizophrenia, olfactory hallucinations are often in combination with other hallucinations and delusions. For a single phantom smell, temporal lobe epilepsy or temporal lobe organic damage needs to be considerable.

d. Taste hallucinations: Taste hallucinations refer to patients who have a special taste without objective material stimulation. Most taste hallucinations are things that patients have come across before, such as unpleasant tastes. Common in patients with schizophrenia and epilepsy.

e. Tactile hallucination: Tactile hallucination refers to the feeling that the skin and mucous membranes are touching when there is no objective material stimulation. The patient feel s contact, acupuncture, insect crawling, and electrical inductance on or under the skin or mucous membranes. Tactile hallucinations are more common in schizophrenia, but also in peripheral neuritis and poisoning. Sexual organ contact sensation, called sexual hallucinations, can be found in schizophrenia and hysteria.

If the patient feels that the lips are moving, it is called speech motor hallucinations. If you feel that your limbs and torso are moving, it is called psychomotor hallucination. If the patient feels out of balance. It is called vestibular hallucination when you are on the inclined or rotating ground and hold the armrest tightly. Motor hallucinations are found in schizophrenia and organic diseases of the brain stem.

g. Reflective hallucinations: Reflective hallucinations refer to the hallucinations that occur when one sensory organ of a patient is stimulated , and the other hallucinations are seen in schizophrenia and hysteria.

In short, hallucinations can occur in various mental disorders, occasionally in normal people. However, taste hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, proprioception hallucinations, thinking sounds or thought-making sounds, functional hallucinations and reflex hallucinations are more common in schizophrenia.

According to the source of hallucination experience, it is divided into true hallucination and pseudo hallucination.

True hallucinations: Hallucinations that patients experience are vivid, just like the external objective image, exist in the external objective space, and patients obtain them through the sense organs. Patients often recount that this was what they saw and heard. As a result, patients are often convinced and respond to the hallucinations accordingly.

Pseudo hallucinations: The hallucinations are not vivid and vivid, and their generation takes place in the subjective space of the patient, such as the brain and the body. Hallucinations are not obtained through sensory organs. If you hear voices in your belly, you can see a human figure in your head without your own eyes. Although the image of hallucinations is different from general perception, the patient often believes that he did hear or see it with a high degree of conviction.

According to the conditions produced by hallucinations, they can be divided into functional hallucinations, reflex hallucinations, hallucinations before going to bed and psychogenic hallucinations.

Psychogenic hallucinations are hallucinations that occur under the influence of strong psychological factors. The contents of hallucinations are closely relatable to psychological factors and we can find them in psychogenic psychosis and hysteria.

Pre-sleeping hallucinations: This kind of hallucinations occur before falling asleep. Patients can see the hallucinations by closing their eyes. Most of them are hallucinations, such as various animals, landscapes or individual parts of the human body. It is similar to the experience of sleeping.

Functional Illusion in Psychiatry

Reflex hallucinations Reflex hallucinations refer to the hallucinations that a sensory organ of a patient produces when they are stimulated.

III. Perceptual Comprehensive Disorder in Psychiatry

This refers to patients who can perceive objective things, but they have wrong perceptions of certain individual attributes such as size, shape, color, distance and spatial location, which are more common in epilepsy:

a. Deformed Vision

Patients feel that the surrounding people or objects have changed in size, shape, and volume. Seeing an object’s image larger than it actually is called a visually significant disease. For example, seeing his father becomes a giant with his head on the roof. For example: an adult male patient feels that the bed he sleeps is the size of a crib, and thinks that he cannot sit on his own body while sleeping.

ii. Disorder of spatial perception: The patient feels that the distance of things around has changed, for example, the car has entered the platform while waiting, and the patient still feels that the car is far away from him.

iii. Comprehensive disorder of time perception: Patients experience incorrect perception of the speed of time. If you feel that time is passing, you seem to be in a “space-time tunnel”, and things in the outside world change unusually fast. Or you may feel that there is solidification in time. The years are no longer passing, and things outside are stagnating.

iv. Non-photorealistic patients feel that the surrounding things and environment have changed and become unreal. The visual object is like a layer of curtains, like a stage set, and the surrounding houses, trees, etc. are made of cardboard and lifeless. People around seem like lifeless puppets, etc. This patient has self-awareness. We can find them in depression, neurosis and schizophrenia.

Thinking is the indirect and generalized reflection of objective things by the human brain, an important feature of human spiritual activity, and an advanced stage of the cognitive process. Thinking is based on feelings and perceptions, and is expressed through words and words. Thinking includes analysis, comparison, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, judgment, reasoning and other processes. The thinking of a normal person has the following characteristics:

i. Purposefulness in psychiatry which means that thinking is carried out consciously around a certain purpose

ii. Coherence in psychiatry which means that concepts in the thinking process are connected and interconnected

iii. Logic in psychiatry means the thinking process. There is some truth and logic.

iv. Practicality, correct thinking can be tested by objective practice. The clinical manifestations of thinking disorders are various, including thinking form disorders, thinking content disorders and thinking attribute disorders.

I. Thinking form obstacles include associative obstacles and thinking logic obstacles. The common symptoms are as follows:

i. Thinking Ben Yi, also known as idea drifting, refers to the accelerated association of thinking and the increase in the number of associations. It is manifested that the patient’s thinking and conversation are very fast. One concept followed another, and a large number of concepts emerge, so that sometimes the patient has no time to express, or the listener cannot keep up with the patient’s speed. When speaking, the amount of speech increases significantly, the speed of speech becomes faster, and the flow of words continues. Often accompanied by the transfer of the environment, the sound is connected. Common in mania, but also in schizophrenia.

ii. Slow thinking, which means inhibition of association, refers to the slow association of thinking. It is characterized by a markedly slow amount of thinking activity, difficulty in association, difficulty in thinking, and slow response. The patient showed reduced speech volume, slow speaking speed, slow response, and a feeling of clumsy brain. More common in depression, but also in schizophrenia.

iii. Poor thinking Refers to empty thinking content and poor concepts and vocabulary. When patients answer questions, the main content is simple and empty. Patients often have a sense of emptiness in their brains. It is more common in schizophrenia, depression, cerebral organic mental disorders and mental retardation.

iv. Divergent thinking Refers to the purpose, coherence and logical obstacles of thinking. Each sentence of the patient can be established, and then there is no logical connection between the words and the words, so that others cannot understand what they are trying to explain. It is mainly seen in schizophrenia, but also in people with severe anxiety and reduced intelligence.

v. Breaking thinking Severe thinking is called breakup of thinking. It is mainly manifested in that each sentence of the patient is not a sentence, but it is shown as a pile of words and mixed words. This is more common in schizophrenia. For example, mixed words appear in the context of impaired consciousness, which is called incoherent thinking.

vi. Pathological repetitiveness Refers to the theme of the patient’s thinking process is sticky, staying on some minor issues. Can’t catch the main link. Patients add many unnecessary details when narrating one thing, and they cannot make things or questions concise. Mainly seen in epilepsy, but also in cerebral organic and senile mental disorders.

vii. Interruption of thinking aka thinking block / blockage: The patient’s consciousness was clear without obvious external interference, and the thinking process suddenly interrupted in a short time, or the speech suddenly stopped. It appears as a sudden pause when the patient speaks, and then start another topic. If the patient feels that the thinking at that time is being taken away by some external force, it is said that the thinking is taken away. Both symptoms are important symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, and can also be seen in normal people with fatigue, distracted attention, and patients with neurosis.

Pathological symbolic thinking refers to the use of concrete concepts that are not commonly understood by patients to represent abstract concepts, which cannot be understood by others without the patient’s interpretation. Belongs to the logic of thinking. This is common in schizophrenia.

New words and expressions refers to patients who create some words, graphics, and symbols, and give special meaning. Sometimes patients piece together irrelevant words into new words that represent some new meaning. Mainly seen in schizophrenia.

Logical perverted thinking: The main feature is that the reasoning lacks logic, neither premise nor basis, or inversion of cause and effect. The reasoning is strange and strange and incomprehensible. For example, a patient said, “I’m going to die because the computer is infected with a virus.” Can be seen in schizophrenia and paranoia.

Continuous speech refers to the patient repeating the answer to the first question continuously while answering the question. It is mainly seen in organic disorders such as dementia, but also in other mental disorders.

Stereotyped language means that the patient mechanically repeats some meaningless words or sentences. This is mainly seen in schizophrenia.

Imitation language means that the patient imitates the words of the people around him, and what the people say, the patient repeats. This is mainly seen in schizophrenia.

viii. Obsessive-compulsive thinking or compulsive thinking refers to a concept or the same content of thinking that repeatedly appears in the patient’s brain, knowing that it is not necessary, but it cannot be rid of. Compulsive thinking can be expressed as certain thoughts, repeated recall (compulsive recall), repeated thinking of meaningless problems (compulsive poor thinking), some opposing thoughts in the brain (compulsive opposing thinking), total It is to doubt whether your actions are correct (compulsive doubt). Compulsive thinking is often accompanied by compulsive actions. Seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is different from compulsive thinking. The former is clearly its own thoughts, appear repeatedly, and the content is repeated. The latter experiences that thinking is alien.

ix. Thinking Voices: When thinking, patients experience their thoughts and become voices, which can be heard by themselves and others. This is more common in schizophrenia.

Delusion in Psychiatry

Delusion is a pathological belief whose content is inconsistent with the facts and does not match the patient’s cultural level and social background. However, the patient is convinced that it is difficult to correct by using facts and reasoning. Paranoia is a content disorder.

Delusions are individual psychological phenomena, and collective beliefs, although unreasonable, sometimes cannot be attributed to delusions, such as religious superstition.

The difference between social life phenomena and delusions (prejudice, superstition, fantasy and overvalued ideas)

Prejudices: Prejudices are caused by people’s incorrect thinking methods or restrictions on their level of knowledge.

The concept of superstition was related to the social and cultural background of the time.

Imaginary content may be bizarre, but people can distinguish from reality and are not convinced.

The concept of overprice is a preconception with a strong emotional color, and it has a dominant position for a long time, but it can disappear when the emotional stability or the objective environment changes.

(3) Impairment of thinking attributes in Psychiatry: Normal people never doubt whether their thoughts belong to themselves or to others. Nor do they doubt whether their thoughts are not known by others. Common thinking attribute disorders are:

Thinking insertion refers to patients who think that certain ideas in their brains do not belong to themselves, but that someone from the outside world puts them into their brains through some technology or power. Often accompanied by victim delusions. If the patient experiences a compulsive emergence of a large number of unrealistic associations, it is called compulsive thinking. Both symptoms often appear suddenly and disappear quickly. It is of great significance for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Mind abstraction / stolen mind means that the patient thinks that his mind is gone and has been extracted and stolen by someone using some technique. Stolen patients often experience disruptions, in schizophrenia.

Dissemination of thoughts Patients feel that their thoughts are spread out in a special way, as if broadcasting has become known. Even if you don’t say your own thoughts, others will know that patients who are spreading their minds often show nervousness, are afraid to go out, and are accompanied by depression. Found in schizophrenia.

4. Forced ideas

Forced ideas are repetitive, continuous thoughts, impulses, or imaginations. Although they are clearly wrong, unnecessary, and unreasonable, it is difficult for patients to overcome and get rid of them. The content of forced thinking is unpleasant and painful. Patients think that these ideas are meaningless, ridiculous, and even unspeakable, so patients often feel pain. Resistance is a characteristic of obsessive ideas and a point of identification with delusion. Patients with obsessive-compulsive ideas often have anxiety and depression. The contents of compulsive thinking are: fear of getting dirty or getting sick, impulsive or aggressive behavior, cleansing, suspecting that you are sick, imagination or thoughts of sexual behavior, blasphemy thoughts.

The concept of coercion can be divided into the following types according to its expression.

Obsessive-compulsive thinking refers to the patient’s repeated and continuous emergence of some ideas.

Obsessive compulsive exhaustion means that the patient thinks over and over again, knowing that such thinking is unnecessary, but thinks over and over again.

Compulsive suspicion refers to the patient’s constant doubt or concern about what has been done, such as whether the door is closed.

Forced impulse / compulsive intention refers to the patient’s repetitive desire for some kind of impulse. Although he never takes concrete action, it makes the patient feel very nervous. Regardless of impulse desires, patients realize that this is unreasonable and restrained and never take action, which is the main point to distinguish from delusion.

Forced recall refers to the patient repeatedly recalling past events and experiences, knowing that it has no practical meaning, but cannot get rid of it, and constantly recall.

The concept of overprice is a misconception that predominates in consciousness, and its occurrence is generally based on facts. This kind of concept is one-sided and extreme, with strong emotional color, which obviously affects the patient’s behavior and other psychological activities. Its formation has a certain personality and realistic basis, and there are no logical reasoning errors. The difference between overvalued ideas and delusions is that their formation has a certain personality basis and realistic basis, the content is more in line with objective reality, and accompanied by a strong emotional experience. More common in personality disorders and psychogenic disorders.

Pathological jealousy syndrome, also known as Othello syndrome, is a psychiatric syndrome with a central symptom of jealousy and delusion of suspected spouse. The typical situation is seen in a person with a morbid personality. There are similar and lighter situations. The predisposing age is 30 to 40 years old, and the patient proves that his spouse has a new love with many plausible evidences, but often cannot tell the specific object. Repeated reconnaissance, interrogation, tracking, and torture for this purpose can last for several years. Attacks can occur and even spouses can be killed, just like Othello described by Shakespeare.

Emotions: The more basic inner experiences that are mainly associated with the physiological activities of the body and accompanied by obvious autonomic nervous responses are called emotions. Such as the pleasant feeling produced when watching a wonderful performance. Its duration is short and its stability is contextual.

Emotions: The high-level inner experiences associated with social and psychological activities are called emotions, such as friendship, aesthetics, love, and morality. It lasts for a long time and is both contextual and stable and long-term.

Mood: A lasting emotional state that affects an individual’s internal experience and behavior.

In psychiatric clinics, patients’ emotional disorders and affective disorders often appear at the same time, which is difficult to subdivide. Therefore, clinically, emotions and feelings are often used together.

In mental illness, affective disorder usually manifests in three forms, that is, changes in the nature of emotions, changes in emotional volatility, and changes in emotional coordination.

I. Emotional disorders refer to pathological emotional states that occupy a significant predominant position in a patient’s mental activity, whose intensity and duration are not compatible with the actual environmental stimulus. Mental symptoms can be considered only when the emotional response cannot be explained in terms of its situation and mood background.

i. Emotional high: Emotional high means that the patient’s mood is abnormally high and his mood is particularly pleasant. It is often accompanied by obvious exaggerated colors, which are common in manic episodes, schizoaffective disorders, and cerebral organic diseases. Patients with uneasy and contentious emotionally elevated states are called euphoria, and are more common in cerebral organic diseases or drunkenness.

ii. Depression means that the patient’s mood is abnormally low and his mood is depressed. Often inferiority, self-blame, self-sin, even self-harm, suicide. It is often accompanied by slow thinking, reduced movements, and changes in some physiological functions, such as loss of appetite, sleep disorders, and amenorrhea. Depression is common in depressive episodes, and is also seen in depressive states during schizophrenia and physical illness.

iii. Anxiety Morbid anxiety means that in the absence of corresponding objective factors, the patient has a state of extreme uneasy expectation, often accompanied by autonomic dysfunction and motor disturbance, and severe cases may have panic attacks. Anxiety is accompanied by severe motor disturbances, such as rubbing hands and feet, called agitation. Anxiety symptoms are most common in various anxiety disorders, and are also found in other mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, which can also occur on the basis of hallucinations and delusions.

iv. Fear refers to the anxious reaction that occurs when facing an adverse or dangerous situation. Fears are also accompanied by obvious symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. In severe cases, panic attacks can occur. Fear attacks often lead to resistance and escape. Terror is common in all kinds of phobias. It is also found in hallucinations, delusions, and delusions of other mental disorders.

II. Affective Volatility Disorders: Affective volatility disorders refer to emotional dysfunction, and patients show emotional instability, apathy, irritability, pathological passion and emotional numbness.

i. Irritability means that the patient’s irritable emotional / emotional response can be easily induced, and a slight stimulus can cause a strong emotional / emotional response, or an outbreak of anger. Common in fatigue, personality disorders, neurosis, mania, paranoid psychosis, cerebral organic mental disorder and physical disorders associated with mental disorders.

ii. Emotional instability refers to the poor emotional stability of patients, such as joy, anger, sorrow, and sadness, which can easily change, often fluctuating from one extreme to the other, appear moody, and may not necessarily have clear external factors. Common in cerebral organic mental disorders, epileptic psychosis, alcoholism, personality disorders. Mild emotional instability related to the external environment can be a manifestation of personality. Patients are extremely sad and sentimental, sobbing and crying at every turn, known as emotional fragility, are more common in hysteria, neurasthenia, and depression.

iii. Emotional indifference The patient is indifferent to objective things and his own situation, lacks the due inner experience and emotional response, and is in a state of no emotion. This is common in schizophrenia. If the patient’s emotional response to objective stimuli is significantly slower and the intensity is significantly reduced. It is called emotional retardation. This is common in schizophrenia, physical disorders, mental disorders, and dementia.

iv. Pathological passion refers to the sudden, intense and short-term emotional outbreak of a patient. Often accompanied by impulsive and destructive behavior, which cannot be fully recalled afterwards. Found in cerebral organic mental disorders, physical disorders associated with mental disorders, epilepsy, alcoholism, reactive psychosis, mental retardation associated with mental retardation, schizophrenia.

v. Emotional numbness The patient’s transient and deep state of emotional depression caused by very strong mental stimulation. For example, although the patient is in a state of extreme sadness or panic, but lacks the corresponding emotional experience and emotional response, it appears numb. Common in reactive mental disorders (acute stress disorder), snoring.

III. Barriers to emotional coordination Refer to the patients’ internal experience is not compatible with environmental stimuli and facial expressions, or their internal experience seems contradictory.

i. Emotional inversion refers to the contradiction between the patient’s emotional response and the environment’s non-stimulus, or the facial expression is inconsistent with their inner experience. This is more common in schizophrenia.

ii. Emotional naive means that the patient’s emotional response degenerates to the level of childhood, and is easily affected by intuition and instinctual activities, and lacks restraint. More common in hysteria and dementia.

iii. Patients with emotional contradictions refer to patients who experience two completely opposite emotions at the same time, but the patient does not feel the contradiction and opposition between the two emotions, and does not feel distressed and upset. Contradictory emotional experiences are simultaneously revealed and put into action. Common in schizophrenia.

Will is the mental process by which people consciously determine a purpose and govern their actions to achieve a predetermined goal. Will and emotion are closely related and penetrate each other. In the process of will, the act governed and controlled by the will is called the act of will. Common will disorders are the following:

I. ‘Enhanced will’ refers to the patient’s pathologically confident and stubborn actions. Common in paranoid psychosis, schizophrenia, etc.

II. Weakened refers to the patient’s lack of initiative and progress, and lack of determination and strength to overcome difficulties. Common in depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction.

III. Lack of will means that the patient’s will requirements significantly diminish or disappear. It is manifested as lack of motivation and requirements for any activity, life is passive, and everyone needs supervision and management everywhere. And often accompanied by emotional apathy and poor thinking. More common in late schizophrenia and dementia.

IV. Contradictory intentions means that the patient has two completely opposite intentions and emotions on the same thing at the same time, but the patient does not feel wrong. Is an important symptom of schizophrenia.

Easily suggestive refers to the lack of subjective intentions of patients, their thoughts and behaviors are often affected by the words and deeds of others, dominated by the hints of others, do not analyze and think, and obey blindly. Common in hysteria and hypnosis, but also in normal people.

Attention is the process by which mental activity is focused on something over a period of time. The directivity of attention shows that people’s psychological activities are selective and maintainable. The concentration of attention makes the object of attention distinct and clear. Attention is closely related to activities such as perception, memory, thinking and consciousness. Attention includes active attention / attention and passive attention / inattention. Active attention is the intentional attention to something, while passive attention is the inadvertent attention to surrounding things. Attention usually refers to active attention. Attention disorder usually manifests as follows:

i. Attention enhancement means that the patient is particularly easily attracted to something or pays particular attention to certain activities. This is common in schizophrenia, mania and suspected conditions.

ii. Attention loss, also known as attention dispersal, refers to the patient’s active attention loss, which is difficult to concentrate or can not last. Loss of attention is more common in neurosis, schizophrenia, ADHD, and fatigue.

iii. Transfer with the border means that the patient’s passive attention / involuntary attention is obviously enhanced. It appears that attention is easily attracted by outside things, and the object of attention often changes. Mainly seen in mania.

iv. Narrowing / Narrowing Attention When the patient’s attention is focused on one thing, he can no longer pay attention to other things. That is, the range of active attention is reduced, the passive attention is weakened, and the patient’s performance is very slow. Common in patients with conscious or mental retardation, when normal people are tired.

v. Inattentive patients Active and passive attention are weakened. External stimuli do not easily attract the patient’s attention. Common in patients with failure and heavy brain organic psychosis.

Simple casual and involuntary movements are called movements. Motivated and purposeful complex random movements are an organic combination of a series of actions, called behaviors. Certain behaviors reflect certain thoughts, motivations, and goals. Patients with mental illness may have motor and behavioral disorders or psychomotor disorders due to cognitive, emotional and will disturbances. Common motor behavior disorders are as follows:

I. Psychomotor excitement means that the patient’s movements and behaviors have increased significantly. Can be divided into coordinated and uncoordinated psychomotor excitement

i. Coordinative psychomotor excitement refers to the increase in patients’ actions and behaviors consistent with the content of their thinking and emotional activities, and the increase in the amount of their thinking and emotional activities. The patient’s behavior is purposeful and understandable, and the movements of various parts of the body are coordinated with the entire mental activity, such as excitement when emotionally agitated, excitement of hypomania, restlessness during anxiety.

ii. Uncoordinated psychomotor excitement refers to an increase in a patient’s movements and behaviors that are inconsistent with their thinking and emotional activities, manifested as monotonous, unmotivated, purposeless, incomprehensible movements, or inconsistent with the patient’s entire mental activity It is also inconsistent with its environment. Such as schizophrenic nervous excitement, youthful stupid behavior, acting strange, making faces, etc. Uncoordinated excitement, such as delirium, can also occur during disturbances of consciousness.

iii. Psychomotor inhibition refers to the inhibition of the patient’s entire mental activity, which is manifested by a significant reduction in the patient’s movements and behaviors. Common psychomotor inhibitions include wood stiffness, waxy flexion mutism and malaise.

a. Researcher Mu Zong refers to the complete suppression or reduction of action and speech activity, and often maintain a fixed posture. Severe stiffness is called stagnation. The patient is silent, motionless, foodless, has a fixed facial expression, retains urine and lacks response to stimuli. If left untreated, it can be maintained for a long time. Mild stupidity is called a stupid state. It is manifested as non-answering, immovable, dull expression, but can automatically eat and urinate when no one is. Severe stiffness is seen in schizophrenia and is called tension stiffness. Mild wood stiffness can be seen in major depression, reactive mental disorders and cerebral organic mental disorders.

b. Wax-like flexion occurs on the basis of wood stiffness. The patient’s limbs are at the mercy of the person. Even in an uncomfortable posture, they remain immobile for a long time like wax. If the patient’s head is lifted like a pillow, the patient does not move, and it can be maintained for a long time. This is called an “air pillow”. At this time, the patient is clearly aware and can recall when he is well. Found in the schizophrenic nervous type.

c. Silence The patient is silent, does not answer questions, and sometimes can indicate by hand. Seen in hysteria and schizophrenia nervous type.

d. Illness Patients not only do not perform the actions required of him, but also show resistance and opposite behaviors. If the patient’s behavioral response is completely contrary to the doctor’s requirements, it is called active violation. For example, when the patient is asked to open his mouth, he closes his mouth. If a patient refuses to respond to a doctor’s request without acting, it is called passive violation. More common in the nervous type of schizophrenia.

Other Special Symptoms

i. Stereotype refers to a patient repeating a monotonous action mechanically, often appearing with stereotyped speech. More common in the nervous type of schizophrenia.

ii. Continuous speech refers to the patient’s meaningless repetition of a purposed and completed speech or action. More common in organic mental disorders.

iii. Imitation action refers to the patient’s purposeless imitation of other people’s actions, often coexisting with imitation speech, seen in the schizophrenic nervous type.

iv. Posture refers to the patients making weird, stupid, childish pretentious movements, postures, gaits and expressions, such as making strange appearances and making funny faces. More common in adolescents with schizophrenia.

v. Forced action is that the patient knows that it is unnecessary, but it is difficult for him to refrain from repeating an action. If he does not repeat, the patient will have serious anxiety. Obsessive-compulsive action is often caused by obsessions. Obsessive-compulsive action is most common in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and is also found in mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression.

vi. Impulsive behavior Refers to the behavior that the patient suddenly produces, usually causing adverse consequences. It is common in personality disorders, schizophrenia, and normal people when they are particularly emotional.

IV. Instinctual behavior Human instinctual behavior can be summarized into two categories: the instinct to preserve life and the physiological instinct to preserve ethnic continuity. Physiological instincts include safety, diet, sleep, and sexual needs. Abnormal instincts include suicide, eating disorders, sleep disorders, and sexual dysfunction.

i. Suicide is a behavioral disorder that preserves the instinct of life. Common causes of suicide include: strong pressure from the outside world, momentary emotional impulses, in order to achieve a certain purpose, falsehoods come true, etc. Depression is the most common of various mental illnesses, followed by schizophrenia. Self-injury also belongs to instinctual behavior disorder, which refers to self-harm behavior without motive for death or causing consequences of death. It is more common in mental retardation, hysteria, and schizophrenia.

ii. Eating Disorders Means disorders of the behavior of ingesting substances needed for life support.

Loss of appetite: refers to behaviors in which the number and frequency of eating patients are significantly reduced than usual. Common in depression, followed by anorexia nervosa and certain physical diseases.

Hyper appetite: refers to patients who often overeating. More common in mental retardation or schizophrenia, but also in mania, hysteria and so on.

Antifeeding: Refers to the behavior of a person with mental illness who refuses to eat because of suspicion of poisoning, hallucinations, delusions of being victimized, blurred consciousness, and stiffness.

Aliphagia: refers to the behavior of eating things that ordinary people do not eat or do not eat often.

iii. Sleep Disorder Refers to the disorder of sleep and awakening periodically.

Insomnia: usually manifested as difficulty falling asleep, dreaming, awakening, and waking up early. Although some patients had fallen asleep, they did not feel asleep and developed severe anxiety, which is called subjective insomnia.

Drowsiness: often caused by weakness. Some patients show irresistible sleep, but they are short-lived and are more likely to wake up and become narcolepsy.

Sleepwalking: also known as sleepwalking, which refers to a patient who wakes up after sleeping for a while at night, has stupid behavior, unconsciousness, does not answer questions or answers vaguely. After a short period of activity, the patient would fall back to bed and cannot recall the next day. More common in children and hysteria.

iv. Sexual dysfunction

Organic sexual dysfunction: Sexual organs can cause spinal cord disease that often causes organic sexual dysfunction.

Functional dysfunction: caused by psychological factors, personality disorders, neurosis, mania, depression, various mental illnesses.

Common sexual desire disorders are hypersexuality, hyposexuality (impotence, premature ejaculation, etc.), wrong sexual desire (fetish, exposed yin, sadism and abuse).

I. Memory is the process of the information stored in the brain or the process of reproduction, including the four processes of memorization, preservation, recall, and recognition.

i. The Process of Memory

a. Remembering: It is the beginning of the memory process, which refers to the process in which things leave marks in the brain through perception. Good or bad memory depends on the level of consciousness and concentration.

c. Remembrance: refers to the process of recreating the traces stored in the brain when necessary. If the memorization and preservation processes are normal, there are few obstacles to recall.

ii. Form of Memory

a. Immediate memory: refers to the memory of the experience that occurred within a few seconds to 1 to 2 minutes.

b. Short-term memory: memories of experiences that occur within a fe w minutes to 1 hour.

c. R ecent memory: refers to the memory of the experience that occurred in the 24–48h.

d. Remote memory: refers to the memory of the experience of 24 to 48 hours ago.

iii. Memory Content

a. Memory of Perceived Image: What is the object that you see or touch.

b. Memory of word concepts: remember the meaning of the words and concepts learned.

c. E motional memory: remember the emotional connection at the time of an event.

The neurophysiological basis of memory involves the sensory contact areas of the cortex, the temporal lobe, the thalamus, and the entire cerebral cortex. The study found that the limbic system is closely related to memory, and put forward a memory circuit of “hippocampus-fornix-papillary body-nipple optic tract bundle-preoptic nucleus-cingulate gyrus-hippocampus”. The study also found that recent memory and distant memory are responsible for two systems. The memory circuit is mainly related to our recent memory, while distant memory is related to the neurons that control memory activity in the cortex and subcortex. When various stimuli enter the brain, there are two kinds of reactions. One is to activate the stored memory and produce a response corresponding to the situation at the time. The other is to form a new trace connection and establish a new memory to store.

B. Memory Disorders

I. Forgetting Refers to the patient’s partial or complete inability to reproduce past experiences.

i. Psychogenic amnesia: Also known as boundary amnesia, refers to the memory loss associated with a particular period / stage that a patient has experienced in the past. Usually this stage / period occurs when it is associated with unpleasant or intense situations of fear, anger, shame, and is highly selective. More common in hysteria.

Retrograde amnesia: Refers to patients who cannot recall a period of time before a brain injury. It is more common in brain trauma, concussion and acute conscious disturbance. The duration of forgetting is proportional to the severity of brain trauma.

Anterograde amnesia: Refers to patients who cannot recall what happened within a period of time after the onset of illness. Forgetting is caused by the inability of the disease to form a lasting mark. Common in acute organic encephalopathy, such as high fever delirium, epileptic hazy, drunkenness, traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage and so on.

Forgetting recent events: Refers to patients who cannot remember and reappear what happened recently.

Forgetfulness in remote events: Refers to patients who cannot recall and reproduce what happened in the past.

Amnestic Syndrome: Also known as Korsakov Syndrome, refers to patients with three major characteristics of disorientation, fiction and recent forgetting. Lesions in the hypothalamus, especially near the papillary body, cause this syndrome. It is common in patients with chronic diffuse encephalopathy, such as senile dementia, paralytic dementia, chronic alcoholic mental disorders, brain trauma, and brain tumors.

II. Memory Error

ii. Fiction: Refers to the missing part of the patient’s own memory, filled with a fictional set of things, the content is often vivid, changeable, and with an absurd color, but patients often forget instantly.

iv. D elusional memories: refers to patients with delusional memories.

v. Memory enhancement: refers to patients with pathological memory e nhancement. Patients can recall very far and trivial things in the past, often including many details. More common in mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, paranoid psychosis.

According to Ribot’s law, the more recent things are remembered, the faster they are forgotten. The development of forgetting always progresses from recent memory to distant memory.

Memory loss refers to the general decline of the four basic processes of memory, which are more common clinically. The lighter is the weakening of memories, such as not remembering the person who just met and the meal just eaten. In severe cases, memory also decreases, such as being unable to recall personal experiences. Can be seen in more severe dementia patients. Patients with neurasthenia have less memory loss, but have difficulty remembering. Can also be seen in normal elderly.

Intelligence, also known as intelligence, refers to people’s ability to recognize objective things and use knowledge to solve practical problems. This ability is developed in practice and is a combination of innate quality and acquired practice (social practice and education).

Intelligence includes observation, memory, attention, thinking, and imagination. It involves a series of cognitive processes such as perception, memory, attention, and thinking, and is manifested through the aforementioned psychological processes. According to the different capabilities of these manifestations, intelligence can be divided into abstract intelligence, mechanical intelligence and social intelligence. Abstract intelligence refers to the ability to understand and use concepts and symbols. Mechanical intelligence refers to the ability to understand, create and use machinery. Social intelligence refers to the ability to adapt to take appropriate actions in people’s relationships and social practices.

Clinically, it is often based on an individual’s ability to solve practical problems, using vocabulary, numbers, symbols, graphics and non-verbal materials to form concepts to determine a person’s level of intelligence. Currently, intelligence tests are used to assess an individual’s intelligence level. The commonly used intelligence test in clinical practice is the Wechsler intelligence test, referred to as WAIS. The results of the intelligence test are expressed by numbers, which is called IQ. Most people have IQ values ​​between 90 and 110. IQ higher than 130 is high intelligence, and IQ lower than 70 is low intelligence.

The foundation of normal intelligence is a sound brain and proper learning and practice. Therefore, mental retardation is caused by brain diseases and lack of learning and practice. Learning and practice include not only the environment and teachers, but also the period of learning and practice.

Mental retardation can be divided into two types: mental retardation and dementia.

i. Mental retardation refers to congenital or perinatal period or before growth and maturity (before the age of 18), the development of the brain due to various pathogenic factors, such as heredity, infection, head trauma, endocrine abnormalities or hypoxia, etc. , Make the brain dysplasia or obstruction, intelligent development stays at a specific stage.

ii. Dementia is a syndrome that refers to the comprehensive decline of intelligence caused by various factors such as disease after the brain is fully developed. It is manifested as disability in orientation, memory, understanding, calculation, learning, and judgment. This is common in senile dementia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, paralytic dementia, encephalitis sequelae, etc. But there is no disturbance of consciousness.

According to the nature of the pathological changes in the brain and the size of the range involved, it can be divided into general dementia and partial dementia.

The brain lesions of generalized dementia are mainly manifested as diffuse organic damage, and all aspects of intelligent activity are damaged, which affects all patients’ mental activities, and personality changes often occur. Disorientation and lack of awareness. Can be seen in Alzheimer’s disease and paralytic dementia.

Partial dementia brain lesions only invade parts of the brain, such as invading the surrounding tissues of the cerebral blood vessels, the patient only produces memory loss, impaired understanding, difficulty in comprehensive analysis, etc., but his personality remains good, his orientation is complete, and he has a certain degree of autonomy Intellectual power can be seen after traumatic brain injury and early in vascular dementia. But when dementia is severe, it is difficult to distinguish clinically from generalized or partial dementia.

Clinically, after severe trauma, it can produce a dementia-like performance, and the brain tissue structure does not have any organic damage, which is called pseudo-dementia. The prognosis is good and can be seen in hysteria and reactive mental disorders.

a. Ganser syndrome in Psychiatry: also known as psychogenic pseudodementia, that is, giving approximate and wrong answers to simple questions, giving people the feeling of deliberate contrition or joking. For example, when a 20-year-old patient was asked how many fingers she had in one hand, she answered “4”, and a simple calculation such as 2 + 3 = 4 gave an approximate answer. The patient understood the meaning of the question, but the answer was incorrect. There can also be errors in behavior, such as turning the key upside down to open the door, but it can correctly solve some complex problems, such as chess and card games, and general life problems can be solved.

b. Childlike dementia in Psychiatry: Childish behavior that mimics the speech and behavior characteristics of young children. That is to say, adult patients behave like childish looks of ordinary children, learning the tone of young children’s speech, claiming to be only 3 years old, and being called an aunt or uncle when they are everyone.

c. Depressive pseudodementia in Psychiatry: refers to patients with severe depression who suffer from cognitive decline in the presence of psychomotor depression, manifested as early symptoms of dementia, such as decreased computing ability, memory, comprehension and judgment Initiative. However, patients with depression experience can be identified. After the depression disappeared, his intelligence recovered completely.

In clinical medicine, consciousness refers to a patient’s ability to correctly recognize and respond to the surrounding environment and himself. Consciousness involves mental activities / mental functions such as level of arousal, attention, perception, thinking, emotion, memory, directional behavior, etc., and is the basis of people’s intelligent activities, random actions and will behaviors. The excitability of the cerebral cortex and reticular activation system plays an important role in maintaining consciousness.

Impaired consciousness refers to the decline of consciousness, the change of consciousness range, and the change of consciousness content. The disturbance of consciousness is caused by the suppression of brain function. Many mental activities are affected during the disturbance of consciousness. These are manifested as an increase in sensory threshold, reduced, incomplete or even inability to perceive intelligibility. Also in decreased active attention, difficulty in or concentration of attention. Further in decreased thinking ability, and difficulty in forming new ones Concepts, loose thinking associations, slow thinking, vague content, abstract thinking and purposeful thinking difficulties. Also in slow and erratic emotional reactions. Also in memory loss, often forgetting delayed behavior and movement, lack of purpose and coherence. This is also in disorientation, involvement, etc. The order is time, place and person. Disorientation is an important sign to judge whether a patient has an unconscious disorder clinically.

Common clinical disorders of consciousness are drowsiness, lethargy, coma, cloudy consciousness, delirium, hazy consciousness, dream-like consciousness and blurred consciousness, etc.

i. Drowsiness means that the patient’s level of consciousness decreases. If no stimulus is given, the patient falls asleep, but can simply respond after calling or awakening. After stopping the stimulation, the patient goes to sleep again. At this point, the patient’s swallowing, pupils, and corneal reflexes were present. Found in functional and cerebral organic diseases.

ii. Drowsiness means that the patient has a lower level of consciousness and loses awareness of the surrounding environment and self-consciousness, but the patient may have a simple and mild reaction under strong stimulation. At this time, the reflections of the cornea and eyelashes are weakened, the light reflection and swallowing reflection still exist, the deep reflection is hyperactive, and the pathological reflection is positive. Involuntary movements and tremors may occur.

iii. In psychiatry, coma refers to the complete loss of consciousness, no response to external stimuli, and random movement disappeared. At this time, swallowing, cornea, cough, sphincter, tendon reflexes, and even light reflections disappear, which can lead to pathological reflexes. More common in the critical period of severe brain and physical diseases.

iv. Obliqueness, in psychiatry, means that the patient’s consciousness is impaired. The patient seems to be awake and unconscious, lacking initiative, and strong stimulation can cause a response. But the patient’s response is slow, simple to answer questions, low and slow speech, and time, place and person orientation. Obstructions include swallowing, cornea and reflection of light. Primitive movements such as licking lips, tongue extension, strong grip, sucking and pathological reflexes may also occur. More common in mental disorders caused by physical diseases.

Delirium At the same time that the consciousness of consciousness is reduced, a large number of illusions and hallucinations appear. The hallucinations are more common, and the contents of hallucinations and visual illusions are more vivid and vivid, such as seeing insects and beasts. Some content is horrible. Patients often have nervous and fearful emotional reactions, and appear uncoordinated psychomotor excitement. Inconsistent thinking, difficulty in understanding, and sometimes fragmented delusions. All or part of the patient’s directional force was lost, and most patients showed self-directed force preservation while the surrounding environment directional force was lost. Delirium is often aggravated at night, and the day is light and the night is heavy. It lasts several hours to several days, and may be partially or completely forgotten after consciousness is restored. Mental disorders caused by physical diseases and mental disorders caused by poisoning are more common.

In psychiatry, dream-like state Refers to a dream-like experience accompanied by a reduction in consciousness. The patient was completely immersed in the hallucinations and lost contact with the outside world, but his appearance seemed sober. The hallucinations are not completely forgotten. Lasts for days or months,

The hazy state refers to the narrowing of the patient’s range of consciousness, accompanied by a decrease in consciousness. Within a narrow range of consciousness, patients may have relatively normal perception and coordinated and coherent complex behaviors, but things outside this range cannot be judged correctly. It is manifested as associative difficulties, dull or confused expressions, or anxiety or euphoria, disorientation, illusions, delusions, delusions, and corresponding behaviors. It often occurs suddenly, abruptly, recurrent, and lasts for several minutes to hours, and is forgotten or partially forgotten afterwards. More common in epilepsy mental disorders, brain trauma, cerebral hypoxia and snoring.

Orientation refers to a person’s ability to recognize time, place, person and one’s state. The former is called the directing force on the surrounding environment and the latter is called the self-directing force. Temporal orientation includes the recognition of the time at the time, location orientation or spatial orientation refers to the recognition of the place, person orientation refers to the identity of the people in the surrounding environment and their relationship with the patient. Also, knowledge of gender, age and occupation. A disability or misunderstanding of the environment or one’s own condition is called disorientation. Orientation disorder is more common in symptomatic psychosis and cerebral organic psychosis with conscious disturbance. Disorientation is an important sign of disturbance of consciousness, but disorientation does not necessarily have to be conscious. For example, patients with alcohol-toxic encephalopathy can have disorientation without consciousness.

Double redirection refers to a double experience of the time, place and characters of the surrounding environment. One experience is correct, while the other experience is related to delusion, which is delusional judgment or interpretation. For example, a patient considers the hospital to be a hospital and a prison, or thinks that it is a hospital but it is actually a prison. Common in toxic mental disorders and epileptic mental disorders.

Self-consciousness disorder in Psychiatry

Self-consciousness or self-experience: refers to the individual’s perception of their own mental and physical conditions. Everyone is aware of their existence and is an independent individual. Your own mental activity is completely controlled by you and known to you. The past me and the present me are the same individuals who are interconnected. Common self-awareness disorders include disintegration of personality, dual personality, barriers to self-limitation and lack of self-awareness.

i. Disintegration of personality means that the patient feels that he or she has made a special change or even no longer exists. Patients feel that the world is becoming unreal or non-existent, and is called a disintegration of reality or a sense of non-reality. Some patients feel that they have lost their emotional resonance with others and cannot produce normal emotions or feelings. More common in depression, but also in schizophrenia and neurosis.

ii. Dual personality means that the patient experiences two completely different psychological activities at different times, has two completely different mental lives and is a disorder of self-singleness. Common in hysteria and schizophrenia.

iii. Self-boundary barriers refer to patients who cannot distinguish themselves from the world around them and therefore feel that mental activities are no longer owned by themselves. Even if their own thinking is not spoken, others will know that it is called insight or thought dissemination. Your own thoughts, emotions, wills, impulses and behaviors are not your own, but are manipulated or imposed by others or some kind of instrument, which is called a sense of being controlled. It is a characteristic symptom of schizophrenia. Self-boundary disorders are occasionally seen in epilepsy and other mental disorders.

Lack of self-awareness in psychiatry: Self-awareness, also known as comprehension or introspection, refers to the ability of patients to judge and recognize their own diseases. A patient’s correct understanding of his mental symptoms is called self-awareness and it is considered that his mental symptoms are not pathological. There are 4 criteria for judging whether there is self-awareness:

a. The patient realizes that there are phenomena that others think are abnormal

b. Patient recognizes that these phenomena are abnormal

c. The patient recognizes that these abnormalities are caused by their own mental illness

d. The patient realizes that they treat these symptoms It’s required. Generally speaking, the clinical symptoms disappear, and knowing that one’s mental symptoms are pathological, that is, the recovery of self-knowledge. Most people with mental illness have incomplete self-knowledge, and most patients with neurosis have self-knowledge. Clinically, the presence or absence of self-awareness and the degree of self-awareness recovery are taken as important indicators for judging the severity and improvement of the disease. The integrity of self-knowledge is one of the important indicators for the recovery of mental illness. Lack of self-awareness is characteristic of mental illness.

People’s understanding of mental phenomena often determines and influences people’s understanding of mental health.

Difficult attitudes, perspectives and methods. The development process of psychiatry not only reflects the process of understanding of mental disorders and their laws, but also reflects the progress of human beings in correcting and reversing discrimination and prejudice against mental disorders.

In the cultural and medical classics of various times in various ethnic groups, all the symptoms of mental disorders, their diagnosis and treatment method and people’s views on these phenomena are recorded. However, in the long period of scientific and cultural backwardness, mental disorders are regarded as grotesque and weird, and patients are regarded as devil-ridden and abused or mutilated.

The development of material civilization science and technology has promoted the change of people’s attitude towards mental disorders. After the French Revolution in the 18th century, Pinel proposed to lift the yoke of patients and treat mental patients with a humanitarian attitude, thereby writing an epoch-making page in the history of psychiatry concepts. And led psychiatry to the threshold of medical science.

Since the early 1950s, psychotropic drugs have been widely used in the field of psychiatry, and the development of psychopharmacology and other brain sciences has promoted the rapid progress of contemporary psychiatry. Many effective measures have been summarized for treating mental disorders. For example, various types of psychotropic treatments largely control or eliminate the symptoms of mental disorders, and thus contribute to the implementation of psychotherapy, work and recreational therapy and social therapy.

With the innovation of medical methods, the atmosphere of the mental hospital has been changed. The closed caretaker management has been changed to open management. This completely lifts the restraint on the patient’s body and is beneficial to the rehabilitation of the patient.

At the same time, diagnostic techniques for mental disorders have also advanced. The application of EEG, brain potential distribution map, brain evoked potential brain computerized tomography scanner, and brain magnetic resonance technology can help to objectively test certain diseases. Many psychological testing, personality testing and intelligent testing methods are more conducive to the development of psychological diagnostic techniques for mental disorders. The popularity of psychiatric epidemiology and social psychiatry has explored the causes of mental disorders from a macro perspective, and social treatment and rehabilitation measures have achieved unprecedented results.

Psychiatry is inextricably linked with clinical departments. For example, many neurological diseases, metabolic, endocrine disorders and visceral diseases may be complicated by mental disorders at different stages and need to be treated. Those with general physical disorders are also prone to some heart problems.

Physical and emotional problems therefore interfere with the diagnosis and treatment of the original disease, need to be identified and treated.

Many research methods in psychiatry, such as personality tests and emotional assessment scales, can be applied to the investigation and research of psychosomatic diseases, or to other clinical departments. In addition, the implementation of mental health counseling and psychological treatment on health and disease in general hospitals is urgently needed by the general public and should be promoted.

The research on the etiology of psychiatry has been extended to many basic fields such as psychology, genetics, physiological psychology, neuropsychoendocrinology, psychopharmacology, neurophysiology and biochemistry. In these different fields, research results on psychological disorders will promote the advancement of relevant basic medicine.

Genetic studies have revealed several causes of mental retardation, such as congenital stupidity caused by chromosomal aberrations. Other genetic metabolic diseases such as phenylpyruvateuria are autosomal recessive, and phenylpropanoic acid is hydroxylated in patients. Enzyme deficiency, phenylpropionic acid cannot be oxidized to tyrosine, which eventually leads to mental retardation. A large number of statistical genetic data show that the expected incidence of children with a family history of schizophrenia is much higher than that of the general population.

Biochemical discussions have also suggested some etiological factors related to mental disorders. For example, the study found:

Emotional psychiatric disease: there are changes in central neurotransmitters at the time of onset, mainly in the synapses of neurons, changes in noradrenaline and serotonin. In the manic state, norepinephrine increased, while the serotonin content was lower than normal in the depressed state.

For another example, in some patients with schizophrenia, the presence of over-methylated biogenic amine metabolites at the time of onset was also confirmed. In other patients, monoamine oxidase activity in platelets was reduced. Psychopharmacology can also provide clues to the pathogenesis of certain mental disorders. For example, dependence on the stimulant amphetamine can cause amphetamine-like toxic psychosis similar to schizophrenia.

Research suggests that amphetamine as a dopamine agonist enhances dopaminergic activity between synapses in central neurons and causes schizophrenia-like psychiatric disorders. However, different classes of antipsychotic drugs reduce dopaminergic activity by blocking dopaminergic receptors, and reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia. This makes people consider that dopaminergic activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia . Many tricyclic antidepressants play a therapeutic role by blocking the reuptake of central monoamine in the presynaptic membrane and indirectly increasing the amine content. Therefore, it is assumed that there is a monoamine metabolism disorder in the onset of endogenous depression.

Due to the continuous innovation of micromorphological research methods and methods, neuropathology has also made great progress in the research of mental disorders caused by cerebral organic diseases. For example, the discovery and research of brown spots in different parts of the brain can help to understand the neuropathological characteristics of senile dementia, and help to differentiate between senile dementia and general aging.

Psychology has always been considered one of the important basic disciplines of psychiatry. Psychology and physiological psychology both have an influence on the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatry and the theoretical discussion. Among them, physiological psychology explores many psychological abnormalities, such as the neurological basis of mood, motivation and memory disorders, and these discussions help to gradually provide a physical and chemical basis for mental abnormalities.

Psychiatry can be divided into many specialties, such as clinical psychiatry, adult psychiatry, child psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, judicial psychiatry, liaison-consultation psychiatry, psychiatry epidemiology, social psychiatry, community psychiatry, occupational psychiatry Learn and more.

The development of psychiatry is getting faster and faster, but the main problem hindering the development of the discipline is still the etiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders that have not yet been clarified. Therefore, the etiology discussion is one of the important issues in the development of psychiatry in the future.

In the discussion of the etiology, people have generally attached importance to the new medical model of biology-medicine-psychology-society, and have paid full attention to the research direction of combining micro and macro in methodology. In microscopic research, attention is paid to the role played by genetics and immunology in a number of mental disorders. At the macro level, epidemiological investigations in populations are also paid attention to in order to discover the laws of disease and the ecological factors of the disease. Many social causes of mental disorders.

At present, many experts believe that the occurrence and development of mental disorders and the prognosis of the old and the genetic factors of individuals, susceptibility, personality characteristics before illness, the state of the body at the time of onset, trauma, environmental triggering factors, and social and cultural backgrounds extensive contacts. Therefore, we should make full use of the development results of natural sciences and social sciences and strengthen comprehensive research in multiple disciplines in order to accumulate data and achieve results.

Discussion on the pathogenesis theory of psychological stimulus factors has now developed to the depth of information theory. It is generally believed that an individual’s awareness, evaluation of the information, and the emotions that result from it will have an impact on health. People have carried out research work on neurophysiology, psycho-biochemistry and psycho-endocrine to clarify the mechanism of psychological abnormalities caused by psychological stimulation factors.

For another example, some mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, have obvious genetic factors, but how the genetic factors work remains to be elucidated. When conducting epidemiological research on mental illness, we must analyze and study the relevant ecological and environmental factors that affect the occurrence, development and outcome of mental illness. We should also seek the causes and laws from a macro perspective.

The treatment of mental disorders usually adopts comprehensive measures, such as various psychotropic medications, psychological treatments, industrial treatments and social rehabilitation treatments. From a medical point of view, a pragmatic and eclectic approach is adopted for different schools of thought. In the implementation of treatment, a treatment team consisting of a psychiatrist, nurse, social worker, occupational therapist and psychologist generally works together.

Community treatment of mental disorders has received widespread attention and attention. Community medicine can reduce the human and material resources to prevent and treat a large number of people with mental disorders, which indicates that the development of contemporary medicine has reached the stage of combining medical and public health. The practice of community mental health needs the sympathy and support of the public. It is also necessary to cooperate with social forces to establish medical facilities. The established medical goals are planned.

Psychiatry Images

Brain view

See also:

Panic Attack

Stress

Medical Appointment Management System

Hospital Management System

Medical Payment System

Massage Oils

How to Control BP without Medicine?

How To Appear More Good Looking and Younger

High Blood Pressure Encyclopedia

Low Sex Drive in Women

Autophagy

Ayurvedic Sex Medicines

* For any comments, information sharing or Questions and Answers on the topic please Login to vvfit.com and connect with the author or the Appropriate Group

Originally published at https://vvfit.com on November 27, 2019.

[nathjonesey-75]

2021 in Electronic Music: A New Hope?

A long time ago in a galaxy far away…there was the nineties system. In that system, folk came together in happiness to celebrate together at places called nightclubs, where DJ masters would enthral, guide and entertain the folk by composing and conducting a range of sounds. The people would dance throughout the time of the stars, until the great star would rise – and folk would rest. Or they would fly to another dimension and be led by other masters to more happiness.

                                                ____________________

 It all sounds like a fairy-tale, doesn’t it? The world which was once a reality feels like it needs Jedi-style leaders to save it from the abyss, otherwise known as traditionalist business hell. The abyss which sees concrete futures made without character, without expression, art or creativity – where culture could be as one-dimensional as the spurious garbage emanating from the mouths of those supposedly in charge of moving nations to brighter futures.

 Also, without too much finger-pointing, 2020 in itself has been like a meteor which has hit the creative world like an alien rock with no direction. Furthermore, without conspiracy theorising (about custom-made laboratory viruses in secretive lands – oops, got sucked in there) and observing the hard, indigestive facts of October 2020 – where no end date is presentable as to when the uninvited virus will be vanquished. Can we either look to the future with hope for electronic – and indeed, all live music? Or are we to fight the good fight for as long as we can, to abate the ‘dark side of the force’ in corporate-led governments and cold business?

 During the damaged and lost eighties – socially and politically – times were hard unless you were a yuppie whose “enterprise” in the way of sole trading was rewarded on the stock exchange. Yet, what came from that mass hardship for everyone else – was what made us not only dream – but live out our dreams. Make dreams for others.

 Music was in the post-punk, electro-pop era. Hip-hop was sky-rocketing across the world, from New York – across the USA and over to every Western nation. As was House Music. As was Techno. The DIY ideal which once applied to Punk Rock in the mid-to late seventies now had been adopted by DJs. Is that a pair of Technics 1210s? Is that a Roland synthesizer? Ok, let’s do something.

 As Resident Advisor’s mini-documentary “How Punk Shaped Electronic Music” - about the two genres’ correlations – it says

      “The most radical part of it was an idea – if you want to make music, You don’t need a big record deal; a big, fancy studio – or even much musical talent. You just need the sheer force of will - to get out there and do it.”

This was never more prevalent than in both Chicago, where House Music was developed – and in Detroit, where technology’s advances in electronic devices saw Techno appear in the latter part of the decade. Still, the concept of not having to possess “much musical talent” was not necessarily true when it applied to some of the most celebrated electronic musical doctors. Larry Heard played several musical instruments from a young age. Underworld played instruments even before forming their first band, Screen Gemz – back in 1975. Sasha was a classically-trained pianist before ever seeing a DJ. I could go on.

So, in light of recent debates as to whether these performers, their industries and followings are “viable” for financial support during this degraded and destructive year  – I don’t need to revisit the figures of economic value for which our industry produces. As for The Stranglers’ Hugh Cornwell interview on Good Morning Britain on October the 9th – he said, “House Music is the worst song writing….there isn’t any song writing skills in House Music, for me.” Regardless of his own successes in the late seventies and early eighties – this is as moot a point to be found, as would be for anyone over sixty-five who have never understood – or tried to understand electronic music. Except by now, you must have been self-isolating from the wider world out there, where times have moved on from only guitars in song writing.

   Larry Levan was instrumental in writing music for Grace Jones, while The Stranglers were at their peak of popularity. Why did Madonna recruit both Sasha and Paul Oakenfold to help compose her tracks over twenty years ago? Why did Danny Boyle curate the 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony with the musical aid of Rick Smith from Underworld? Why did Kendrick Lamar win awards for tracks with lyrics which read; 

"Shit on anybody, I'm a rappin' Porta-Potty/And I probably gotta dump right now". 

Hardly poetry. You could throw mud and hit anything if it’s about “bad” music nowadays. Ironically, John Holmstrom, founding editor of Punk magazine described that genre as "rock and roll by people who didn't have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music". Except Punk Rock lives on in this anthem-led society of 2020. 

While Cornwell’s empty shot at House Music was filmed seemingly at home in West London, I would urge him to use his ideal location and visit the Design Museum in Kensington, where the Electronic Music exhibition is held until February 2021. The opinion of lack of skills required in writing songs – would surely be under further threat at the display of Jeff Mills’ instrument engineering, or Aphex Twin’s multi-level track and video choreography. The words “out of touch” are, I feel – valid in this case. Granted, every genre has producers who don’t try hard but write cheap, catchy songs – think of all the one-hit-wonders in the seventies and eighties. “Shaddap You Face”, “Star Trekkin”, “Puppy Love”…

These were songs made for either fun, children’s television, or for undisclosed reasons by each composer – suffice to say that none involved House Music. Yet over thirty-five years of House Music walking in unison with the rise of technology and evolution of nightclubs and festivals – has meant that all instruments and now software are taught and developed at schools, colleges and universities across the world. I would be highly confident of being able to write a cheesy, tacky and bad track in one day – whether I wanted the financial profit from it or not – would be a matter for my bank balance after 2020 (wink-wink, nudge-nudge…)

For future reference, with mists of all colours being spread across the musical galaxy as we enter the last two months of what has been an abysmal anomaly year, the anger generated by punk was closed down quickly by the governments of the late seventies. It was beyond saving as a regular, viable movement by the time the eighties commenced. Its direct anti-establishment nature would have made sure of that, were it in the situation we now face. 

But that did not stop its musicians from carrying on making music. Post-punk continued its energy and old regime defiance through bands inspired by what came before. Bands such as New Order, Public Image Limited, Talking Heads and The Fall - all had messages and attitudes carried from previous years. Genres were reinvented and music adapted. Moving into the unknown may be unclear and unnerving right now. Yet, fighting for what we can recreate should be a binding motive for DJs, promoters, clubbers, electronic artists and everyone involved in our scene. 

From recently looking back at a haul of 1990s editions of Mixmag and Ministry magazines I had stowed away, it’s clear we had it “damn good” at that time. We may – and highly likely never will return to that level of hedonism, heights of being spoilt rotten for wealth of music heard for the first time, the talent and progress of the producers guiding us through, skills of DJs and grandiosity and grunginess of clubs which we visited. We do, however, have these imprints on our brains and know what works. Living solely from memories is not what I am advocating – using memories and what we have today, as a global community to post flagposts of how the “underground will live forever” – in believing our clubs can be reopened and that celebrating our own culture at future parties, is worth the time spent in doing so. Do it yourself can work, as was ever the case. 

[averagestudent7]

Activism &Protests via Social Media

Social Media activism is a broad form of activism that uses media and communication technology for social and political movements.   It is also a medium for grassroots activists and anarchists to distribute content that is not accessible through mass media or to post censored news stories (PewResearch 2018). Basically this is where all the juicy content resides, so lets dive in. 

#hashtag Activism 

Hashtag activism is a term invented by media sources that refers to the usage of Twitter hashtags for Int

ernet activism.  Hashtag advocacy is a strategy to broaden the use of communication and make it democratic in such a way that everyone has a way to share their views and opinions (GlobalCitizen n.d).

Here are a few #hashtags that have been used in the past by Social Activits;

1.   #HeForShe

We all know that gender equity affects everyone, don't we? And feminism for women?  Well, we have a significant part of the He For She movement to thank for that. This UN Women movement, endorsed by Emma Watson and Justin Trudeau, aims to consciously engage men and boys in a fight that was traditionally thought of as "a woman's matter” (pwc n.d). 

The United States of America, Mexico and the United Kingdom are among the leading countries in the world in terms of contributions and contributions to join the cause.

2.  #ASLIceBucketChallenge

Who doesn't remember the happy summer of 2014, when Facebook's news streams were all over the place, overflowing with people with ice and water flowing over their heads?

In the UK, one in six people engaged in the ice bucket challenge, which allowed people to nominate their mates to grab the baton to keep the momentum rolling (ALS Association 2019).

Turns out those much-mocked Ice Bucket Challenge videos helped do a lot of good. Two summers ago, the challenge, designed to raise money for research into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, took the internet by storm. Supporters ended up raising over $115 million for the A.L.S (Rogers 2016).   

3. #BlackLivesMatter

Black Lives Matter is a decentralized political and social movement promoting non-violent civil resistance in protest of police brutality and other race based abuse towards African-Americans (Anderson 2016).

With its roots in an emotional Facebook post, after the killing of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in 2012, this hashtag has sparked a civil rights campaign that would transform the face of the United States. There are currently more than 26 chapters of Black Lives Matter across the United States (Calderwood and Hales 2019).

The campaign is fueled by sorrow at the nearly infinite flood of wrongful deaths; anger at institutionalized racism; indignation at the consistent lack of fair treatment for all African-Americans.

How Protests Become Successful Social Movements

While hashtags used for activism are capable of educating and gaining people's interest and mobilizing as many people as possible, they should understand the implications of posting such content and what is acceptable for posting. Activists are urged to devote their time developing and revealing less divisive knowledge and to help people understand about the root causes of the crisis.

Still, protests such as the huge Black lives matter march that took place earlier this year, while vital to the development of transformational reform, is only the first step. There are obvious reasons that some campaigns languish and die away while others flourish, and protesters need to take the lessons of history to heart (PND 2018). In order to make a meaningful difference, the campaign needs to follow these five golden steps:

Step 1: Define the change you want to see

Defining change obviously is a recurring trend for popular campaigns. Gandhi decided to be independent of the British. The Civil Rights Movement required concrete laws to be enacted. The color revolutions required a change in government. This were both concrete targets that could construct a plan around them (Gribbin 2017).

Step 2: Shift the spectrum of allies

When you have specifically identified the improvement that you want to make, you need to start looking at the spectrum of allies. Find out that you should expect active or passive support from and provide neutrality at best — or, at worst, active or passive resistance. As Sun Tzu wrote, "Know yourself, know your opponent, and know the landscape." The terrain is a continuum of allies (abc news 2018).

Step 3: Identify the pillars of power

While it is vital to attract supporters from up and down the continuum of funding, it is also important to recognize the organizations that have the ability to bring about the reform you want. These "pillars of influence" can include the police, the media, the school system, government departments, or other organisations. As vital as public support is to the cause, nothing is going to improve without structural support (Popovic and Satell 2017) .

Step 4: Seek to attract, not to overpower

Every campaign is trying to fix any inequality, so it's easy to slip into the pit of demonizing the other side. And this is when a lot of movements fall off the rails. Anger is an effective mobilizing force, but anger without hope is a crippling force. You ought to have an affirmative argument for affirmative tactics ( Mongiello 2016 ).

Step 5: Build a plan to survive victory

Ironically, one of the most dangerous phases of the revolt is just after victory has been won. In Ukraine's 2004 Orange Revolution, the incoming team was unable to establish a single, efficient administration, and soon the nation reverted to anarchy. Secular demonstrators succeeded in Egypt in 2011, but the subsequent elections were won by the Muslim Brotherhood (Popovic et al 2017)

In conclusion, it is crucial not to associate the call for reform with the ideals that the campaign aims to embody. Only because you win an election or have a policy approved and financed doesn't mean it's time to claim victory. In fact, it is at this stage that you need to reinforce relationships and renew the commitment of each stakeholder to what has generated progress in the first place.

References

abc, 2018. 'No-One Is Listening': Tens Of Thousands Mark Invasion Day With Protests. Abc.net.au. viewed 22nd October<https://www.abc.net.au/new s/2018-01-26/invasion-day-protests-in-melbourne-and-sydney/9364940>

ALS Association, 2019. Ice Bucket Challenge Dramatically Accelerated The Fight Against ALS.  The ALS Association. viewed 22nd October <https://www.als.org/stories-news/ice-bucket-challenge-dramatically-accelerated-fight-against-als> 

Anderson, 2016. History Of The Hashtag #Blacklivesmatter: Social Activism On Twitter. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. viewed 22nd October <https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/08/15/the-hashtag-blacklivesmatter-emerges-social-activism-on-twitter/>

Gribbin, 2017. Hanson Insists She Can Hold One Nation Together. viewed 22nd October <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-30/pauline-hanson-vows-to-prevent-one-nation-fragmenting/8220196>

Mongiello, 2016. Repository.upenn. viewed 22nd October du<https://reposito ry.up enn.edu/cgi /viewcontent.cgi?article=4267&context=edissertations>

Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. 2018. Activism In The Social Media Age. viewed 22nd October <https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/ 2018/07/11/public-attitudes-toward-political-engagement-on-social-media/> 

pnd, 2018. How Change Happens: Why Some Social Movements Succeed While Others Don't, Philanthropy News Digest (PND). viewed 22nd October <https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/off-the-shelf/how-change-happens-why-some-social-movements-succeed-while-others-don-t> 

Popovic and Satell, 2017. 8 Massive Moments Hashtag Activism Really, Really Worked. Global Citizen. viewed 22nd October <https://www.globalcitizen. org /en/content/hashtag-activism-hashtag10-twitter-trends-dresslik/>

pws, n.d. Pwc Proudly Backs Heforshe. PwC. viewed 22nd October <https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/about/diversity/he-for-she.html>+

Rogers, K., 2016. The ‘Ice Bucket Challenge’ Helped Scientists Discover A New Gene Tied To A.L.S. (Published 2016). Nytimes.com. viewed 22nd October <https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/health/the-ice-bucket-challenge-helped-scientists-discover-a-new-gene-tied-to-als.html#:~:text=It %20turns%20out%20t hose%20much,%24115%20million%20for%20the%20A.L.S.>

[ericgamalinda]

Doesn’t matter if we’re Filipino or Fil-Am: we contain multitudes

First off, a disclaimer. Krip Yuson has always been a friend of mine and I will always be grateful to him for convincing the Philippine Literary Arts Council to take me under its wing. And I appreciate his constant praise of Filipino and Fil-Am writers in the US, and his latest kudos in his recent column in the Philippine Star.

I must, however, take issue with some of his closing remarks, where he compares Fil-Am writers against those based in the Philippines. He situates this connection as a competition, with Fil-Am writers having an edge in “proficiency and excellence” by the mere fact of the “training they get in their adopted environment, competing with the natives.”

This reminds me of something that has always bothered me about the Filipino mindset: that we think we are worthy only as far as America (or the West) says so. We celebrate those who “make it” abroad, and by reference we imply that those who publish at home are inferior, and not worth as much of our attention. We see the same phenomenon in almost all aspects of our culture: consider Lea Salonga, Manny Pacquiao, Arnel Pineda, even Miss Universe—the list goes on—people we started to celebrate once the West said it was OK to do so.

This is our infantile neurosis: that we believe we are respectable only when the dominant culture says so. We believe a writer has “made it” once she has been published outside Philippine territory. We are still so enamored by our colonial master that we view anything “written in America” as superior and more desirable. This is the self-hating attitude embedded in us by our contact with the Spanish and American racists, and we continue to internalize it as absolute truth. Bewitched by the falsehoods they waterboarded upon us, we cannot look at anything American beyond its dazzling glamour—in other words, its magical illusion.  

But think about the “environment” a Fil-Am writer has to live with. Fil-Am writers, indeed all writers of color, have to contend with the racism and condescension of the American publishing industry, where whiteness is considered eminently marketable. There’s a likely chance that nearly all Fil-Am writers have once been told that nobody is interested in the Philippines or a Filipino narrative or in Filipino characters. At best, they may be accepted by the mainstream for being “exotic.” The publishing industry discriminates against the Filipino narrative, and therefore the Filipino. This problem extends way beyond geography, regardless of whether one is Fil-Am or Filipino. It is an indelible part of our common history.

A national literature, a literary identity and heritage, must encompass all texts written within that “nation,” which in today’s global world, and considering the Philippines’ long history of diaspora, is a fluid concept, and cannot and should not be considered in the binary perceptions of Filipino and Fil-Am. It is not a “competition,” and it is not a zero sum game. A writer contributes to a collective voice that seeks and defines who we are and where we are heading. Ours is a complicated history, as we all know, and we contain multitudes.

To imply that one becomes a better writer because of one’s proximity to the colonial masters is truly sickening. It does a great disservice to the work being done by our own educators in the Philippines and the prodigious output of writers based at home. I have met some of these writers and I have read some of their works, and to imply that they cannot “compete” with those “schooled abroad” is disheartening, if not untrue. When I joined PLAC, I personally felt such growth in my artistic and intellectual education through my conversations with the likes of Gemino Abad, Cirilo Bautista, Rayvi Sunico, Marjorie Evasco, and others. I have not found such inspiration from the “natives” this article refers to. We must not forget the impact we may have, whether we are conscious of it or not, among our juniors or peers.

The only difference between the Fil-Am and Filipino writer is that their publishers—and their marketing and distribution capabilities—are unequal on many levels, due to a number of reasons. There are many ways we can suggest to alleviate this. Why not create a more effective system of publishing and distribution, and offer help to our local publishers so that they can open themselves to an international market, and audiences abroad can finally appreciate the remarkable talent we have at home? Why not support recognition that truly honors our writers? Why should we expect America to celebrate our own writers when we ourselves are reluctant to do so, unless they are published abroad? Why wait for the West—which has its innate biases—to recognize our worth? Our problem is not geography but invisibility. The issue is not proficiency or excellence but self-hate and shame.

Writing is a personal journey, and one’s development as a writer is influenced more by one’s determination to be so. Environment matters, of course, if only as a source of raw material, but the nature of that experience cannot be judged by one’s exotic or foreign location alone. There is an eminent role played by memory, identity, beliefs, and values, which are intrinsic to our soul.

You don’t become a “better” writer by moving abroad, or by rubbing elbows with the colonial elite. You do so by deeply examining your own values, reevaluating your history and your place in it, and speaking your truth.