#LLC in Pennsylvania

[llcinpennsylvania]

Forming a Limited Liability Company (LLC) in Pennsylvania offers numerous advantages for business owners. As one of the leading business structures, an Best LLC in Pennsylvania provides liability protection, tax benefits, and increased credibility for your enterprise.

When starting an LLC in Pennsylvania, entrepreneurs can take advantage of the state’s business-friendly regulations and access to a wide range of LLC services. From streamlined registration processes to ongoing compliance support, establishing an LLC in Pennsylvania simplifies the path to successful business ownership.

Whether you’re a first-time entrepreneur or an experienced business owner, researching the top LLC options in Pennsylvania can help you make an informed decision that aligns with your company’s unique needs and goals. By understanding the key steps to get an LLC in Pennsylvania, you can position your business for long-term growth and success.

[sammey01hu]

A Comprehensive Guide to Forming an LLC in Texas

In today's dynamic business landscape, entrepreneurs and small business owners often turn to Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) as a preferred legal structure due to their blend of liability protection, operational flexibility, and tax advantages. For those looking to establish an LLC in Texas, it's crucial to understand the process, benefits, drawbacks, and ongoing compliance requirements. This comprehensive guide will delve into the intricacies of forming an LLC in Texas, covering everything from the basics of LLCs to specific steps, compliance obligations, frequently asked questions (FAQs), and how Deskera can assist in this journey.

What is an LLC?

An LLC, or Limited Liability Company, is a distinct legal entity that shields its owners (referred to as members) from personal liability for the company's debts and obligations. This means that if the LLC faces legal issues or financial challenges, the members' personal assets generally remain protected. LLCs combine elements of both corporations and partnerships, offering the benefits of limited liability and operational flexibility.

Benefits of Starting an LLC

Limited Liability: Members are not typically personally liable for the LLC's debts and liabilities. This protection is crucial for safeguarding personal assets.

Flexible Management: LLCs have fewer formalities compared to corporations, allowing members more flexibility in managing the business.

Tax Advantages: LLCs can choose how they want to be taxed, such as opting for pass-through taxation, where profits and losses pass through to the members' personal tax returns.

Credibility: Operating as an LLC can enhance credibility and professionalism, especially when dealing with clients, partners, and investors.

Disadvantages of Forming an LLC

Cost: There are costs associated with forming and maintaining an LLC, including state filing fees, registered agent fees, and ongoing compliance costs.

Formalities: While less formal than corporations, LLCs still require adherence to certain formalities such as holding meetings and keeping accurate records.

Limited Life: In some states, including Texas, an LLC's existence may be limited by law, and it may dissolve upon the death, bankruptcy, or withdrawal of a member.

How do I Form an LLC in Texas?

Establishing an LLC in Texas involves several essential steps, each crucial for ensuring legal compliance and operational readiness.

Steps to follow after forming Your Texas LLC

Choose a Name: Select a unique and distinguishable name for your LLC that complies with Texas naming rules and is not already in use by another business entity.

File Formation Documents: Prepare and file the Articles of Organization with the Texas Secretary of State. This document typically includes the LLC's name, purpose, registered agent information, management structure, and duration, if applicable. Pay the required filing fee.

Create an Operating Agreement: Although not mandatory in Texas, drafting an Operating Agreement is highly recommended. This document outlines the LLC's management structure, member roles and responsibilities, profit distribution, decision-making processes, and other key operational aspects.

Obtain an EIN: Apply for an Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). An EIN is necessary for tax purposes, opening bank accounts, hiring employees, and filing federal taxes.

Obtain Necessary Licenses and Permits: Depending on your business activities, location, and industry, you may need to obtain federal, state, and local licenses and permits. Examples include business licenses, professional licenses, zoning permits, and industry-specific certifications.

Register for State Taxes: Register with the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts for state taxes, such as sales tax, franchise tax, or other applicable taxes based on your business activities.

Compliances for Texas LLC

Annual Report: Texas LLCs are required to file an Annual Report with the Secretary of State by May 15th of each year. This report includes information about the LLC's management, members, registered agent, and contact details. Failure to file the Annual Report can lead to penalties and administrative dissolution.

Franchise Tax: LLCs in Texas are subject to the Texas Franchise Tax based on their gross receipts or net taxable income, whichever is greater. The franchise tax is due annually and must be paid to the Texas Comptroller.

Other State Requirements: Depending on your business activities and industry, you may have additional state-level compliance obligations. These may include regulatory filings, industry-specific licenses, environmental permits, and more.

FAQs

What is the difference between an LLC and a corporation?

An LLC offers limited liability protection to its members and flexible management options, while a corporation has stricter formalities, such as holding regular meetings and issuing stock.

Can I form an LLC on my own, or do I need legal assistance?

While you can technically form an LLC on your own, seeking legal guidance can ensure compliance with state laws, drafting essential documents like the Operating Agreement, and navigating complex legal requirements.

How long does it take to form an LLC in Texas?

The timeline for forming an LLC in Texas varies. The processing time for filing the Articles of Organization with the Secretary of State is typically fast, but factors such as name availability, document preparation, and government processing times can affect the overall duration.

What are the ongoing compliance requirements for Texas LLCs?

Texas LLCs must file an Annual Report, pay the Texas Franchise Tax, maintain accurate records, adhere to federal and state tax obligations, and comply with industry-specific regulations, if applicable.

Can an LLC be taxed as an S corporation?

Yes, LLCs have the flexibility to choose how they want to be taxed. They can elect to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, S corporation, or C corporation, depending on their business structure and tax objectives.

How can Deskera Help You?

Deskera offers a comprehensive suite of business solutions designed to streamline LLC formation, compliance, and management processes. Our services include:

Entity Formation Services: Assistance with preparing and filing formation documents, obtaining EINs, and establishing legal entities.

Tax Compliance: Guidance on federal, state, and local tax obligations, including tax planning, preparation, and filing.

Accounting and Bookkeeping: Cloud-based accounting software to manage finances, track expenses, generate financial reports, and ensure regulatory compliance.

Business Advisory: Expert advice on legal, financial, and operational matters, tailored to your specific business needs.

Compliance Support: Regular updates on compliance requirements, reminders for filing deadlines, and assistance with maintaining accurate records.

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LLC in New York

Key Takeaways

Benefits of LLCs: Limited liability protection, flexible management, tax advantages, and enhanced credibility.

Formation Steps: Name selection, filing Articles of Organization, creating an Operating Agreement, obtaining an EIN, and securing necessary licenses.

Ongoing Compliance: Annual reporting, tax obligations, record-keeping, and industry-specific requirements.

Professional Assistance: Consider seeking legal, accounting, and advisory services to ensure proper LLC formation, compliance, and management.

Deskera Support: Leverage Deskera's integrated solutions for a seamless experience in forming and operating your Texas LLC.

In Conclusion, forming an LLC in Texas offers numerous benefits for entrepreneurs and business owners, but it requires careful planning, adherence to legal requirements, and ongoing compliance efforts. By understanding the process, seeking professional guidance when needed, and leveraging technology-driven solutions like Deskera, you can navigate the complexities of LLC formation and management with confidence and efficiency.

[nationallawreview]

Opposing Decisions – Does the FTC Have the Authority to Ban Non-Compete Clauses?

In April, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) promulgated a new rule banning non-competes (the Rule); the FTC adopted the Rule to prohibit employers from entering into or enforcing non-compete clauses with workers and senior executives. Several lawsuits were quickly filed challenging the rules. Separate parties filed in Texas (in which cases were consolidated), and ATS Tree Services, LLC, filed an…

[yagodichjagodic]

We survived the Abaddon hotel 🔥

[unleashedpaintingllc]

Commercial Painting Services: Aesthetic Brilliance Redefined by Unleashed Painting LLC

Elevate Your Business Space with Unparalleled Commercial Painting Services in Pennsylvania — Commercial spaces serve as the face of your business, making a lasting impression on clients, partners, and employees alike. At Unleashed Painting LLC, we understand the vital role a well-maintained and visually appealing environment plays in the success of your enterprise. As the premier choice for commercial painting services in Pennsylvania, we bring a wealth of expertise to transform your workspace into a professional haven.

Commercial Painting Services: Unmatched Quality, Enduring Impressions

Embarking on a journey to redefine aesthetics and functionality, Unleashed Painting LLC stands as a beacon of excellence in the realm of commercial painting. Our commitment to delivering unmatched quality is a testament to our passion for enhancing the visual appeal and longevity of your business premises.

Why Choose Our Commercial Painting Services?

Expert Craftsmanship: At Unleashed Painting LLC, we pride ourselves on our team of skilled professionals who possess a keen eye for detail. Our craftsmen are adept at turning your vision into reality, ensuring that every stroke of the brush contributes to an impeccable finish.

Tailored Solutions: Recognizing the unique requirements of each commercial space, we offer customized painting solutions. Whether you’re looking to revitalize the interior of your office or give a fresh exterior facade to your retail establishment, our services are tailored to meet your specific needs.

Durable Finishes: We understand that durability is key in commercial settings. Our painting services incorporate high-quality, long-lasting paints and coatings, providing not just a visual upgrade but also ensuring the longevity of the transformation.

Timely Project Completion: Time is money in the business world. Our efficient project management ensures that your commercial painting project is completed on schedule, minimizing disruptions to your daily operations.

Unleashed Painting LLC: Your Trusted Partner for Commercial Painting Excellence

Commercial Painting Services that Transcend Boundaries

When it comes to transforming commercial spaces, Unleashed Painting LLC transcends conventional boundaries. Our expertise extends beyond mere paint application, encompassing a comprehensive suite of services designed to elevate your business environment.

From meticulous drywall repairs to rejuvenating cabinet aesthetics, we offer a holistic approach to commercial painting. Our services also include industrial painting for warehouses and manufacturing facilities, ensuring a cohesive and visually pleasing atmosphere across all aspects of your business.

Power Washing: A Pinnacle of Cleanliness

A clean facade is the first step towards a professional appearance. Unleashed Painting LLC goes the extra mile by providing power washing services, effectively removing dirt, grime, and weathering from your exterior surfaces. Our power washing services complement our painting endeavors, creating a pristine canvas for our craftsmen to work their magic.

Conclusion: Redefining Commercial Spaces, One Brushstroke at a Time

In the competitive business landscape of Pennsylvania, the visual appeal of your commercial space can make all the difference. Unleashed Painting LLC is your trusted partner, dedicated to redefining commercial spaces and leaving enduring impressions. Elevate your business environment with our expert Commercial Painting Services — where quality meets excellence, and your vision becomes our masterpiece.

[clancarruthers]

GARY CAROTHERS - CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

GARY CAROTHERS 6 AUG 1989  – 24 NOV 2022   Gary A. Carothers, 33, of Hollsopple, passed away on November 24, 2022. He is a son of Gary and Deborah (Zoodie) Carothers. He is preceded in death by maternal grandfather, Joseph Zoodie; paternal grandparents, Ken and Tilly (Hillster) Carothers; half-sister, Kelley Carothers; cousin, Kevin Phenicie; and best friend, Joshua Hillegas. Gary is survived by…

[oliviasmith-21]

Cheapest way to form an LLC in New York | TRUIC

Are you considering starting a business in the Empire State and looking for the most cost-effective way to form an LLC (LLC in New York)? Look no further than TRUIC for expert guidance on navigating the process while keeping expenses to a minimum. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the cheapest way to form an LLC in New York and provide valuable insights into the associated benefits and requirements.

LLC application New York

The process of applying for an LLC in New York begins with filing the Articles of Organization with the New York Department of State. This document officially establishes your business entity and includes essential information such as the LLC’s name, address, and registered agent details.

Free LLC in New York

While there are certain unavoidable costs associated with forming an LLC in New York, there are also opportunities to minimize expenses. For example, you can choose to serve as your own registered agent, eliminating the need to pay for professional registered agent services. Additionally, by completing the filing process yourself, you can avoid paying additional fees charged by third-party service providers.

NYS LLC filing online

One of the most convenient and cost-effective ways to file for an LLC in New York is by utilizing the state’s online filing system. This streamlined process allows you to submit your Articles of Organization electronically, reducing paperwork and processing times. By filing online, you can also track the status of your application in real-time and receive immediate confirmation of your LLC’s formation.

New York LLC publication requirement

It’s essential to be aware of New York’s LLC publication requirement, which mandates that newly formed LLCs publish a notice of their formation in two newspapers designated by the county clerk within 120 days of filing the Articles of Organization. While this step incurs additional costs, there are strategies to minimize expenses, such as selecting newspapers with lower publication rates or publishing notices in digital publications.

New York LLC search

Before finalizing your LLC name, it’s crucial to conduct a thorough search to ensure its availability and compliance with New York naming guidelines. The New York Department of State’s online database allows you to search for existing business entities and trademarks to avoid potential conflicts and legal issues down the line.

Articles of Organization NY

The Articles of Organization serve as the foundational document for your LLC in New York and outline essential details about your business, including its purpose, management structure, and member information. By accurately completing and filing this document, you can ensure compliance with state regulations and establish your LLC with confidence.

New York LLC annual filing requirements

In addition to the initial formation process, LLCs in New York are required to fulfill annual filing requirements to maintain their active status. This includes filing an Annual Report with the New York Department of State, which provides updated information about your LLC’s business activities and contact details. By staying current with these filing obligations, you can avoid penalties and maintain good standing with the state.

Conclusion

forming an LLC in New York doesn’t have to break the bank. With the right approach and resources, you can navigate the process efficiently while minimizing costs. For personalized assistance and guidance, consider reaching out to TRUIC for access to the best agents and resources for LLC formation.

[llcinpennsylvania]

Wondering how to start an LLC in Pennsylvania? Our comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know to get your business up and running smoothly. From choosing a unique business name and filing the Certificate of Organization to understanding state-specific compliance requirements, we break down each step of the process. Whether you’re a first-time entrepreneur or expanding your business, our expert advice and detailed instructions will help you navigate the formation process with ease. Start your LLC in Pennsylvania today and set your business on the path to success!

[limeade-l3sbian]

Who was Kagney Linn Necessary?

(the gofundme for her memorial/funeral will be at the end.)

Kagney Linn Necessary was born in Harris County, Texas in 1987, and raised in St. Joseph, Missouri and in Ridgway, Pennsylvania. [x]

In her early years, she moved to California with ambitions of becoming an actress and a singer but entered work as an exotic dancer before signing with LA Direct Models, a pornographic agency. Karter entered the adult film industry in September 2008.[x]

But that wasn't the entirety of who Kagney was. At face value, the only information I could find with a quick search was the basic information above from Wikipedia. All anyone seemed to know about her was who she was when she was in the "industry." I wanted to see what I could find about her, the person. Not Kagney Linn Karter, but Kagney Linn Necessary.

I raked through interviews she had, her personal social media accounts, and any other articles that I could find just to find any little facts about her that I could.

I thought about omitting her time within the porn industry to focus solely on everything else except that. But I feel it would be tasteless to keep it out. I think it needs to be mentioned. I think it is important to show that women pulled into the porn industry are not these separate beings from any other woman with dreams. This was a 36 year old woman who was just like any other woman who was preyed upon.

Necessary released an EP, The Crossover, in 2018. In 2022, Karter released her debut album, titled The Take Over. [x] She would post clips of her singing covers of songs as well as songs from her upcoming EP on her Instagram.

In 2022, she began learning how to play the piano, even posting a video of her progress.

Necessary was also a recovering addict. In 2021, she posted about the things that helped her stay clean and how she was pleased at having a second chance at life. In an interview, she was intentionally vague about the substances she used, only referring to them as "candy" and "a little bit of everything." But with no insurance or money for rehab, she opted to detox herself at her parents home, working at their tanning salon for free in exchange for "produce."

She moved from Los Angeles to Ohio in 2019 and got involved with pole dancing fitness studios before being involved the opening of one in Akron, called Alchemy Pole Fitness. She posted many videos of herself having fun and practicing new/old moves.

In November 2023, she was posting pictures of her new house and how well it was coming together,

[their website leads to a website called Alchemy Space Studios and says that it was founded and run by a separate woman. But upon looking up the LLC for the business, Kagney is named as the registrant and she is named as the owner of the space in two separate articles.]

In 2015, Carter claimed musician Chris Brown paid her $2,500 to be his escort. She reportedly tweeted things like 'I WILL NEVER F*** A WOMAN BEATER EW DISGUSTING' and 'HE IS PURE EVIL' about Brown.

I just felt like adding that because what a queen.

From her students from the studio and friends, she was known to love animals, including her dog, Murphy, and had a deep devotion to the community she was cultivating in Ohio. She was known to be fearless and empathetic, creating her studio as a place for people to feel safe and accepted.

These were the things I could find of her from her personal accounts and the people who loved her. She wasn't an object that will be missed for what "uses" it had. She was a woman who had dreams, who had a community who love her, who had a husband who loves her, dogs she cared for and loved who loved her, and a mother who loves her. I didn't want her story to be another reblog of a lost life.

I know this post is sporadic and clunky, but I wanted to just grab any information I could without crossing boundaries (ex. contacting the family or something tasteless like that). I just wanted to share what she had already shared with the world.

Her friend, Megan Lee, has posted a gofundme that has already surpassed their goal. But I would still suggest donating if you are able. Rest in peace, Kagney Linn Necessary. 💜

[arctic-hands]

More than 400 food products sold under dozens of brand names were recalled due to possible Listeria contamination, the US Food and Drug Administration announced Friday.

The recall by Fresh Ideation Food Group LLC includes ready-to-eat sandwiches, salads, yogurts, wraps and other products sold in nine states and Washington, DC, from January 24 through January 30.

...

The recalled foods were distributed in Connecticut, the District of Columbia,Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Virginia, according to the FDA.

The products -- which included items like bacon, egg and cheddar muffins, breakfastcroissants, tuna and chicken sandwiches, and fruit cups -- were sold in stores, vending machines and by transportation providers, according to the company.

"All recalled products have a Fresh Creative Cuisine label and/or identifier on the bottom of the label with the Fresh Creative Cuisine name and a fresh through or sell through date ranging from January 31, 2023 through February 6, 2023," the company said.

[darkmaga-retard]

A new development that merits attention. A complaint was filed on Friday before the U.S. District Court in Maryland presenting evidence that the USPS acted illegally in shipping at least one million mail-in ballots from a facility in Bethpage, New York to Pennsylvania on October 21, 2020. The suit was brought by attorney Brian Della Rocca, but the critical evidence was collected by two friends of mine — John Moynihan and Larry Doyle. Full disclosure, I have known John since 1998 and we were partners in BERG Associates, LLC. John, in my opinion, is one of the best financial and forensic investigators in the world. Hands down.

(Article by Larry Johnson republished from Sonar21.com)

Here is the bottom-line — the truck driver, Jesse Morgan, picked up a container filled with 20 Gaylord boxes. There were mail-in ballots in each of the Gaylords. A Gaylord can hold from 50,000 up to 100,000 ballots. Do the math — Mr. Morgan was transporting at least one million mail-in ballots (already filled in with signatures on the envelopes). So, what you say? The mail-in ballots are First Class mail. Every piece of First Class mail is supposed to be imaged per USPS regulations. The facility where Morgan picked up the load of ballots is ONLY certified for handling packages and Express Mail. There is no legal justification to account for those ballots to have passed through that warehouse.

[undescribed1mage]

Every March-April RTC Production that I know of !! (If you go to any of these, please get an audio !!)

Apex Theatre Studio, St Augustine, Florida — March 3rd — March 5th, then again March 9th — 10th.

Fed's Backyard Theatre, Bradenton, Florida — March 10th — 12th (Sold out in person tickets — $5 Streaming tickets !!)

Bridges Theater Co, Point Park University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania — March 24th — 26th

College Of The Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts — March 30th — April 2nd.

The Playhouse Collective, Toronto, Ontario — March 29th — April 1st.

RGC Theatre, Portsmouth, New Hampshire — April 14th — April 16th (Revival performance, also being livestreamed !!)

Emerson College, Boston, Massachusetts — April 14th — 16th

Roxy's Downtown LLC, Wichita, Kansas — April 6th — April 29th (according to the rights website — dates may be off).

Phoenix College, Phoenix, Arizona — April 20th — April 23rd.

The Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsylvania — April 21st — April 23rd.

Framingham State University, Framingham, Massachusetts — April 21st — April 22nd !!

Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas — April 21st — April 30th.

Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana — April 28th — 30th

[yagodichjagodic]

Going to Lehighton tonight for the ‘Waldorf Estate of Fear’ i.e HELL HOUSE LLC!!!!

Super stoked 🤘🏼

[solarpunkbusiness]

Surera Ward, CEO and founder of Girls Fix It, LLC

Girls Fix It, LLC, which she calls a technology solutions company specializing in cell phones, tablets, smartwatches, game consoles and computers. 

Surera (pronounced “Shore-ah”) is part of the fastest-moving technology industry trend: consumer electronic repair and maintenance. Before starting Girls Fix It, she spent 20 years in the corporate sector, leading software development teams for Fortune 500 companies as an IT business analyst\project manager.

Ward taught herself to program in the 1990s when she worked in software development. 

“Growing up,” she said, “I always liked to take things apart and fix them, like when a tape got stuck in the VCR machine. I got good at fixing.”  At 19, Ward started a software development company in Delaware, Infinity Software Systems. After four years, she transitioned to teaching in schools in Wilmington and New Castle. Currently, Girls Fix It offers training to senior citizens, and Ward also does business consulting for Cellbotics, an electronic device repair training firm based in Atlanta.

But a major problem for Ward and others like her is the planned obsolescence that one also finds in the auto industry. After all, if a product works perfectly for many years, why buy a new one?

Ward is finding, for example, that once she and her two assistants have conducted a repair on a customer's phone, the device will “often throw up error messages hard-coded in by manufacturers to discourage users from going to third-party experts.”

And a practice known as “parts pairing,” which ties individual parts to the devices they're shipped with using unique serial numbers, has made it harder to repair them.

But consumers and small independent repair experts like Ward are fighting back. According to a recent WHYY report, a “Right to Repair” movement is gaining traction around the country. “Four states have passed laws that require manufacturers to make it easier for consumers to repair their devices – a cracked screen, broken phone camera or broken laptop,” according to the story. “There’s legislation in New Jersey, Delaware and a bill in the Pennsylvania Senate, and another in the House. Advocates of these laws say they will save consumers money, save the planet from tons of e-waste and will support small local businesses.” 

Ward insists, “The 'Right to Repair' movement is for consumers and small businesses to have access to parts and schematics that they need. The manufacturers deliberately make the products hard to repair. Parts are often unavailable; schematics are often not accessible, and they create error messages. It's getting harder and harder to repair different devices. Any Apple iPhone 10 phone or better is very hard to repair. Legislation could help, but it would not fully resolve the issue.”

[kaiyonohime]

Update in the Sherry Tenney case!

If you don't know who the scam artist Sherry Tenney is, here is my pinned post about her.

[The Bureau of Consumer Protection is writing to update you concerning the consumer complaint you filed against Tenney’s Fiber Farm, LLC (the “Company”) and the above-referenced litigation.

As you may know, Sherry Tenney has filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy Court in the Middle District of Pennsylvania under Case Number 1:23-bk-02752-HWV.

If you have not done so already, you may wish to file a proof of claim form in the bankruptcy. A proof of claim form may be filed either electronically or as a paper document. The Bankruptcy Court has set a deadline of February 12, 2024 for creditors to file proofs of claim. To assist you in that matter, we have enclosed a blank proof of claim form for you to complete and submit to the bankruptcy court.

Please send the completed proof of claim form to:

Sylvia H. Rambo US Courthouse U.S. Bankruptcy Court 1501 N. 6th St. Harrisburg, PA 17102

Please be advised, our office cannot offer you legal advice. You should consult with a private attorney to ensure that your rights are preserved in the bankruptcy proceedings.

Very truly yours,

Mia Paone Consumer Protection Agent]

If Sherry Tenney owes you money, please file immediately!

Sherry Tenney's next court date is February 1st, 2024. So she could be trying to get ahead of a verdict. I have a feeling, given everything that's come out in discovery, that the judge is going to throw the book at her. She also owes nearly $80k in legal fees at this point, and with no income and no job, she's probably stiffing her lawyer too.

And, as always, a trapped wolf can still bite, so please avoid her at all costs. She is still bragging about being armed and dangerous.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Physicians work to help prevent vision loss associated with space travel

Physicians at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University are working with Polaris Dawn, the first of the Polaris Program's three human spaceflight missions, to better understand the eye changes many astronauts experience during spaceflight that can leave them with a wide range of symptoms once they return to Earth—from a new need for glasses to significant loss of vision.

The Polaris Program is a first-of-its-kind effort to rapidly advance human spaceflight capabilities while continuing to raise funds and awareness for important causes on Earth.

More than 70% of astronauts experience a phenomenon known as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome, or SANS, according to NASA. The syndrome can have "a constellation of symptoms, including these changes in vision," said Matt Lyon, MD, director of the MCG Center for Telehealth.

Astronauts can experience other maladies as well when body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, shift, which can lead to structural changes in the brain.

"The changes start happening on day one," said Lyon, who is also the J. Harold Harrison M.D. Distinguished Chair in Telehealth.

"We are not entirely sure what causes these issues with vision, but we suspect it has to do with a shift in cerebrospinal fluid in the optic nerve sheath. On Earth, gravity pushes that fluid down and it drains out, but in space, it floats up and presses against the optic nerve and retina."

With the help of portable, handheld ultrasound machines, Lyon and his team hope to not only figure out the mechanism behind the changes, but also be able to predict which astronauts will be most likely to experience them.

MCG patented the concept of using portable ultrasound to rapidly visualize damage from pressure and fluid changes in the optic nerve sheath, the layers of protective membranes around the nerve. Lyon is investigating how this part of the brain is affected by elevated cranial pressure and mild traumatic brain injuries. When the brain is injured, like many other organs, it swells and fills with fluid.

Researchers worked with URSUS Medical Designs LLC, a Pennsylvania-based biotech company with expertise in ultrasound, to build a 3D ultrasound machine that could help. A one-year grant enabled the project to build a device that added another dimension to 2D transducers.

Lyon and the MCG research team are now using those ultrasound machines to screen astronauts and determine who among them may already have these incompetent or damaged optic nerve sheaths. They suspect that those are the ones who will be more susceptible to the vision changes associated with SANS.

"We discovered that when the cerebral spinal pressure goes up with mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), there is resulting damage to the sheath that is likely lifelong," he explained.

"We think that when astronauts who have experienced concussions or mild TBIs go into space and experience the low-gravity fluid shifts, the sheath dilates from the increase in volume. It is like a tire—a normal tire remains its normal shape as it is filled with air, and the shape doesn't change.

"When it's damaged, like bulges on the side of a tire, the fluid fills the bulges up and the sheath expands. This can cause pressure on the nerve and retina. A damaged sheath is less of a problem on Earth, but in space, the excess fluid has nowhere to go."

The researchers don't yet know if the vision changes are caused by the sheer volume of fluid, by the associated pressure, or both. They are training Polaris Dawn crewmembers to use these ultrasound machines to measure both fluid and pressure in real time during spaceflight.

"If it's just volume, we suspect the cerebrospinal fluid goes up, fills this floppy bag and gets stuck. It's almost like not flushing your toilets. You're creating this toxic environment, because the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is what carries toxins away from your eyes and nerves, and instead the toxins sit against the optic nerve, killing it," Lyon said.

"But it could be that combined with the increased pressure that comes with increased CSF, which would be like getting intermittent hypertension in your eye."

Next steps could include working to develop and fine tune countermeasures that would decrease fluid volumes in the head during spaceflight. For example, the U.S. space program and their international space partners use a vacuum-pant device, called lower-body negative pressure, that pulls blood and other fluids down in the body.

This experiment will be part of an extensive suite of science and research performed throughout the mission. Polaris Dawn will collaborate with 23 institutions, including MCG, on the selected experiments.

Other participating institutions include the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH); University of Texas, Houston; University of Colorado, Boulder; Baylor College of Medicine; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; and the U.S. Air Force Academy.