#HVAC engineering formulas

[hvac-eng]

Design Procedures for Cooling-Only Systems: Detailed Airflow Calculation Methodology

Technical Deep Dive: Airflow Calculation Methods for Cooling-Only Systems Following our 8-step methodology for designing cooling-only HVAC systems, this technical supplement provides detailed insights into the critical airflow calculation methods essential for Step 3: Calculate Required Zone and Space Supply Airflow Rates. Understanding these calculation approaches enables engineers to select…

[trendingblogz1]

Factors of Manual Heat Load Calculations

Manual heat load calculations are a cornerstone of HVAC design in the USA, especially for residential HVAC design USA projects. These calculations estimate the required heating and cooling capacity to maintain indoor comfort, accounting for variables such as insulation, orientation, window size, occupancy, and climate. A key formula used is:

Q = U × A × ΔT

Where:

Q = Heat loss or gain (BTU/hr)

U = Overall heat transfer coefficient (BTU/hr·ft²·°F)

A = Area of the surface (ft²)

ΔT = Temperature difference (°F) between inside and outside

For solar heat gain through windows, another common formula is:

Q = SHGC × A × SCL × CLF

Where:

SHGC = Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

SCL = Shading Coefficient

CLF = Cooling Load Factor

A = Window area

Accurate use of these equations helps residential HVAC designers and HVAC design services USA providers select the correct equipment size, improving efficiency and comfort. These calculations are supported by MEP drafting services in USA, MEP engineering design services, and electrical company services, ensuring integrated and code-compliant solutions. Whether it’s AC repair in USA, air duct cleaning services USA, or full-scale house HVAC design, trusted HVAC companies in USA rely on these principles. For high-quality service, homeowners can look to the largest HVAC companies in US or explore a list of HVAC companies in USA offering tailored solutions.

[tubebenderdaveultimatetubebender]

Mastering Tube Bending: Key Terminology and Techniques for Precision Engineering

Mastering Tube Bending: Key Terminology and Techniques for Precision Engineering

Introduction: The Science Behind Tube Bending

Welcome to Tube Bending 101, future engineers! Whether you're designing hydraulic systems, automotive roll cages, aircraft components, or industrial piping, understanding tube bending is essential. A miscalculated bend can lead to structural weakness, improper fittings, and increased production costs—things no engineer wants to deal with.

In this lesson, we’ll break down the fundamental terminology in tube bending and explore recent advancements in the field.

Distinguishing Between Tube and Pipe

Understanding the difference between tubes and pipes is crucial:

Tubes are measured by their OD and gauge (wall thickness). Common gauges include 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20, with lower gauges indicating thicker walls.

Example: A 1.5-inch OD tube with a 0.035-inch wall is labeled as “1.5-inch 20-gauge tube.”

Pipes are categorized by Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) and Schedule (Sch.), which define the OD and wall thickness.

Example: A pipe with a 1.66-inch OD and 0.140-inch wall is referred to as “1.25-inch Sch. 40 pipe.”

The Core Elements of a Tube Bending Project

Every tube bending project is influenced by three major factors:

Material type – Different metals have different bending capabilities.

End-use application – Precision requirements vary based on industry needs.

Production volume – High-volume production often requires CNC-controlled bending machines.

Within these factors, specific bending parameters help determine the feasibility, cost, and time required to produce a part.

1. Degree of Bend (DOB): The Angle of Accuracy

📌 The Degree of Bend (DOB) is the angle at which a tube or pipe is curved. A simple 45-degree bend might be used in handrails, while complex exhaust systems or aerospace tubing require precise 180-degree bends.

💡 Recent Advancements: ✔ AI-assisted tube bending now helps manufacturers reduce material waste by predicting springback, which occurs when a metal tries to return to its original shape after bending. ✔ CNC tube benders provide multi-axis bending, ensuring near-perfect accuracy for high-precision industries.

🔹 Example: A 180-degree return bend in an HVAC system requires precision to prevent air or fluid leaks.

2. Centreline Radius (CLR): The Heart of Tube Bending

📌 The Centreline Radius (CLR) refers to the distance from the center of the tube to the exact middle of the bend. It determines how tight or relaxed the bend will be.

✔ Standard Rule: The minimum achievable CLR is typically 1× the tube diameter. ✔ Smooth bends with reduced stress occur at CLR values of 2× or greater.

🔹 Example: If you have a 2-inch diameter tube, the smallest possible CLR is 2 inches. A 4-inch CLR would create a gentler curve with less material stress.

💡 Recent Trends: ✔ Laser scanning technology now allows for real-time CLR measurement, reducing errors and improving consistency in production. ✔ Mandrel-assisted bending is used for tight CLR bends to prevent flattening or wrinkling of the tube.

3. Centreline Diameter (CLD): Getting the Full Picture

📌 The Centreline Diameter (CLD) is the total distance across a 180-degree return bend, measured from centreline to centreline.

✔ Formula: CLD = 2 × CLR

🔹 Example: If your CLR is 3 inches, your CLD will be 6 inches.

💡 Why It’s Important:

A small CLD can cause tube deformation or buckling during bending.

A large CLD increases material use and takes up more space in a system.

4. Wall Thickness and Its Role in Bending

📌 The Wall Factor (WF) is a critical parameter in tube bending. It is calculated as: ✔ WF = Tube Outside Diameter (OD) ÷ Wall Thickness (WT)

✔ A higher Wall Factor (>70) means the tube is more likely to wrinkle or collapse during bending. ✔ A lower Wall Factor (<20) means the tube is more rigid and less prone to deformation.

💡 Recent Developments: ✔ Hydroforming techniques allow thin-walled tubes to be bent without distortion. ✔ Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is now used to predict tube failure points before bending even begins.

Wall Factor and Bend Ratios

The Wall Factor (OD divided by wall thickness) is essential in determining how a tube will react during bending. Thin-walled tubes (18 gauge and thinner) require additional support to prevent collapse.

The D of Bend is another crucial factor, representing the bend radius in relation to tube diameter:

A 2D bend for a 3-inch OD tube means the bend radius is 6 inches.

The larger the D of Bend, the easier the tube is to bend.

The smaller the wall factor, the easier the tube maintains its shape during bending.

5. Springback: A Challenge in Tube Bending

📌 Springback occurs when a bent tube partially returns to its original shape after bending, requiring overcompensation in the bending process.

💡 Recent Advancements: ✔ AI-powered bending software can predict and adjust for springback in real time. ✔ Adaptive bending machines now apply variable force to counteract springback, ensuring greater accuracy.

6. Lubrication and Tooling in Modern Bending

📌 The right lubricant reduces friction between the tube and bending die, preventing scratches, wrinkles, or fractures.

✔ New eco-friendly lubricants reduce waste and improve sustainability. ✔ Advanced tooling materials (like carbide-coated dies) extend tool life and reduce maintenance costs.

Why Precision Matters in Tube Bending

✔ Aerospace applications require ultra-precise bends to prevent air leaks and structural failure. ✔ Automotive roll cages need strong yet flexible bends to absorb impact in a crash. ✔ Medical tubing must be bent with extreme care to avoid obstructions in fluid flow.

Maintaining Tube Roundness: Understanding Ovality

Bending a tube can cause deformation, making it lose its round shape. This is called ovality, which is calculated using the difference between the maximum and minimum OD after bending.

For example:

A 2-inch OD tube that deforms to 1.975 inches has an ovality factor of 0.025 inches.

Acceptable ovality tolerances typically range between 1.5% to 8%, depending on the application.

Ovality can be controlled using mandrels inside the tube or by using Drawn-Over-Mandrel (DOM) tubing, which is manufactured to precise tolerances.

Ensuring a Perfectly Round Bend

When a tube undergoes bending, maintaining its original round shape can be a challenge. The deformation that occurs, known as ovality, refers to the variance between the maximum and minimum outside diameter (OD) of the tube after bending.

To illustrate, suppose a tube with a 2-inch OD is bent, and the diameter at its most deformed point measures 1.975 inches. The difference—0.025 inches—represents the ovality factor. This factor must stay within an acceptable range, typically between 1.5% and 8%, depending on the application and industry standards.

Factors Influencing Ovality

The degree of ovality in a bent tube depends on two primary factors:

The D of Bend – This is the ratio between the tube’s centerline radius (CLR) and its OD. The tighter the bend radius in comparison to the tube diameter, the higher the risk of ovality.

Wall Thickness – Thinner walls are more prone to distortion, making it difficult to maintain a perfectly round shape.

When working with thin-walled tubes or particularly tight bend radii, additional support mechanisms are necessary to prevent collapse or excessive deformation.

How to Control Ovality

To preserve the tube’s roundness during bending, fabricators use specialized techniques, including:

Mandrel Support – Inserting a mandrel (a precision-fitted support rod) inside the tube during bending helps maintain its shape.

Drawn-Over-Mandrel (DOM) Tubing – This type of tubing is manufactured with extremely tight tolerances, reducing the likelihood of ovality from the outset.

Tighter ovality tolerances generally require more sophisticated tooling and longer production times to achieve the desired result.

Quality Control and Inspection

Once bending is complete, manufacturers use high-precision inspection tools to measure ovality and ensure compliance with design specifications. Any necessary corrections are then programmed into CNC bending machines to refine the bending process for future runs.

By understanding and managing ovality, engineers can ensure that bent tubes maintain their structural integrity, function correctly in their intended applications, and meet industry standards for quality and performance.

Final Thoughts – Mastering Tube Bending for Engineering Success

As engineers, your understanding of tube bending terminology directly impacts the quality, cost, and efficiency of manufacturing. Mastering these concepts ensures stronger, more reliable components—whether you're working in construction, transportation, energy, or aerospace.

💡 Key Takeaways: ✔ DOB, CLR, and CLD determine the accuracy of bends. ✔ Wall thickness affects bend quality and deformation risk. ✔ Springback compensation is crucial for precision bending. ✔ Lubrication and advanced tooling improve bend quality and longevity.

📩 Need expert tube bending parts or refurbished machines? Contact www.benderparts.com—a trusted industry leader for over 25 years.

🔧 Reach out today! 📧 Email: dave@benderparts.com 📞 Call: (810) 844-0233

🚀 Until next time—keep your bends precise and your calculations sharp!

[pipestressanalysis]

What is Pipe Stess Analysis?

Pipe Stress Analysis is an engineering process used to evaluate the effects of forces such as internal pressure, temperature variations, weight, and external loads on a piping system. It ensures that pipes can withstand these stresses without failure, excessive deformation, or leakage, maintaining safety and operational efficiency.

Why is Pipe Stress Analysis Important?

Prevents pipe failure, leakage, or rupture due to thermal expansion, vibration, or mechanical loads.

Ensures compliance with industry standards such as ASME B31.3, B31.1, API 570.

Helps in optimizing support locations to minimize excessive stress and deflections.

Reduces maintenance costs by identifying potential issues early.

Types of Stresses in Piping Systems

Primary Stress – Caused by internal pressure and weight (e.g., pipe self-weight, fluid weight).

Secondary Stress – Due to thermal expansion/contraction, leading to bending or displacement.

Dynamic Stress – Caused by seismic activity, vibrations, water hammer, or wind loads.

Pipe Stress Analysis Methods

Manual Calculations – Based on empirical formulas (used for simple piping layouts).

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) – A detailed simulation for complex stress scenarios.

Software Tools – Industry-standard tools like CAESAR II, AutoPIPE, ROHR2, and ANSYS for precise stress calculations.

Industries That Require Pipe Stress Analysis

Oil & Gas Pipelines

Power Plants (Nuclear, Thermal, Renewable Energy)

Chemical & Petrochemical Plants

HVAC Systems

Pharmaceutical & Water Treatment Plants

Would you like a more detailed breakdown of pipe stress analysis software, industry standards, or case studies?

Visit our website:

Why is Pipe Stress Analysis Important?

Prevents pipe failure, leakage, or rupture due to thermal expansion, vibration, or mechanical loads.

Ensures compliance with industry standards such as ASME B31.3, B31.1, API 570.

Helps in optimizing support locations to minimize excessive stress and deflections.

Reduces maintenance costs by identifying potential issues early.

Types of Stresses in Piping Systems

Primary Stress – Caused by internal pressure and weight (e.g., pipe self-weight, fluid weight).

Secondary Stress – Due to thermal expansion/contraction, leading to bending or displacement.

Dynamic Stress – Caused by seismic activity, vibrations, water hammer, or wind loads.

Pipe Stress Analysis Methods

Manual Calculations – Based on empirical formulas (used for simple piping layouts).

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) – A detailed simulation for complex stress scenarios.

Software Tools – Industry-standard tools like CAESAR II, AutoPIPE, ROHR2, and ANSYS for precise stress calculations.

Industries That Require Pipe Stress Analysis

Oil & Gas Pipelines

Power Plants (Nuclear, Thermal, Renewable Energy)

Chemical & Petrochemical Plants

HVAC Systems

Pharmaceutical & Water Treatment Plants

Would you like a more detailed breakdown of pipe stress analysis software, industry standards, or case studies?

Visit https://inclinedengg.com/pipe-stress-analysis/

[ruhi37088]

Why Waterproofing Is Essential During House Construction

When constructing a house, one of the most crucial aspects to consider is waterproofing. It is an essential process that protects the integrity of your home from water damage, which can lead to structural issues, mold growth, and a myriad of other problems. In this blog, we will explore why waterproofing is vital during house construction and how Star shield Paint's Star Aqua Shield + can provide an effective solution.

Understanding Waterproofing

Waterproofing refers to the process of making a structure resistant to water ingress, thereby preventing moisture-related problems. It is particularly important for areas that are constantly exposed to water, such as roofs, basements, and bathrooms. With the right waterproofing coating for roofs ,homeowners can ensure that their homes remain safe, dry, and comfortable.

The Importance of Waterproofing in Home Construction

1. Prevention of Water Damage

   Water can be incredibly destructive. From leaks in the roof to seepage through the foundation, moisture can compromise the integrity of your home. This can result in rotting wood, rusted metal, and weakened foundations. By applying a reliable leak proof paint for roofs like Star Aqua Shield +, homeowners can effectively prevent water damage and extend the life of their homes.

2. Mold and Mildew Prevention  

   Excess moisture in any part of your home can lead to mold and mildew growth, which can cause health issues for you and your family. Mold thrives in damp environments, and without proper waterproofing, your home could become a breeding ground for these harmful substances. Waterproofing your home with products like Star Aqua Shield + can significantly reduce the risk of mold growth.

3. Energy Efficiency  

   A well-waterproofed home is not only protected from water damage but is also more energy-efficient. Water can seep through cracks and crevices, leading to increased humidity levels and making your HVAC system work harder. By using effective waterproofing solutions, you can maintain a consistent indoor climate and lower energy costs.

4. Enhanced Property Value

   Homes that have been properly waterproofed often have higher resale values. Potential buyers are usually wary of homes that show signs of water damage or mold. By investing in quality waterproofing during construction, you enhance the long-term value of your property and make it more attractive to future buyers.

5. Protection Against Environmental Factors  

   Weather conditions such as heavy rain, snow, and humidity can pose serious threats to your home. Waterproofing is an essential barrier that protects your home from these environmental elements. Utilizing a high-quality waterproofing paint for roofs like Star Aqua Shield + will provide a robust defense against the elements, ensuring your home remains safe and secure.

Why Choose Star Aqua Shield + for Waterproofing?

When it comes to waterproofing solutions, not all products are created equal. Starshield Paint offers Star Aqua Shield +, a premium waterproofing paint designed specifically for roofs and other critical areas of your home. Here are some key features that make Star Aqua Shield + a top choice:

1. Superior Protection  

   Star Aqua Shield + is engineered to provide exceptional resistance against water ingress. Its advanced formulation creates a durable barrier that prevents leaks, making it an ideal waterproofing coating for roofs.

2. Ease of Application  

   One of the standout features of Star Aqua Shield + is its ease of application. Whether you're a DIY enthusiast or a professional contractor, this product can be applied quickly and efficiently, reducing labor time and costs.

3. Long-Lasting Durability

   The longevity of a waterproofing product is crucial. Star Aqua Shield + is designed to withstand harsh weather conditions and UV exposure, ensuring that your investment provides protection for years to come.

4. Eco-Friendly Formula  

   Environmental considerations are becoming increasingly important in construction. Star Aqua Shield + features an eco-friendly formula that is safe for both your family and the environment. By choosing this product, you can feel good about protecting your home without compromising your health or the planet.

5. Cost-Effective Solution  

   While the upfront cost of waterproofing might seem high, the long-term savings are undeniable. By preventing water damage and reducing the likelihood of costly repairs, products like Star Aqua Shield + ultimately save homeowners money over time.

 Conclusion

In conclusion, waterproofing is an essential step in house construction that should never be overlooked. By investing in effective waterproofing solutions like Star Aqua Shield +, home owners can safeguard their properties from water damage, mold growth, and other moisture-related issues. With its superior protection, ease of application, and eco-friendly formula, Star Aqua Shield + stands out as a premier choice for those looking to protect their homes. Don’t wait for leaks to occur; ensure your home is secure with quality waterproofing from the beginning.

If you’re planning a new construction project or considering renovations, make waterproofing a top priority. Remember, a dry home is a happy home!

[sachiyasteel]

MS Pipe Weight Chart In KG - Sachiya Steel International

We are leading Manufacturers, Supplier, Dealers, and Exporter of Mild Steel Pipes in India. We stock an extensive range of electric resistance welded (ERW) mild steel pipes/tubes in a size range of 1/2 inch N.B. to 14 inch N.B. in the Light, Medium and Heavy classes, confirming to IS: 1239 (Part-1) 2004, Equivalent to BS: 1387. Our Mild steel pipes are available in different sizes, shapes, and grades. In This Article, Explore MS Pipe weight Chart in KG easily! Learn how size, thickness, and material affect weight for smart decisions in construction, engineering, and manufacturing. 

We supply these Pipes in most of the major Indian cities in more than 20 States. We Sachiya Steel International offer different types of grades like Stainless Steel Pipes, Super Duplex Pipes, Duplex Pipes, Carbon Steel Pipes, Alloys Steel Pipes, Nickel Alloys Pipes, Aluminum Pipes, etc. 

As part of your MS pipe Weight research, using the Mild steel pipe weight chart for accurate information is Important . Consider, for instance, a 4-inch mild steel pipe with an outer diameter of 114.3 mm, typically featuring a thickness between 6.02 mm and 15.72 kg/m as per this weight chart.

How To Calculate Mild Steel Pipe Weight Chart In Kg? 

Sachiya Steel International generates excellent MS pipelines from India. The raw materials of MS Plumbing, ie MS Steel Coils has, were purchased from the renowned steel producer, ie Steel Authority of India (SAIL), which will be a public sector firm and is now the largest integrated steel producer in India. We offer our customers quality flexibility, suppliers and quality merchandise to meet their schedule. Not only are quality goods manufactured by us, but we have a connection with our customers. 

Calculating the weight of an Mild Steel Pipe requires a Simple Process. First, Collect information Of its outer diameter (OD) and wall thickness. Next, follow this formula to calculate steel pipe weight: 

Weight (in kg) = 0.02466x (OD – Wall Thickness) x Wall Thickness

The ‘0.02466’ is a constant representing mild steel density in kg/mm³. Once you have these measurements, Fill them into a formula to Calculate the weight of an Mild Steel pipe in kilograms per meter (kg/m). 

What Is an Mild Steel Pipe Weight Chart? 

An mild steel pipe weight chart is an invaluable resource that provides standard weights of different sizes and thicknesses of MS pipes, aiding engineers, builders, and manufacturers in selecting appropriate pipes for their projects while assuring structural integrity and safety. 

Factors Affecting Mild Steel Pipe Weight: 

Diameter (OD) of MS pipes plays an enormous role in their weight. Larger diameter pipes tend to weigh more due to increased material use, so be mindful when selecting larger OD pipes as this could skew results. 

Thickness: The thickness of an MS pipe’s walls plays an essential part in its weight. Thicker pipes tend to contain more material and therefore weigh more. 

Density of Material: MS pipes are predominantly composed of mild steel, which has its own specific density. Understanding this metric helps accurately calculate their weight. 

How to Read an Mild Steel Pipe Weight Chart: 

Mild steel pipe weight charts usually feature a table format with columns detailing pipe size, thickness, and its associated kilograms per meter (KG/M). Users can consult these charts to select an ideal pipe dimensions based on project requirements. 

Applications of Mild Steel Pipe Weight Charts: 

Construction: MS pipes are widely utilized in construction projects for plumbing, structural support and transport of fluids. Assuring building integrity requires accurate weight calculations in order to keep infrastructure standing strong. 

Engineering: Engineers use Mild steel pipe weight charts to design efficient systems for fluid flow, HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning), and industrial processes. Precise weight estimations facilitate optimized pipe sizing and layout planning. 

Manufacturing: MS pipes are widely utilized by manufacturers for producing equipment, machinery, and components of all sorts. Reliable weight data helps manufacturers streamline production processes while limiting material wastage.

Read More: https://steeltube.co.in/ms-pipe-weight-chart-in-kg/

[pnovick]

Travel Technician II USA zl120qmfdnya HVAC or Power

Job ID: zl120qmfdnya Full-time Onsite Role with Paid Relocation Major Project Technician II - Travel Technician Our client, a renowned industry player with a multitude of accolades, is currently seeking a skilled Major Project Technician II - Travel Technician. Join our dynamic team and play a crucial role in ensuring our clients receive top-notch services related to power generation and HVAC solutions. Why Choose Our Client? Here are some of the benefits: - Home-based opportunity available in various US cities with major airports, with up to 75% travel. - Competitive compensation with potential for additional rewards. - Generous travel allowance of $2.50 per hour. - 23/10 schedule for optimal work-life balance. - Annual bonus program to recognize and reward your contributions. - No-cost medical plan option available. - Comprehensive technical training programs, both in-person and virtual, covering various aspects including diesel, gas, compressed air, electrical, controls, oil-free air compressors, HVAC, microgrid & storage, and more. - Opportunities for career growth and tuition reimbursement. - Immerse yourself in a safety-focused culture working with cutting-edge technology. What the Role Entails: As a Major Project Technician II, you will be part of an elite technician team working on diverse projects ranging from large-scale events to supporting utility customers and participating in refinery turnaround teams. Key responsibilities include: - Installation, commissioning, service, and repair of generators, diesel engines, electrical distribution equipment, HVAC systems, and/or oil-free air (OFA) systems. - Commissioning for Major Projects and other complex initiatives. - Troubleshooting equipment failures, both on Major Projects and at service centers. - Utilizing mathematical formulas to calculate nominal and effective tonnage and/or kW requirements. - Reading and comprehending electrical schematics, wiring diagrams, and service manuals. - Maintaining a thorough knowledge of, practicing, and promoting safe working conditions in accordance with OSHA, EPA, and other regulations governing the safe operation of equipment. - Interface with a remote operations center to prevent failures, assist in designing proactive notification systems, and ensure compliance. Expertise and Qualifications: - Willingness to travel extensively, up to 75%, and be away for extended periods. - High school diploma/GED or equivalent. - 4-6 years of experience in power generators, commercial HVAC equipment, and/or oil-free air (OFA) compressors, encompassing inspections, maintenance, and repairs. - Certifications such as Electrical Generating System Association technician are advantageous. - Proficiency in using metering and instruments like multi-meters, amp meters, and hygrometers. - Possession of a valid Letter of Electrical Authorization for Aggreko. - Capability to obtain and maintain a TWIC card or valid DOT medical card based on customer requirements. - Valid driver’s license. - Ability to move or lift objects, typically less than 75 lbs. Screening Questions: - Are you open to travel up to 75%? - Upon receiving an offer, you will be subject to a background check and drug test. Do you have any concerns? - What equipment have you worked on? - Are you available to work on weekends? - Do you have any HVAC Certification? EPA Universal. - Are you familiar with working on Chillers? - How many years of experience do you have in the industry working on HVAC on the Industrial/Commercial side? Interview Steps: - Assessment test - Must complete within 45 minutes to an hour and score at least 70%. - Virtual interview - Conducted on Microsoft Teams. - On-site interview - At a facility. Read the full article

[irispublishersengineeringscience]

Iris Publishers - Global Journal of Engineering Sciences (GJES)

Air Conditioning Booster

Authored   by   Ehab Nader Tuffaha

Abstract

The study trying to utilize and allows to harness the natural and free solar energy gotten from the sun by converting the additional free enthalpy gotten as thermal and kinetic energy likewise into useful power; on other words the main concern is increasing the COP.

This type of AC will use as much solar energy as is available and convert the solar energy directly to replace the equivalent amount of AC power from the mains provider. Under optimum conditions, this can save up to 25% – 45 % of your mains power usage during the summer.

This will be most recent innovation in standalone power saving which is partially free of charge by the Sun.

The study aims to renovate the traditional refrigeration system which is normally known as compression refrigeration cycle everywhere in our buildings, so that it can be developed to take advantage of the free solar energy without complicated changes neither a completely demolishing.

Keywords: HVAC; Solar radiation; R 134a; Thermodynamics; Momentum

Introduction

Jordan is among of the most enthusiastic developing country to promote utilization of renewable energy, as very well known the solar radiation in Jordan average within 4500 Wh/m2 to8000 Wh/ m2.

More than 300 sunny days in Jordan driving us to think more seriously in renewable energy resources and somehow reduce dependence on oil consumption.

Basic thermodynamics statement that as a greater temperature difference between substances the faster heat flow, so once the refrigerant gas temperature increased then a heat rejection is higher; same what happened when the ambient temperature increases, less heat can be rejected from the air-cooled condenser to the hotter ambient.

Adding an extra heat to the cycle in order to increase ΔT between condenser and surrounding environment. Not quite, but the future will be for renewable energy, however the first step should be renovating the transition phase of the hybridized types by paving the way for the renewable sources, as there is no doubt that renewable energy does not match in any way the traditional energy that we are accustomed to in term of cost neither the required efficiency.

Methodology

Heat transferee calculations:

a) Qh = mh x Cph (Thou t-Thin) Versus b) Qc = mc x Cpc (Tc out-T c in)

Equation a here represent water system versus equation b for refrigeration cycle.

Where Q = heat energy (Joules, J) m = mass of a substance (kg) c = specific heat (unit’s J/kg∙K) Δt is a symbol meaning “the change in” temperatures

Tcout = Outlet refrigeration temperature from heat exchanger.

Tcin = Inlet refrigeration temperature from heat exchanger.

Thin = Water Inlet temperature from the solar collector to heat exchanger.

Mpemba Effect on the Refrigeration Cycle

The basic advantage is a quicker phase change from gas to liquid leading to a better sub cooling and that to less flash gas then more cooling capacity at the evaporator and with the control of the unit then to the original cooling capacity at the evaporator but with less compressor work. All the known formulas in thermodynamics can’t explain, because there is really none for the phase change except the amount of heat transferred at phase change.

We gain here 15 KW using our selected heat exchanger); Now a gas coming from a higher temperature has a much higher kinetic energy of the molecules and they kick much more into them as a result they can develop much quicker the interconnecting Vander Waals forces and as a result they liquefy quicker. Since the gas gets quicker liquid, the remaining way in the condenser is used to cool down the fully liquid further.

Where a & b are dimensions to be experimentally found. p = pressure, n= number of moles, T = temperature, V = volume and R = universal gas constant. Hence Its value will be nearby to general gas equation the given gas is at low pressure and high temperature.

PV = nRT; V = As x L, as the selected exchanger is 0.311m height,

P @ 90 C = 10 bar = 9.9 atm; V= 0.5 m3

R = 0.082 lt. atm /deg.k.mole

10 x 0.5= n x 0.082x 363

So n= 0.2

However as very known from

P1V = n1RT …; P2V = n2RT … Considering the volume is constant (Isochoric) as the heat exchanger is a small closed tank so: P2 X 0.5= 0.2 x 0.082 x 363 k ; So P2 =12 bar

Discussions and Ideas

Based on the below equations and numbers, a rapidly increasing in momentum during of heating the refrigerant gas R 134a:

As an estimation each pressure drop in heat exchanger 4m/ 100m and we have a 10 meters pipes so we have a 0.4 bar =4079 kgf/m2 (kg per sq. meter); let us multiply the factors as below:

0.2 kg/s (refrigerant flow rate) x 4079 kg/m2 x 0.02 m3/kg (specific volume @ 40 c & 2 bar) = 16 kg.m/s

This unit is a momentum, so let us try to get the momentum @ 90 c & 10 bar:

0.2 kg/s (refrigerant flow rate) x 4079 kg/m2 x 0.3m3/kg (specific volume @ 90 c & 10 bar) = 245 kg.m/s.

This is mean each change in momentum is a new specific impulse on other words this is producing a thrust force which is also a gain for the cycle.

Conclusion

• The system clearly shows that COP is increased from 4.3 to 5.5, by converting solar thermal energy to sub cooling additional for the refrigeration cycle.

• The system adds more 2 bars to the refrigeration cycle consequently increasing in the entropy as mean a quicker phase change due to quicker set-up of intermolecular bindings because of v Van der Waals forces yielding additional sub-cooling.

• The most important is we don’t have to increase condenser surface. It is very well capable to remove the additional heat, the Formula Q = alpha X surface x delta T. Alpha is heat transfer coefficient and does not change, If Delta T increases due to higher temperature of the refrigerant entering the condenser, the condenser just transfers more heat. The environment as the heat absorbing media is capable of taking up that additional heat. For more explanation, let say what happened with radiators: if you flush water with a temperature of 45 °C through the radiator, it does not provide that much heat as if you flush water through with a temperature of 90 °C so the radiator is capable of doing the job.

Basically W (KJ/Kg) = ∫p*dv, however the dv in heat exchanger considered zero by other words it’s an Isochoric Work When V is held constant and P changes W = 0 Because gas is not doing any work but as surrounding adds energy to internal energy of gas That’s why Cp is always greater than Cv Specific heat capacity at constant pressure is always greater than Specific heat capacity at constant volume, now once the gas goes through the condenser a quicker phase change occurred there cause When gas expands it has to do work to push environment to create space for its expansion by spending energy from its internal energy that’s why suddenly Gas cools down.

Addendum

Data Analysis

The below study shows if reduce refrigerant up to certain limit could be useful for COP, however should we not reach to the maximum temperature of 120 c which is the critical temperature, however power consumption is reduced accordingly (Table 1).

The below are a figure out and illustrations using Mollier diagrams which is a very common for systems with fixed compressor speed = fixed mass flow. DC Inverter units with variable mass flows and many changes in circuit offer wide range of mollier diagrams will be a high improvement for the proposed system .

To read more about this article  https://irispublishers.com/gjes/fulltext/air-conditioning-booster.ID.000612.php

Indexing List of Iris Publishers: https://medium.com/@irispublishers/what-is-the-indexing-list-of-iris-publishers-4ace353e4eee

Iris publishers google scholar citation : https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=irispublishers&btnG=

[choombata]

Part 9 - Secret Labs in the Desert

Friday, June 26, 2020 - Our players met for evening drinks at their usual haunt: Millie’s. During the week, another riot broke out. A crowd had quickly and suddenly amassed at City Hall, attempting to get in, but NCPD responded with deadly force. Millie noted that this one was similar to the La Croix incident: just a sudden mad rush at a specific target that seemed suicidal.

Turns out Millie has been digging into the Kaleidoscope mystery on her own. She had contacted a medtech named Jane Weyss with the info the players uncovered, and asked her to look into the nanomachines. Jane found some answers, but needed more help, so Millie asked the players to go meet Jane and assist her.

Our crew saddled up and moseyed over to Jane’s front: a pharmacy down on 22nd street. They walked in and introduced themselves as friends of Millie. Jane got down to business immediately: she had discovered that the Kaleidoscope nanomachines manipulate the neurochemistry of their victim in order to control their behavior, but she hasn’t yet figured out how it changed from just random, aggressive behavior like Deck suffered to more the directed, coordinated attacks like the riots.

Jane did, however, find out that just like most nanomachine designs, the Kaleidoscope nano has a chemical killswitch that can be used to deactivate it. When this specifically-formulated chemical is present in the bloodstream with the nanos, they interpret its presence as a “stop” command and (harmlessly) self-destruct. Much like a password or a secret command code. Jane could brute force this killswitch formula and figure it out on her own, but that would take a long, long time. If our players could just find what the killswitch formula is, she could skip right to the production phase.

Jane’s sleuthing turned up the creators of the model of nanomachines found in Kaleidoscope: a company called Locutis Pharmaceuticals. They had a lab out in the desert not too far from Night City, but it was abandoned after it was attacked by a rival corporation. If our crew could search the lab, they might find the formula for the chemical killswitch. The mention of Locutis Pharmaceuticals triggered a memory in Frogs, and he started shouting out its GPS coordinates in the desert.

In order to get to the lab, our players were referred to the Ace in the Hole bar: a hangout for ex-military pilots that fly AVs for hire. The players piled into their station wagon and drove over to check it out. Once inside, Heavy quickly made an ass of himself and ended up being fooled into drinking a shot of aviation fuel. 

The players tried chatting up some hotshot pilot who was asking for a hiring fee they could never afford. Luckily, they were interrupted by Hops, an incredibly kind and boisterous woman who likes a good adventure. She agreed to do the job for free, as long as they bring her a souvenir from the lab. After a few Human Perception checks in order to look the gift horse directly in the mouth, the players were satisfied that Hops seemed to be telling the truth, so they agreed. Hops took the players over to her AV-4 named Lurlene and they hopped on in.

Lurlene lurched off the ground, then sped off toward the location of the lab. It wasn’t long before Night City was faded to a distant glow on the horizon. Hops warned the players to be quick, as the desert is full of Nomads and not all of them are friendly to visitors. Hops’s constant referral to the players as “kids” made them question how old she was. She didn’t give them a clear answer, but her war stories indicated she must have been a veteran of the Second Central American War.

Lurlene touched down in the sands outside the derelict lab and our crew disembarked.

The lab was full of holes and collapsed walls, so it wasn’t hard to find their way in. There was also suspiciously fresh human activity in the form of bloody footprints throughout the hall. The players followed the footprints to their origin and saw they came from a room full of a noxious gas, with a hole in the floor leading into the lower levels of the lab.

They dug around the main floor, disarmed a few small traps laid by nomads and previous raiders, and shit in some non-functional toilets. Along the way they found a trucker cap with Icarus LLC’s logo on it, a callback to the names of corporations associated with Integral MedTech. They also found some clues indicating that the chemistry lab is down in the basement, past the fumes, and was likely where they could find the chemical killswitch they were after.

Finally, Ackbar uncovered a maintenance room with logs about the poisonous gas, and surmised that they could vent the gas if they could get the HVAC system back online.

She nearly lost her head a second time when grabbing a booby-trapped toolbox off the floor that was tied to a shotgun on a hair trigger. Luckily, she had learned since the incident in the Slammer, and the reinforced plates in her head stopped the buckshot.

After rallying the party, they branched out to the uncovered sections and found the parts they needed to restart the ventillation system, this time taking the traps a bit more seriously.

Tic Tac found a sample of an anti-cyberpsychosis drug, something she’d been after since she wants to replicate a treatment to distribute to those who need it. She also found a series of records that indicated Locutis Pharma was indeed making a prototype of Kaleidoscope before the lab was destroyed. 

It looked like Locutis was trying to make a nanomachine to treat cyberpsychosis, however their early results on test subjects only made them worse: subjects injected with the prototype became paranoid and aggressive. The records for this experiment stopped suddenly, indicating that the raid on the lab put a halt to any further development. It looks like this nanomachine, or possibly a derivative of it, was now appearing nestled inside doses of Kaleidoscope being sold in the streets of Night City.

Frogs found a pile of papers containing a termination slip that contained his name. He struggled with another flashback, but he still didn’t have an explanation for why he knew the location of this lab, or why he was fired from it.

Eventually after some more atmospheric digging, and some lucky looting of a microwave pistol by Bud, they found the equipment they needed to bring the HVAC system back online. Ackbar used her engineering prowess to put the pieces back together, and turned it on. It sputtered to life, and the noxious fumes blocking the hole to the basement were cleared.

Approaching the hole, Frogs spotted something revealed after the fumes cleared. Something that brought him joy and closure: his precious mop and bucket. Overwhelmed with joy, the memories came flooding back: he used to be a janitor here at Locutis. There was still a bit of a gap after his “termination”, and was not really sure how he ended up in Night City, but whatever, mop and bucket!

After the reunion, the party entered the hole in the basement where the bloody footprints came from. It was dark down there, and it looked like it had been turned over and looted many times. However, they spotted a case that contained the killswitch in the middle of the lab floor. Ivy drew the short straw and approached the case. When she got there, she noticed the giant pile of bloody bodies that was hidden by the darkness. She also heard a voice calling out, greeting her warmly.

A man emerged, completely nude, flesh torn and hanging off his bones, but fully augmented by cyberware. He was a human who underwent full-body conversion with cyber augmentations (you know, a cyborg), and despite his friendly greeting and ragged appearance, Frogs smelled stranger danger and started firing.

The party was swarmed by other deteriorating cyborgs and tried their best to fight them off, but it was Bud’s lucky discovery of a microwave pistol that clinched their victory. Bloodied but victorious, they scrambled out of the lab with the chemical killswitch and the Icarus LLC hat. Ivy decided to take the decapitated head of the main cyborg as a souvenir.

They rendezvoused with Hops who was waiting patiently in her AV-4. They climbed into Lurlene and flew off, giving Hops the hat as a token of their adventure. Not long before they took off, they found themselves being chased by air pirates who attempted to board their craft. Our solos’ adept use of the door-mounted miniguns made short work of their pursuers, and the crew made it back to Night City alive.

A job well done, they turned in the killswitch to Jane and competed their quest. She thanked them valiantly for their efforts, offered the sale of her black-market combat stims at cost, and promised to assist the team with any pharma-related efforts in the future. In the meantime, she estimated it would take her about a week to analyze the killswitch and come up with a method of production.

< Prev

[xiamenshinejoy-blog]

Know the difference between CAD and BIM in one sec

CAD era

CAD is the abbreviation of Computer Aided Design. It represents the era when the earth people basically get rid of the drawing board and can no longer see the hand-drawn drawings. It has been used in China for almost ten or twenty years. The previous era of CAD was a manual era, and its typical features were the drawing board and the T-square, the so-called enamel board. No matter how the times change, the fundamentals and goals of what we have to do are the same: to create better houses in a more economical way and to make humans live more poetically. In the CAD era, some work done in the manual era still has to be done, such as statistical engineering; some tools used in the manual era still need to be used, such as design manuals.

BIM era

The abbreviation of Building Information Modeling is BIM, which is the era we are and will enter. There is no real arrival in this era, but "the owner is the one who knows the most" is a feature of this era. When we entered the BIM era, some things that have been done in the CAD era still have to be done, such as structural calculations; some tools used in the CAD era still need to be used, such as rendering software and virtual reality software.

What are the differences between CAD and BIM?

1, tool level: CAD such as Word, BIM such as Excel

From the perspective of the main tools used in each of the two eras, this metaphor may be a relatively easy to understand method. If the official knows that Word and Excel are more than CAD and BIM, it is estimated for most industry professionals. The words are not bad.

The same financial statement, placed in Word and Excel looks the same, but if you move it is not the same, as if the real person and his wax figure, if you push the real person, the real person will go a few steps forward If you push the wax like it, the wax figure can only fall.

If we change a number in Word, other related numbers will not be automatically changed, and we need to manually change them one by one. In Excel, it is different, because in addition to the surface of the report we see, the data behind the report is related by different formulas. Therefore, if you move a certain data in Excel, all associated data will automatically change according to the preset formula. In other words, the one that looks the same in Word is just a specific state of the Excel table, just like someone's frontal image. But a person can take a lot of pictures, except for the side, back, top, bottom, don't forget CT, B-ultrasound, X-ray, etc., provided that there is a real person.The difference between CAD and BIM is somewhat similar to the above.The drawings representing the building mainly include three types: plan view, elevation view and section view. In the CAD era, designers draw different views separately; in the BIM era, different views are obtained from the same model. If we look at the plan or elevation of the two separately, they are the same; but when we change the type of one door and one wall, CAD may need to be in the plane, engineering statistics, etc. The files are modified one by one, and BIM only needs to be changed in one place in the model.Not only the flat section drawings themselves, but also the building calculations, thermal calculations, energy-saving calculations, engineering quantity statistics, etc. In the CAD era, the effects of these changes on these tasks may need to be modified one by one to make a special calculation model. Recalculations are performed to reflect the impact of these changes on various building indicators. When we enter the BIM era, the impact of this change on follow-up work will become highly automated.

2. Method level: CAD is the clothes I make for you, BIM is my clothes according to your body

To put it simply, creating a house today can only be done with two majors: architecture and structure. To build a house, you need waterways, HVAC, electricity, energy, communication, renderings, and so on.

First: the designers are very hard, and they have to drum up a "XXX model" before they can live. Dear owners, are these "XXX models" and the house you want to be the same thing? Do you believe that you can drum up? After retreating 10,000 steps, even if the first time is full of drums, when all the "design changes" or "missing and missing", all construction workers can be consistent?

Second: Of course, it takes time to drum up the "XXX model", although for the owner, time is money.

Third: Can these "XXX models" that the designers drum up can be used in the future operation, maintenance, reconstruction and expansion?

If we compare building a house to cutting clothes, our current method in the CAD era is to create a think of you and then make clothes for you based on this. This sentence seems awkward and can only be applied to a national language: the words are not rough.

Let's take a look at the difference in the approach of the upcoming BIM era.

BIM era: If the owner is on the basis of those buildings, structures, and electromechanical, then ask a BIM to help the owner build, manage, and update a model that is identical to the actual building. What happens to the BIM model?

The architects have to make a plan, and the owner has asked the architect to find the material needed for the flat section from the BIM model;

The structure is to be structurally calculated, and the owner instructs to find out the information needed for structural calculation from the BIM model. If the adjustment is to be made after the calculation, the adjusted information is updated to the BIM model;

Electromechanical is this, green is this, the cost is all like this...

Because BIM helps the owner to put all the information into the same BIM model, it can find and solve the problem of fighting between different types of work.

At the beginning of bidding, the owner can not only help the owner to prepare a drawing that has solved all kinds of errors and omissions, but also can submit the BIM model of the design to the construction unit, and ask the construction unit to put the bidding plan in the BIM model. Show it up.

Not only that, the actual progress of the construction site during the construction process can be compared with the planned progress on the BIM model. Once the problem occurs in the construction, the BIM model can be used to solve the problem, and the new information can be updated to the BIM model simultaneously.

After the house is built, the BIM model that has been updated and updated is the same as the actual building. After the market, sales, operation, reconstruction, and expansion, all can be used. If you still use clothes as a metaphor, then it is tailored: your body, your clothes.

3, The result level: CAD is the designer to work faster, BIM is the owner who became the most understandable.

Q: Who is the most benefiting person from the manual era to the CAD era?

A: Designer.

Q: What is the biggest benefit for designers?

A: The drawing is much faster.

Q: Who is the most benefiting person from the CAD era to the BIM era?

A: The owner.

Q: What is the biggest benefit of the owner?

A: Save money. It has become less, less rework, and less investment.

Q: What else?

A: Save time. Some problems can be solved immediately.

Q: What else?

A: The quality of the house has improved. You don't have to make it anymore, you don't have to make a hole.

Q: What else?

A: No.

Q: Really gone?

A: The owner has become a good person. The owner knows everything, the owner becomes the person who knows the house best, and the owner becomes the most understandable person.

Xiamen Shinejoy Housing Industrial Architectural Technology Co., Ltd. 

Office Add.: 16-17F, Bld. B04, R&D Area, Software Park Phase Ⅲ, Jimei District, Xiamen, China

Tel.: +86-592-5026001 

Fax: +86-592-5026090

sales@xmshinejoy.com

www.xmshinejoy.com

[terceroinc]

A Guide to Commercial Electrical Load Calculations

Commercial electrical load calculations are important to determine the electricity needs of a building. As such, you can reduce energy consumption hence reducing electricity bills. This article provides a guide on how to calculate the electrical load of your building.

What Is an Electric Load?

An electric load is a device that consumes electrical energy, converting it into another form of energy, such as heat, light or motion. Some examples of electric loads include light bulbs, electric motors, and office equipment such as computers and printers.

Electric loads are an important factor in electrical engineering and power systems, as they determine the amount of power that must be generated and distributed to meet the electricity demand.

To determine how much power can support the energy needs of your building, you need commercial electrical load calculations. Tercero is a leading commercial electrical contractor who can help determine your needed power. If you need these services, feel free to contact us.

Types of Commercial Electric Loads

There are many types of commercial electric loads, which can vary depending on the specific needs of the commercial building. Some common types of commercial electric loads include:

Lighting:Commercial buildings     typically have many light fixtures, which consume significant     electricity. It is one of the main electric loads in commercial     buildings. The most common light fixtures are tubular     fluorescent, compact fluorescent, T5 fluorescent, and LED lights, each     with specific energy needs.  

HVAC (heating, ventilation,     and air conditioning):Commercial buildings often have complex HVAC     systems that use electricity to heat, cool, and ventilate the building.     Ideally, they keep humidity between 40% and 60%, temperatures in the range     of 72 degrees, and C02 levels below 1000PPM.

Office equipment:Commercial buildings often     have different electrical equipment, such as computers, telephone     systems, and printers, that consume a significant amount of     electricity. It is also a significant electric load in commercial     buildings.

Appliances:Commercial buildings also     have kitchen appliances like refrigerators, ovens, dishwashers, washers     and dryers. As you’d expect, they affect the electrical load of a     commercial building. As such, it is crucial to include them in your     calculations.

Motors:There are a variety of     motors in a commercial building, such as those used in elevators,     escalators, and other machinery. Like appliances and lighting, they affect     the final electric load of your building.

There are many different types of commercial electric loads, which can vary depending on the specific needs of the building. Understanding these electric loads and their characteristics is important for managing and maintaining the electrical system in a commercial building.

Tercero can help you identify the various electric loads in your building. We ensure to include every load in our calculation so we can accurately estimate how much energy you’ll need.

Calculating Commercial Electric Load

The formula for calculating the commercial electric load is relatively simple. It is based on the basic power formula, P = VI (where P is power, V is voltage, and I is current).

To calculate the commercial electric load, you would need to measure the current and voltage of each electric load in the commercial building and then use the formula P = VI to calculate the power consumption of each load.

Once you have the power consumption of each electric load, you can simply add them up to get the total commercial electric load.

For example, let’s say you have three electric loads in a commercial building with the following current and voltage measurements:

Electric load 1: 5 amps at     120 volts

Electric load 2: 2 amps at     240 volts

Electric load 3: 1 amp at     120 volts

To calculate the commercial electric load, you would first use the formula P = VI to calculate the power consumption of each electric load. For electric load 1, the power consumption would be 5 amps * 120 volts = 600 watts.

For electric load 2, the power consumption would be 2 amps * 240 volts = 480 watts. And for electric load 3, the power consumption would be 1 amp * 120 volts = 120 watts.

Next, you would simply add up the power consumption of each electric load to get the total commercial electric load. In this case, the total commercial electric load would be 600 watts + 480 watts + 120 watts = 1,200 watts. This is the total amount of electricity that the commercial building consumes.

Benefits of Calculating a Commercial Building’s Electrical Load

There are several benefits to calculating the commercial electric load, including the following:

It helps to ensure that the     electrical system in the commercial building is capable of meeting the     electricity demand. Knowing the total electric load, you can ensure that     the power supply and distribution systems are properly sized and     configured to handle the load.

You can identify areas where     energy efficiency can be improved. Calculating the commercial electric     load lets you see which devices and systems consume the most     power.

As such, you can take steps to reduce their energy consumption. For example, you might replace old, inefficient appliances with newer, more efficient models or install energy-saving lighting systems.

It can help to reduce the     cost of electricity. Load calculations can help you identify ways to     reduce the amount of power used, leading to lower electricity bills.

For example, you might be able to negotiate a lower rate with your electricity provider if you can demonstrate that you have implemented energy-saving measures.

It helps to prevent power     outages and other electrical problems. It helps identify potential     problems before they occur, such as overloaded circuits or inadequate     power supply. It can help avoid power outages and other electrical issues     that disrupt your business operations.

Why Do You Need an Electrician To Calculate Commercial Electric Load?

While it is theoretically possible for someone who is not an electrician to calculate the commercial electric load, it is generally recommended that an electrician be hired to perform this task. There are several reasons for this, including the following:

Electricians have the     knowledge and expertise to accurately measure the current and voltage of     each electric load in a commercial building. Itis an important part of     calculating the commercial electric load, and it requires an electrician’s     specialized knowledge and skills.

Electricians have the tools     and equipment to safely and accurately measure the current and voltage of     each electric load. It can be a complex and potentially dangerous task,     requiring specialized tools and equipment that an electrician has.

Electricians can provide     valuable insight and advice on reducing commercial electric load. Once the     electrician has calculated the commercial electric load, they can provide     recommendations on how to reduce the electricity consumption of the     building, such as by upgrading to more energy-efficient appliances or     installing energy-saving lighting systems.

It is generally best to hire an electrician to calculate the commercial electric load, as they have the knowledge, expertise, and tools to safely and accurately perform this task.

Tools for Calculating the Commercial Electrical Load

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel allows you to input all the necessary information, such as the type and number of electrical devices and appliances in a building. You’ll then use pre-determined formulas to calculate the total load. It is the most basic form of calculating the electric load of a commercial building. The software can help you calculate the following:

The voltage difference     between phases.

Load in each phase and the     outgoing feeders.

Starting, full load,     continuous, and non-continuous load.

Unbalanced load in the     neutral wire.

Specialized Software

Another option is to use specialized electrical load calculation software. This type of software is specifically designed for calculating electrical loads and often includes features such as pre-populated electrical equipment databases and the ability to input and edit data easily.

Some of the key benefits of using specialized software include the following:

Comprehensive: Many commercial electrical     load calculation software comes with common electrical equipment     databases. As such, it helps you ensure that all vital details are     included in the calculations.

Accuracy: This is arguably the chief     benefit of using specialized software. As you’d expect, this software is     specifically designed for this task. As such, it will provide more     accurate results than using general-purpose software such as MS Excel.

Efficiency: Generally, it is easier to     use load calculation software than a general-purpose spreadsheet. It     allows you to input and edit data quickly and easily. You can save time     and effort using it.

Customization: Some electrical load     calculation software programs allow you to customize the calculations to     take into account specific factors, such as the layout of the building or     local building codes.

 In short, specialized software for commercial electrical load calculations can help ensure that the calculations are comprehensive, efficient, and accurate. It can enable you to ensure the electrical system meets the power demands of your commercial building.

Conclusion

Calculating commercial electrical load is as easy as following the above formula. The best part? There is specialized software for this, and you can consult a professional electrician. If you need commercial electrical load calculations, Tercero is a perfect choice. Call us to book a consultation.

Original Source:

https://terceroinc.com/a-guide-to-commercial-electrical-load-calculations/

[ayearonsaturn-blog]

Como essas marcas se destacam e obtêm resultados do marketing de conteúdo

Imagine aumentar a receita em 34,7% (US $ 3,4 milhões em um ano) a partir de sua seção de Perguntas Frequentes ou aumentar as taxas de conversão de seu blog em 800%

Estes não são números inventados. Estes são resultados reais de empresas reais compartilhadas em resposta ao nosso pedido de exemplos de marketing de conteúdo incrível via HARO e outros canais.

Vamos explorar como essas empresas encontram resultados surpreendentes em seus programas de marketing de conteúdo.

IEEE GlobalSpec: Engineering360.com e Engineering in Motion

O maior destino on-line do mundo para engenheiros e profissionais técnicos, o Engineering360.com , publicado pelo IEEE GlobalSpec, oferece notícias e análises para 8 milhões de engenheiros.

Munida de dados que mostram uma alta taxa de engajamento de vídeos no site e em boletins informativos - e uma familiaridade com a tendência da audiência milenar de assistir a vídeos em dispositivos móveis - a equipe do IEEE GlobalSpec criou um boletim informativo com foco em vídeo.

Por que é diferente

A IEEE GlobalSpec usou um modelo proprietário para encontrar pessoas que interagiram com seus vídeos ou webinars para desenvolver a circulação para o boletim informativo, de acordo com Zander Wharton, executivo sênior de contas da Finn Partners.

A metodologia concentrou-se em selecionar o público com maior probabilidade de interagir com esse tipo de conteúdo, não em quais setores eles estavam. O conteúdo do boletim informativo inclui vídeos interessantes para um público geral de engenharia.

Resultados

As campanhas de email em vídeo da Engineering in Motion Engineering360.com, de acordo com Zander, ganharam:

36% de taxa de abertura de email

23% de taxa de cliques

Taxa de engajamento de 80%

Lições observadas

Entregue conteúdo no formato que seu público prefere. Não tenha medo de ser mais geral e menos nicho na sua segmentação.

FMD - Formula marketing Digital

Um dos maiores sites de Marketing Digital do Brasil.

Por que é diferente

Eles promovem produtos de terceiros dentro do site

Uma atualização de tecnologia ajudou a FMD a melhorar a experiência do site de visitantes, fornecendo recomendações de conteúdo com base nos interesses e comportamento do visitante, e não apenas no tópico de conteúdo exibido. 

Resultados

De acordo com o estudo de caso do FMD

Crescimento de 103% em page views

Crescimento de 102% nas visualizações de pesquisa

73% no tráfego orgânico

Sapatos para as tripulações: The Gripping Blog

A Shoes for Crews, uma produtora e varejista europeia de calçados antiderrapantes para homens e mulheres na indústria de serviços e hospitalidade, produz o altamente lido The Gripping Blog para trabalhadores da hospitalidade.

Por que é diferente

Sapatos para Crews cria seus posts para resolver consultas e palavras-chave com um volume de pesquisa baixo para conseguir uma classificação mais elevada com mais facilidade, de acordo com Tiffany Kalus, executivo SEO na Digital 22. Esta abordagem não só dirigiu qualidade de tráfego para o site, mas, por meio interno vinculação , desde um impulso para outras páginas de foco no site.

Resultados

O blog Shoes for Crews, de acordo com Tiffany, experimentou:

50.000 visitas mensais ao blog, acima de 500, ao longo de 18 a 24 meses

Aumento de 800% na taxa de conversão do tráfego orgânico ao longo do ano

Especialistas oMelhorTrato em FAQ

OMelhorTrato, um serviço de comparação financeira na América do Sul, visa ajudar as pessoas a entender as decisões financeiras. Quando os visitantes enviam perguntas ao site, as respostas são publicadas como uma postagem do blog na página " Perguntas frequentes de um especialista ".

Por que é diferente

Todas as perguntas enviadas recebem uma resposta completa, de acordo com Cristian Rennella, CEO e co-fundador da MelhorTrato. Essas respostas não são apenas enviadas ao visitante, mas também publicadas no blog para servir como um recurso para outros visitantes e para mostrar a experiência da empresa no espaço.

Resultados

Desde o lançamento desta seção de perguntas frequentes , Cristian diz que oMelhorTrato viu:

Crescimento de 7% na receita, representando receita de US $ 3,4 milhões por ano

SupplyHouse.com: Trades construídos no orgulho

SupplyHouse.com é um varejista on-line de encanamento e suprimentos HVAC cujo público-alvo são profissionais da indústria (encanadores, empreiteiros, técnicos de HVAC etc.). O SupplyHouse.com lançou uma campanha de conteúdo gerada por usuários, Trades Built on Pride , para homenagear os profissionais e o trabalho que eles fazem todos os dias.

A equipe de marketing entrou em contato com uma conhecida comunidade de encanadores do Facebook e pediu aos membros que gravassem vídeos de si mesmos dizendo há quanto tempo estavam no negócio, o que fazem e o que mais queriam acrescentar.

Por que é diferente

Depois de receber 20 propostas, a equipe de marketing desenvolveu várias versões dos vídeos, de acordo com Raquel Sosnovich, estrategista de mídia social da SupplyHouse.com. Algumas versões visavam os visitantes do site, enquanto outras segmentavam os fornecedores de HVAC e outros profissionais do setor. Os vídeos também foram adaptados para várias plataformas de conteúdo.

Resultados

A campanha de vídeo Trades Built on Pride, de acordo com Raquel, ganhou:

US $ 15,72 para cada US $ 1 gasto em um mês (do vídeo focado no consumidor)

37% de taxa de visualização no Facebook

42% de taxa de visualização no YouTub

[mitchbeck]

CANTLON: XL CENTER FUTURE DRAGS ON

BY: Gerry Cantlon, Howlings HARTFORD, CT - Like the oppressive heat wave we have been enduring, so rolls along the XL Center progress or lack thereof. Eight years have flown by, and yet still the future of the building’s future, who all agree is working on its past due date, pick your phrase. “We're down to two main points OVG is wrestling with. One, can we arrange concert seating for 13,500 facing the stage? It’s a price point priority in attracting future concerts," remarked CRDA Executive Director Michael W. Freimuth. He and OVG have seen Bruce Springsteen, who has played Hart City every year since his career began, is now off to play at Mohegan Sun instead. His last visit to the XL Center led to a profanity-laced tirade between his people and XL event staff on the night of his concert. SHIPPING AREA "The second issue is the shipping and receiving area, the new construction of the new sports betting facility, and how trucks for concerts and event shows can be adequately useful in handling cargo in both size and in quality to help calculate the costs. "HVAC systems are a big, cooling and heating the building. There are bills that need to be paid; it’s all a major component we're dealing with. We just spent a week in this blazing weather, coned off Ann Street, and brought in rigs of all sizes to work on various scenarios in thirteen different formulas we have. "We met with OVG and had discussions that are ongoing. We presented what we think is a fair proposal with our trucking results which I'm not at liberty to discuss. Once they get their figures from their engineers back, combined with ours, they can digest and crunch them on the load-in/load-out issue. Again, I can’t comment at this point. We don’t have a timeframe,” Freimuth said. He's dealt with trucks getting stuck in the elephant doors, damaging them over the years. It’s not a minor matter but a critical part of dealing with the aging, antiquated shipping receiving area cruising in on 50 years old in two years' time. LUKKO Peter Lukko, an Essex resident and co-Chairman of OVG, is very familiar with the building, the numbers, and the various contracts in the facility. He is a good poker player and keeps his and the company’s counsel close to his vest. When queried further, he would not commit to a yes or a no on OVG Hartford’s long-term strategy and thinking on the XL Center. “We're awaiting a report from structural engineers on what can and can’t be done. Till we receive that, we can’t put together our final numbers. I can only say, its weeks not months, for that,” remarked Lukko. Another piece of this jigsaw puzzle is the state (i.e., Governor Ned Lamont), which has yet to place on the state bond agenda the $64 million. Still, it was approved by the legislature a week before the pandemic hit over two years ago, but it has since been put on the shelf. There is no movement to bond out the money necessary in the legislation. Still, the preferred route is a PPP (Public-Private Partnership) that has failed every chance it’s been tried so far, first with a private company in Chicago and then with the Indian casinos. A PPP is needed to be done, and in theory, it will trigger another set of dynamics if OVG can get to the altar with the CRDA and its Venue committee and consummate this union between them. “Should we get a favorable read on this and know what OVG will invest toward the $65 million, and we get an agreement in principle, then the Governor’s office would be amenable to some form of a proposal going forth to send to the Bond Commission, it's fair to say, in what form, I have no idea. FREIMUTH COMMENTS "I don’t know much of anything at this point. We have so many moving pieces that have to come together. We don’t have a full read out on this thing yet, a positive outcome. It might still require legislative action to make everything as per a PPP relationship legal because the state’s laws in regards to PPPs are so old,” commented Freimuth. To no one's surprise, talks with the CRDA and Northland remain at an impasse/stalemate, and no resolution on the vexing Atrium/Trumbull block issue is on the horizon. The UCONN contract portion of the XL has not been finalized either. However, both men’s and women’s hockey or basketball will be practicing soon, with games coming in October. Stafford Sports is the third party handling the negotiations. How many games and which opponents will be there is yet to be determined. WHERE THINGS STAND AT THE XL CENTER Freimuth remained cautiously optimistic. “I think we can count on at least thirty events across the spectrum of teams. I think hockey won’t be in their new building till next year. It’s not ready yet, and I expect seven to ten of the thirty events will be UCONN hockey, but nothing is finalized yet. "The (Hartford) Wolf Pack are all set. The new schedule is out, and ice will likely be laid down in mid-September just before training camp begins,” commented Freimuth. The schedule with two fewer home dates is set, and the team is marketing with a noticeable presence on billboards. The sports betting facility component has turned out to be far more complicated than originally planned because of the supply chain issue has proven to be quite onerous. “It changes from week to week. I'll give you an example. We're still waiting on the videoboards. They're on a ship somewhere in the Pacific. We're not sure when they’ll get here to the port area. We’re facing delays of up to and over six to fifty weeks! This won’t be done till sometime next year in the spring. I really have no completion date right now.” The clock on the building’s functionality and sustainability, however, keeps ticking away as each day passes and is one major “catastrophic failure” away. "As was talked about happening eight years ago in the original building evaluation by HOK of Kansas City, MO and we could have a whole new ballgame to deal with." HARTFORD WOLF PACK HOME Read the full article

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[spellcastersjudgement]

Jaden nd bastion for that domestic ask thing? >:3c

THE OTP YES i have so many feelings and everyone needs to hear me sob over the nerd baby and his superhero 

also that icon is the content i look for on this hellsite well done 

who is the big spoon/little spoon Jaden is the little spoon!! he prefers being the big spoon tbh he likes curling up against bastions fuckin ripped back but jaden always falls asleep first because he has to get this twelve hours or else he will be a grumpy boy but bastion?? bastion stays up all night drinking coffee and doing god knows what bc he’s the type of guy thats like ‘hey jaden im gonna go read a bit before i got to bed’ and then he fuckin stays up all night because he has no self control lmao so when it’s like 3am and he’s finally put down his book or finished dicking around on the computer he finally gets in bed and he doesnt want to wake up his husband (yes theyre married in my mind ok im love them) so he just lays down and pulls the human kuriboh to his chest and falls asleep 

what is their favorite non-sexual activity the standard answer is Card Games but besides dool masters they like to go on drives and look at stars and talk abt whatever. bastion is a chemical engineer and jaden’s his professional duelist trophy husband so they dont get to be together as much as they want bc jaden’s tournament schedule so when they’re together they gotta make it count u know so bastion will pick jaden up from the airport and they’ll just start driving out of the city talking about DM or what bastion’s been up to or whatever’s going through jaden’s mind (an enigma lmao) and then when there are no more streetlights to make it difficult to see the stars they’ll pull over and lay on the hood and cuddle and keep talking. it’s like 4am before they finally go home and since they’re going to sleep at the same time jaden finally gets his chance to be the big spoon 

who uses all the hot water in the morning getting jaden to shower is a fucking struggle he’s like a cat. living in the slifer dorm made him accustomed to being a generally gross person in general so he lives off dry shampoo and body spray so he doesn’t smell like hassleberry after a workout so that leaves bastion to take all of the water because he showers every morning after his run and insists on h is hair being perfect and well taken care of. like the guy has at least five different hair care products in the shower at all times while jaden, even though he’s dumb thick rich, buys that 3-in-1 crap he and syrus used to make stretch for a month back in college. jaden is also known to stick his kuriboh hair under the sink and shake it out like a dog because he is a gross boy that usually gets up about ten minutes before he has to leave so there’s no time for an actual shower and we’ve gotten away from the actual question but the tldr is bastion stands under the hot water he’s got one of those mirrors to shave in the shower while he’s doing his deep conditioning treatment and has a pore strip on his nose for beautiful ™ skin 

what they order from take out this one ties in a lot to my sageshipping BrOTP headcanons (on god there needs to be a brotp ask so i can scream to the world my love for bastion/alexis friendship) but the bit of background is that bastion and alexis would always order from this indian place that was open real late at night when they were in grad school together (no delivery at duel academy cause its an island u know) so it has a special place in his heart. jaden is a wimp when it comes to spice but since bastion loves it they order it anyway and the people that deliver the food know to make it wimpy baby spicy for jaden so he doesn’t end up sweating half his body weight up and crapping out lava four hours later 

what is the most trivial thing they fight over oh god they dont fight a lot because they love and appreciate each other’s eccentricities but if they’re going to fight its going to be over who’s doing the driving. they both love cars, bastion likes taking it apart and modifying them and whatnot and jaden likes the aesthetique (though his aesthetique is painting flames on a corolla jaden u lil shit smh) and they both like to go fast so when they go out they bitch abt who gets to drive. bastion tells jaden he doesnt appreciate the feel of the machine and jaden says bastion drives like a fucking old man so they end up settling the matter with rousing game of rock paper scissors 

who does most of the cleaning NEITHER OH MY GOD theyre both total slobs. bastion’s desk and home office is covered in his notebooks and duel monster cards, his walls covered with god knows what (formulas, dates, to-do lists, grocery lists) the guy just grabs the sharpie and starts writing because he’s afraid of forgetting something if he doesnt get it down right then. jaden lives in filth he has three day old bowls of cereal at his desk and uses used napkins as tissues he is certifiably NASTY. anyway they hire a housekeeper to make sure the entire house doesnt fall into disarray and she’s like their surrogate mother making sure they eat more than takeout and coffee and making sure the house smells nice. they call her Mama Cheryl (good middle aged mom name) and she’s the embarrassing mom at jadens local tournaments the kind that prints out huge pictures of his face and wears shirts with Neos on them and cheers for her boy v loudly. again we’re away from the question but i have a lot of headcanons abt this i’ll probs put in my dissertation lol 

what has a season pass in their DVR hmmm this is an interesting one…i like to think jaden loves crime shows because they’re heroes and he likes watching the good guys ™ win in the end. his favorite show is psych (which u all should watch its hilarious) but since that ended a while ago he’s been in to criminal minds and SVU because he likes watching the really diabolical criminals get caught. bastion never knew his mans was into such dark stuff until he opened the season pass thingy and got quite the heart attack because he thought jaden was all butterflies and flowers and funny stuff but bastion had to learn the duality of man the hard way. bastion doesn’t watch television that much but his guilty pleasure is vikings on the history channel and stuff on the discovery channel because he loves learning what a nerd 

who controls the netflix queue jaden is the one that likes to watch netflix the most but i wouldnt say he’s in control per se. they’re usually down for watching what each other likes but in the end jaden will sometimes end up superseding bastion because dammit bas we are not watching a documentary about the dead sea scrolls you dont even believe in god and bastions like fine youre cute we can watch Castle (even though thats not on netflix but i wish it were) 

who calls up the super/landlord when the heat’s not working jaden. jaden all the way. bastion brings up a a wikihow article about how to fix the hvac system and he’s like I CAN FIX THIS and jadens like ily babe but you work with chemicals not with this kind of thing ur gonna break it like the time u tried to fix the sink and fuckin clogged the shit out of it we are calling Cheryl and Cheryl’s like jaden im a housekeeper call someone who actually does this for a living. anyway while theyre waiting for the professionals to get there bastion tries to demonstrate he knows what he’s doing he is smort by writing the steps and shit on the wall and jadens like youre so cute but no dont touch the heating system. he has to distract his lil nerd by asking him about what deck he should use for his next tournament or what the probability of drawing three polymerizations on the first turn is and bastion loves talking about math so jaden keeps asking questions until the system is fixed (he doesnt remember much of bastions mathematical explanations but bastion looks so cute with his eyes all bright and shiny talking about statistics) 

who leaves their stuff around BOTH they are slobs. jadens a bit worse if we’re being honest because while bastion leaves his papers and cards around schmaden schmuki leaves his underwear and food and cups in the living room and is prone to stripping off his clothes for one reason or another and just laying on the couch watching ESPN with his goddamn pants on the floor and saying they were constricting his knees or some shit when bastion asks why he feels the need to be half naked all the time. bastion had his own room in college so he doesnt quite understand why jadens comfortable just answering the door with a trail of clothing behind him because most people that dont know him assume he’s been getting bizzay but nah he just be Like That

who remembers to buy the milk jaden do because he drinks milk in his coffee. bastion drinks it black so if theres no milk its like eh whatever but jaden is a mess without his caffeine and he hates how bitter and gross it is when theres no milk in it so even if jaden’s not the one going to the grocery store he’ll write it on the wall so bastion will remember it because his mans dont check his texts that often but anything on that wall he fuckin remembers and jaden doesnt understand why he be Like That 

who remembers anniversaries both! they are dumb thick in love with each other and they like to plan little things to do for the anniversary of their first date, when they made it official, their wedding, etc. jaden is much more extravagant and will do something like jump on the bed until bastion wakes up and then drag him out for breakfast and get atticus to sing a really off-key renditions of classic love songs and bastion blushes so hard and its so cute it should be criminal lmao. bastion will get jaden a cute little gift like one of those pictures where the artist takes a photo and paints it so they can hang it on their wall. or bastion will fine tune his duel disk or get him a new card for his deck. they are in big gay love and i love them so much 

thanks for this ask on god i just wrote 1800 words of tutorship feels i have a problem lol 

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