#Nicehash-Equihash

[spookybreadstudent]

Bitmain Antminer Z11 135ksol/s Equihash Miner https://crypto-mining-hardware.com/product/bitmain-antminer-z11-135ksol-s-equihash-miner/ #bitcoinprivatebtcp #horizenzen #komodokmd #nicehash-equihash #pirate #zcashzec #zclassiczcl

[thelostvermeer-blog]

Bitcοin Gold (BTG) Face Test Of AЅIC Exploration, Views Opposition

Here is just a a number of website links from material i will be making use of and also become paid from. Regulation fund the powerhouse in everyday income. Subscribe Вitconnect Have the idea as well as interest this is certainly daily opportunity. Producing all of that funds you shall require a cards purchasing information without difficulty. Listed here is my personal connect to cryptoрay debit cards that will be prepaid. A breeze to create a merchant account. This web site resembles regulation loans bυt without any reference this is certainly large, i will be evaluating this you are pleasant to evaluate it beside me by having a few funds. We extremely deter placing a comprehensive bundle into that one. НaѕhFlare the best that will be unique affect services at this point! Me personally discover during the feedback below by using my personal laws “B82СD6D” leave. Antminer D3 - Unbоxing & Set-up. Simple tips to build Antminеr D3 Minеr with NiceHash swimming pool from Ѕtratch. Antminеr D3. I Obtained An Antminеr D3! Nuts Day-to-day Earnings. Genesis Exploration Listings.

I Obtained An Аntmіner D3! Nuts Regular Earnings. Genesis Exploration Listings. І obtained An Antminer D3! Many thanks for promote my personal route We create remember to ѕubscribe аnd smack the want switch should you take pleasure in the information. Additionally, be sure to allow а feedback below, on the website i shall arbitrarily choose from the сomments а reference laws when I update my cloud minіng from numerous web sites like gеnesis-mining for those who have a rеferral signal toss it. I'll be providing crypto thаt is аway free of charge еvеry 1,000 sυbscriptions therefore be sure to join, and such as the video, for the opportunity to winnings. It let me reveal my personal patreοn hyperlink where you are able to develop into a pаtreon and ask for video clips if you prefer the channel and wish to help. My personal Steеmit was specialized in Cryptо Currencіes the news headlines that will be latest, developments, info on Cloud Мining, Staking etc. make sure to stick to myself οn Stеemit.

Bitcoіn deals for change (СFDs) provide contact with the bitcoin rates and never have to in fact choose the house this is certainly root. This provides your further self-esteem yoυ don’t need certainly to make use of budget to keep all of them as you don’t keep any real bitcoins, definition. Bіtсoin is generally cited from the everyone buck — then when you order bitсoin for an change, you might be offering USD and bitсoin this is certainly getting. Then you can certainly sell with a income, bеcаuse bitcоin is really worth more UЅD than when you purchased іt if bitcoin’s rate increases. Then chances are you create reduction if bitcoin’ѕ rate fаlls. Υou’rе carrying out exactly the same thing whenever you pick bіtcοin with ІG. But rather of having control of bitcoin, you’re beginning a posture which will boost in importance as bіtcоin’s cost boost resistant to the dollars. In that case your place will totally lose importance if bitcoin’s cost falls. You should use CFDs to start positions which happen to be short better so long: therefore if bitcoin'ѕ costs falls, the place raises in benefits. All of our develops begin at only 110 information. Βitcoin is bought and sold оn our investing systems, like MT4. Bitcoin could be bought and sold on our investments programs, like MΤ4.

Very little information regarding the coming Сryрto that will be AMD-baѕed exploration from Ѕapphire But, though they are currently indexed for pre-order over at Overclockers British. You can find four Sapphire exploration version video clip notes detailed which happen to be centered on AΜD’s Radeon RX 470 GPU with some other videos memories options, all of these include wіthout additional video clip connections. It really is fascinating to notice thаt the shop details the sort of mind on different types and just what exploration show they will be in a position to supply fοr exploration Ethеreυm (ETН). There are two main prices that obviously portray the inventory and also the changed BIOЅ lead, although it isn't but obvious in the event the ΒIOЅ that will be twin will come changed setup, or Sapphire have only kept that parts to your miners. Something is actually vital concerning the guarantee of standard Saрphirе GPUѕ which are not initially designed for exploration, the web site from the providers has many terminology being added aboυt exploration practices, listed here is a estimate below. Guarantee can vary from Country/Region, the consumer muѕt validate immediately because of the SAPPHIRЕ Aυthοrized Dеaler/Reѕeller from where in actuality the items ended up being bought regarding the details οf Guarantee given. Guaranty additionally differs for merchandise included in business , Block crypto and cycle money exploration programs therefore the consumer must confirm utilizing the SAPPΗIRE Aυthorized Dеaler/Reseller from where in fact the item was actually bought to learn more. Very ensure you look at the guarantee records associated with the merchant obtain with every whether you're getting typical video gaming GРUѕ οr some of the exploration release notes to make certain regarding the guarantee cycle.

Bitcoіn Gоld (BТG) is just one of the most prominent coinѕ afflicted by the Εquihash this is certainly future formula miner, or ASIC. Βut this time around, the city reactеd straight away, demanding a hand that will be tough diѕable the gadgets. Sοmе money work are mindful to pick exploration formulas that have been inaccessible to your AЅICs offered at that point. Nevertheless, making a ASIC that will be new be rewarding, particularly because of the present boost in altcoin costs. Thus far, Bitmain have relocated beyοnd the SHА-256 exploration rіgs for Bitcoіn, and also developed minerѕ for all the Ѕcrypt formula, along with CryptoNote аnd Eqυihaѕh. Money work, but, have method to result in the costly, intricate devices outdated - and this refers to just what Bitсoin Gold promises to carry out. The BTG advantage could become inacceѕsible to ASІC for the present time, however the combined teams wants some other gadgets is likely to be developed. “ASIC-resistance is actually main to your purpose. Bitcoin silver, ВTG, got developed while you're watching the fight bеtween ΑSIC mіnеrs therefore the other countries in the Bitсoin area. Тhе creating of a Equihash AЅIC has an effect on most рrominent сoins, like ZCаsh (ZЕC), Komodο (KMD), along with the ZСlassic that will be notoriοuѕ(ZCL). Some work, like ZCaѕh, need provided evidences that ASІC exploration is likely to be appropriate and unavoidable within the operate this is certainly longer. Тhe viewpoints on ASIC opposition have become considerably polаr. Somе genuinely believe that GPU-mіned coins tend to be in danger of assaults, specially from claymore zec miner linux created in trick. For a few communities, 10 or 15 devices which happen to be powerfυl have a 51% combat, or perhaps expidited exploration. 

[bitcoinminershasrate]

AMD Radeon RX 570: Review 2021 | Test| Specs| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good)

AMD Radeon RX 570 in mining: Best Review 2021 | Testing| Hashrate | Profitability | Specs | Best Coins (Ethereum) - The RX 570 video cards have shown good performance in mining and have proven themselves in the field of ether mining. On the AMD RX 570, mining can bring good profit, but for this you need to carefully study the range of products from various manufacturers and properly overclock the video card. The article will describe the overclocking of the RX 570 8gb video card, for mining, which card model is more suitable and how you can reduce the power consumption of the RX 570 in mining. Please note About The AMD Radeon RX 570 Review - The Review was done earlier than 2021 so their will be variation interms of the rate would earn when currency exchange is taken into consideration. AMD RX 570 in mining, characteristics and relevance (2021) The profit that a coin mining farm can bring to the owner depends on the power of the video card. Therefore, the need for new products among video cards arises more from miners than from gamers. Miners, at the earliest opportunity, evaluate and give recommendations on new video cards, give them performance ratings and describe the possibility of overclocking the memory and processor of the device. After the release, RX 570 attracted the interest of farm owners, and those who were just about to start mining. In order to somehow cover the shortage of video cards, various manufacturers have released their own models of cards based on this chip. This ensured the popularity of RX 570 cards among miners and the demand in the computer hardware market. They gradually began to take leadership positions in this area and stood alongside their predecessor, the RX series. On the RX 570 video card  , Ethereum mining performed well and thanks to this, it became the main device that mines coins on algorithms that do not use ASIC architecture . But, even the arrival of the first ASIKs on the air did not put an end to gpu mining. Cheap and hardy RX graphics cards have remained profitable. However, everything flows, everything changes. Several years ago, the powerful and relatively inexpensive 570 ousted not only the bulky and energy-consuming R9 series cards from the cryptoasset mining market, but also its closest relatives, the RX 470. And now this model is being replaced by the Navi series graphics adapters. However, it cannot be said that the RX 570 is no longer relevant for mining. Many crypto-miners have cards of this line and still mine Ether. Of course, this primarily concerns gpu devices with 8GB memory, but with the current Ethereum rate, it’s too early to write off four gigabytes, because there is also Ethereum classic, which can be mined on the RX 570 for at least a couple of years, and if its modernized algorithm does not break through ASIK and more. Ravencoin also brings good profit, so it's too early to write off this model and let's get acquainted with its technical parameters. People Also Asked: Common Questions about Radeon RX 570 Related Search: Recommend Articles For You To Read (Easy) People Also Search DetailsArticle To ReadRX 570 HashrateHashrate for RX 570 is outlined below:On different algorithms in this sense, the video card has the following characteristics:* Lbry – 0,15 GH/s.*CryptoNight – 0,63 кч/s.*Decred - 1.24 GH / s.*DaggerHashimoto – 23,61 MH/s.*X11Ghost – 7,4 MH/s.*Pascal – 0,73 GH/s.*Equihash – 311,58 Sol/s.*The same rule applies for the XFX RaAMD Radeon RX 570: Review | Benchmark| Overclocking| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good)RX 570 Hashrate EthereumA profitable dual mining technique on the RX 570 and other AMD Radeon models is the simultaneous mining of two popular "coins" - Ethereum and Decret. The hash rate for the first (after overclocking the graphics adapter) is at the level of 30-31 MH / s, for the second - within 800 MH /Contain Within ArticleRX 570 mining profitabilityAMD products are respected by miners. Both its old and new models are profitable, although the miners are not happy with some developments. Today we will talk about how profitable mining of popular cryptocurrencies is on AMD RX 570 4gb.Contain Within ArticleRX 570 hashrate Bitcoins.Installing new drivers for graphics adapters allows you to mine Ethereum on a Gigabyte Radeon RX 570 with a hash rate of up to 24 MH / s. By overclocking the device with firmware timings, the miner can achieve an increase in speed up to 29-30 MH / s. The exact values ​​depend on the specific card and the manufacturer (for example, the RX 570 Nitro + has 31 MH / s after overclocking, the products of other brands get lower values). Contain Within Article RX 570 4GB miningRadeon RX 570 is a video card, device that is used for direct mining of cryptocurrency. But the power consumption parameters have not yet been finally confirmed. It is not clear what level of income this type of equipment provides. And many do not understand how to flash video cards for mining. Contain Within Article RX 570 4GB what to mineWith The RX 570 one of the most profitable options for mining cryptocurrency is dual mining of the ETH / DCR pair, then video cards are most often configured for Ethereum. Overclocking for mining allows you to increase the Ethereum hashrate to 28-30 MH / s, while the Decred is at the level of 800-900 MH / s Contain Within Article RX 570 4gb mining settingsThese video adapters differ in both technical performance and price. In addition, memory from different manufacturers is installed in different models: Hynix (the best option), Micron (average, although a debatable question) or Elpida (the worst option).Within ArticleRX 570 overclock settings miningThe main danger of the overclocking process is that after it the user loses the warranty from the factory. If the user still decides, then he will need to download and install the following set with applications..... AMD Radeon RX 570: Review | Benchmark| Overclocking| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good) RX 570 4GB hashrate ravencoinCan somone tell me what the expected hashrate is for mining ravencoin on RX 570 4GB? Like many others I am repurposing RX 570 4GBs from mining ethereum to mining ravencoin. Right now I am getting like 10Mh/s on each. Is this normal or can this be improved quite a bit? If so are there any good guides one can recommend for tweaking with the settings.Expected hashrate for RX 570 4GBs?RX 570 4GB mining hashrateChoose the appropriate currency and algorithm for mining with the Radeon RX 570 8GB. Depending on the type of memory, the mining speed varies. GDDR5 from Samsung, installed on top-end cards, shows a hash rate of 1–2 MH / s higher than other options.Contain Within This ArticleNiceHash RX 570 4GBNiceHash offers a unique way to test mining. You can try mining with  QuickMiner Tryout through your web browser. It takes about 10 seconds to start mining and earn real bitcoins!Why should I start mining with NiceHash?RX 570 4GB mining profitability Profitability of the RX570. The payback period is usually long. This is due to both the high cost of the equipment and the situation in the market. RX 560 or RX 460 cards are preferred by users. They are cheaper, and the result is about the same. The user decides whether to invest in new CPUs, hope for further growth of the Ethereum coin. The user will figure out how to overclock the RX 580, mining after that will be easy.Contain Within ArticleXFX RX 570 4GB hashrateThe process of mining cryptocurrencies is constantly becoming more complicated. And the productivity of the farms needs to be constantly improved in order to obtain the required level of income. Soon it will no longer be profitable to invest in the purchase of video cards with a hash rate of less than 30 MH / s. The Radeon RX 570 is hardly suitable for full-fledged mining 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Like the MSI Radeon RX 570 armor 4G OC.Contain Within This ArticleRX 570 power consumptionThe video card has an average hash rate and low power consumption, so this is a promising option for mining, more profitable compared to other AMD and NVIDIA models.Within ArticleBest Coin for Ming Rx 570 (4gb &8gb)The best type of currency mined with the RX 570 is considered to be Ethereum , a “coin” that appeared on the cryptocurrency market about three years ago and continues to remain on the leaderboard even after the drop in rates in early 2018.Within ArticleRelated Search: Recommend Articles For your To Read Best Articles To reach Before Buying DetailsSourceRX 570 4GB Used Its always recommendable to buy any Electronics brand new from the manufacturer. This would precisely Be our Recommendation. AmazonBest Price for RX 570 4GB The declared price for the sale of cards is in the range of $300.00- $500.00 This cost is higher than common budget options, but not much. Any additional cost will have to be paid for those who are interested in modifying MSI. But the characteristics and quality of the products fully justify the expenses at the initial stage.  This applies to the 4 GB version.AMD Radeon RX 570: Review 2021 | Test| Specs| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good) RX 570 4GB price - (Ebay, Newegg, Amazon)Best Review on Amazon: This product is great. It's quite loud when the computer turns on but it's otherwise quiet. But beware of buying it from Amazon. There is an issue with Amazon fulfillment (as outlined by others). The item arrived without an external box or cushioning. I returned it in fear of it being damaged by bumps and the cold. Amazon Best Articles To reach Before Buying Radeon RX 570 - Still Enough for 1080p in 2021? The standard features of the RX 570 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5kideA_roE - number of processors - 2048 pcs. ; - interface - PCI-E ; - number of texture units - 128 pcs. ; - core frequency - 1255 MHz. ; - memory frequency - 7000 MHz. ; - memory capacity - 256 bits ; - maximum power consumption - 150 watts . Which RX 570 is the best for mining, model selection The RX 570 video card was produced in two variations:  4 GB and 8 GB of memory . Buying this model for mining in 2018, you can ignore the amount of video memory. Indeed, this option has practically no effect on the speed of mining coins of the Ethash (DaggerHashimoto) algorithm. Last spring, everyone was ready for the fact that for another  month or two and 4 GB will not be able to mine ETH and ETC , but for the RX 570 these are the most profitable coins. Of course, many other coins and tokens have been created on the basis of Dagger Hashimoto, but the profitability of mining will drop significantly. As a result, it turned out, how it happened. A very interesting story happened to the classic. The miners using AMD products were predicted to fail, but they continue to work safely. As of February 3, 2021, a mining farm of six RX 570 cards brings on Ether about $ 15 per day (without deducting the cost of electricity). Where to mine Ethereum Classic is practically irrelevant. The hashrate on both Windows and Linux is almost the same. By mining the ETC token, you can earn 3 USD in 24 hours. The profit on other Ethash coins is even smaller. On Equihash, the reds lag behind the greens, except for the Beam crypto coin. On kryptonite, after the departure of Monero, there were no profitable alts for a long time, but then Haven went up in price. The market is going up now, in the cold season you can successfully mine RVN. and other tokens can become more profitable. Perhaps not today, that by tomorrow someone will launch a new, profitable for mining, the project and the situation will improve. In addition, it should be borne in mind that Ethereum is switching to PoS mining, and the Ethereum classic project, according to Vitalik Buterin, will merge with large ether in the near future, and then these coins will become inaccessible for traditional mining. But still, 8 GB cards have more opportunities, for example, they can be used to mine a very promising Grin coin and other altcoins Cuckatoo31. Once, miners, due to indicators that do not change depending on the amount of memory, when mining with the  DaggerHashimoto  and  Equihash algorithms,  chose the one that was  cheaper , that is, the version with  4 GB . When the exchange rate began to change, many had to think about buying a version with a large amount of memory. Therefore, it is better to immediately overpay a little and take the 8 GB version . This applies not only to the RX  570, in a year and a half the turn of the six-gig 1660 S and 5600 XT will come . Get new models with 8 GB or higher memory. Even if the rate does not change for the worse, at any time a new algorithm may appear or the existing one may change, which will require more RAM to increase the hash rate. RAM sticks from Elpida and Hynix have pretty good overclocking potential and are found in RX 570 cards from most manufacturers. But there are also video cards with memory from Samsung, after the timing firmware they can provide a very high hash rate. Such memory chips are installed in Gigabyte RX 570 ( mainly AORUS) and in Sapphire Nitro + RX 570 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmsxM-gGles Also, a good cooling system is an important parameter when choosing a card. This is exactly what the PowerColor RX 570 Red Devil has . There are as many as 3 fans installed on this card, due to which it remains as cold as possible. Radeon RX 570 - Mining Hashrate For Optimal Performance On different algorithms in this sense, the video card has the following characteristics: - Lbry – 0,15 GH/s. - CryptoNight – 0,63 кч/s. - Decred - 1.24 GH / s. - DaggerHashimoto – 23,61 MH/s. - X11Ghost – 7,4 MH/s. - Pascal – 0,73 GH/s. - Equihash – 311,58 Sol/s. The same rule applies for the XFX Radeon RX 570. Existing prospects Based on the results of practical tests RX 570 vs GTX 1060, three leaders can be distinguished, the use of which will be relevant for all areas of production: - Radeon RX 570 from Sapphire. - Asus. - Original from AMD. But the cards in this series can be called ambiguous anyway. The hash rate is far from the highest among the existing analogues. But due to the low power consumption, one can hope for a more or less passive stable income. Cards pay off quickly. The reason is low prices when compared with competitors. The Powercolor Radeon RX 570 has the advantage. There are more advantages to video cards than negative sides. And in many cases, it is permissible to purchase them for mining. But you need to take into account the existing pitfall. Then the user can easily flash any card. The process of mining cryptocurrencies is constantly becoming more complicated. And the productivity of the farms needs to be constantly improved in order to obtain the required level of income. Soon it will no longer be profitable to invest in the purchase of video cards with a hash rate of less than 30 MH / s. The Radeon RX 570 is hardly suitable for full-fledged mining 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Like the MSI Radeon RX 570 armor 4G OC. But this equipment can become a universal solution for many. For example, when a powerful computer is assembled, equipped with 2-3 slats. This version of the Radeon RX 580 4 GB is used for work and games, mining virtual currency. Top 10 Question Asked About The AMD Radeon RX 570 By Customer Before they Buy Top 10 Question Asked About The AMD Radeon RX 570 By Customer Before they BUY Question 1: Does The RX 570 card works for a power supply thermaltake tr2-600nl2nc 600w (not certified)??? Answer: Yes Question 2: Does the RX 570 works with a msi z97 motherboard lga1150 ddr3 Answer: Yes! but got to have the 500watt PSU. Question 3: The AMD Radeon 570, Is this the same as an amd rx 580 8gb? Answer: No, the RX 580 has more compute units and usually a faster GPU core clock speed. The RX 580 is a better performing graphics card. Question 4: Has anyone installed this on an older fm2+ mobo? i have the msi a88x g45 board with the a10-7800. pcpartpicker said it should. anyone done this? Answer: This card is perfect for bottom of line motherboards. To make sure, go to userbenchmark and see if anyone else is running it. I have mine on an Asus 320m, which is absolutely bottom tier. Answer 2: I would say this will run well. I recently had to upgrade to another board and cpu, BUT I had the rx580 8gb on my fm2a75m-dgs. I loved it, but couldn’t get the full power from the card. Turning off shadows and any graphics that utilize more cpu power helps things for playing on a 4K tv. Question 5: So i got all my parts not to long ago. when built everything turned on but i got a no singal screen. the gpu light turns too. what should i do? Answer: Sorry you are having issues with the card. My install went without a hitch and I am pleased with the card overall. Your symptoms sound kinda vague and diagnosing the issue without hands on examination would be a fruitless task to take on. It could be many so things from something so simple as plugging into motherboard video ports instead of the ports on the video card all the way to a defective GPU. If you'er a Prime member I would suggest sending it back if it's within the Amazon Prime return period. I would then get another unit or a different RX 570 brand name (suggest MSI or Sapphire brands both are very good and not much more expensive). The Power Color 8GB version is even less expensive than the XFX but it's on par with XFX in quality. If that doesn't resolve the issue you may have problems with other parts of your system. Something to check is to see if the GPU is on your motherboard's compatibility list for GPU's. I think it's unlikely that that is the problem, but if all else fails perhaps it may be a contributing issue. Good Luck. Question 6: Is it normal for the fans not spinning at start up? Answer: no Answer from other Customer: This card waits until the temps get high enough before it brings the fans on (usually like 50c or so) Question 7: Can the blue LED above the power connector be disabled? Answer: You could put some paint, tape, or glue on it, but no light means no power. Question 8: What is the warranty on this card? Answer: The XFX website says the warranty is 3 years for manufacturers defects. Question 9: Is The Radeon RX 570 a 16 pcie? Answer: Yes Question 10: Will this card work with dell optiplex 9020 & 4 monitors plus run well on x-plane 11 and ms2020? i would like to buy two to run 6 or 7 monitors? Answer: This card is pretty bad on its own so id say if you wanna run alot of monitors id get a different gpu ( From a customer Point of View) Top 3 Best Reviews of the Radeon RX 570 by Customer on Amazon XFX Radeon RX 570 RS Edition 1286MHz, 8gb GDDR5, DX12 VR Ready, Dual BIOS, 3xDP HDMI DVI, AMD Graphics Card (RX-570P8DFD6) Amazon Customer Review 1: I have this paired with a GIGABYTE B360M DS3H Mobo, 8GB 2400 DDR4 ram, and believe it or not a pentium gold g5400, And a Samsung Evo 850 512gb SSD, alongside 2 1TB HDDs. This card does not disappoint it's f****** awesome, Fornite at 1920X1080 100 FPS in performance mode without overclocking. Apex legends in the menu 150 FPS in game highest 112 FPS when things get crowded about 70 it has dipped as low as 58 FPS but that's impressive with this buget GPU and Budget CPU. Dolphin emulator all GameCube games play perfect Mario sunshine in at 50 FPS other games look great like HD remasters!! such as Mario's brothers mansion. Brawl for Wii locked at 60 FPS in fullscreen. No errors in N64 or Wii/GC emulators. My favorite part with the software from amd it's super simple to keep track of CPU,GPU,RAM usage and load. The fans on this GPU may not spin at all unless the temp is at 60C or above so don't freak if the fans are not spinning with the AMD software in the performance section you can override 0 RPM and have fans spin at desired speed. Hope this helped! Read the full article

[bitcoinsexchanger]

How Does Zcash CPU Miner Works

How does Zcash CPU miner works? There are the latest CPU and GPU tractors available for mining the Zcash (ZEC) that uses the Equihash estimation used by the coin. Since most pools and diggers rely upon Stratum mining support you ought to have the choice to use them on for all intents and purposes all burrowing pools with assistance. To use this digger, you ought to decide the quantity of focuses you have for the best execution. You can check your CPU place count. The NiceHash digger goes with 2 structures. one to get paid in Bitcoin (nheqminer), and another to get paid clearly in Zcash (nheqminer_zcash).

[jacobhinkley]

Proof of Work Coins on High Alert Following Spate of 51% Attacks

First it happened to verge. $1.8m of cryptocurrency swiped in a matter of hours. Then to bitcoin gold, plundered in an $18m double spend attack. Then to verge again, this time to the tune of $1.7 million. Along the way, monacoin is also believed to have been hit. Someone is methodically working their way through Proof of Work coins, controlling their hashrate, and then launching 51% attacks. Other PoW teams are now on high alert for signs that their coin could be next.

Also read: Caspian Partners With Bitmex to Offer All-In-One Portfolio Services

Following a Spate of Attacks, PoW Teams Batten Down the Hatches

51% attacks, in which a malevolent miner controls the majority of the network hashrate and then uses it to force through fraudulent transactions, are commonly discussed but rarely encountered. That all changed on April 4 when verge was hit by a 51% attack. At the time, the incident was put down to the general fog of incompetence that surrounds verge; the exploit was quickly patched and everyone moved on. Then, just over a month later, verge was hit again along with bitcoin gold and possibly monacoin too. The spate of attacks has caused a crisis of confidence in Proof of Work coins and forced their development teams on the defensive.

Although called a 51% attack, in reality it’s often possible to control the network with a much lower hashrate. Because verge uses five different hashing algorithms, for example, the attacker was able to reduce the mining difficulty for just one algorithm and focus all their firepower on that, armed with just one fifth of the hashpower they would otherwise have needed. The second time around, they modified their attack slightly and targeted verge with a dual blast using two different algorithms. Bitcoin gold, meanwhile, was targeted due to its equihash algorithm, the same one used by such coins as zcash and komodo.

The Cost of Staging a 51% Attack

Following the run of 51% attacks, teams have rushed out updates to reassure the community that their coin is safe, and to deter would-be attackers. The cost of attacking ethereum classic has been estimated at $70m, for example, and estimates have been made for doing the same with the top 10 PoW coins. BTC is priced at $2.2 billion to attack, whereas zcash comes in at $87m. In his blog post, Husam Abboud claims that “If a zCash miner with +8% of Nethash [switches] to mine Bitcoin Gold, he is +51% BTG nethash, that brings the cost of 51% attack on BTG to 580 ZEC/day ~$200k”.

Because bitcoin gold has a much lower hashrate than coins such as zcash, it is a far easier target to pick off. Now that the feasibility of double spending a recognized PoW coin has been proven, aspiring attackers are calculating the costs of renting hashing power from a provider such as Nicehash and using it to take over a target of their choosing. This is one of the dangers with an altcoin using an existing algorithm: it’s easy for an attacker to switch from mining one to another at the flick of a switch, leaving low hashrate PoW coins vulnerable to hostile takeover without warning.

There’s a Storm Brewing

PoW teams are hitting back, and have enacted various measures to thwart future attacks. On request, Binance has upped the number of confirmations required to deposit equihash-based coins onto the exchange. The more confirmations that are required, in theory, the more likelihood there is of detecting and thwarting a 51% attack. Maidsafe, meanwhile, has proposed a new consensus mechanism called PARSEC, though some believe it may be vulnerable to other threats such as Sybil attacks, which are a recurring theme with staking algorithms.

For the coins that are committed to remaining with Proof of Work, most of which descended from Bitcoin at some point in time, it’s a case of remaining on high alert for possible signs of foul play. One PoW altcoin team has set up a script to constantly monitor their hashrate. In the event of a spike of over 10%, they will be automatically notified. Should the newly added hashrate emanate from an unknown pool, or be in danger of tipping an existing pool over 50%, they have a large quantity BTC on standby with Nicehash ready to purchase their own firepower to counter the attack. It’s a high stakes game and PoW teams can’t leave anything to chance. No one wants to be the next bitcoin gold.

Do you think the spate of 51% attacks is over for now, or is there more trouble ahead? Let us know in the comments section below.

Images courtesy of Shutterstock.

Need to calculate your bitcoin holdings? Check our tools section.

The post Proof of Work Coins on High Alert Following Spate of 51% Attacks appeared first on Bitcoin News.

Proof of Work Coins on High Alert Following Spate of 51% Attacks published first on https://medium.com/@smartoptions

[bowsetter]

Proof of Work Coins on High Alert Following Spate of 51% Attacks

First it happened to verge. $1.8m of cryptocurrency swiped in a matter of hours. Then to bitcoin gold, plundered in an $18m double spend attack. Then to verge again, this time to the tune of $1.7 million. Along the way, monacoin is also believed to have been hit. Someone is methodically working their way through Proof of Work coins, controlling their hashrate, and then launching 51% attacks. Other PoW teams are now on high alert for signs that their coin could be next.

Also read: Caspian Partners With Bitmex to Offer All-In-One Portfolio Services

Following a Spate of Attacks, PoW Teams Batten Down the Hatches

51% attacks, in which a malevolent miner controls the majority of the network hashrate and then uses it to force through fraudulent transactions, are commonly discussed but rarely encountered. That all changed on April 4 when verge was hit by a 51% attack. At the time, the incident was put down to the general fog of incompetence that surrounds verge; the exploit was quickly patched and everyone moved on. Then, just over a month later, verge was hit again along with bitcoin gold and possibly monacoin too. The spate of attacks has caused a crisis of confidence in Proof of Work coins and forced their development teams on the defensive.

Although called a 51% attack, in reality it’s often possible to control the network with a much lower hashrate. Because verge uses five different hashing algorithms, for example, the attacker was able to reduce the mining difficulty for just one algorithm and focus all their firepower on that, armed with just one fifth of the hashpower they would otherwise have needed. The second time around, they modified their attack slightly and targeted verge with a dual blast using two different algorithms. Bitcoin gold, meanwhile, was targeted due to its equihash algorithm, the same one used by such coins as zcash and komodo.

The Cost of Staging a 51% Attack

Following the run of 51% attacks, teams have rushed out updates to reassure the community that their coin is safe, and to deter would-be attackers. The cost of attacking ethereum classic has been estimated at $70m, for example, and estimates have been made for doing the same with the top 10 PoW coins. BTC is priced at $2.2 billion to attack, whereas zcash comes in at $87m. In his blog post, Husam Abboud claims that “If a zCash miner with +8% of Nethash [switches] to mine Bitcoin Gold, he is +51% BTG nethash, that brings the cost of 51% attack on BTG to 580 ZEC/day ~$200k”.

Because bitcoin gold has a much lower hashrate than coins such as zcash, it is a far easier target to pick off. Now that the feasibility of double spending a recognized PoW coin has been proven, aspiring attackers are calculating the costs of renting hashing power from a provider such as Nicehash and using it to take over a target of their choosing. This is one of the dangers with an altcoin using an existing algorithm: it’s easy for an attacker to switch from mining one to another at the flick of a switch, leaving low hashrate PoW coins vulnerable to hostile takeover without warning.

There’s a Storm Brewing

PoW teams are hitting back, and have enacted various measures to thwart future attacks. On request, Binance has upped the number of confirmations required to deposit equihash-based coins onto the exchange. The more confirmations that are required, in theory, the more likelihood there is of detecting and thwarting a 51% attack. Maidsafe, meanwhile, has proposed a new consensus mechanism called PARSEC, though some believe it may be vulnerable to other threats such as Sybil attacks, which are a recurring theme with staking algorithms.

For the coins that are committed to remaining with Proof of Work, most of which descended from Bitcoin at some point in time, it’s a case of remaining on high alert for possible signs of foul play. One PoW altcoin team has set up a script to constantly monitor their hashrate. In the event of a spike of over 10%, they will be automatically notified. Should the newly added hashrate emanate from an unknown pool, or be in danger of tipping an existing pool over 50%, they have a large quantity BTC on standby with Nicehash ready to purchase their own firepower to counter the attack. It’s a high stakes game and PoW teams can’t leave anything to chance. No one wants to be the next bitcoin gold.

Do you think the spate of 51% attacks is over for now, or is there more trouble ahead? Let us know in the comments section below.

Images courtesy of Shutterstock.

Need to calculate your bitcoin holdings? Check our tools section.

The post Proof of Work Coins on High Alert Following Spate of 51% Attacks appeared first on Bitcoin News.

READ MORE http://bit.ly/2KUQKcj

[cryptoveins]

Mining ZelCash (ZEL) Using The Equihash 125,4 Algorithm

ZelCash (ZEL) is an anonymous cryptocurrency that has been forked from ZCash (ZEC), but has since been evolving into a kind of a multi-functional crypto ecosystem. Initially the project used the Equihash algorithm that ZEC used (Equihash 200,9), but has since forked to Zhash (Equihash 144,5) and most recently a couple of months ago switched to the ZelHash (Equihash 125,4) algorithm. Meanwhile ZelCash has also been apparently renamed to just Zel, though it is still been widely refered to as ZelCash on most places. Currently ZelCash (ZEL) is ranked at 457th place by CoinMarketCap with a market cap of sub 5M USD and a daily volume of more than half the total capitalization.

ZEL has getting some attention lately and we have decided to check out mining it once more with the new algorithm and give you some helpful information should you decide to try mining it as well. The Equihash 125,4 algorithm called ZelHash is not as widely supported as other Equihash variations out there, though it is available for both AMD and Nvidia GPU miners. It is not available on NiceHash for the moment, though the algorithm is available at MiningRigRentals which can be used to your advantage where you might want to sell your hashrate if more profitable to mine directly ZEL.

The largest mining pool for ZEL is 2miners, though you can check what other pools with support for the ZelHash algorithm for ZelCash are available on MiningPoolStats. For AMD GPU mining you can only use the lolMiner closed source OpenCL miner with 1% developer free built-in. Nvidia GPU miners have more options with ZelHash supported by both the GMiner CUDA closed source miner with 2% developer fee built-in or the alternative miniZ CUDA closed source miner also with 2% dev fee. Our quick tests are showing that performance wise the miniZ miner does seem to be faster in terms of hashrate, though stability wise it is not as good as GMiner, so if using the miniZ miner make sure you use a loop when running the miner software.

– For more details if you got interested in the ZelCash (ZEL) crypto project…

The post Mining ZelCash (ZEL) Using The Equihash 125,4 Algorithm appeared first on Cryptoveins.

https://cryptoveins.com/2019/10/mining-zelcash-zel-using-the-equihash-1254-algorithm/

[coin-news-blog]

Mining ZelCash (ZEL) Using The Equihash 125,4 Algorithm

New Post has been published on https://coinmakers.tech/mining/mining-zelcash-zel-using-the-equihash-125-4-algorithm

Mining ZelCash (ZEL) Using The Equihash 125,4 Algorithm

ZelCash (ZEL) is an anonymous cryptocurrency that has been forked from ZCash (ZEC), but has since been evolving into a kind of a multi-functional crypto ecosystem. Initially the project used the Equihash algorithm that ZEC used (Equihash 200,9), but has since forked to Zhash (Equihash 144,5) and most recently a couple of months ago switched to the ZelHash (Equihash 125,4) algorithm. Meanwhile ZelCash has also been apparently renamed to just Zel, though it is still been widely refered to as ZelCash on most places. Currently ZelCash (ZEL) is ranked at 457th place by CoinMarketCap with a market cap of sub 5M USD and a daily volume of more than half the total capitalization.

ZEL has getting some attention lately and we have decided to check out mining it once more with the new algorithm and give you some helpful information should you decide to try mining it as well. The Equihash 125,4 algorithm called ZelHash is not as widely supported as other Equihash variations out there, though it is available for both AMD and Nvidia GPU miners. It is not available on NiceHash for the moment, though the algorithm is available at MiningRigRentals which can be used to your advantage where you might want to sell your hashrate if more profitable to mine directly ZEL.

The largest mining pool for ZEL is 2miners, though you can check what other pools with support for the ZelHash algorithm for ZelCash are available on MiningPoolStats. For AMD GPU mining you can only use the lolMiner closed source OpenCL miner with 1% developer free built-in. Nvidia GPU miners have more options with ZelHash supported by both the GMiner CUDA closed source miner with 2% developer fee built-in or the alternative miniZ CUDA closed source miner also with 2% dev fee. Our quick tests are showing that performance wise the miniZ miner does seem to be faster in terms of hashrate, though stability wise it is not as good as GMiner, so if using the miniZ miner make sure you use a loop when running the miner software.

Source: cryptomining-blog.com

[jimbobarbu-blog]

Simple Tips To Mine Zcash(ZEC) CPU/GPU

Swap "EU" to suit your exploration swimming pool target located on the swimming pool "start out" webpage, "ZEC-АDDRESS" for your own zcash budget target (clear target) and finally change "-t 8" for your wide range of posts you should utilize. Throughout the GРU area, we will make use of the Claymore minеr. Clаymore features a character this is certainly long-ѕtаnding enhancing minerѕ and this also miner talks because of it. It boosts the rates that will be hashing and that's exactly why we intend to take time to grab and make use of thіs miner also. Тhe gеnoil miner merely works well with swimming pool exploration sufficient reason for AMD notes which are visual. Thiѕ mіnеr chargеs а 2.5% creator charge. Each hour the minеr mines for your designer dυring 90 moments. Nonetheless, the overall performance boost tries definitely worth the charge billed. Catalyst (Crimson) 15.12 is needed for results that is the best and сompаtibilitу. You can acquire real information which is terrible various motorists variation, or minеr can do not succeed оn business. Step one: view here to download thе Clаymore Zcash miner. Step two: pick a grab and variation it. Thе variation that will be lateѕt has reached the underside correct. Optionаlly, exchange "YourWorkerName". You are able to replаce "x" with their code if you like. Now you've had gotten the hands dіrty, stay as well as merely enjoy your own zcash roll when! Take note іt begins with t) you are mіning on to a clear target (. It is possible to stick to this self-help guide to discover ways to develop an exclusive and budget this is certainly clear.

It's also imaginable to employ a trade as being a wallet yet we do not suggest it. You may furthermore need to have an exploration share to steer your power that will be hashed to. You can try features and studies on various Zcash swimming pools right here. Due to the fact has bοth your own budget and swimming pool primed and prepared, it really is a chance that will be perfect gеt bυrrowing. When it comes to the role that will be the Central Processing Unit of guidelines, we shall incorporate Nicеhash excavator. Although this excavator works best for both Central Processing Unit and GРU, we're going to obtain the delivery this is certainly well in the off-chance that individuals use distinct diggеrs for Central Processing Unit and GPU. This really is due to thе Сlаymore excavаtor try faster but works well with Central Processing Unit. Step one: click to grab the Nіcehash miner. So that you can make use of this miner, it is vital that you indicate exactly how cοres which happen to be numerous need for optimum overall performance. You can examine their Central Processing Unit center amount by beginning the duty supervisor and visiting the abilities point. Τhe NiceHash minеr boasts 2 forms.

ZCash is just strange cash that will be cryptogrаphic utilіzatiоns zk-snarkѕ to make sure that most the info with regards to customer swaps try safely scrаmbled, while nonetheless noticeable by excavаtоrs that may assure no doubled expenses provides happened making use of zero reading рrоofs. ZСash uses Equihash like a hashіng computation, which really is a topѕy-turvy PοW this is certainly memory-hard formula light on the summarized birthday celebration problems. This will depend on large RАM needs tо bottleneсk age confirmatіons and ASIC that will be producing improvement, just like Etherеum. Not all individual gets near a PC, notwithѕtanding, rather than everyone has actually space schedule-wіse, finding out or endurance tо begin exploration Zсash all alone, especially while there is no image graphical user interface (GUІ) Mіner yеt that will be available. If you have to exploit withоut someone else РC, nevertheless have to have a small force accomplish as a result, you are in the area that's true. Getting that as it might, if you're wishing to take advantage of Zcash exploration without any exercise at all, this informative guide shall perform the pitfall.

We're going to express for your requirements guidelines to exploit Zcash along with your Central Processing Unit and GPU on windowpanes these days. We will use two exсavators (program) for every single type of machines: Nіcehash mineworkеr for Central Processing Unit additionally the сlаymore digger for GPU. If you have to make use of the Νicehаsh exсavator both for products wrіtes, get following this instructions. If you have to exploit along with your Central Processing Unit on Linux utilising the authorіty Zcash development, simply take after that tips guide. You'll furthermore try purchase a affect exploration agreement with Hashflare оr Geneѕis exploration. By way of a conclusion that will be particular to mine using this article, there have been two points that you will need. The very first is a budget to keep the property. You can find currently many purses which can be GUI and you may contemplate all of them right here. You'll also use this handbook for learn how to establish one of those on Linux.

[adrianjenkins952wblr]

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”horizontal”,”showArrows”:true,”splitTitle”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”Subscribe”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKvc0WUB65GCvOTgPVJ9yRA?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:0,”start”:52,”end”:null,”thumb”:”https://d1ic4altzx8ueg.cloudfront.net/finder-au/wp-uploads/2018/10/Fred-Variant-9.jpg”,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:{“small”:”WATCH”,”large”:”MimbleWimble, Grin and Beam hype explained – will they change bitcoin? “}},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g29Uw8QifHtSvvdWuFtDmz6V”,”type”:”video”,”part”:”snippet,id,contentDetails”}},”banner”:true}

ETC kicked off the year-long 51% attack festival in style, and there’s plenty more where that came from.

2019 will be the year of the 51% attack, suggests David Vorick of Siacoin and Obelisk mining.

There are at least 10 reasons why.

1. Hashrate marketplaces

The ability to rent mining power from hashrate marketplaces, most notably Nicehash, will continue to make attacks easier.

This can be thought of as a great big pool of mining power which can be accessed on demand, because that’s exactly what it is.

Vorick puts it into perspective:

“Before hashrate marketplaces existed, attacking a cryptocurrency with 100,000 GPUs defending it more or less required owning 100,000 GPUs. Attacks of that scale would require many tens of millions of dollars to execute… After the development of hashrate marketplaces, the same 100,000 GPUs can be rented for several hours at a cost of just tens of thousands of dollars.”

2. More ASICs are being released

ASIC miners are high-powered mining machines, and they’re still being built.

As time passes you get more ASIC machines on the market. And 2018 has provided some very clear trails of cause and effect where the release of a new ASIC miner for a certain algorithm is followed by 51% attacks.

Of recent note, Vorick says, are ASICs for Ethash and Equihash.

Ethereum Classic recently got chewed up by a 51% attack amidst rumours of a new Ethash ASIC miner. Equihash ASICs delivered an even more abject lesson, with Bitcoin Gold, and ZenCash and Bitcoin Private (all Equihash) falling like dominos after the an Equihash ASIC hit the markets.

The main reason ASIC miners leave so many cryptocurrencies vulnerable isn’t just because miners use them to directly attack. Rather, it’s because they flood Nicehash with a lot more supply, which dramatically lowers the cost of renting that hashrate for that algorithm. The result is that an ASIC release almost instantly makes any coin of that algorithm much more vulnerable.

3. Too many forks and too much sharing of mining algorithms

Making your own mining algorithm is a lot of work. It’s much easier to just fork some other coin, or to re-use a mining algorithm you see elsewhere. There are no signs of this trend abating in 2019.

The most obvious reason this leads to 51% attacks is because it means around the same amount of hashing power is being shared between more coins, leaving each of them more vulnerable.

This is exacerbated with another more insidious vulnerability though, Vorick notes. Sharing mining algorithms causes additional breakdowns of “incentive compatibility.” This is the principle which says the incentives of individual participants are aligned with those of the network as a whole.

The idea is that a miner wouldn’t want to attack the cryptocurrency they’re mining because they risk damaging the value of their equipment and cryptocurrency. But when that same miner can use their gear to attack some other cryptocurrency, they don’t have that obstacle.

4. Attackers have gotten much more sophisticated

The cryptocurrency boom of late 2017 saw a lot of people pay attention to the industry for the first time, and 2018 was highly educational for a lot of people. In other words there are more people with the skills to carry out a 51% attack today than there were a year ago. This literally means there are more 51% attackers looking for targets now.

At the same time, more skilled attackers can turn a profit where a less skilled attacker can’t.

Although they’re commonly known as “double spend” attacks, Vorick notes that on the more sophisticated end they might also be a triple or quadruple spend attack.

5. Mining farms keep getting larger

Economies of scale rule the mining industry, so mining farms just get bigger and bigger. And with their economies of scale, they’re also the most likely to survive downturns.

There are now many farms with over 10,000 mining machines, a handful with over 100,000 machines and at least one with well over 500,000 units.

Correspondingly, this means that if your cryptocurrency has fewer than 10,000 machines working on it it can be trivially and single-handedly knocked over by a of mining farms. If it has fewer than half a million machines working on it, it’s still vulnerable.

6. The bear market slashed hardware prices

Falling cryptocurrency prices have made video cards a lot more affordable. That’s good news for gamers and attackers alike. It’s also made ASIC miners more affordable, and every mining firm that goes out of business means another new fire sale on mining gear.

At the same time there are a lot of newly cash-strapped companies with hashrate to spare and every reason to launch a 51% attack where possible.

As cryptocurrency prices fall it’s gotten much easier to launch a 51% attack.

7. The bear market slashed cryptocurrency prices

Miner block rewards determine how much hashrate their networks can support. These are a combination of programmed tokenomics (3 tokens per block every 10 minutes on average – that kind of thing) and crypto prices.

If crypto prices fall too much a network can’t support as many miners, and so its hashrate will fall and its security will be weakened.

A cryptocurrency’s prices must match its miner block rewards. If there’s a mismatch or a coin’s prices suddenly drop too far, a cryptocurrency may suddenly became vulnerable.

8. It’s easier to short crypto markets

As the cryptocurrency trading and exchange scene continued to grow in 2018, it presented a lot more opportunities to short a much wider range of cryptos. This presents a new way of profiting from a 51% attack.

It also presents some new opportunities to use hashrate for things other than 51% attacks. With variations such as empty block mining or selfish mining you don’t need a full 51% of a network’s hashrate to detrimentally impact it. This makes more coins vulnerable to more attacks, and creates further incentives to go for these types of attacks.

9. More exchanges, more targets

Cryptocurrency exchanges might have proliferated rather than declined in 2018, and more exchanges means more money and more targets for double spends in 51% attacks.

This not only presents more opportunities for low hanging fruit in exchanges with inadequate confirmation requirements, but can also make it easier for an attacker to triple, quadruple, etc, their spend by hitting multiple exchanges simultaneously.

10. Because it’s now 2019

2018 was the year of 51% attacks, but now it’s 2019 and it’s still the year of 51% attacks. Plus, the Ethereum Classic attack and subsequent refund drama ushered in the new year with a real bang that’s going to be hard to beat.

Dash is looking mighty vulnerable though.

A single entity has controlled more than 51% of Dash’s hashrate for a bit over 6 months now. And coincidentally, one mining pool took 51% control of ETC about 6 months before it was struck by a 51% attack.

Disclosure: At the time of writing the author holds ETH

Disclaimer: This information should not be interpreted as an endorsement of cryptocurrency or any specific provider, service or offering. It is not a recommendation to trade. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks – they are highly volatile and sensitive to secondary activity. Performance is unpredictable and past performance is no guarantee of future performance. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service (including its legal status and relevant regulatory requirements) and consult the relevant Regulators’ websites before making any decision. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.

Crypto explained

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”vertical”,”showArrows”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”SUBSCRIBE”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/cryptofinder?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:null,”start”:0,”end”:null,”thumb”:””,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:null},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g28gehvPkL1VDHlNXR7zksYB”}}}

Latest cryptocurrency news

Picture: Shutterstock

Source link http://bit.ly/2RGGLPU

[bitcoinminershasrate]

AMD Radeon RX 570: Review 2021 | Test| Specs| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good)

AMD Radeon RX 570 in mining: Best Review 2021 | Testing| Hashrate | Profitability | Specs | Best Coins (Ethereum) - The RX 570 video cards have shown good performance in mining and have proven themselves in the field of ether mining. On the AMD RX 570, mining can bring good profit, but for this you need to carefully study the range of products from various manufacturers and properly overclock the video card. The article will describe the overclocking of the RX 570 8gb video card, for mining, which card model is more suitable and how you can reduce the power consumption of the RX 570 in mining. Please note About The AMD Radeon RX 570 Review - The Review was done earlier than 2021 so their will be variation interms of the rate would earn when currency exchange is taken into consideration. AMD RX 570 in mining, characteristics and relevance (2021) The profit that a coin mining farm can bring to the owner depends on the power of the video card. Therefore, the need for new products among video cards arises more from miners than from gamers. Miners, at the earliest opportunity, evaluate and give recommendations on new video cards, give them performance ratings and describe the possibility of overclocking the memory and processor of the device. After the release, RX 570 attracted the interest of farm owners, and those who were just about to start mining. In order to somehow cover the shortage of video cards, various manufacturers have released their own models of cards based on this chip. This ensured the popularity of RX 570 cards among miners and the demand in the computer hardware market. They gradually began to take leadership positions in this area and stood alongside their predecessor, the RX series. On the RX 570 video card  , Ethereum mining performed well and thanks to this, it became the main device that mines coins on algorithms that do not use ASIC architecture . But, even the arrival of the first ASIKs on the air did not put an end to gpu mining. Cheap and hardy RX graphics cards have remained profitable. However, everything flows, everything changes. Several years ago, the powerful and relatively inexpensive 570 ousted not only the bulky and energy-consuming R9 series cards from the cryptoasset mining market, but also its closest relatives, the RX 470. And now this model is being replaced by the Navi series graphics adapters. However, it cannot be said that the RX 570 is no longer relevant for mining. Many crypto-miners have cards of this line and still mine Ether. Of course, this primarily concerns gpu devices with 8GB memory, but with the current Ethereum rate, it’s too early to write off four gigabytes, because there is also Ethereum classic, which can be mined on the RX 570 for at least a couple of years, and if its modernized algorithm does not break through ASIK and more. Ravencoin also brings good profit, so it's too early to write off this model and let's get acquainted with its technical parameters. People Also Asked: Common Questions about Radeon RX 570 Related Search: Recommend Articles For You To Read (Easy) People Also Search DetailsArticle To ReadRX 570 HashrateHashrate for RX 570 is outlined below:On different algorithms in this sense, the video card has the following characteristics:* Lbry – 0,15 GH/s.*CryptoNight – 0,63 кч/s.*Decred - 1.24 GH / s.*DaggerHashimoto – 23,61 MH/s.*X11Ghost – 7,4 MH/s.*Pascal – 0,73 GH/s.*Equihash – 311,58 Sol/s.*The same rule applies for the XFX RaAMD Radeon RX 570: Review | Benchmark| Overclocking| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good)RX 570 Hashrate EthereumA profitable dual mining technique on the RX 570 and other AMD Radeon models is the simultaneous mining of two popular "coins" - Ethereum and Decret. The hash rate for the first (after overclocking the graphics adapter) is at the level of 30-31 MH / s, for the second - within 800 MH /Contain Within ArticleRX 570 mining profitabilityAMD products are respected by miners. Both its old and new models are profitable, although the miners are not happy with some developments. Today we will talk about how profitable mining of popular cryptocurrencies is on AMD RX 570 4gb.Contain Within ArticleRX 570 hashrate Bitcoins.Installing new drivers for graphics adapters allows you to mine Ethereum on a Gigabyte Radeon RX 570 with a hash rate of up to 24 MH / s. By overclocking the device with firmware timings, the miner can achieve an increase in speed up to 29-30 MH / s. The exact values ​​depend on the specific card and the manufacturer (for example, the RX 570 Nitro + has 31 MH / s after overclocking, the products of other brands get lower values). Contain Within Article RX 570 4GB miningRadeon RX 570 is a video card, device that is used for direct mining of cryptocurrency. But the power consumption parameters have not yet been finally confirmed. It is not clear what level of income this type of equipment provides. And many do not understand how to flash video cards for mining. Contain Within Article RX 570 4GB what to mineWith The RX 570 one of the most profitable options for mining cryptocurrency is dual mining of the ETH / DCR pair, then video cards are most often configured for Ethereum. Overclocking for mining allows you to increase the Ethereum hashrate to 28-30 MH / s, while the Decred is at the level of 800-900 MH / s Contain Within Article RX 570 4gb mining settingsThese video adapters differ in both technical performance and price. In addition, memory from different manufacturers is installed in different models: Hynix (the best option), Micron (average, although a debatable question) or Elpida (the worst option).Within ArticleRX 570 overclock settings miningThe main danger of the overclocking process is that after it the user loses the warranty from the factory. If the user still decides, then he will need to download and install the following set with applications..... AMD Radeon RX 570: Review | Benchmark| Overclocking| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good) RX 570 4GB hashrate ravencoinCan somone tell me what the expected hashrate is for mining ravencoin on RX 570 4GB? Like many others I am repurposing RX 570 4GBs from mining ethereum to mining ravencoin. Right now I am getting like 10Mh/s on each. Is this normal or can this be improved quite a bit? If so are there any good guides one can recommend for tweaking with the settings.Expected hashrate for RX 570 4GBs?RX 570 4GB mining hashrateChoose the appropriate currency and algorithm for mining with the Radeon RX 570 8GB. Depending on the type of memory, the mining speed varies. GDDR5 from Samsung, installed on top-end cards, shows a hash rate of 1–2 MH / s higher than other options.Contain Within This ArticleNiceHash RX 570 4GBNiceHash offers a unique way to test mining. You can try mining with  QuickMiner Tryout through your web browser. It takes about 10 seconds to start mining and earn real bitcoins!Why should I start mining with NiceHash?RX 570 4GB mining profitability Profitability of the RX570. The payback period is usually long. This is due to both the high cost of the equipment and the situation in the market. RX 560 or RX 460 cards are preferred by users. They are cheaper, and the result is about the same. The user decides whether to invest in new CPUs, hope for further growth of the Ethereum coin. The user will figure out how to overclock the RX 580, mining after that will be easy.Contain Within ArticleXFX RX 570 4GB hashrateThe process of mining cryptocurrencies is constantly becoming more complicated. And the productivity of the farms needs to be constantly improved in order to obtain the required level of income. Soon it will no longer be profitable to invest in the purchase of video cards with a hash rate of less than 30 MH / s. The Radeon RX 570 is hardly suitable for full-fledged mining 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Like the MSI Radeon RX 570 armor 4G OC.Contain Within This ArticleRX 570 power consumptionThe video card has an average hash rate and low power consumption, so this is a promising option for mining, more profitable compared to other AMD and NVIDIA models.Within ArticleBest Coin for Ming Rx 570 (4gb &8gb)The best type of currency mined with the RX 570 is considered to be Ethereum , a “coin” that appeared on the cryptocurrency market about three years ago and continues to remain on the leaderboard even after the drop in rates in early 2018.Within ArticleRelated Search: Recommend Articles For your To Read Best Articles To reach Before Buying DetailsSourceRX 570 4GB Used Its always recommendable to buy any Electronics brand new from the manufacturer. This would precisely Be our Recommendation. AmazonBest Price for RX 570 4GB The declared price for the sale of cards is in the range of $300.00- $500.00 This cost is higher than common budget options, but not much. Any additional cost will have to be paid for those who are interested in modifying MSI. But the characteristics and quality of the products fully justify the expenses at the initial stage.  This applies to the 4 GB version.AMD Radeon RX 570: Review 2021 | Test| Specs| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good) RX 570 4GB price - (Ebay, Newegg, Amazon)Best Review on Amazon: This product is great. It's quite loud when the computer turns on but it's otherwise quiet. But beware of buying it from Amazon. There is an issue with Amazon fulfillment (as outlined by others). The item arrived without an external box or cushioning. I returned it in fear of it being damaged by bumps and the cold. Amazon Best Articles To reach Before Buying Radeon RX 570 - Still Enough for 1080p in 2021? The standard features of the RX 570 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5kideA_roE - number of processors - 2048 pcs. ; - interface - PCI-E ; - number of texture units - 128 pcs. ; - core frequency - 1255 MHz. ; - memory frequency - 7000 MHz. ; - memory capacity - 256 bits ; - maximum power consumption - 150 watts . Which RX 570 is the best for mining, model selection The RX 570 video card was produced in two variations:  4 GB and 8 GB of memory . Buying this model for mining in 2018, you can ignore the amount of video memory. Indeed, this option has practically no effect on the speed of mining coins of the Ethash (DaggerHashimoto) algorithm. Last spring, everyone was ready for the fact that for another  month or two and 4 GB will not be able to mine ETH and ETC , but for the RX 570 these are the most profitable coins. Of course, many other coins and tokens have been created on the basis of Dagger Hashimoto, but the profitability of mining will drop significantly. As a result, it turned out, how it happened. A very interesting story happened to the classic. The miners using AMD products were predicted to fail, but they continue to work safely. As of February 3, 2021, a mining farm of six RX 570 cards brings on Ether about $ 15 per day (without deducting the cost of electricity). Where to mine Ethereum Classic is practically irrelevant. The hashrate on both Windows and Linux is almost the same. By mining the ETC token, you can earn 3 USD in 24 hours. The profit on other Ethash coins is even smaller. On Equihash, the reds lag behind the greens, except for the Beam crypto coin. On kryptonite, after the departure of Monero, there were no profitable alts for a long time, but then Haven went up in price. The market is going up now, in the cold season you can successfully mine RVN. and other tokens can become more profitable. Perhaps not today, that by tomorrow someone will launch a new, profitable for mining, the project and the situation will improve. In addition, it should be borne in mind that Ethereum is switching to PoS mining, and the Ethereum classic project, according to Vitalik Buterin, will merge with large ether in the near future, and then these coins will become inaccessible for traditional mining. But still, 8 GB cards have more opportunities, for example, they can be used to mine a very promising Grin coin and other altcoins Cuckatoo31. Once, miners, due to indicators that do not change depending on the amount of memory, when mining with the  DaggerHashimoto  and  Equihash algorithms,  chose the one that was  cheaper , that is, the version with  4 GB . When the exchange rate began to change, many had to think about buying a version with a large amount of memory. Therefore, it is better to immediately overpay a little and take the 8 GB version . This applies not only to the RX  570, in a year and a half the turn of the six-gig 1660 S and 5600 XT will come . Get new models with 8 GB or higher memory. Even if the rate does not change for the worse, at any time a new algorithm may appear or the existing one may change, which will require more RAM to increase the hash rate. RAM sticks from Elpida and Hynix have pretty good overclocking potential and are found in RX 570 cards from most manufacturers. But there are also video cards with memory from Samsung, after the timing firmware they can provide a very high hash rate. Such memory chips are installed in Gigabyte RX 570 ( mainly AORUS) and in Sapphire Nitro + RX 570 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmsxM-gGles Also, a good cooling system is an important parameter when choosing a card. This is exactly what the PowerColor RX 570 Red Devil has . There are as many as 3 fans installed on this card, due to which it remains as cold as possible. Radeon RX 570 - Mining Hashrate For Optimal Performance On different algorithms in this sense, the video card has the following characteristics: - Lbry – 0,15 GH/s. - CryptoNight – 0,63 кч/s. - Decred - 1.24 GH / s. - DaggerHashimoto – 23,61 MH/s. - X11Ghost – 7,4 MH/s. - Pascal – 0,73 GH/s. - Equihash – 311,58 Sol/s. The same rule applies for the XFX Radeon RX 570. Existing prospects Based on the results of practical tests RX 570 vs GTX 1060, three leaders can be distinguished, the use of which will be relevant for all areas of production: - Radeon RX 570 from Sapphire. - Asus. - Original from AMD. But the cards in this series can be called ambiguous anyway. The hash rate is far from the highest among the existing analogues. But due to the low power consumption, one can hope for a more or less passive stable income. Cards pay off quickly. The reason is low prices when compared with competitors. The Powercolor Radeon RX 570 has the advantage. There are more advantages to video cards than negative sides. And in many cases, it is permissible to purchase them for mining. But you need to take into account the existing pitfall. Then the user can easily flash any card. The process of mining cryptocurrencies is constantly becoming more complicated. And the productivity of the farms needs to be constantly improved in order to obtain the required level of income. Soon it will no longer be profitable to invest in the purchase of video cards with a hash rate of less than 30 MH / s. The Radeon RX 570 is hardly suitable for full-fledged mining 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Like the MSI Radeon RX 570 armor 4G OC. But this equipment can become a universal solution for many. For example, when a powerful computer is assembled, equipped with 2-3 slats. This version of the Radeon RX 580 4 GB is used for work and games, mining virtual currency. Top 10 Question Asked About The AMD Radeon RX 570 By Customer Before they Buy Top 10 Question Asked About The AMD Radeon RX 570 By Customer Before they BUY Question 1: Does The RX 570 card works for a power supply thermaltake tr2-600nl2nc 600w (not certified)??? Answer: Yes Question 2: Does the RX 570 works with a msi z97 motherboard lga1150 ddr3 Answer: Yes! but got to have the 500watt PSU. Question 3: The AMD Radeon 570, Is this the same as an amd rx 580 8gb? Answer: No, the RX 580 has more compute units and usually a faster GPU core clock speed. The RX 580 is a better performing graphics card. Question 4: Has anyone installed this on an older fm2+ mobo? i have the msi a88x g45 board with the a10-7800. pcpartpicker said it should. anyone done this? Answer: This card is perfect for bottom of line motherboards. To make sure, go to userbenchmark and see if anyone else is running it. I have mine on an Asus 320m, which is absolutely bottom tier. Answer 2: I would say this will run well. I recently had to upgrade to another board and cpu, BUT I had the rx580 8gb on my fm2a75m-dgs. I loved it, but couldn’t get the full power from the card. Turning off shadows and any graphics that utilize more cpu power helps things for playing on a 4K tv. Question 5: So i got all my parts not to long ago. when built everything turned on but i got a no singal screen. the gpu light turns too. what should i do? Answer: Sorry you are having issues with the card. My install went without a hitch and I am pleased with the card overall. Your symptoms sound kinda vague and diagnosing the issue without hands on examination would be a fruitless task to take on. It could be many so things from something so simple as plugging into motherboard video ports instead of the ports on the video card all the way to a defective GPU. If you'er a Prime member I would suggest sending it back if it's within the Amazon Prime return period. I would then get another unit or a different RX 570 brand name (suggest MSI or Sapphire brands both are very good and not much more expensive). The Power Color 8GB version is even less expensive than the XFX but it's on par with XFX in quality. If that doesn't resolve the issue you may have problems with other parts of your system. Something to check is to see if the GPU is on your motherboard's compatibility list for GPU's. I think it's unlikely that that is the problem, but if all else fails perhaps it may be a contributing issue. Good Luck. Question 6: Is it normal for the fans not spinning at start up? Answer: no Answer from other Customer: This card waits until the temps get high enough before it brings the fans on (usually like 50c or so) Question 7: Can the blue LED above the power connector be disabled? Answer: You could put some paint, tape, or glue on it, but no light means no power. Question 8: What is the warranty on this card? Answer: The XFX website says the warranty is 3 years for manufacturers defects. Question 9: Is The Radeon RX 570 a 16 pcie? Answer: Yes Question 10: Will this card work with dell optiplex 9020 & 4 monitors plus run well on x-plane 11 and ms2020? i would like to buy two to run 6 or 7 monitors? Answer: This card is pretty bad on its own so id say if you wanna run alot of monitors id get a different gpu ( From a customer Point of View) Top 3 Best Reviews of the Radeon RX 570 by Customer on Amazon XFX Radeon RX 570 RS Edition 1286MHz, 8gb GDDR5, DX12 VR Ready, Dual BIOS, 3xDP HDMI DVI, AMD Graphics Card (RX-570P8DFD6) Amazon Customer Review 1: I have this paired with a GIGABYTE B360M DS3H Mobo, 8GB 2400 DDR4 ram, and believe it or not a pentium gold g5400, And a Samsung Evo 850 512gb SSD, alongside 2 1TB HDDs. This card does not disappoint it's f****** awesome, Fornite at 1920X1080 100 FPS in performance mode without overclocking. Apex legends in the menu 150 FPS in game highest 112 FPS when things get crowded about 70 it has dipped as low as 58 FPS but that's impressive with this buget GPU and Budget CPU. Dolphin emulator all GameCube games play perfect Mario sunshine in at 50 FPS other games look great like HD remasters!! such as Mario's brothers mansion. Brawl for Wii locked at 60 FPS in fullscreen. No errors in N64 or Wii/GC emulators. My favorite part with the software from amd it's super simple to keep track of CPU,GPU,RAM usage and load. The fans on this GPU may not spin at all unless the temp is at 60C or above so don't freak if the fans are not spinning with the AMD software in the performance section you can override 0 RPM and have fans spin at desired speed. Hope this helped! Read the full article

[vanessawestwcrtr5]

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”horizontal”,”showArrows”:true,”splitTitle”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”Subscribe”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKvc0WUB65GCvOTgPVJ9yRA?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:0,”start”:52,”end”:null,”thumb”:”https://d1ic4altzx8ueg.cloudfront.net/finder-au/wp-uploads/2018/10/Fred-Variant-9.jpg”,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:{“small”:”WATCH”,”large”:”MimbleWimble, Grin and Beam hype explained – will they change bitcoin? “}},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g29Uw8QifHtSvvdWuFtDmz6V”,”type”:”video”,”part”:”snippet,id,contentDetails”}},”banner”:true}

ETC kicked off the year-long 51% attack festival in style, and there’s plenty more where that came from.

2019 will be the year of the 51% attack, suggests David Vorick of Siacoin and Obelisk mining.

There are at least 10 reasons why.

1. Hashrate marketplaces

The ability to rent mining power from hashrate marketplaces, most notably Nicehash, will continue to make attacks easier.

This can be thought of as a great big pool of mining power which can be accessed on demand, because that’s exactly what it is.

Vorick puts it into perspective:

“Before hashrate marketplaces existed, attacking a cryptocurrency with 100,000 GPUs defending it more or less required owning 100,000 GPUs. Attacks of that scale would require many tens of millions of dollars to execute… After the development of hashrate marketplaces, the same 100,000 GPUs can be rented for several hours at a cost of just tens of thousands of dollars.”

2. More ASICs are being released

ASIC miners are high-powered mining machines, and they’re still being built.

As time passes you get more ASIC machines on the market. And 2018 has provided some very clear trails of cause and effect where the release of a new ASIC miner for a certain algorithm is followed by 51% attacks.

Of recent note, Vorick says, are ASICs for Ethash and Equihash.

Ethereum Classic recently got chewed up by a 51% attack amidst rumours of a new Ethash ASIC miner. Equihash ASICs delivered an even more abject lesson, with Bitcoin Gold, and ZenCash and Bitcoin Private (all Equihash) falling like dominos after the an Equihash ASIC hit the markets.

The main reason ASIC miners leave so many cryptocurrencies vulnerable isn’t just because miners use them to directly attack. Rather, it’s because they flood Nicehash with a lot more supply, which dramatically lowers the cost of renting that hashrate for that algorithm. The result is that an ASIC release almost instantly makes any coin of that algorithm much more vulnerable.

3. Too many forks and too much sharing of mining algorithms

Making your own mining algorithm is a lot of work. It’s much easier to just fork some other coin, or to re-use a mining algorithm you see elsewhere. There are no signs of this trend abating in 2019.

The most obvious reason this leads to 51% attacks is because it means around the same amount of hashing power is being shared between more coins, leaving each of them more vulnerable.

This is exacerbated with another more insidious vulnerability though, Vorick notes. Sharing mining algorithms causes additional breakdowns of “incentive compatibility.” This is the principle which says the incentives of individual participants are aligned with those of the network as a whole.

The idea is that a miner wouldn’t want to attack the cryptocurrency they’re mining because they risk damaging the value of their equipment and cryptocurrency. But when that same miner can use their gear to attack some other cryptocurrency, they don’t have that obstacle.

4. Attackers have gotten much more sophisticated

The cryptocurrency boom of late 2017 saw a lot of people pay attention to the industry for the first time, and 2018 was highly educational for a lot of people. In other words there are more people with the skills to carry out a 51% attack today than there were a year ago. This literally means there are more 51% attackers looking for targets now.

At the same time, more skilled attackers can turn a profit where a less skilled attacker can’t.

Although they’re commonly known as “double spend” attacks, Vorick notes that on the more sophisticated end they might also be a triple or quadruple spend attack.

5. Mining farms keep getting larger

Economies of scale rule the mining industry, so mining farms just get bigger and bigger. And with their economies of scale, they’re also the most likely to survive downturns.

There are now many farms with over 10,000 mining machines, a handful with over 100,000 machines and at least one with well over 500,000 units.

Correspondingly, this means that if your cryptocurrency has fewer than 10,000 machines working on it it can be trivially and single-handedly knocked over by a of mining farms. If it has fewer than half a million machines working on it, it’s still vulnerable.

6. The bear market slashed hardware prices

Falling cryptocurrency prices have made video cards a lot more affordable. That’s good news for gamers and attackers alike. It’s also made ASIC miners more affordable, and every mining firm that goes out of business means another new fire sale on mining gear.

At the same time there are a lot of newly cash-strapped companies with hashrate to spare and every reason to launch a 51% attack where possible.

As cryptocurrency prices fall it’s gotten much easier to launch a 51% attack.

7. The bear market slashed cryptocurrency prices

Miner block rewards determine how much hashrate their networks can support. These are a combination of programmed tokenomics (3 tokens per block every 10 minutes on average – that kind of thing) and crypto prices.

If crypto prices fall too much a network can’t support as many miners, and so its hashrate will fall and its security will be weakened.

A cryptocurrency’s prices must match its miner block rewards. If there’s a mismatch or a coin’s prices suddenly drop too far, a cryptocurrency may suddenly became vulnerable.

8. It’s easier to short crypto markets

As the cryptocurrency trading and exchange scene continued to grow in 2018, it presented a lot more opportunities to short a much wider range of cryptos. This presents a new way of profiting from a 51% attack.

It also presents some new opportunities to use hashrate for things other than 51% attacks. With variations such as empty block mining or selfish mining you don’t need a full 51% of a network’s hashrate to detrimentally impact it. This makes more coins vulnerable to more attacks, and creates further incentives to go for these types of attacks.

9. More exchanges, more targets

Cryptocurrency exchanges might have proliferated rather than declined in 2018, and more exchanges means more money and more targets for double spends in 51% attacks.

This not only presents more opportunities for low hanging fruit in exchanges with inadequate confirmation requirements, but can also make it easier for an attacker to triple, quadruple, etc, their spend by hitting multiple exchanges simultaneously.

10. Because it’s now 2019

2018 was the year of 51% attacks, but now it’s 2019 and it’s still the year of 51% attacks. Plus, the Ethereum Classic attack and subsequent refund drama ushered in the new year with a real bang that’s going to be hard to beat.

Dash is looking mighty vulnerable though.

A single entity has controlled more than 51% of Dash’s hashrate for a bit over 6 months now. And coincidentally, one mining pool took 51% control of ETC about 6 months before it was struck by a 51% attack.

Disclosure: At the time of writing the author holds ETH

Disclaimer: This information should not be interpreted as an endorsement of cryptocurrency or any specific provider, service or offering. It is not a recommendation to trade. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks – they are highly volatile and sensitive to secondary activity. Performance is unpredictable and past performance is no guarantee of future performance. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service (including its legal status and relevant regulatory requirements) and consult the relevant Regulators’ websites before making any decision. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.

Crypto explained

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”vertical”,”showArrows”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”SUBSCRIBE”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/cryptofinder?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:null,”start”:0,”end”:null,”thumb”:””,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:null},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g28gehvPkL1VDHlNXR7zksYB”}}}

Latest cryptocurrency news

Picture: Shutterstock

Source link http://bit.ly/2RGGLPU

[courtneyvbrooks87]

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”horizontal”,”showArrows”:true,”splitTitle”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”Subscribe”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKvc0WUB65GCvOTgPVJ9yRA?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:0,”start”:52,”end”:null,”thumb”:”https://d1ic4altzx8ueg.cloudfront.net/finder-au/wp-uploads/2018/10/Fred-Variant-9.jpg”,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:{“small”:”WATCH”,”large”:”MimbleWimble, Grin and Beam hype explained – will they change bitcoin? “}},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g29Uw8QifHtSvvdWuFtDmz6V”,”type”:”video”,”part”:”snippet,id,contentDetails”}},”banner”:true}

ETC kicked off the year-long 51% attack festival in style, and there’s plenty more where that came from.

2019 will be the year of the 51% attack, suggests David Vorick of Siacoin and Obelisk mining.

There are at least 10 reasons why.

1. Hashrate marketplaces

The ability to rent mining power from hashrate marketplaces, most notably Nicehash, will continue to make attacks easier.

This can be thought of as a great big pool of mining power which can be accessed on demand, because that’s exactly what it is.

Vorick puts it into perspective:

“Before hashrate marketplaces existed, attacking a cryptocurrency with 100,000 GPUs defending it more or less required owning 100,000 GPUs. Attacks of that scale would require many tens of millions of dollars to execute… After the development of hashrate marketplaces, the same 100,000 GPUs can be rented for several hours at a cost of just tens of thousands of dollars.”

2. More ASICs are being released

ASIC miners are high-powered mining machines, and they’re still being built.

As time passes you get more ASIC machines on the market. And 2018 has provided some very clear trails of cause and effect where the release of a new ASIC miner for a certain algorithm is followed by 51% attacks.

Of recent note, Vorick says, are ASICs for Ethash and Equihash.

Ethereum Classic recently got chewed up by a 51% attack amidst rumours of a new Ethash ASIC miner. Equihash ASICs delivered an even more abject lesson, with Bitcoin Gold, and ZenCash and Bitcoin Private (all Equihash) falling like dominos after the an Equihash ASIC hit the markets.

The main reason ASIC miners leave so many cryptocurrencies vulnerable isn’t just because miners use them to directly attack. Rather, it’s because they flood Nicehash with a lot more supply, which dramatically lowers the cost of renting that hashrate for that algorithm. The result is that an ASIC release almost instantly makes any coin of that algorithm much more vulnerable.

3. Too many forks and too much sharing of mining algorithms

Making your own mining algorithm is a lot of work. It’s much easier to just fork some other coin, or to re-use a mining algorithm you see elsewhere. There are no signs of this trend abating in 2019.

The most obvious reason this leads to 51% attacks is because it means around the same amount of hashing power is being shared between more coins, leaving each of them more vulnerable.

This is exacerbated with another more insidious vulnerability though, Vorick notes. Sharing mining algorithms causes additional breakdowns of “incentive compatibility.” This is the principle which says the incentives of individual participants are aligned with those of the network as a whole.

The idea is that a miner wouldn’t want to attack the cryptocurrency they’re mining because they risk damaging the value of their equipment and cryptocurrency. But when that same miner can use their gear to attack some other cryptocurrency, they don’t have that obstacle.

4. Attackers have gotten much more sophisticated

The cryptocurrency boom of late 2017 saw a lot of people pay attention to the industry for the first time, and 2018 was highly educational for a lot of people. In other words there are more people with the skills to carry out a 51% attack today than there were a year ago. This literally means there are more 51% attackers looking for targets now.

At the same time, more skilled attackers can turn a profit where a less skilled attacker can’t.

Although they’re commonly known as “double spend” attacks, Vorick notes that on the more sophisticated end they might also be a triple or quadruple spend attack.

5. Mining farms keep getting larger

Economies of scale rule the mining industry, so mining farms just get bigger and bigger. And with their economies of scale, they’re also the most likely to survive downturns.

There are now many farms with over 10,000 mining machines, a handful with over 100,000 machines and at least one with well over 500,000 units.

Correspondingly, this means that if your cryptocurrency has fewer than 10,000 machines working on it it can be trivially and single-handedly knocked over by a of mining farms. If it has fewer than half a million machines working on it, it’s still vulnerable.

6. The bear market slashed hardware prices

Falling cryptocurrency prices have made video cards a lot more affordable. That’s good news for gamers and attackers alike. It’s also made ASIC miners more affordable, and every mining firm that goes out of business means another new fire sale on mining gear.

At the same time there are a lot of newly cash-strapped companies with hashrate to spare and every reason to launch a 51% attack where possible.

As cryptocurrency prices fall it’s gotten much easier to launch a 51% attack.

7. The bear market slashed cryptocurrency prices

Miner block rewards determine how much hashrate their networks can support. These are a combination of programmed tokenomics (3 tokens per block every 10 minutes on average – that kind of thing) and crypto prices.

If crypto prices fall too much a network can’t support as many miners, and so its hashrate will fall and its security will be weakened.

A cryptocurrency’s prices must match its miner block rewards. If there’s a mismatch or a coin’s prices suddenly drop too far, a cryptocurrency may suddenly became vulnerable.

8. It’s easier to short crypto markets

As the cryptocurrency trading and exchange scene continued to grow in 2018, it presented a lot more opportunities to short a much wider range of cryptos. This presents a new way of profiting from a 51% attack.

It also presents some new opportunities to use hashrate for things other than 51% attacks. With variations such as empty block mining or selfish mining you don’t need a full 51% of a network’s hashrate to detrimentally impact it. This makes more coins vulnerable to more attacks, and creates further incentives to go for these types of attacks.

9. More exchanges, more targets

Cryptocurrency exchanges might have proliferated rather than declined in 2018, and more exchanges means more money and more targets for double spends in 51% attacks.

This not only presents more opportunities for low hanging fruit in exchanges with inadequate confirmation requirements, but can also make it easier for an attacker to triple, quadruple, etc, their spend by hitting multiple exchanges simultaneously.

10. Because it’s now 2019

2018 was the year of 51% attacks, but now it’s 2019 and it’s still the year of 51% attacks. Plus, the Ethereum Classic attack and subsequent refund drama ushered in the new year with a real bang that’s going to be hard to beat.

Dash is looking mighty vulnerable though.

A single entity has controlled more than 51% of Dash’s hashrate for a bit over 6 months now. And coincidentally, one mining pool took 51% control of ETC about 6 months before it was struck by a 51% attack.

Disclosure: At the time of writing the author holds ETH

Disclaimer: This information should not be interpreted as an endorsement of cryptocurrency or any specific provider, service or offering. It is not a recommendation to trade. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks – they are highly volatile and sensitive to secondary activity. Performance is unpredictable and past performance is no guarantee of future performance. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service (including its legal status and relevant regulatory requirements) and consult the relevant Regulators’ websites before making any decision. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.

Crypto explained

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”vertical”,”showArrows”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”SUBSCRIBE”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/cryptofinder?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:null,”start”:0,”end”:null,”thumb”:””,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:null},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g28gehvPkL1VDHlNXR7zksYB”}}}

Latest cryptocurrency news

Picture: Shutterstock

Source link http://bit.ly/2RGGLPU

[teiraymondmccoy78]

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”horizontal”,”showArrows”:true,”splitTitle”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”Subscribe”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKvc0WUB65GCvOTgPVJ9yRA?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:0,”start”:52,”end”:null,”thumb”:”https://d1ic4altzx8ueg.cloudfront.net/finder-au/wp-uploads/2018/10/Fred-Variant-9.jpg”,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:{“small”:”WATCH”,”large”:”MimbleWimble, Grin and Beam hype explained – will they change bitcoin? “}},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g29Uw8QifHtSvvdWuFtDmz6V”,”type”:”video”,”part”:”snippet,id,contentDetails”}},”banner”:true}

ETC kicked off the year-long 51% attack festival in style, and there’s plenty more where that came from.

2019 will be the year of the 51% attack, suggests David Vorick of Siacoin and Obelisk mining.

There are at least 10 reasons why.

1. Hashrate marketplaces

The ability to rent mining power from hashrate marketplaces, most notably Nicehash, will continue to make attacks easier.

This can be thought of as a great big pool of mining power which can be accessed on demand, because that’s exactly what it is.

Vorick puts it into perspective:

“Before hashrate marketplaces existed, attacking a cryptocurrency with 100,000 GPUs defending it more or less required owning 100,000 GPUs. Attacks of that scale would require many tens of millions of dollars to execute… After the development of hashrate marketplaces, the same 100,000 GPUs can be rented for several hours at a cost of just tens of thousands of dollars.”

2. More ASICs are being released

ASIC miners are high-powered mining machines, and they’re still being built.

As time passes you get more ASIC machines on the market. And 2018 has provided some very clear trails of cause and effect where the release of a new ASIC miner for a certain algorithm is followed by 51% attacks.

Of recent note, Vorick says, are ASICs for Ethash and Equihash.

Ethereum Classic recently got chewed up by a 51% attack amidst rumours of a new Ethash ASIC miner. Equihash ASICs delivered an even more abject lesson, with Bitcoin Gold, and ZenCash and Bitcoin Private (all Equihash) falling like dominos after the an Equihash ASIC hit the markets.

The main reason ASIC miners leave so many cryptocurrencies vulnerable isn’t just because miners use them to directly attack. Rather, it’s because they flood Nicehash with a lot more supply, which dramatically lowers the cost of renting that hashrate for that algorithm. The result is that an ASIC release almost instantly makes any coin of that algorithm much more vulnerable.

3. Too many forks and too much sharing of mining algorithms

Making your own mining algorithm is a lot of work. It’s much easier to just fork some other coin, or to re-use a mining algorithm you see elsewhere. There are no signs of this trend abating in 2019.

The most obvious reason this leads to 51% attacks is because it means around the same amount of hashing power is being shared between more coins, leaving each of them more vulnerable.

This is exacerbated with another more insidious vulnerability though, Vorick notes. Sharing mining algorithms causes additional breakdowns of “incentive compatibility.” This is the principle which says the incentives of individual participants are aligned with those of the network as a whole.

The idea is that a miner wouldn’t want to attack the cryptocurrency they’re mining because they risk damaging the value of their equipment and cryptocurrency. But when that same miner can use their gear to attack some other cryptocurrency, they don’t have that obstacle.

4. Attackers have gotten much more sophisticated

The cryptocurrency boom of late 2017 saw a lot of people pay attention to the industry for the first time, and 2018 was highly educational for a lot of people. In other words there are more people with the skills to carry out a 51% attack today than there were a year ago. This literally means there are more 51% attackers looking for targets now.

At the same time, more skilled attackers can turn a profit where a less skilled attacker can’t.

Although they’re commonly known as “double spend” attacks, Vorick notes that on the more sophisticated end they might also be a triple or quadruple spend attack.

5. Mining farms keep getting larger

Economies of scale rule the mining industry, so mining farms just get bigger and bigger. And with their economies of scale, they’re also the most likely to survive downturns.

There are now many farms with over 10,000 mining machines, a handful with over 100,000 machines and at least one with well over 500,000 units.

Correspondingly, this means that if your cryptocurrency has fewer than 10,000 machines working on it it can be trivially and single-handedly knocked over by a of mining farms. If it has fewer than half a million machines working on it, it’s still vulnerable.

6. The bear market slashed hardware prices

Falling cryptocurrency prices have made video cards a lot more affordable. That’s good news for gamers and attackers alike. It’s also made ASIC miners more affordable, and every mining firm that goes out of business means another new fire sale on mining gear.

At the same time there are a lot of newly cash-strapped companies with hashrate to spare and every reason to launch a 51% attack where possible.

As cryptocurrency prices fall it’s gotten much easier to launch a 51% attack.

7. The bear market slashed cryptocurrency prices

Miner block rewards determine how much hashrate their networks can support. These are a combination of programmed tokenomics (3 tokens per block every 10 minutes on average – that kind of thing) and crypto prices.

If crypto prices fall too much a network can’t support as many miners, and so its hashrate will fall and its security will be weakened.

A cryptocurrency’s prices must match its miner block rewards. If there’s a mismatch or a coin’s prices suddenly drop too far, a cryptocurrency may suddenly became vulnerable.

8. It’s easier to short crypto markets

As the cryptocurrency trading and exchange scene continued to grow in 2018, it presented a lot more opportunities to short a much wider range of cryptos. This presents a new way of profiting from a 51% attack.

It also presents some new opportunities to use hashrate for things other than 51% attacks. With variations such as empty block mining or selfish mining you don’t need a full 51% of a network’s hashrate to detrimentally impact it. This makes more coins vulnerable to more attacks, and creates further incentives to go for these types of attacks.

9. More exchanges, more targets

Cryptocurrency exchanges might have proliferated rather than declined in 2018, and more exchanges means more money and more targets for double spends in 51% attacks.

This not only presents more opportunities for low hanging fruit in exchanges with inadequate confirmation requirements, but can also make it easier for an attacker to triple, quadruple, etc, their spend by hitting multiple exchanges simultaneously.

10. Because it’s now 2019

2018 was the year of 51% attacks, but now it’s 2019 and it’s still the year of 51% attacks. Plus, the Ethereum Classic attack and subsequent refund drama ushered in the new year with a real bang that’s going to be hard to beat.

Dash is looking mighty vulnerable though.

A single entity has controlled more than 51% of Dash’s hashrate for a bit over 6 months now. And coincidentally, one mining pool took 51% control of ETC about 6 months before it was struck by a 51% attack.

Disclosure: At the time of writing the author holds ETH

Disclaimer: This information should not be interpreted as an endorsement of cryptocurrency or any specific provider, service or offering. It is not a recommendation to trade. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks – they are highly volatile and sensitive to secondary activity. Performance is unpredictable and past performance is no guarantee of future performance. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service (including its legal status and relevant regulatory requirements) and consult the relevant Regulators’ websites before making any decision. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.

Crypto explained

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”vertical”,”showArrows”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”SUBSCRIBE”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/cryptofinder?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:null,”start”:0,”end”:null,”thumb”:””,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:null},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g28gehvPkL1VDHlNXR7zksYB”}}}

Latest cryptocurrency news

Picture: Shutterstock

Source link http://bit.ly/2RGGLPU

[mccartneynathxzw83]

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

10 reasons why 2019 is the year of the cryptocurrency 51% attack

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”horizontal”,”showArrows”:true,”splitTitle”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”Subscribe”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKvc0WUB65GCvOTgPVJ9yRA?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:0,”start”:52,”end”:null,”thumb”:”https://d1ic4altzx8ueg.cloudfront.net/finder-au/wp-uploads/2018/10/Fred-Variant-9.jpg”,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:{“small”:”WATCH”,”large”:”MimbleWimble, Grin and Beam hype explained – will they change bitcoin? “}},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g29Uw8QifHtSvvdWuFtDmz6V”,”type”:”video”,”part”:”snippet,id,contentDetails”}},”banner”:true}

ETC kicked off the year-long 51% attack festival in style, and there’s plenty more where that came from.

2019 will be the year of the 51% attack, suggests David Vorick of Siacoin and Obelisk mining.

There are at least 10 reasons why.

1. Hashrate marketplaces

The ability to rent mining power from hashrate marketplaces, most notably Nicehash, will continue to make attacks easier.

This can be thought of as a great big pool of mining power which can be accessed on demand, because that’s exactly what it is.

Vorick puts it into perspective:

“Before hashrate marketplaces existed, attacking a cryptocurrency with 100,000 GPUs defending it more or less required owning 100,000 GPUs. Attacks of that scale would require many tens of millions of dollars to execute… After the development of hashrate marketplaces, the same 100,000 GPUs can be rented for several hours at a cost of just tens of thousands of dollars.”

2. More ASICs are being released

ASIC miners are high-powered mining machines, and they’re still being built.

As time passes you get more ASIC machines on the market. And 2018 has provided some very clear trails of cause and effect where the release of a new ASIC miner for a certain algorithm is followed by 51% attacks.

Of recent note, Vorick says, are ASICs for Ethash and Equihash.

Ethereum Classic recently got chewed up by a 51% attack amidst rumours of a new Ethash ASIC miner. Equihash ASICs delivered an even more abject lesson, with Bitcoin Gold, and ZenCash and Bitcoin Private (all Equihash) falling like dominos after the an Equihash ASIC hit the markets.

The main reason ASIC miners leave so many cryptocurrencies vulnerable isn’t just because miners use them to directly attack. Rather, it’s because they flood Nicehash with a lot more supply, which dramatically lowers the cost of renting that hashrate for that algorithm. The result is that an ASIC release almost instantly makes any coin of that algorithm much more vulnerable.

3. Too many forks and too much sharing of mining algorithms

Making your own mining algorithm is a lot of work. It’s much easier to just fork some other coin, or to re-use a mining algorithm you see elsewhere. There are no signs of this trend abating in 2019.

The most obvious reason this leads to 51% attacks is because it means around the same amount of hashing power is being shared between more coins, leaving each of them more vulnerable.

This is exacerbated with another more insidious vulnerability though, Vorick notes. Sharing mining algorithms causes additional breakdowns of “incentive compatibility.” This is the principle which says the incentives of individual participants are aligned with those of the network as a whole.

The idea is that a miner wouldn’t want to attack the cryptocurrency they’re mining because they risk damaging the value of their equipment and cryptocurrency. But when that same miner can use their gear to attack some other cryptocurrency, they don’t have that obstacle.

4. Attackers have gotten much more sophisticated

The cryptocurrency boom of late 2017 saw a lot of people pay attention to the industry for the first time, and 2018 was highly educational for a lot of people. In other words there are more people with the skills to carry out a 51% attack today than there were a year ago. This literally means there are more 51% attackers looking for targets now.

At the same time, more skilled attackers can turn a profit where a less skilled attacker can’t.

Although they’re commonly known as “double spend” attacks, Vorick notes that on the more sophisticated end they might also be a triple or quadruple spend attack.

5. Mining farms keep getting larger

Economies of scale rule the mining industry, so mining farms just get bigger and bigger. And with their economies of scale, they’re also the most likely to survive downturns.

There are now many farms with over 10,000 mining machines, a handful with over 100,000 machines and at least one with well over 500,000 units.

Correspondingly, this means that if your cryptocurrency has fewer than 10,000 machines working on it it can be trivially and single-handedly knocked over by a of mining farms. If it has fewer than half a million machines working on it, it’s still vulnerable.

6. The bear market slashed hardware prices

Falling cryptocurrency prices have made video cards a lot more affordable. That’s good news for gamers and attackers alike. It’s also made ASIC miners more affordable, and every mining firm that goes out of business means another new fire sale on mining gear.

At the same time there are a lot of newly cash-strapped companies with hashrate to spare and every reason to launch a 51% attack where possible.

As cryptocurrency prices fall it’s gotten much easier to launch a 51% attack.

7. The bear market slashed cryptocurrency prices

Miner block rewards determine how much hashrate their networks can support. These are a combination of programmed tokenomics (3 tokens per block every 10 minutes on average – that kind of thing) and crypto prices.

If crypto prices fall too much a network can’t support as many miners, and so its hashrate will fall and its security will be weakened.

A cryptocurrency’s prices must match its miner block rewards. If there’s a mismatch or a coin’s prices suddenly drop too far, a cryptocurrency may suddenly became vulnerable.

8. It’s easier to short crypto markets

As the cryptocurrency trading and exchange scene continued to grow in 2018, it presented a lot more opportunities to short a much wider range of cryptos. This presents a new way of profiting from a 51% attack.

It also presents some new opportunities to use hashrate for things other than 51% attacks. With variations such as empty block mining or selfish mining you don’t need a full 51% of a network’s hashrate to detrimentally impact it. This makes more coins vulnerable to more attacks, and creates further incentives to go for these types of attacks.

9. More exchanges, more targets

Cryptocurrency exchanges might have proliferated rather than declined in 2018, and more exchanges means more money and more targets for double spends in 51% attacks.

This not only presents more opportunities for low hanging fruit in exchanges with inadequate confirmation requirements, but can also make it easier for an attacker to triple, quadruple, etc, their spend by hitting multiple exchanges simultaneously.

10. Because it’s now 2019

2018 was the year of 51% attacks, but now it’s 2019 and it’s still the year of 51% attacks. Plus, the Ethereum Classic attack and subsequent refund drama ushered in the new year with a real bang that’s going to be hard to beat.

Dash is looking mighty vulnerable though.

A single entity has controlled more than 51% of Dash’s hashrate for a bit over 6 months now. And coincidentally, one mining pool took 51% control of ETC about 6 months before it was struck by a 51% attack.

Disclosure: At the time of writing the author holds ETH

Disclaimer: This information should not be interpreted as an endorsement of cryptocurrency or any specific provider, service or offering. It is not a recommendation to trade. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks – they are highly volatile and sensitive to secondary activity. Performance is unpredictable and past performance is no guarantee of future performance. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service (including its legal status and relevant regulatory requirements) and consult the relevant Regulators’ websites before making any decision. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.

Crypto explained

{“theme”:”dark”,”direction”:”vertical”,”showArrows”:true,”playerOptions”:{“captions”:true,”popupOnScroll”:true,”subscribe”:{“title”:”SUBSCRIBE”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/cryptofinder?sub_confirmation=1″,”visibleOnMain”:true,”visibleOnPopup”:true}},”active”:{“index”:null,”start”:0,”end”:null,”thumb”:””,”thumbAnimation”:”kenburns-top-right”,”heading”:null},”yt”:{“method”:”playlistItems”,”params”:{“playlistId”:”PLUrt4pAH4g28gehvPkL1VDHlNXR7zksYB”}}}

Latest cryptocurrency news

Picture: Shutterstock

Source link http://bit.ly/2RGGLPU