#Multi-object spectroscopy

[planetariumhub]

Webb Telescope Rules Out Thick Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere for TRAPPIST-1 c

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has conducted observations of the exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c and made a significant discovery. Despite being similar in size to Venus and receiving comparable levels of radiation from its star, Webb’s findings indicate that TRAPPIST-1 c does not possess Venus’s thick carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. If an atmosphere exists on TRAPPIST-1 c, it is likely to be very…

[spacetelescopescience]

The James Webb Space Telescope is capable of producing detailed imagery of galaxies and stars throughout the universe. Astronomers, however, also rely on Webb’s ability to perform spectroscopy. Spectra spread light out into a range of colors to allow researchers to analyze the intensity (or brightness) of individual colors, or wavelengths. Each of Webb’s four instruments are capable of spectroscopy. There are six spectroscopy modes. Certain methods like single-object slitless or slit spectroscopy allow us to capture the spectra of individual bright objects or small, but bright regions. Other methods take the spectra of many objects or an entire field, like in wide-field slitless or multi-object spectroscopy. See each of Webb’s spectroscopy modes and which instruments are involved for each: https://webbtelescope.pub/3uJUKoW

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

A sharper view of the Milky Way with Gaia and machine learning

A group of scientists led by the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences at the University of Barcelona (ICCUB) have used a novel machine learning model to process data for 217 million stars observed by the Gaia mission in an extremely efficient way.

The results are competitive with traditional methods used to estimate stellar parameters. This new approach opens up exciting opportunities to map characteristics like interstellar extinction and metallicity across the Milky Way, aiding in the understanding of stellar populations and the structure of our galaxy.

With the third data release of the European Space Agency's Gaia space mission, astronomers gained access to improved measurements for 1.8 billion stars, which provides a vast amount of data for researching the Milky Way.

However, analyzing such a large dataset efficiently presents challenges. In the study, researchers explored the use of machine learning to estimate key stellar properties using Gaia's spectrophotometric data. The model was trained on high-quality data from 8 million stars and achieved reliable predictions with small uncertainties.

The work is published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

"The underlying technique, called extreme gradient-boosted trees allows to estimate precise stellar properties, such as temperature, chemical composition, and interstellar dust obscuration, with unprecedented efficiency. The developed machine learning model, SHBoost, completes its tasks, including model training and prediction, within four hours on a single GPU—a process that previously required two weeks and 3,000 high-performance processors," says Arman Khalatyan from AIP and first author of the study.

"The machine-learning method is thus significantly reducing computational time, energy consumption, and CO2 emission." This is the first time such a technique was successfully applied to stars of all types at once.

The model trains on high-quality spectroscopic data from smaller stellar surveys and then applies this learning to Gaia's large third data release (DR3), extracting key stellar parameters using only photometric and astrometric data, as well as the Gaia low-resolution XP spectra.

"The high quality of the results reduces the need for additional resource-intensive spectroscopic observations when looking for good candidates to be picked-up for further studies, such as rare metal-poor or super-metal rich stars, crucial for understanding the earliest phases of the Milky Way formation," says Cristina Chiappini from AIP.

This technique turns out to be crucial for the preparation of future observations with multi-object spectroscopy, such as 4MIDABLE-LR, a large survey of the Galactic Disk and Bulge that will be part of the 4MOST project at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile.

"The new model approach provides extensive maps of the Milky Way's overall chemical composition, corroborating the distribution of young and old stars. The data shows the concentration of metal-rich stars in the galaxy's inner regions, including the bar and bulge, with an enormous statistical power," adds Friedrich Anders from ICCUB.

The team also used the model to map young, massive hot stars throughout the galaxy, highlighting distant, poorly-studied regions in which stars are forming. The data also reveal that there exist a number of "stellar voids" in our Milky Way, i.e. areas that host very few young stars. Furthermore, the data demonstrate where the three-dimensional distribution of interstellar dust is still poorly resolved.

As Gaia continues to collect data, the ability of machine-learning models to handle the vast datasets quickly and sustainably makes them an essential tool for future astronomical research.

The success of the approach demonstrates the potential for machine learning to revolutionize big data analysis in astronomy and other scientific fields while promoting more sustainable research practices.

IMAGE: Large-scale map (330,000 light years side length) of the density of the 217 million stars from the Gaia DR3 XP sample in Galactocentric Cartesian co-ordinates. Credit: F. Anders, Universitat de Barcelona

[tycoonworld]

Remedium Lifecare Unveils Rights Issue Post ₹182.7 Cr UK Deal to Drive Global Expansion

Key Highlights:

Invested in a new quality control facility in Telangana to strengthen R&D capabilities. Aimed at maintaining pharmaceutical product quality in compliance with domestic and international standards. Business relation with domestic well as international organisation. Mumbai, India 22nd April, 2025: Remedium Lifecare Limited (BSE: 539561) has announced the strategic objectives of its upcoming rights issue, recently approved by the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). This capital raise is a cornerstone of the company’s transformation into a vertically integrated, research-driven pharmaceutical player, aimed at accelerating global expansion and strengthening operational capabilities.

Remedium Lifecare will invest the proceeds of right issue in research and development to advance its capabilities in complex and high-value pharmaceutical intermediates. Dedicated labs will be established to accelerate R&D across the CNS, metabolic, and oncology verticals—therapeutic areas experiencing strong global demand. The capital raise will also support debt repayment or prepayment, improving the company’s debt-to-equity ratio and overall financial resilience. A portion of the proceeds will be allocated to general corporate purposes, including talent acquisition, IT infrastructure upgrades, and international marketing initiatives to expand global reach.

Commenting on the development, Mr. Adarsh Munjal, Managing Director of Remedium Lifecare, said, “The rights issue is a critical step in our long-term strategy to become a global, research-led pharmaceutical company. These investments will further build good Business relation with domestic well as international organisation across Europe and Asia.”

Capital expenditure in a quality control laboratory is vital for enhancing analytical precision and ensuring regulatory compliance. One key feature includes quick baseline stabilization, excellent reproducibility, and fully integrated operation with chromatography systems, specifically designed for isocratic analysis of sugars, polymers, and fatty acids. Analytical systems widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and environmental science are employed for separating, identifying, and quantifying components in complex mixtures.

Instruments with multi-element capability, using inductively coupled plasma to ionize the sample, enable simultaneous measurement of multiple elements in a single analysis. Advanced mass spectrometry tools, capable of SWATH Acquisition, MRM acquisition, information-dependent high-resolution MS acquisition (IDA), and high-speed MS/MS scanning, can detect analytes with a resolution up to 0.001 atomic mass units, providing highly accurate and detailed results.

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy systems are used in various scientific fields to analyze compound concentrations, study chemical reactions, and identify substances based on their light absorption. These instruments measure the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light by samples. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy tools are powerful analytical instruments used for studying molecular structures, identifying functional groups, and understanding chemical bonding through the infrared spectrum of absorption or emission.

Furthermore, UV-VIS detectors with high sensitivity and accuracy facilitate the identification of unknown components in matrix systems by detecting and quantifying light absorption in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Lastly, water purification systems are included as capital investments to produce high-quality water used in drug manufacturing. This purified water acts as an excipient in the preparation of sterile and apyrogenic medicines, ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.

This initiative also reinforces Remedium’s commitment to strengthening India’s position as a reliable partner in the global pharmaceutical supply chain. By aligning its infrastructure and processes with international standards, the company aims to not only meet stringent regulatory requirements but also drive sustainable growth, create high-value employment, and contribute meaningfully to the ‘Make in India’ vision for healthcare and life sciences.

About Remedium Lifecare Ltd.:

Founded in 1988, Remedium Lifecare Ltd. is a BSE-listed pharmaceutical company engaged in the supply of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) intermediates and specialty chemicals. With an emphasis on quality, compliance, and global reach, the company continues to expand its presence while playing a pivotal role in India’s pharmaceutical ecosystem

[masongrizchel]

UBV Wavelength Filters

The UBV system is one of the most widely used photometric systems in astronomy.

Developed by Harold Johnson and William Morgan in the 1950s, it categorizes light into three primary wavelength bands:

U (Ultraviolet)

Wavelength range: 300–400 nm

Sensitive to the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, capturing high-energy emissions.

Ideal for studying hot, young stars and regions with active star formation.

B (Blue)

Wavelength range: 400–500 nm

Focuses on blue light, helping identify intermediate-temperature stars.

Provides critical insights into the age and composition of stellar populations.

V (Visible)

Wavelength range: 500–600 nm

Covers the green-yellow part of the visible spectrum, where human eyes are most sensitive.

Commonly used for brightness measurements, making it a cornerstone for understanding stellar magnitudes.

How Do UBV Filters Work?

UBV filters are designed to allow only light from their specific wavelength range to pass through while blocking other wavelengths. When used in conjunction with sensitive detectors like CCD cameras or photomultipliers, these filters enable astronomers to record the intensity of light in each band separately.

By comparing the light captured in the U, B, and V bands, astronomers can deduce a star's color index—a key metric in determining its temperature, composition, and distance.

Applications in Astronomy

1. Determining Stellar Properties

UBV filters are indispensable for studying stars. The relative brightness in the U, B, and V bands helps classify stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a vital tool for understanding stellar evolution.

Hot Stars: Emit more light in the U band.

Cool Stars: Emit more light in the V band.

2. Measuring Distances

The UBV system plays a crucial role in calculating the distances to celestial objects through techniques like photometric parallax and standard candles (e.g., Cepheid variables).

3. Identifying Star-Forming Regions

Young, hot stars and regions with high ultraviolet radiation stand out in the U band, making these filters essential for mapping star formation in galaxies.

4. Studying Galactic Evolution

By analyzing the light from galaxies in UBV bands, astronomers can estimate their age, star formation rate, and chemical composition, offering insights into their evolutionary history.

Did You Know?

The UBV system was the first widely adopted standardized photometric system, creating a universal framework for comparing observations from different telescopes.

The "U" band is particularly challenging to use because Earth's atmosphere absorbs much of the ultraviolet light, making space-based observatories like the Hubble Space Telescope essential for such studies.

UBV filters paved the way for more advanced photometric systems, such as the UBVRI system, which extends coverage into red and infrared wavelengths.

Importance in Modern Astronomy

Despite advancements in spectroscopy and multi-wavelength imaging, UBV filters remain a cornerstone of observational astronomy. They provide a cost-effective and straightforward method for characterizing celestial objects, especially in studies requiring broad-field surveys or long-term monitoring.

Co​nclu​sion

The UBV wavelength filters are a testament to the power of simplicity in unraveling the cosmos. By splitting light into just three bands, they enable astronomers to unlock the secrets of stars, galaxies, and the vast universe beyond.

Whether you're observing the twinkling of a nearby star or mapping a distant galaxy, the UBV system reminds us that even a small slice of the electromagnetic spectrum can reveal profound truths about the universe.

[michlecohen]

Official Authentics Legit: The Definitive Authority in Legitimate Collectible Authentication

In the ever-expanding world of collectibles, authenticity is paramount. Whether you are a seasoned collector or a newcomer, ensuring the legitimacy of your prized possessions is essential. This is where they steps in, setting the gold standard for authentication services. Based in Switzerland, Official Authentics is renowned for its meticulous and trustworthy authentication processes, making it a cornerstone in the global collectibles market. In this review, we delve into why Official Authentics is a legit and essential service for collectors worldwide.

The Crucial Need for Legitimate Authentication

The collectibles market, encompassing sports memorabilia, movie props, fine art, and historical artifacts, is rife with counterfeits. This growing concern necessitates a reliable and legitimate authentication service. Official Authentics has earned its reputation by consistently providing accurate and thorough authentication, thus ensuring collectors' investments are protected and their collections remain genuine.

Expertise Across Diverse Domains

Official Authentics boasts a team of specialists with profound knowledge and experience in various fields, guaranteeing that each item is examined with unparalleled expertise.

Sports Memorabilia

The sports memorabilia market is particularly vulnerable to forgeries. Official Authentics employs experts who possess deep insights into sports history and memorabilia. They conduct meticulous examinations of jerseys, balls, and autographs, verifying materials, signatures, and historical context to establish authenticity.

Movie Props

Movie props allow collectors to own pieces of cinematic history. They film memorabilia experts scrutinize props by analyzing production records, materials, and provenance. Their ability to distinguish genuine props from replicas is second to none.

Fine Art

Authenticating fine art requires an intricate understanding of art history and conservation techniques. Official Authentics' art historians and conservation specialists utilize stylistic analysis and advanced materials testing to authenticate artworks, ensuring the highest level of accuracy.

Historical Artifacts

Authenticating historical artifacts demands a blend of archaeological expertise and scientific analysis. Official Authentics’ team of archaeologists and historians employs methods like carbon dating, provenance research, and materials analysis to verify the authenticity of historical items, preserving their integrity and significance.

The Rigorous Authentication Process

They implements a meticulous, multi-stage authentication process designed to be comprehensive and transparent, providing collectors with the assurance they need.

Initial Inspection

The authentication process begins with a thorough visual and physical inspection by an expert. This step involves scrutinizing the item's materials, construction, and unique markings or signatures that might indicate authenticity or forgery.

Scientific Analysis

Scientific analysis forms the core of the authentication process at Official Authentics. Utilizing state-of-the-art techniques, they provide objective data supporting an item's authenticity.

Carbon Dating: Used to determine the age of organic materials in historical artifacts.

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF): Identifies the elemental composition of metals and other materials, offering insights into an item's authenticity.

Infrared Spectroscopy: Identifies the molecular composition of paints and other substances, aiding in the verification of artworks.

Provenance Research

Provenance research is critical for establishing an item's historical background and ownership. Conducts extensive research to trace an item's history, ensuring it aligns with documented records and historical context. This step is crucial for verifying the authenticity and value of collectibles.

Detailed Documentation

Upon completing the authentication process, Official Authentics provides detailed documentation and a certificate of authenticity. This report includes all findings, methods used, and expert opinions, ensuring complete transparency and confidence for the collector.

Embracing Blockchain Technology

To further enhance security and transparency, Official Authentics has integrated blockchain technology into their authentication process. Blockchain provides a secure, immutable ledger that records the provenance and ownership history of collectibles. Each authenticated item comes with a digital certificate stored on the blockchain, ensuring that its history is transparent and tamper-proof. This innovative approach enhances security and trust in the collectibles market.

Upholding Ethical Standards and Market Integrity

They dedicated to maintaining the integrity of the collectibles market. Their rigorous authentication standards and ethical practices help deter counterfeiters and ensure that collectors can buy and sell with confidence. This commitment to transparency and excellence promotes trust and stability in the market.

Future Innovations

As the collectibles market continues to evolve, the demand for reliable and advanced authentication services will increase. Official Authentics is poised to lead this evolution, continually refining their techniques and embracing new technologies. Their dedication to innovation ensures they will remain at the forefront of the industry, protecting the passions and investments of collectors worldwide.

In a market where authenticity is paramount, OfficialAuthentics stands as a beacon of trust and reliability. Their meticulous authentication process, diverse expertise, and innovative use of blockchain technology make them a leader in the field. For collectors seeking to ensure the genuineness and value of their items, Official Authentics provides the assurance and peace of mind needed to confidently pursue their passion. Trust Official Authentics to safeguard your collection and elevate your collecting experience to unparalleled heights.

If you're looking to authenticate your collectibles and ensure their value and authenticity, contact them today. Visit their website at Official Authentics to learn more about their services and how they can help you protect your investments.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Official Authentics and their services. By sharing this information, we hope to help collectors make informed decisions about the authenticity and value of their collectibles. If you have any questions or need further information, please feel free to reach out to us or visit the Official Authentics website.

[laopiniononline]

Astrónomos chilenos encabezan proyecto que estudia comportamiento de galaxias

Nueva publicación en https://ct2.cl/f5

Astrónomos chilenos encabezan proyecto que estudia comportamiento de galaxias

Codirigido por los astrofísicos Yara Jaffé (USM) y Christopher Haines (UDA), la iniciativa CHANCES utilizará un avanzado instrumento de medición que analizará más de 300 mil conjuntos de estrellas durante cinco años.

En un plazo de cinco años un grupo de astrónomos se dedicará a observar y estudiar el comportamiento de más de 300 mil galaxias en el marco de un importante proyecto astrofísico. Se trata del CHilean Cluster Galaxy Evolution Survey (CHANCES), una iniciativa que podría cambiar por completo la forma de entender la vida de las galaxias.

Así lo explica la Dra. Yara Jaffé, astrónoma y académica del Departamento de Física de la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, quien junto a su colega Christopher Haines, de la Universidad de Atacama y en colaboración con 50 académicos de distintas instituciones nacionales e internacionalescodirige este proyecto que es parte del consorcio 4-meter Multi Object Spectroscopy Telescope (4MOST) del Observatorio Europeo Austral.

“Las propiedades de las galaxias cambian mucho dependiendo del lugar del cosmos que habitan. El enfoque de este proyecto es determinar el efecto del entorno en la evolución de las galaxias”, sostiene la doctora Jaffé, quien explica que a través de 4MOST, un revolucionario instrumento astronómico, se podrá analizar el espectro de miles de objetos celestes simultáneamente, a fin de “entender cómo evolucionan y cómo su entorno afecta su vida y comportamiento”.

De esta manera, en 2025 se montará este poderoso instrumento en el telescopio VISTA del Observatorio Paranal, ubicado en la Región de Antofagasta. Esto en el marco de una invitación a la comunidad científica internacional a submitir proyectos para la explotación científica de 4MOST y desde Chile, CHANECS fue uno de los adjudicados junto al proyecto White Dwarf Binary Survey, codirigido por la también académica USM, Odette Toloza.

Telaraña cósmica

Como explica la profesora Jaffé, este proyecto recopilará la información de cientos de miles de galaxias gracias a un potente espectrógrafo que permitirá identificar el comportamiento de las galaxias alojadas en la “telaraña cósmica”.

“La llamada ‘telaraña cósmica’ es precisamente eso, la red en la que se encuentran distribuidas las galaxias, constituida por filamentos que conectan  nodos. Estos nodos pueden ser cúmulos gigantescos de cientos o miles galaxias unidas gravitacionalmente y en estos lugares se comportan de manera muy diferente a aquellas que están en espacios más aislados del universo, como los vacíos cósmicos”, comenta la astrofísica.

Además de esto, la doctora Jaffé explica que a diferencia de las imágenes que frecuentemente se obtienen del espacio, los datos recopilados por 4MOST corresponden a la “descomposición de la luz en todas sus longitudes de onda”. En palabras simples, la académica señala que básicamente está viendo “el ADN de las galaxias” o bien, su “huella digital”. Una forma de poder captar las propiedades internas de estos cuerpos celestes.

De la misma manera, la astrónoma comenta que uno de los descubrimientos más relevantes en la actualidad en relación a las galaxias es su forma de “comportarse” cuando están aisladas, o cerca de otros cuerpos semejantes. “Queremos entender cuáles son los procesos físicos que transforman las galaxias cuando transitan de lugares menos densos a lugares más densos del universo”, concluye Jaffé.

[katsufairies]

The TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Satellite Station) Mission has detected 3 planets transiting/orbiting across the star TOI-270. These planets are 2 sub-Neptune (similar to but smaller than Neptune) and 1 super-Earth (larger than but similar to Earth) sized worlds. The star TOI-270 is the “closest transiting exoplanet host,”  TOI-270 has “a distance from Earth of only 22.5 parsecs.” (a parsec is about 3.086 x 10^13 kilometers). 

There are very important astronomical instruments used in finding and learning about these exoplanets as well as their host stars. Some of data is taken from off-earth resources “such as coordinates, parallax and photometric magnitudes from the Gaia DR261, 2MASS62, and UCAC463 catalogues ... We correct the Gaia DR2 parallax for the systematic offset reported.” (parallax refers to an apparent displacement when not observing head on, photometric refers to brightness). Specifically GAIA is currently in space and GAIA stands for ‘Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics’ this is used in quite a few different ways, in this mission it is sending back information about the parallax and photometry which is fitted and adjusted back on earth for understanding of data, these findings are also “followed up with ground-based multi-wavelength photometry, reconnaissance spectroscopy and high-resolution imaging.” according to the article from nature astronomy. (spectroscopy is taking in light that we cant see, like infrared, and translating this into data that we can use to understand what these planets are made of, photometry refers to the brightness of these objects). 

Through observing how these exoplanets work and exist, we can learn more about our own solar system and planet. This also allows us to open up research to potentially habitable planets and for other life in the universe. These 3 exoplanets transiting TOI-270 are a wonderful starting point with them having equilibrium points that are potentially habitable by extremophiles (which are organisms that can live in extreme conditions and temperatures). These 3 exoplanets are closer to the star TOI-270 than where the “optimistic habitable zone” is, and we know that in some cases the exoplanets that are larger and closer to the star are the ones that we notice/detect first, So this could absolutely mean that there are possibly more exoplanets in this system that are in the “optimistically habitable zone”, we just have yet to see them!

The photos above are labeled A and C:

A, shows a graph that represents the data from TESS of the 3 planets transiting the star, each of the colors (blue, orange, and red) representing one of the three planets. Each time the color shows up

c, is showing a model of the system with the zones marked, the darker green refers to the “optimistic habitable zone”, where the light green shows the equilibrium point of the planets “between the survival temperature for extremophiles (395 K)21 and the freezing point of water (273.15 K)”. It should be noted that the surface temperature of the planet can differ from this equilibrium temperature.

[spaceexp]

NASA Instrument to Probe Planet Clouds on European Mission

NASA & ESA - ARIEL Mission logo. Nov. 8, 2019 NASA will contribute an instrument to a European space mission that will explore the atmospheres of hundreds of planets orbiting stars beyond our Sun, or exoplanets, for the first time. The instrument, called the Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets, or CASE, adds scientific capabilities to ESA's (the European Space Agency's) Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey, or ARIEL, mission. The ARIEL spacecraft with CASE on board is expected to launch in 2028. CASE will be managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, with JPL astrophysicist Mark Swain as the principal investigator. "I am thrilled that NASA will partner with ESA in this historic mission to push the envelope in our understanding of what the atmospheres of exoplanets are made of, and how these planets form and evolve," said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. "The more information we have about exoplanets, the closer we get to understanding the origins of our solar system, and advancing our search for Earth-like planets elsewhere."

Image above: This artist's concept shows the European Space Agency's ARIEL spacecraft on its way to Lagrange Point 2 (L2) — a gravitationally stable, Sun-centric orbit — where it will be shielded from the Sun and have a clear view of the sky. NASA's JPL will manage the mission's CASE instrument. Image Credits: ESA/STFC RAL Space/UCL/Europlanet-Science Office. So far, scientists have found more than 4,000 confirmed exoplanets in the Milky Way. NASA's retired Kepler space telescope and active Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) are two observatories that have contributed to this count. These telescopes have discovered planets by observing brightness of a star's light dimming as a planet crosses its face, an event called a "transit." ARIEL, carrying CASE, will take planet-hunting through transits one step further, by delving deeper into planets already known to exist. ARIEL will be able to see the chemical fingerprints, or "spectra," of a planet's atmosphere in the light of its star. To do this, the spacecraft will observe starlight streaming through the atmospheres of planets as they pass in front their stars, as well as light emitted by the planets' atmospheres just before and after they disappear behind their stars. These fingerprints will allow scientists to study the compositions, temperatures, and chemical processes in the atmospheres of the planets ARIEL observes. These chemical fingerprints of exoplanet atmospheres are extremely faint. Identifying them is a huge challenge for astronomers, and requires a telescope to stare at individual stars for a long time. But many space observatories are multi-purpose, and must split up their time among different kinds of scientific investigations. ARIEL will be the first spacecraft fully devoted to observing hundreds of exoplanet atmospheres, looking to identify their contents, temperatures and chemical processes. The addition of CASE, which will observe clouds and hazes, will provide a more comprehensive picture of the exoplanet atmospheres ARIEL observes. So far, telescopes have only been able to carefully probe the atmospheres of a handful of exoplanets to determine their chemistries. ARIEL's much larger, more diverse sample will enable scientists to look at these worlds not just as individual exotic objects, but as a population, and discover new trends in their commonalities and differences. The CASE instrument will be sensitive to light at near-infrared wavelengths, which is invisible to human eyes, as well as visible light. This complements ARIEL's other instrument, called an infrared spectrometer, which operates at longer wavelengths. CASE will specifically look at exoplanets' clouds and hazes — determining how common they are, as well how they influence the compositions and other properties of planetary atmospheres. CASE will also allow measurements of each planet's albedo, the amount of light the planet reflects. The spacecraft will focus on exceptionally hot planets in our galaxy, with temperatures greater than 600 degrees Fahrenheit (320 degrees Celsius). Such planets are more likely to transit their star than planets orbiting farther out, and their short orbital periods provide more opportunities to observe transits in a given period of time. More transits give astronomers more data, allowing them to reveal the weak chemical fingerprint of a planet's atmosphere. ARIEL's hot planet population will include gas giants like Jupiter, as well as smaller gaseous planets called mini-Neptunes and rocky worlds bigger than our planet called super-Earths. While these planets are too hot to host life as we know it, they will tell us a lot about how planets and planetary systems form and evolve. Additionally the techniques and insights learned in studying exoplanets with ARIEL and CASE will be useful when scientists use future telescopes to look toward smaller, colder, rockier worlds with conditions that more closely resemble Earth's.

ARIEL, exoplanet atmosphere detector. Image Credit: ESA

The CASE instrument consists of two detectors and associated electronics that contribute to ARIEL's guidance system. CASE takes advantage of the same detectors and electronics that NASA is contributing to ESA's Euclid mission, which will probe deep questions about the structure of the universe and its two biggest mystery components: dark matter and dark energy. The ARIEL spacecraft with CASE on board will be in the same orbit as NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, which is expected to launch in 2021. Both will travel some 1 million miles (1.5 million kilometers) from Earth to a special point of gravitational stability called Lagrange Point 2. This location allows the spacecraft to circle the Sun along with the Earth, while using little fuel to maintain its orbit. While Webb will also be capable of studying exoplanet atmospheres, and its instruments cover a similar range of light as ARIEL, Webb will target a smaller sample of exoplanets to study in greater detail. Because Webb's time will be divided, shared with investigations into other aspects of the universe, it will deliver detailed knowledge about particular exoplanets rather than surveying hundreds. ARIEL will launch several years after Webb, so it will be able to capitalize on lessons learned from Webb in terms of planning observations and selecting which planets to study. "This is an exciting time for exoplanet science as we look toward the next generation of space telescopes and instruments," said Paul Hertz, director of the astrophysics division at NASA Headquarters, Washington. "CASE adds to an exceptional set of technologies that will help us better understand our place in the galaxy." CASE is an Astrophysics Explorers Mission of Opportunity, managed by JPL. The Astrophysics Explorers Program is managed by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC. Exoplanets: https://www.nasa.gov/content/the-search-for-life ARIEL Space Mission: https://arielmission.space/ ESA ARIEL: https://sci.esa.int/web/ariel Related link: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS): https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Tony Greicius/Felicia Chou/Written by Elizabeth Landau/JPL/Calla Cofield. Greetings, Orbiter.ch Full article

[planetariumhub]

James Webb Telescope Unveils Cosmic Seahorse and Gravitational Lensing

Webb Gravitational Lensing

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has captured a mesmerizing image that reveals a cosmic phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. In this captivating image, distant galaxies are magnified, distorted, and brightened due to the gravitational pull of a foreground galaxy cluster. Among the intriguing features highlighted in the image is a galaxy nicknamed the “Cosmic Seahorse,” presenting a long,…

[northeastbiolab]

Development of a combined negative and positive mode for a combination LC-MS/MS method

An efficient multi-orbital mode for combination LC-MS/MS peak generation was developed as part of the Nebiolab platform. The negative and positive modes utilize different ions to generate a highly resolved protein spectrum. This method can be used in other analyte determination techniques such as MSn, QqQ and standard injection based MSn.

The combined negative and positive mode (CNP/CNP) of LC-MS/MS was developed with the objective to provide high sensitivity and reproducibility in identifying small molecules with this technique. Read more visit here:  https://www.nebiolab.com/positive-and-negative-mode-in-mass-spectroscopy/

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Gas motion in the Centaurus galaxy cluster challenges star formation assumptions

Kokoro Hosogi, a physics student at The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), has achieved a rare honor for an undergraduate: her contributions are being recognized in a study published in the journal Nature. The researcher recently supported the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) studying celestial X-ray objects to help illuminate why gas at the core of the Centaurus galaxy cluster approximately 170 million light years away is not generating young new stars as rapidly as predicted, a discovery with important implications on the evolution of galaxy clusters.

XRISM is a cutting-edge X-ray telescope, a joint venture between NASA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in Sept. 2023. The initiative focused on a region of space known as the Intracluster Medium, or ICM. This is an area of hot, diffuse plasma that fills the space between galaxies within a galaxy cluster, composed of ionized hydrogen, helium, heavy elements and electrons, detectable through its strong X-ray emission due to its high temperature.

"There is an old problem in galaxy clusters," explains Dr. Ming Sun, a professor of physics and astronomy at UAH, who is Hosogi's mentor, as well as the only scientist from the state of Alabama to take part in the XRISM collaboration. Both Hosogi and Dr. Sun are co-authors of the Nature paper. "The core of many clusters is very bright in X-rays, so you expect over time there should be a lot of gas cooled to form stars, but you see few young stars there.'"

This phenomenon is known as the "cooling flow problem" in astronomy, referring to the discrepancy between the predicted rate at which hot gas in the center of galaxy clusters should cool and the much lower observed rate of star formation in those regions, suggesting that most of the cooling gas is not actually forming stars.

The discrepancy has been thought to be due to feedback mechanisms from active galactic nuclei (AGN)—a very bright, compact region at the center of a galaxy, powered by a supermassive black hole that is actively accreting matter, which in turn reheats the gas, preventing it from cooling too rapidly.

However, in the case of the Centaurus cluster, "the new study shows the central dense X-ray core is not sitting still," Sun notes. "Instead it can move, or 'slosh,' around the bottom of the gravitational potential well. This sloshing motion prevents excessive accumulation of cooled gas at the center. It may also redistribute the energy injected by the central AGN and bring in thermal energy from the surrounding ICM.

"The key breakthrough came through a new instrument on XRISM called Resolve that provides high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy to reveal the bulk motion of the hot gas, which was completely unknown before, as well as the turbulent motion of the hot gas."

Adding another shoulder to the wheel

"Bulk motion" refers to large-scale, organized flows of gas within a cluster, primarily caused by gravitational forces or large-scale processes like mergers. In contrast, turbulent motion is characterized by chaotic, irregular and smaller-scale movements, such as eddies within the gas, often driven by instabilities and energy dissipation.

The cluster study involved collecting observational data gathered by the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) instrument, which is mounted on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) operated by the European Southern Observatory. The data provides a detailed spectroscopic image capturing both light intensity and wavelength information across a wide field of view, allowing astronomers to study the chemical composition and dynamics of distant astronomical objects with high spatial resolution in optical.

"As a guest scientist in the XRISM collaboration, I can bring in a student or a postdoc," Sun says. "Kokoro has a near perfect GPA, and she has also developed the ability of problem solving and debugging without seeking help from more senior members. It is important for students to develop that trait to grow in confidence.

"For the Centaurus project, Kokoro reduced the VLT/MUSE data, and I analyzed the MUSE data further to provide important information, especially on the velocity of the central galaxy that is crucial to constraining the bulk motion of the hot gas detected by XRISM, as well as the velocity information of warm, ionized gas," Sun adds.

"For her contribution, I asked to include Kokoro on the paper. It had to go through the XRISM leadership team, but it was approved. Yes, it is a rare opportunity, but she made important contributions to the project."

"I am pursuing a bachelor's degree in physics, with a concentration in astronomy and astrophysics, with the Data Science certificate program at UAH," Hosogi says, who is now working as a Research Assistant under Dr. Sun. "My interest is in gravitational waves, pulsar timing arrays, cosmology, black holes and galaxies."

Originally from Japan, Hosogi chose to study at UAH at the recommendation of UAH alumnus Sakurako Kuba, who is also from Japan. She started to work with Sun in 2023 as a Research and Creative Experience for Undergraduates (RCEU) program student and has continued her work as a paid student specialist in Sun's group since then. She graduated in December 2024 is currently applying for graduate schools in astronomy.

"These large projects can have many pieces of detailed works, so people with different backgrounds and at different career levels can all make a contribution," Sun says. "It can be rewarding to involve undergraduate students in cutting-edge research."

These large projects can have many pieces of detailed works, so people with different backgrounds and at different career levels can all make a contribution," Sun says. "It can be rewarding to involve undergraduate students in cutting-edge research."

IMAGE: NGC 4696, a galaxy within the Centaurus galaxy cluster, 170 million light years from Earth. Credit: NASA/ESA

[arxt1]

Discovery of optical and infrared accretion disc wind signatures in the black hole candidate MAXI J1348-630. (arXiv:2205.09128v2 [astro-ph.HE] UPDATED)

MAXI J1348-630 is a low mass X-ray binary discovered in 2019 during a bright outburst. During this event, the system sampled both hard and soft states following the standard evolution. We present multi-epoch optical and near-infrared spectroscopy obtained with X-shooter at the Very Large Telescope. Our dataset includes spectra taken during the brightest phases of the outburst as well as the decay towards quiescence. We study the evolution of the main emission lines, paying special attention to the presence of features commonly associated with accretion disc winds, such as blue-shifted absorptions, broad emission line wings and flat-top profiles. We find broad emission line wings in H-alpha during the hard-to-soft transition and blue-shifted absorption troughs at ~-500 km/s in H-beta, HeI-5876, H-alpha and Pa-beta during the bright soft-intermediate state. In addition, flat-top profiles are seen throughout the outburst. We interpret these observables as signatures of a cold (i.e. optical to infrared) accretion disc wind present in the system. We discuss the properties of the wind and compare them with those seen in other X-ray transients. In particular, the wind velocity that we observe is low when compared to those of other systems, which might be a direct consequence of the relatively low binary inclination, as suggested by several observables. This study strengthen the hypothesis that cold winds are a common feature in low mass X-ray binaries and that they can also be detected in low inclination objects via high-quality optical and infrared spectroscopy.

from astro-ph.HE updates on arXiv.org https://ift.tt/SkFe57d

[greatreviewreview]

A review on RO membrane technology: Developments and challenges

Reverse osmosis (RO) based desalination is one of the most important and widely recognized technologies for production of fresh water from saline water. Since its conception and initiation, a significant development has been witnessed in this technology w.r.t. materials, synthesis techniques, modification and modules over the last few decades. The working of a RO plant inclusive of the pretreatment and post-treatment procedures has been briefly discussed in the article. The main objective of this review is to highlight the historical milestones achieved in RO technology in terms of membrane performance, the developments seen over the last few years and the challenges perceived.

The material properties of the membrane dominate the performance of a RO process. The emergence of nano-technology and biomimetic RO membranes as the futuristic tools is capable of revolutionizing the entire RO process. Hence the development of nano-structured membranes involving thin film nano-composite membranes, carbon-nanotube membranes and aquaporin-based membranes has been focussed in detail. The problems associated with a RO process such as scaling, brine disposal and boron removal are briefed and the measures adopted to address the same have been discussed.

In response to the escalating world water demand and aiming to promote equal opportunities, reverse osmosis desalination has been widely implemented. Desalination is however constantly subjected to fouling and scaling which increase the cost of desalination by increasing the differential pressure of the membrane and reducing the permeate flux. A bench-scale desalination equipment has been used in this research to investigate the mitigation of fouling and scaling. This study involved the performance of membrane autopsy for fouling characterisation with special attention to flux decline due to sulphate precipitation and biofouling. Visual inspection, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microbiology tests (API) were performed. Results obtained showed the presence of diatoms, pseudomonas and polysaccharides as the main foulants causing biofouling. Analysis revealed sulphate deposits as well as aluminium, calcium and silica as the main elements contributing to inorganic scaling. Findings pointed out that the pre-treatment system of the small-scale reverse osmosis water treatment was inefficient and that selection of pre-treatment chemicals should be based on its compatibility with the membrane structure. The importance of characterisation for the verification of fouling mechanisms is emphasised.

This research was conducted to determine the performance of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes in producing pure water, pure water known as mineral-free water or water with zero dissolved solids (TDS = 0 ppm).PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company) Tirta Musi in Palembang, South Sumatra and water from the Micro Filtration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) processes are fed to the RO process using two feeding methods, namely a single pass and a circulation feed. In a single pass feed, the operating pressure is set at 20 - 50 Psig, where an increase in the product rate and the rejection rate so that the flux increases. Rejection of TDS obtained increased from 96.6% - 97.5%. Furthermore, the circulating feed system with a constant pressure of 50 Psig decreases TDS and Conductivity. Rejection of TDS 96.1% for PDAM water feed and Rejection of TDS for feed water from MF&UF 97.3% in subsequent feedings there was a decrease in TDS and conductivity but not significantly. The purified water produced has a TDS content of 0.16 - 0.48 ppm, a conductivity of 0.17 - 0.49 μs/cm, a pH of 6.99 - 7.2 and a resistivity of 177 - 185 kΩ, the characteristics of this pure water are according to the standard pure water in ASTM D1193 - 99e1 and NCCLS.

Clean water obtained by desalinating sea water or by purifying wastewater, constitutes a major technological objective in the so-called water century. In this work, a high-performance reverse osmosis (RO) composite thin membrane using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and aromatic polyamide (PA), was successfully prepared by interfacial polymerization. The effect of MWCNT on the chlorine resistance, antifouling and desalination performances of the nanocomposite membranes were studied. We found that a suitable amount of MWCNT in PA, 15.5 wt.%, not only improves the membrane performance in terms of flow and antifouling, but also inhibits the chlorine degradation on these membranes. Therefore, the present results clearly establish a solid foundation towards more efficient large-scale water desalination and other water treatment processes.

Introduction

The availability of clean water has become a global problem because of the continuously increasing costs of energy and increasing scarcity of water resources1. This problem has been exacerbated in recent years in the so-called century of water. By far, the domestic ro membrane process persists as the most reliable and cost-effective water desalination technique and numerous large-scale RO plants have been constructed around the world2,3. A wide range of polymers have shown potential for fabricating desalination membranes to be used in RO4. However, PA-based membranes tend to exhibit the best performance in terms of selectivity, flow, chemical stability and ease of large-scale fabrication. PA membrane technology was developed in the mid-70 s and has become the commercial benchmark in RO membranes5. In order to improve the membrane performances, the recent trend in polymer-based membrane research has been to investigate various types of nanocomposite films as an active layer of RO membrane, so-called nanocomposite membranes, in which these films are fabricated using a nanosized filler such as MWCNT, graphene, graphene oxide, silica, or zeolite6. In this regard, MWCNT·PA-based membranes have been prepared by several groups and in general, these membranes have exhibited some level of improved performance7,8,9,10,11,12. The advantages claimed for these membranes range from increased salt rejection, large fluxes, greater durability and even antimicrobial properties.

MWCNT synthesized by catalytic chemical vapour deposition13,14 have been widely studied due to their fascinating chemical and physical properties and among all nanocarbon materials, they can be mass-produced for commercially available applications, such as the electrode additives in high performance lithium ion batteries15. Interestingly, while the structure of the fully aromatic PA-based commercial ro membrane derived from m-phenylendiamine (MPD)-trimesoyl chloride (TMC) is constrained due to its stoichiometry; the addition of MWCNT can significantly vary their performance due to their unique features such as dispersability diameter, length, straightness and chemical functionalities, among many others. Therefore, although these past reports acknowledge the key role of MWCNT in aromatic PA nanocomposite membranes, still little attention has been devoted to the mechanisms related to the improvement of flow rate, selectivity and chlorine tolerance2. Carbon nanotubes inducing chlorine tolerance are particularly interesting because chlorine sensitivity has been recognized as a major drawback of PA-based RO membranes16,17. During long-term operation, chlorine is often added as a pre-treatment to reduce algae biofouling18 and is particularly needed for drinking water purification. Moreover, high-concentration short-term exposure to chlorine is also common during domestic nf membrane backwashing. For these reasons, several studies have been carried out and the degradation mechanism of aromatic PA membranes during chlorine exposure is relatively well-known19,20. Recently, our group demonstrated that the addition of MWCNT to rubber can considerably reduce the chlorine-induced degradation of the polymer matrix21. Although the degradation mechanism of rubber by chlorine is different from that of PA, particularly due to the lack of hydrolysis, covalent chlorination is a common problem for both polyamide and rubber. For rubber, we found that MWCNT effectively restricted the adsorption of chlorine within the polymer matrix, thus resulting in a limited exposure of the polymer to this reactive reagent and thereby decreasing the oxidative degradation. For these reasons, we believe MWCNT are not only promising composite fillers with chlorine protective properties, but might also help to provide mechanical robustness to PA-based RO membranes.

Results and Discussion

We prepared aromatic PA membranes using a support consisting of a porous polysulfone layer deposited on a polypropylene nonwoven. These support membranes were soaked sequentially in MPD and TMC solutions, to synthesize the aromatic PA membrane by interfacial polymerization. In order to incorporate MWCNT into the PA membrane, an anionically stabilized dispersion of MWCNT (Supplementary Fig. S1) was mixed with the MPD solution and the synthesis was conducted similarly. Figure 1a shows an image of the resulting membranes, with and without MWCNT. The black color developed in the membrane prepared using surfactant dispersed MWCNT is characteristic of the high carbon nanotube content of the present membrane (Fig. 1a). Thermogravimetry of the active layer (Supplementary Fig. S2) of the black color membrane indicates that it contains ca. 15.5 wt. % of MWCNT, which is at least 150 times higher than previously reported MWCNT-filled RO PA membranes7,8,12. The SEM image showing the surface morphology of the membrane is typical for the interfacial PA polymerization22, consisting of the multi-layered ridge-and-valley (Fig. 1b); the morphology of this membrane clearly changed after the addition of MWCNT (Fig. 1c). The thickness of the membranes was measured using SEM (Supplementary Fig. S3). The addition of MWCNT did not modify the thickness of the active layer and both samples were approximately 100 nm thick. However, water contact angle measurements showed a slight increase in wettability upon addition of MWCNT to the PA membrane (Supplementary Fig. S4). Notably, no MWCNT were visible on the surface, thus indicating that they were perfectly embedded within the PA matrix, a key factor needed for avoiding MWCNT leakage during operation. Flow permeation rates, as indicated below and SEM images confirmed that the membranes can be produced pinhole-free in a reproducible way. After the membrane was dried for SEM studies, cracks were generated by manual deformation of the membrane (Fig. 1d) and MWCNT embedded, parallel along the membrane surface, were observed bridging the fracture within the polymer matrix. The apparent diameter of these nanotubes are ca. 20 nm, which is about two times larger than the pristine nanotubes (Fig. S1a). These facts suggest that the nanotubes must be coated with polymer to achieve a good matrix-nanotube adhesion. In order to support our proposed structure consisting of a polymeric network with aromatic moieties in parallel arrangement to the MWCNT walls, we performed theoretical simulations of the monomer molecules orientation in the vicinity of a carbon nanotube surface, see Supplementary Fig. S5. Here, four different cases, consisting of two geometrical configurations, are demonstrated: horizontal and vertical alignments with respect to the MWCNT surface (modelled as a graphene surface), for both monomers (MPD and TMC). The results indicate a clear energetic preference for the horizontal arrangements of these molecules interacting with sp2 hybridized carbon networks; these preferences are related to π-π stacking and are known to be common for aromatic compounds on sp2 hybridized carbon surfaces. Similarly, Fig. S5b shows a simulation of 50 MPD molecules absorbed on a graphene surface and it can be seen that the molecules adopt a similar geometrical orientation after relaxation (Fig. S5c). In order to rule out curvature effects, we carried the simulations using a (10,10) single-walled carbon nanotube (Fig. S5d), which evidently has a higher curvature than the 10 nm diameter MWCNT experimentally used in the membrane fabrication. It can be seen on Fig. S5e that after relaxation, the aromatic ring of the MPD molecules lies parallel to the carbon nanotube surface. We confirmed the strong affinity of MPD with MWCNT by filtering the solution and carrying out UV-Vis spectroscopy. We found that 16.7% of the MPD monomer remained attached to the MWCNT. These MPD functionalized MWCNT were polymerized in TMC solution. Supplementary Fig. S6a shows a homogeneous PA coating on the MWCNT. Supplementary Fig. S6b depicts a higher resolution image showing a coating of about 5 nm thick on the MWCNT surface. We used fast Fourier transformation (FFT) of the HRTEM images to analyze the orientation of the PA network and it is clear that PA regions that do not contain MWCNT, show an anisotropic molecular arranged structure (Supplementary Fig. S6c), whereas the PA coating the nanotubes show a preferential orientation of PA molecules along the MWCNT surface (Supplementary Fig. S6d). These experiments strongly support a templating effect caused by MWCNT. To assess the distribution of the MWCNT within the membrane, a Raman mapping of the characteristic D- and G- bands of MWCNT was conducted (see Fig. 1e,f). Through all the studied areas only the D- and G- peaks could be observed, indicating a homogenous mixture and a high content of MWCNT, which is not common in these type of nanocomposites, because the MWCNT are prone to aggregation even when loading at low concentrations. Commercial NF membrane exhibited a lower contact angle; however in this case, the presence of wetting additives or a surface treatment is likely responsible for this phenomena. The method used to synthesize the MWCNT·PA nanocomposite relies on the transport of the MWCNT to the organic/aqueous interface during polymerization23. Indeed, the presence of a limited amount of anionic surfactant has been recently reported to improve PA membrane formation, resulting in better performance24. This is most likely due to a reduction of the oil/water interfacial tension, a process that in our case is also promoted by the small amount of surfactant that provides amphiphilicity to the nanotubes It is important to emphasize that we did not used covalent functionalization of MWCNT, in contrast to some previous reports8,11.

[resham-stuff]

Packaging Testing Services Market Has Exploded: Opportunities And Challenges

Packaging testing services market will reach an estimated valuation of USD 29.88 Billion by 2027, while registering this growth at a rate of 13.20% for the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. Packaging testing services market report analyses the growth, which is currently being growing due to the rising preferences towards the usages of product with longer shelf life in any of the condition.

To be aware of the market in depth, market research report is the perfect solution. Report such as Packaging Testing Services Market, helps to know that how the market is going to perform in the forecast years by giving information about market definition, classifications, applications, and engagements. Market segmentation is also covered in detail by considering several aspects that is sure to help businesses out there. A team of multi-lingual analysts and project managers is skilled to serve clients on every strategic aspect including product development, key areas of development, application modelling, use of technologies, the acquisition strategies, exploring niche growth opportunities and new markets.

Latest Research on Packaging Testing Services market | Get Sample report @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-packaging-testing-services-market

Top Key Players:  SGS SA, Bureau Veritas, Intertek Group plc, Eurofins Scientific, TÜV SÜD, ALS Limited, Mérieux NutriSciences Corporation, Microbac Laboratories, Inc., EMSL Analytical, Inc., Campden BRI, ifp Privates Institut für Produktqualität GmbH, OMIC USA Inc., NEFAB GROUP, Nelson Laboratories, LLC, Lachenmeier ApS, Advanced Packaging Technology Laboratories Inc., Element Materials Technology, Mesa Labs, Inc., Micom Labs., Smithers, among other domestic and global players.

Let’s know why the report is worth considering-

Increasing demand for the packaged products, rising awareness among the consumer regarding the benefits of sustainable packaging, growing number of technological advancement in the region, stringent regulatory environment are some of the factors which will likely to enhance the growth of the packaging testing services market in the forecast period of 2020-2027. On the other hand, adoption of portable as well as automated testing methods along with rising applications from various economies which will further create new and ample opportunities for the growth of the packaging testing services market in the above mentioned forecast period.

Increasing cost of the testing along with lack of standard regulations are acting as market restraints for the growth of the packaging testing services in the above mentioned forecast period. Rising need of high capital investment will become the biggest challenge for the growth of the market.

Performs Competitive Analysis: The Packaging Testing Services Market report incorporates the detailed analysis of the leading organizations and their thought process and what are the methodologies they are adopting to maintain their brand image in this market. The report aides the new bees to understand the level of competition that they need to fight for to strengthen their roots in this competitive market.

KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

This report provides an extensive analysis of the current and emerging trends and dynamics in the Packaging Testing Services market.

In-depth analysis is done by constructing market estimations for the key market segments to identify the prevailing market opportunities.

This study evaluates the competitive landscape and value chain to understand the competitive environment across the geographies.

A comprehensive analysis of the factors that drive and restrict the market growth is provided.

A comprehensive analysis of the region is provided to determine the prevailing opportunities in these geographies

Thinking One Step Ahead

In today’s competitive world you need to think one step ahead to pursue your competitors, our research offers reviews about key players, major collaborations, union & acquisitions along with trending innovation and business policies to present a better understanding to drive the business in the correct direction.

In conclusion, the Packaging Testing Services Market report is a genuine source for accessing the research data which is projected to exponentially grow your business. The report provides information such as economic scenarios, benefits, limits, trends, market growth rates, and figures. SWOT analysis and Porters Five analysis is also incorporated in the report.

Want to Know COVID-19 Impact on this Market? https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/covid-19-impact/global-packaging-testing-services-market

Conducts Overall PACKAGING TESTING SERVICES Market Segmentation: This knowledgeable market research report offers lucrative opportunities by breaking down complex market data into segments on the basis of –

By Type (Physical, Chemical, Microbiological),

Material Type (Glass, Plastic, Paper & Paperboard, Metal, Others),

Technology (Physical Test Methods, Spectroscopy and Photometric-Based, Chromatography-Based, Others),

Industry (Food & Beverage, Agrochemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care, Others)

The PACKAGING TESTING SERVICES report covers market shares for global, Europe, North America, Asia Pacific and South America. The analysis of this report has been used to examine various segments that are relied upon to witness the quickest development based on the estimated forecast frame.

For More Enquiry Please Ask Our Expert At: https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/speak-to-analyst/?dbmr=global-packaging-testing-services-market

Some Points from Table of Content

COVID-19 Outbreak-Global Packaging Testing Services Industry Market Report-Development Trends, Threats, Opportunities and Competitive Landscape in 2020

Chapter 1 Packaging Testing Services Introduction and Market Overview

1.1 Objectives of the Study

1.2 Overview of Packaging Testing Services

1.3 Scope of The Study

1.3.1 Key Market Segments

1.3.2 Players Covered

1.3.3 COVID-19’s impact on the Packaging Testing Services industry

1.4 Methodology of The Study

1.5 Research Data Source

Chapter 2 Executive Summary

Chapter 3 Industry Chain Analysis

Chapter 4 Global Packaging Testing Services Market, by Type

Chapter 5 Packaging Testing Services Market, by Application

Chapter 6 Global Packaging Testing Services Market Analysis by Regions

Chapter 7 North America Packaging Testing Services Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 8 Europe Packaging Testing Services Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 9 Asia Pacific Packaging Testing Services Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 10 Middle East and Africa Packaging Testing Services Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 11 South America Packaging Testing Services Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 12 Competitive Landscape

Chapter 13 Industry Outlook

Chapter 14 Global Packaging Testing Services Market Forecast

Chapter 15 New Project Feasibility Analysis

Read Complete Details with TOC @  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-packaging-testing-services-market

About Data Bridge Market Research:

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[racefox286]

Plane Diffraction Grating

Videos For Plane Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Grating Explanation With Theory

Grating Element Of Plane Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Gratings - University Of Virginia

Plane Diffraction Grating Theory

Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Grating History Create parallel groves which enforce a phase lag with each adjacent reflection. Grooves can be transparent/opaque rulings on a transmissive material, formed by opaque lines on a mirror, or consist of tilted facets. Phase lags with integral multiples of a given wavelength interfere constructively. A diffraction grating is a periodically structure of subsequent most evenly spaced grating lines. Those grooves or opaque lines diffract the incident light depending on its periocity and microstructure. Plane ruled diffraction gratings are blazed for maximum efficiency in the first order Littrow configuration at specific wavelengths. Ruled reflection gratings are especially well suited for spectroscopic systems requiring high resolution. High efficiency at design wavelength and blaze angle.

Hitachi Diffraction Gratings Analyze a Variety of Radiations Ranging from X-rays to Infrared.

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Hitachi diffraction gratings are adopted in a wide range of scientific and industrial fields, e.g. large spectrograph for photobiological research and Spectrophotometers for extreme ultraviolet explorer.

Videos For Plane Diffraction Grating

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These gratings are available in North America and Europe.

Features

The diffraction gratings capable of analyzing a variety of radiations ranging from soft X-rays to far infrared are now expanding their application areas as optical elements indispensable for spectroscopy. The diffraction gratings developed by Hitachi have been used in various application areas, and are now highly evaluated as the world's foremost optical elements. For example, a total of 36 diffraction gratings having a size of 15 × 15 cm and arranged in a mosaic pattern, are adopted in the large spectrograph used in the Okazaki National Research Institutes, National Institute for Basic Biology. The spectrograph has successfully realized the world's largest artificial rainbow whose intensity is 20 times the sunlight energy right above the equator. Furthermore, the Hitachi plane diffraction gratings consisting of varied space grooves have also been adopted in the Spectrophotometers of the extreme ultraviolet explorer scheduled to be launched by NASA of the U.S.A. Hitachi has developed the reflection plane gratings and concave gratings to meet such most-advanced technological fields as exemplified above. These gratings are available in a wide variety of models to meet your diversified needs.

Large spectrograph at the Institute for Basic Biology

Diffraction Grating Explanation With Theory

Control computer

Power supply room

Condensing mirror

30 kW xenon lamp

Deflection mirror

Optical fiber room

Operation room

Illumination room

Diffraction grating

“Flying into the Rainbow' by Naoya Sakagami (In the arrival lobby of New Haneda Airport)

A tool to customize your desktop goose. Contribute to lim10dev/desktop-goose-customizer development by creating an account on GitHub. Desktop goose free. A modding launcher for the Desktop Goose by the ResourceHub project desktop-goose resourcehub resourcelauncher resourcehub-launcher desktop-goose-modding C# GPL-3.0 9.

Grating Element Of Plane Diffraction Grating

An art object representing a rainbow under the dome, which was created using the Hitachi diffraction grating parts.

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These gratings are available in North America and Europe.

Plane Diffraction Gratings

A wide variety of high performance, mechanically-ruled diffraction gratings.

The ruling engine equipped with a highly sensitive laser interferometer is able to rule grating grooves with ultrahigh accuracy, and realizes high resolution spectroscopic instruments.

Burnishing process, by using a diamond tool, serves to form triangularly shaped echelette grooves whose surfaces are extremely smooth yielding minimum stray light.

The grooves, having an exact blaze angle, can be formed by selecting an appropriate diamond tool and measuring the groove profiles with a scanning electron microscope. These processes allow the grating to provide a highly efficient diffraction efficiency in the designed wavelength region.

Grating grooves having 2 or more different blaze anoles can be combined on a single diffraction grating. This structure allows for broader wavelength coverage.

A variety of diffraction gratings with variable spaced grooves and shapes are manufactured.

Concave Diffraction Grating

From X-rays to Infrared! Gratings can now be designed to meet specific requirements.

Coma-type aberration-corrected concave grating for high resolution Seya-amioka monochromator: This grating eliminates the coma-type aberration of the Seya-Namioka monochromator, which has been most widely used in monochromators with concave gratings that provide high resolution. Hitachi is manufacturing a wide variety of aberration-corrected gratings for Seya-Namioka monochromator which cover a wavelength range from the vacuum ultra-violet to the near infrared region.

Diffraction gratings for compact, high efficiency monochromator: These gratings are designed for normal incidence mounting.　They reduce aberrations and at the same time increase the efficiency of light intensity. A as a result, a high quality of image focusing of the concave grating is available.

Diffraction gratings for flat field spectrograph: Variable space grooves enable flat-field image focusing of concave grating spectrograph. The spectrograph permits simultaneous measurement of multi-wavelength spectra when combined with a linear array detector. Gratings are designed optimally for the grazing-incidence optical system (for soft X-ray) and the normal incidence optical system (for VIS-UV ray), respectively.

Diffraction gratings for multi wavelength optical communication: A compact and efficient aberration corrected concave grating is manufactured for transmitting multiple wavelength light beams through an optical fiber and acts to separate the beams at the receiving terminal.

Diffraction gratings for soft X-rays: Highly dispersive concave gratings for grazing-incidence mounting are available especially used for synchrotron radiation and extreme ultra-violet applications. These gratings are very effective for the application of soft x-rays whose reflectance is extremely low on a metal surface.

UV-Vis/NIR Basic Course

The basics of spectrophotometer, from 'What can an ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer Do?' to 'Structure of a spectrophotometer.'

Science & Medical Systems

Diffraction Gratings - University Of Virginia

Analytical Systems

Spectrophotometers (UV-Vis/NIR, FL)

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Plane Diffraction Grating Theory