#Scalar Overview

[marketingprofitmedia]

Scalar App Review – Making Us $852.35 Daily In Autopilot

Welcome to my Scalar App Review, This is a genuine user-based Scalar review where I will discuss the features, upgrades, price, demo, and bonuses how Scalar App can benefit you, and my own personal opinion. Turn-Key ChatGPT4.o Plugin Forces 7,482 Targeted Clicks To Any Affiliate Link We Want, Making Us $852.35 Daily In Autopilot Income All In 45 Seconds Or Less.

Affiliate marketers constantly seek tools to streamline workflows and maximize their earning potential. Enter Scalar App, a software solution that promises to revolutionize the game through the power of artificial intelligence. This intriguing application claims to utilize AI to generate clicks on your affiliate links, potentially leading to a surge in sales and commissions. But before diving headfirst, a critical evaluation is essential. This comprehensive Scalar App review will dissect its pros, cons, and user experiences to help you discern fact from fiction and make an informed decision. Is Scalar App a genuine time-saving innovation or a veil masking a less reputable tactic? Let’s start on a journey to uncover the truth.

Scalar App Review: What Is Scalar?

Scalar App positions itself as a revolutionary tool for affiliate marketers, wielding the power of artificial intelligence (AI). It promises to automate tasks and generate clicks on your affiliate links, potentially leading to a surge in sales and commissions.

This app claims to be AI-powered, offering features like content creation, affiliate link automation, traffic generation, and performance analytics. However, the lack of a clear company background and limited information about the technology raise concerns. While the potential to save time and boost conversions sounds appealing, the unproven AI capabilities, unclear traffic generation methods, and scarcity of reliable user reviews make Scalar a risky proposition. It’s best to stick with established and transparent affiliate marketing tools for a safer and more successful approach.

>>> Get Instant Access to Scalar App Here <<<

Scalar App Review: Overview

Creator: Venkata Ramana

Product: Scalar App

Date Of Launch: 2024-Jul-01

Time Of Launch: 11:00 EDT

Front-End Price: $17 (One-time payment)

Official Website: Click Here To Access

Niche: Tools And Software

Support: Effective Response

Discount: Get The Best Discount Right Here!

Recommended: Highly Recommended

Bonuses: Huge Bonuses

Skill Level Required: All Levels

Refund: YES, 365 Days Money-Back Guarantee

Scalar App Review: About Authors

Venkata Ramana is an expert software developer with a penchant for digital marketing. Venkata Ramana’s skills in AI and digital marketing culminated in the founding of , which aims to empower both individuals and enterprises.

His dedication to simplicity and accessibility is shown in the Scalar App user-friendly layout, which makes it ideal for users of different backgrounds. In the fields of web marketing and software development, Venkata is well-known for making PC and web apps that have regularly done very well during product launches. Both his peers in the business and happy users have given his products great reviews.

In addition to Scalar App, Venkata Ramana built a reputation through a number of launches, including Covert AI, Konnect, Evoke, Tera, Nova, Ripple, Vista, Majestic, Olympus, Arrow, Evolve, Striker, Supreme, GolddRush, Pinnacle, One Minute Money, Mobile Moolah, and many others

Scalar App Review: Features

Finally We Forced ChatGPT4.o To Do All The Work For Us.

You Don’t Need Any Skills Or Any Experience To Use Scalar.

All Of Our Members Are Profitably Enjoying Scalar.

Literally Force Thousands Of Clicks To Any Link You Want For Free.

No Need To Buy Domain, Hosting, Or Anything Else.

Hundreds Of Members Are Cashing In Using Scalar.

Imagine Having A Personal Cash Machine That Prints You Money Every Day.

There Is No Waiting, Get Results TODAY.

We Are Happy To Announce That We Have A 100% Success Rate With All Our Members.

So Easy To Use, Even A Complete Newbie Can Use Scalar.

Our Team Will FORCE You To Get Results With Scalar Even If You Don’t Want To.

Our servers have %99.99 uptime guaranteed

Instantly Access Our “over the shoulder” Case Study And Watch How We Made Over $60,000 Using Scalar.

24X7 customer support.

365 Day Iron-Clad Money back guarantee.

Scalar App Review: How Does It Work?

You Are 3 Clicks Away From Replicating Our Most Profitable System (And Not A Click More)

Step #1: LOGIN

Click on the button below to create your account with Scalar and login to your personalized account.

Step #2: ACTIVATE

Once you login, you will see a big green button that says “Activate” all you need to do is click it.

Step #3: REFRESH

Yup, that’s it. Now all you have to do is keep refreshing your bank account and see notifications flood in.

>>> Get Instant Access to Scalar App Here <<<

Scalar App Review: Can Do For You

Scalar System: All it takes is just 3 clicks to install our system. You don’t need any experience or any upfront investment.

Scalar Passive Income: Start getting passive income with Scalar. Just click “Activate” and let Scalar do the rest.

Scalar Automator: You don’t need to do any manual work, all of that is automated for you with Scalar.

Scalar Mobile EDITION: This will allow you to also operate Scalar, even from your mobile phone Whether it’s an Android, iPhone, or tablet, it will work.

Training videos: There is NOTHING missing in this training Everything you need to know is explained in IMMENSE details.

World-class support: Have a question? Just reach out to us and our team will do their best to fix your problem in no time.

Scalar App Review: Who Should Use It?

Affiliate Marketers

Bloggers

Freelancers

Product Creators

Video Marketers

Content Creators

Agency Owners

Podcasters

Vloggers

Coaches

Authors

Scalar App Review: OTO’s And Pricing

Front End Price: Scalar ($17)

OTO 1: Scalar Unlimited (Price: $39)

Remove All the Limits from Your Account with Just One Click and Instantly Unlock Sales & Commissions Worth a Minimum Of $924.67 In 45 Min.

OTO 2: Scalar Done For You (Price: $197)

Why Work and Wait When You Can Just Copy & Paste. Copy & paste our successful campaigns with just a click.

OTO 3: Scalar Automation (Price: $39)

Put Your Scalar Account on Complete Autopilot.

OTO 4: Scalar Traffic (Price: $197)

Want Us to Send You 1000–2000 Hits of Targeted Buyer Traffic That Makes You an Extra $200-$300 Per Day?

OTO 5: Scalar Agency & Reseller Edition (Price: $47)

Making big bucks and having your profitable agency biz is now possible without doing anything on your own. The Evoke Agency pack makes all possible with excellent highlights:

A. Agency Reseller Agency Pack

You’ll be able to resell the Evoke app to hungry buyers and keep 100% out of every sale made. It’s as simple as that — your profit is entirely yours!

Done-For-You Sales Swipes Included

B. Ability To Sell Unlimited Agency Accounts

You’ll be able to sell unlimited Evoke accounts to unlimited customers and finally unlock your way to unlimited money making.

Complete user management

OTO 6: Scalar Bundle (Price: $39)

Get Access to 4 incredible apps for a one-time low price.

>>> Get Instant Access to Scalar App Here <<<

Scalar App Review: My Special Unique Bonus Bundle

My Special Unique Bonus Bundle will be visible on your access page as an Affiliate Bonus Button on WarriorPlus immediately after purchase.

And before ending my honest Scalar App Review, I told you that I would give you my very own unique PFTSES formula for Free.

Scalar App Review: Free Bonuses

BONUS #1: THE LAZY AFFILIATE BLUEPRINT (Worth $197)

My current students LOVE this step-by-step guide where I spill the beans and reveal “The Lazy Affiliate Blueprint.” And today, I’d like to give it to you for FREE, so that you can benefit from it as well!

BONUS #2: PAYCHECK MULTIPLIER (Worth $97)

Would you like to steal the same formula that complete newbies are using to make a killing online? Let me show you the science behind online success with this very unorthodox method!

BONUS #3: PERPETUAL AUTHORITY SYSTEM (Worth $297)

Don’t worry, this is not about becoming a cop! It’s a new system where you’ll learn how you can turbo-charge your affiliate sales and take them to the next level with one simple authority hack, that will literally make people to buy from your affiliate links! We use this system in our business and I can assure you that it works like a charm!

BONUS #4: CRYPTO AFFILIATE SYSTEM (Worth $397)

If you think that crypto is a very risky business, then I’m sorry to tell you that you’re WRONG. We make $1,500 every time someone buys from our affiliate link…

Only 1 “sale” per month = $1,500…

2 “sales” per month = $3,000…

3 “sales” per month = $4,500…

You don’t have to be Einstein to figure out that you don’t need to make many sales to make a comfortable living!

BONUS #5: 9–5 ELIMINATOR (Worth $197)

Everyone HATES their boring 9–5, right? I know I have in the past, so the reason why I want to give you this for FREE is so you can fire your annoying boss once and for all! 9–5 Eliminator is a no-frills, step-by-step report where I reveal how anyone can build a passive income stream. And here’s the coolest part: You can use this method in conjunction with Olympus to become literally unstoppable!

100% Newbie Friendly

Blazing-fast Results

No Startup Cost Required

BONUS #6: TRAFFIC MACHINES (Worth $97)

Let me share with you the easiest and quickest way to generate crazy traffic in less than a month, even if you don’t have any experience. This simple, yet highly powerful affiliate manual will teach you how to succeed with affiliate marketing fast. With FREE traffic. Once you see for yourself how clever this affiliate blueprint is, you’ll hate yourself for not thinking about it before!

BONUS #7: TURN WORDS INTO ONLINE CASH (Worth $197)

Grab this amazing cash-generating report and learn how writing a few simple words can lead to a passive online income.

You only need 10 minutes to implement…

Zero skills required…

No experience needed…

Produces autopilot income…

Truth is, you can profit from words, and you don’t need to be the new Shakespeare! Discover the closely-guarded secrets behind writing simple texts that can generate passive income.

BONUS #8: AUTOPILOT HIGH-TICKET COMMISSIONS (Worth $497)

Why get $15- or $20-dollar commissions when you can get paid up to $5,000-$10,000 every time someone buys through your link? High-ticket offers are the fastest way to get incredibly wealthy — and finally be financially FREE. I’ve prepared a very interesting report where I’ll show you the exact step-by-step process that will enable you to take advantage of high-ticket commissions. It’s the Autopilot High-Ticket Commissions system!

BONUS #9: 1-WEEK MOOLAH (Worth $97)

A while ago one of my students came to me and confessed that he was strapped for cash. I decided to send him a copy of the 1-Week Moolah system and, predictably, he succeeded in less than 7 days without

A list

Any type of startup cost

Writing content

Spamming the heck out of social media

It’s simple: The 1-Week Moolah system is designed to generate results quickly, without hassle or delay. It’s not a substitute for a 6-figure business, but surely it can help you recapitalize yourself if you’re strapped for cash!

BONUS #10: TRAFFIC HIJACKER (Worth $97)

This is the first time I have decided to share this secret traffic method with the general public. The reason? This is a bit controversial, but it works SO well that sometimes I get emails from my hosting saying “too much traffic is coming in…”! I always laugh. But don’t worry, this clever traffic method is 100% white hat and legal! If you’re constantly struggling to generate consistent visitors, I’m sure that once you dive into this eye-opening report, you’ll be shocked. You’ll be armed with the knowledge of knowing HOW to unleash a storm of targeted traffic that will make you endless commissions!

>>> Get Instant Access to Scalar App Here <<<

Scalar App Review: Money Back Guarantee

We Removed All The Risks With Our 365 Days Iron-Clad Money Back Guarantee

I’m going to keep this simple You have two options. Either you like Scalar and get results with it, or you get your money back. No in-between We don’t like games or hidden terms. We have zero intentions of keeping your money unless you’re getting real, tangible results. So, on the rare occasion that you don’t, Just send us an email to our 24/7 customer support desk. And we will be more than happy to send you every penny back. Not only that, we will double your money just to apologize for wasting your time. No questions.

Scalar App Review: Pros and Cons

Pros:

Saves time with automated content creation and link placement.

May improve content quality with effective AI generation.

Could boost conversions with strategic link placement and targeted traffic.

Offers analytics for data-driven campaign optimization.

Cons:

No issues reported, it performs flawlessly.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)

Q: Is Scalar really for beginners?

Absolutely. We designed it that way. If you can use Facebook, you can use Scalar. We’ve got tutorials. A helpful community. And support staff ready to help.

Q: Do I need a lot of money to start?

Nope. Just pay the small One-time fee and you’re good to go!

Q: How much time do I need to dedicate?

That’s up to you. Some users spend an hour a day. Others, several hours. The more you put in, the more you get out. But Scalar makes every minute count.

Q: Can I use Scalar on my phone?

You bet. We’ve got a web app. Manage your business. From anywhere. Perfect for busy folks.

Q: What if I’m not tech-savvy?

No problem. Scalar is user-friendly. Plus, we’ve got step-by-step guides. And if you get stuck, our support team is just a click away.

Q: How fast will I see results?

It varies. You could start getting results tonight. Some see results in days. Others, weeks.

Q: What if it doesn’t work for me?

Then you get your money back. Simple as that. We offer a 90-day guarantee.

Scalar App Review: My Recommendation

Scalar App presents an intriguing proposition for affiliate marketers seeking automation. However, its effectiveness remains unproven, and ethical considerations regarding AI-generated content require careful evaluation. Consider exploring free or low-cost alternatives and prioritizing high-quality human-crafted content for optimal results. Remember, affiliate marketing success hinges on establishing trust with your audience, and that can’t be fully automated.

>>> Get Instant Access to Scalar App Here <<<

Check Out My Previous Reviews: AI Gigz Hub Review, WP Funnels Review, Gizmo Review, Auto Health Sites Review, Vocal Clone AI Review, TubeBuildr AI Review, ClickSchedule Ai Review, PuzzleBooks AI Review, & TalkGPT Review.

Thank for reading my Scalar App Review till the end. Hope it will help you to make purchase decision perfectly.

Disclaimer: Due to the lack of a publicly available website and limited verifiable information about Scalar App, this review is based on scattered sources and should be approached with caution. It is recommended to conduct further research before making any decisions.

Note: This is a paid software, and the one-time price is $17 for lifetime.

[reality-detective]

GWEN TOWERS

GWEN (Ground Wave Emergency Network) allows specific frequencies to be tailored to the geomagnetic-field strength in each area, allowing the magnetic field to be altered.

They are connected to HAARP, smart meters, cell phones, WIFI etc...

"GWEN (Ground Wave Emergency Network) transmitters, placed 200 miles apart across the USA, allow specific frequencies to be tailored to the geomagnetic-field strength in each area, allowing the magnetic field to be altered.

They operate in the VLF range, with transmissions between VLF 150 and 175 KHz. They also emit UHF waves of 225 – 400 MHz.

The VLF signals travel by waves that hug the ground rather than radiate into the atmosphere. A GWEN station transmits up to a 300-mile radius, the signal dropping off sharply over distance.

The entire GWEN system consists of, (depending on source of data), from 58 to an intended 300 transmitters, spread across the USA, each with a tower 299-500 ft high.

Three hundred (300) ft. of copper wire fans out in a spoke like fashion from the base of the underground system, interacting with the earth like a thin shelled conductor, radiating radio wave energy for very long distances through the ground.

The USA bathes in this magnetic field which rises to 500 ft, even going down to basements, so everyone is subject to mind control.

The whole artificial ground wave spreads out over USA like a web. It is easier to mind-control and hypnotize

people who are bathed in an artificial electromagnetic wave."

Research: Gwen towers❓

Everything you need to know about GWEN towers: 👇

Knowledge is Power 🤔

[ros64]

Geographical Overview

Gorak Shep is located within the Sagarmatha National Park, home to the Sherpa people, renowned for their skills as guides and mountaineers. It is the final stop on the most common trekking routes to Everest Base Camp from Lukla (2,860 m), following what the Dalai Lama has called “the steps to heaven.”

This route takes trekkers from Lukla to Namche Bazaar, Tengboche, Pangboche, Dingboche, Lobuche, and finally to Gorak Shep. Most trekkers spend the night there since their trekking permits do not allow them to camp at Everest Base Camp.

Additionally, Gorak Shep serves as the best “launch pad” for the ascent of Kala Patthar, which resembles a giant dune looming over the lakebed. For many trekkers, the summit of Kala Patthar, at 5,550 meters, offers the best views of Everest that most will achieve without a climbing permit, which must be obtained in Kathmandu at the Nepal Mountaineering Association.

The climb begins early in the morning when visibility is usually better. It takes about four hours to reach the summit and return. The hiking time from Gorak Shep to Everest Base Camp ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 hours, depending on the weather, acclimatization, and individual fitness levels.

When to Go

The best times for trekking are in spring (March and April) and autumn (October and November), when mountain visibility is ideal, and temperatures are not excessively cold. However, in autumn, competition for lodging can be intense, though trekkers can usually sleep on the dining room floor.

During winter, from December to February, trekking is possible, but the vast majority of accommodations are closed, trails are snow-covered, and the cold is extreme.

Historical Notes

Gorak Shep was the original Everest Base Camp, used by Swiss climbers during their attempt to scale Everest in 1952. The camp was later moved closer to the mountain, just below the Khumbu Icefall.

@samheughanupdates

Cenni geografici

Gorak Shep si trova all'interno del Parco nazionale di Sagarmatha, la patria del popolo Sherpa, famoso per le sue abilità come guide e alpinisti. È l'ultima tappa dei trekking più comuni verso il campo base dell'Everest da Lukla(2.860 m), seguendo quello che il Dalai Lama ha soprannominato "i passi verso il paradiso".

Questo percorso porta gli escursionisti da Lukla a Namche Bazaar, Tengboche, Pangboche, Dingboche, Lobuche e poi a Gorak Shep. La maggior parte degli escursionisti trascorre la notte lì, poiché i loro permessi di trekking non consentiranno loro di accamparsi al campo base dell'Everest.

Inoltre, Gorak Shep fornisce il miglior "trampolino di lancio" per l'ascesa del Kala Patthar, che sembra una duna gigante che incombe sul fondo del lago. Per molti escursionisti, la vetta del Kala Patthar, con i suoi 5.550 metri, offre sia le migliori viste sull'Everest, che la maggior parte raggiungerà senza un permesso di arrampicata, che deve essere ottenuto a Kathmandu, presso la "Nepal Mountaineering Association".

L'arrampicata inizia al mattino presto, quando la visibilità è solitamente migliore. Ci vogliono quattro ore per raggiungere la vetta e tornare indietro. Il tempo di arrampicata da Gorak Shep al campo base dell'Everest varia da 1,5 a 2,5 ore, a seconda del tempo, dell'acclimatazione e della condizione fisica di ogni individuo.

Quando andare

I periodi migliori per il trekking sono la primavera (marzo e aprile) e l'autunno (ottobre e novembre), quando la visibilità della montagna è ideale e la temperatura non è eccessivamente fredda. Tuttavia, in autunno la competizione per i posti letto nei lodge può essere intensa, sebbene normalmente gli escursionisti possano dormire sul pavimento della sala da pranzo.

Durante l'inverno, nei mesi da dicembre a febbraio, è possibile fare trekking, ma la stragrande maggioranza degli alloggi è chiusa, i sentieri sono innevati e il freddo è molto intenso.

Cenni storici

Gorak Shep era l'originale campo base dell'Everest, utilizzato dagli alpinisti svizzeri nel tentativo di scalare l'Everest nel 1952. Successivamente il campo è stato spostato più vicino alla montagna, appena sotto la cascata di ghiaccio del Khumbu.

[siddhiinfosoft5]

Future of PHP: What’s Coming in PHP 9? – Discuss upcoming features and trends in PHP development

Introduction

Despite numerous predictions about its decline, PHP continues to be a cornerstone of web development. From powering small personal blogs to massive social media platforms, PHP has proven its resilience and adaptability. With the upcoming release of PHP 9.0, developers are eager to explore the new features and improvements that will shape the future of PHP development Services.

While the official release date of PHP 9.0 remains unknown, community discussions and leaks provide insight into the major changes and enhancements expected. In this post, we will delve into the evolution of PHP, its key features, and why it remains an essential tool for developers worldwide. Additionally, we will discuss upcoming features and trends in PHP development, offering insights into the direction PHP is heading.

Evolution of PHP: A Brief Overview

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) has come a long way since its inception in 1994. Originally created as a simple scripting language for building dynamic web pages, PHP has evolved into a robust and powerful language that powers a significant portion of the internet.

PHP 5

Introduced object-oriented programming (OOP) features.

Implemented PDO (PHP Data Objects) for secure database interactions.

Improved exception handling and memory management.

PHP 7

Boosted performance with the Zend Engine 3.0.

Introduced scalar type declarations and return type hints.

Implemented null coalescing operator (??).

Improved error handling with Throwable exceptions.

PHP 8

Brought Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation for significant performance improvements.

Introduced Union Types, Match Expression, Named Arguments, and Attributes.

Implemented Constructor Property Promotion to reduce boilerplate code.

Now, with PHP 9 on the horizon, what can we expect?

Key Features of PHP 8 That Paved the Way for PHP 9

Before diving into PHP 9.0, let's briefly review some of the most impactful features introduced in PHP 8:

1) Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler

Performance: JIT compilation allows code to be compiled at runtime, significantly improving execution speed for computationally intensive tasks.

Impact: While not drastically enhancing standard web applications, JIT opens doors for PHP’s use in fields like scientific computing and machine learning.

2) Union Types

Flexibility: Allows functions to accept multiple data types, enhancing type safety and robustness.

Example: function foo(int|float $number) { /* ... */ }

3) Attributes (Annotations)

Meta-programming: Introduces structured metadata for classes, methods, and properties.

Usage: Simplifies code annotation, improving integration with frameworks and tools.

4) Match Expression

Simplicity: Provides a more readable alternative to switch statements.

Example:

$result = match ($value) {

    1 => 'one',

    2 => 'two',

    default => 'other',

};

5) Constructor Property Promotion

Efficiency: Reduces boilerplate code for class property initialization.

Example:

class Point {

    public function __construct(private int $x, private int $y) {}

}

6) Nullsafe Operator

Error Handling: Reduces null checks, making code more concise.

Example: $country = $session?->user?->getAddress()?->country;

Anticipated Features in PHP 9

As PHP 9 is still under development, specific features may change. However, based on leaks and discussions, here are the expected improvements:

1) Removal of Deprecated Features

PHP 9.0 will eliminate features deprecated in PHP 8.1 - 8.4, streamlining the language and enhancing maintainability.

2) Transformation of Warnings to Errors

Warnings for undefined variables and properties will be converted into errors, demanding more precise coding practices.

3) Deprecated Dynamic Properties

Dynamic properties, deprecated in PHP 8.2, will now trigger ErrorException, enforcing structured coding practices.

4) New Random Extension

A new random number generator is being introduced, improving performance, security, and simplicity.

5) Standalone Types for null, true, and false

PHP 9.0 will recognize null, true, and false as standalone types, enhancing type precision.

6) Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) Types

DNF types will enable complex combinations of union and intersection types, making PHP's type system more powerful.

7) Constants in Traits

PHP 9.0 will allow traits to define constants, expanding their capabilities for reusable code blocks.

8) Redact Sensitive Parameters in Backtraces

A crucial security improvement, this feature prevents sensitive data from being exposed in error backtraces.

9) Enhancements in Enum Property Fetching

PHP 9.0 will simplify the retrieval of enum properties in constant expressions, making enums more useful.

10) Additional Changes

Changes to return types in DateTime methods.

Deprecation of utf8_encode() and utf8_decode().

Locale-insensitive strtolower() and strtoupper().

Signature changes in SPL methods.

Introduction of "n" modifier in PCRE library.

Changes in ODBC username and password escaping.

Deprecation of ${} string interpolation.

Trends in PHP Development

1) Increased Use of Asynchronous Programming

PHP developers are exploring solutions like Swoole and ReactPHP to handle asynchronous tasks, improving performance in real-time applications.

2) Serverless PHP

With the rise of serverless computing, PHP is being adapted for FaaS (Functions as a Service) platforms, allowing developers to build scalable applications without managing infrastructure.

3) Enhanced Security Measures

PHP continues to implement stricter security protocols, focusing on data protection, encryption, and threat mitigation.

4) Microservices and API-First Development

Many PHP developers are shifting toward microservices and API-driven architectures, leveraging PHP frameworks like Laravel and Symfony to build efficient backend solutions.

The PHP Foundation's Role

The PHP Foundation plays a key role in guiding PHP's future, ensuring stability and funding core development. Their efforts, including initiatives like the Advisory Board and GitHub Sponsors, foster community engagement and ensure PHP's continued evolution.

Conclusion

PHP continues to evolve, adapting to modern web development needs while maintaining its flexibility. PHP 9.0 builds on the strong foundation of PHP 8, offering further performance improvements, enhanced asynchronous programming capabilities, a more robust type system, and better error handling.

While we await its official release, PHP 9.0 is shaping up to be a significant upgrade that will empower developers to build more efficient, secure, and scalable applications.

Stay tuned for more updates on PHP 9 and its impact on the web development landscape, as well as emerging trends shaping the future of PHP development.

Resource: What’s Coming in PHP 9? – Discuss upcoming features and trends in PHP development

[codingprolab]

Solved COM S 228 Programming Project 5 Generating a Perfect Hash Table Implementation

Problem Overview Graphs are the most general of the common data structures; consider that a scalar object is a degenerate list, which is a degenerate tree, which is itself a degenerate graph, or in other words, every data structure we’ve discussed this semester can be represented as a graph. Due to their extreme generality, it’s rare that you’ll use a generic “graph” data structure. The limited…

[mobappdevelopmentcompany]

PHP Updates and their Impact on Web Development 

PHP, a widely acknowledged server-side scripting language is a great tool for web app development teams. As researched by the web technology survey portal W3 Techs, “75.9% of all websites are powered by PHP.” It’s interesting how PHP has undergone significant transformations since its inception to address the ever-growing needs of web development. What started as a tool for generating basic dynamic web pages has grown into a powerful language capable of supporting large-scale applications. So, let’s explore PHP’s evolution and the crucial updates so far. 

Major PHP Updates from inception till date 

1. Early Versions (PHP/FI to PHP 3) 

PHP/FI (1995): The journey of PHP began when Rasmus Lerdorf created a simple set of CGI scripts with the basic feature of form handling. He named it as ‘Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter (PHP/FI) and used it for tracking visits to his online resume.  

PHP 3 (1998): The real breakthrough came with PHP 3, when Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski rewrote the PHP core. PHP 3 introduced a more structured syntax and improved functionality, establishing PHP as a full-fledged scripting language for web application development. 

2. PHP 4 (2000) 

Zend Engine 1.0 (performance optimization and memory management)  

Output buffering and session handling 

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 

3. PHP 5 (2004) 

Zend Engine 2 (further performance improvements and extensibility of the language) 

Improved OOP Support features like better support for classes, methods, inheritance, interfaces, and constructors/destructors 

Exceptions (for error handling)  

PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension (for consistent interaction with databases) 

4. PHP 7 (2015) 

New Zend Engine 3 named PHP Next Generation (PHPNG): improved memory usage and made applications run much faster. 

Return Types and Scalar Type Declarations: type hinting (e.g., int, float, string, bool) and the ability to declare return types in functions: made the code more predictable and easier to debug. 

New syntax features: the null coalescing operator (??) and the spaceship operator (<=>): made the code more concise. 

Throwable interface for exceptions and errors: Improved issue detection and error handling 

5. PHP 8 (2020) 

PHP 8 is a crucial update as the features introduced are not just incremental improvements; they represent a new era for PHP that aligns it more closely with modern software development practices. Here’s an overview of all the PHP 8 versions.  

PHP 8.0 (Released December 3, 2020) 

JIT (Just-In-Time) Compilation: expedites performance by compiling code into machine code at runtime. 

Union Types: Allows functions and methods to accept multiple types of values. 

Attributes (Annotations): Offers a new way to add metadata to classes, methods, and properties using a new syntax. 

Named Arguments: Call functions with arguments specified by their names, improving readability. 

Constructor Property Promotion: Combines constructor assignment and property declaration to minimize boilerplate code. 

Match Expression: A new match expression similar to switch but with safer comparisons and return values. 

Nullsafe Operator: The mechanism of “method chaining” on potentially null values; no explicit null checks required. 

Trailing Commas in Parameter Lists: Enables trailing commas in function and method parameter lists. 

PHP 8.1 (Released November 25, 2021) 

Enumerations (Enums): Introduces a native enum type for defining a set of possible values. 

Fibers: Allows for cooperative multitasking by providing a way to pause and resume functions. 

Readonly Properties: Properties that can only be written once and then become read-only. 

Enhances array unpacking to handle string keys. 

Intersection Types: Allows combining multiple types into one, requiring a value to satisfy all specified types. 

Internal optimizations, including JIT compiler improvements. 

PHP 8.2 (Released December 8, 2022) 

Read-only Properties: Expands the readonly feature from PHP 8.1 to allow class properties that can be assigned a value only once. 

Disjunctive Normal Form Types: Improves type system flexibility by allowing complex type expressions. 

New Fetch Style for PDO::FETCH_MODE: Adds a new fetch style for PDO that makes working with database results easier. 

Deprecations and Removals: Modifies or removes certain features and functions deprecated in earlier versions.  

Performance Enhancements: Includes various optimizations and bug fixes for improved performance. 

PHP 8.3: The Latest PHP Version (Released September 10, 2024) 

The latest stable release of PHP is PHP 8.3, which continues to enhance security, performance, and compatibility with modern technologies. Key improvements in this version include better error handling, optimized performance (e.g., reduced memory usage and faster response times), and enhanced compatibility with frameworks, libraries, and emerging technologies such as Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) and WebSockets​. PHP 8.3 also strengthens security by providing updates to protect apps from potential threats, making it essential for developers to stay updated. 

Top Highlights of PHP 8.3 at a Glance 

1. Readonly Classes 

PHP 8.3 introduces the ability to declare an entire class as readonly, meaning all properties in that class are implicitly readonly without the need to declare them individually. This simplifies the usage of immutable objects and enforces immutability across the class. 

readonly class MyImmutableClass { 

    public int $id; 

    public string $name; 

} 

2. json_validate() Function 

A new json_validate() function is added to validate JSON strings without fully decoding them. This comes in handy when you need to check the structure or syntax of JSON data before you work with it. 

$isValid = json_validate('{"name": "John"}'); // returns true if valid 

3. null Return Types 

PHP 8.3 introduces null as an explicit return type, allowing developers to declare functions that can only return null. 

function myFunction(): null { 

    return null; 

} 

4. Generator Improvements 

Generator::throw() now works as expected with Generator objects, allowing the throwing of exceptions into generators more consistently. This can be useful for error handling in asynchronous code or lazy evaluation scenarios. 

$generator = (function() { 

    try { 

        yield 1; 

    } catch (Exception $e) { 

        echo $e->getMessage(); 

    } 

})(); 

$generator->throw(new Exception("An error occurred")); 

5. New is_any() and is_none() Functions 

PHP 8.3 adds the is_any() and is_none() functions to make it easier to check multiple types or values in one go. 

$value = 'example'; 

if (is_any($value, 'string', 'integer')) { 

    // Do something 

} 

if (is_none($value, 'array', 'object')) { 

    // Do something else 

} 

6. Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) Types 

Type unions can now be used in disjunctive normal form, improving flexibility when specifying complex return types or parameter types. 

function process(mixed $value): (int|float)|(string|bool) { 

    // Function logic 

} 

Other Improvements 

Array Unpacking with String Keys: PHP 8.3 improves array unpacking by allowing the use of string keys; this was previously limited to integer-indexed arrays. 

New Functions: Various new built-in functions, such as str_truncate(), have been added to make string handling more flexible and performant. 

Performance Optimizations: There are further performance improvements, particularly in opcache and memory handling, continuing the performance gains seen in PHP 8.x series. 

PHP 8.4: Upcoming Update  

PHP 8.4, to be officially released on November 21, 2024; promises to bring valuable improvements and features, enhancing both performance and developer experience. Currently, it is undergoing the pre-release phase, transitioning through Alphas, Betas, and Release Candidates. 

Expected Features 

Property hooks RFC will make it easier to manage properties with less boilerplate code.  

The technique of “method chaining” without parentheses is a nice convenience  

JIT improvements should help with performance and memory usage 

The deprecation of implicit nullable types will encourage more explicit type declarations 

The new DOM HTML5 support is great for handling modern HTML content.  

How to Prepare for PHP 8.4? 

Testing: Ensure your codebase is compatible with the new version by testing in a staging environment. 

Updating Dependencies: Check and update any third-party libraries or frameworks to ensure compatibility with PHP 8.4. 

Review RFCs: Stay informed about new RFCs and feature additions to leverage the new capabilities effectively. 

Takeaway 

The evolution of PHP continues, and with each version, it becomes a stronger and more versatile tool in the developer's toolkit. If you haven’t upgraded yet, now is the time to explore what PHP 8 can do for your projects. Whether you're building small-scale applications powered by PHP or enterprise-level software, these updates will make your development process smoother and more efficient. 

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JEE Main 2025: A Guide to the Mathematics Syllabus

An Overview of the Syllabus

The JEE Main Maths syllabus encompasses 14 fundamental units, spanning various branches of mathematics:

Sets, Relations and Functions: This unit lays the foundation with concepts like set theory, operations on sets, relations, functions, and their properties.

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations: Dive into the world of complex numbers, including their representation, operations, and applications in solving quadratic equations.

Matrices and Determinants: Explore matrices, their algebra, determinants, properties, and their applications in solving systems of linear equations.

Permutations and Combinations: Master the art of counting and arranging objects with permutations and combinations.

Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications: Learn about the binomial theorem for expanding powers of a binomial and its applications in various problems.

Sequence and Series: Understand the concept of sequences and series, their operations, convergence, and divergence.

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability: This unit focuses on the fundamental concepts of calculus, including limits, continuity, and differentiability of functions.

Integral Calculus: Explore integration techniques, applying them to solve definite and indefinite integrals and their applications.

Differential Equations: Learn about differential equations, their formation, and solving techniques for various types of equations.

Coordinate Geometry: Delve into the world of coordinates, straight lines, circles, parabolas, hyperbolas, and their properties.

Three-Dimensional Geometry: Visualize and understand lines, planes, spheres, cones, and cylinders in three-dimensional space.

Vector Algebra: Master operations on vectors, their properties, scalar product, vector product, and their applications.

Statistics and Probability: This unit introduces statistical methods for data analysis and probability theory for solving problems involving chance.

Trigonometry: Refresh your knowledge of trigonometric functions, identities, equations, and their applications in solving geometrical problems.

Tips for JEE Main 2025 Maths Preparation

Focus on Concepts: A strong foundation in core concepts is essential. Don't just memorize formulas; strive to understand the underlying principles.

Practice Regularly: Solve problems from various sources, including previous years' JEE Main papers and mock tests.

Clear Your Doubts: Don't hesitate to seek clarification from teachers or mentors for any doubts you encounter.

Time Management: Practice solving problems within the stipulated time frame to develop exam temperament.

Focus on High-Weightage Topics: Analyze previous years' papers to identify topics with a higher weightage and prioritize your preparation accordingly.

By following these tips and diligently studying the syllabus, you can confidently approach the JEE Main 2025 Mathematics section. Remember, consistency, hard work, and a strategic approach are key to success!

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[warpdrive-rwa]

Ukraine, Kharkiv Dmytro Kuzmenko BRIEF ARTICLE

Experimental research of the Second Component of the ElectroMagnetic Field.

Before reading the article, it is recommended to have an overview of the short description of the second component of the electromagnetic field (SCEMF). For a reason of complexity and non-standard material, the information in the brief article is presented in the simplest form. In the brief article the presented information concerns conducted analysis about self-restrictions in modern science. The result of researches concerning real physical phenomena of nature adjusted for fundamental and basic calibrations, which closes the door to knowledge for humanity, is presented. It is suggested to realize it and reveal. Everyone is familiar with the fundamental theorem of Stokes and Helmholtz field theory, which describes liquid and gas flow. There are different mathematician approaches to describe it. Let us describe one of them, mainly the integral-differential representation, which consists of two components: rotH+gradH*=J. The presented theorem is beyond question, it agrees with observations and experiments, and has no objections and contradictions. Recognizing difference between fields and their properties as well as understanding that mathematical description of the field theorem corresponds to well-known fields, the calibration of Coulomb should be considered. Basing on experiments with iron fillings, this calibration repeals one of the components of the electromagnetic field (described mathematically). As the result, from two components, specifically the CURL and the DEVERGENCE, we use only the CURL in modern science.

Analysis of publication of this theme demonstrates that a lot of scientists have already researched the scalar component of the electromagnetic field. In the scientific literature, authors analyse carefully the question of inconsistency and present their theories confirming them partially or even fully through experiments. It is quite conceivable that distribution of currents according to the Stokes and Helmholtz theorem are not equal to zero: rot j ? 0 and div j ? 0.

As a result of project work, mainly a laboratory machine engineering, a condition was stated under which scalar sources and effluents of the electromagnetic field repealed by Coulomb`s calibration allocate in the maximum possible condition and lock into the toroid. It is reliably known that under this condition sustainable vortex can be created in different areas. It is assumed that the electromagnetic field is not exceptional. It has been established by research that the second component does not interact with iron filings, but interacts with the electric current in the conductor and with a similar component.

As a result, the scalar part of the electromagnetic field was not reflected in the descriptions and was not discovered before. The most important is the established interaction of the scalar electromagnetic field with gravity. Basing on the described theoretical and practical data above, Project RWA R&D on the second component of EMF was founded, where:

 The modelling of the electromagnetic field in its full description [rotH+gradH*=J] using the MATLAB® software was carried out, which confirms the condition for the second component in the maximum form allocation (Figure). Engineering of the laboratory machine is going on.

The laboratory machine was created to study the second component of the electromagnetic field. At the moment the experiments which have been carried out partially confirm both the scientific theory and research. Work is underway to modernize and improve it. Upgrade and enhancement works are going on.

The above data and conclusions correspond to a published scientific survey, which states that during the tests, the researchers achieved a sustainable effect of the explosive acceleration of laboratory machine and its interaction with gravity. With that, during rotation in one direction weight gain was recorded but in the opposite direction the weight reduced. The authors of the article note that the weight of the laboratory machine varied up to 35% depending on the speed and rotation direction. The laboratory machine was launched steadily and functioned within 6 months, as well as demonstrated stability and proved the same results.

The research also revealed some of interesting effects. However, while the second creation of machine in some years the lack of authors’ theoretical knowledge did not allow to achieve the same desirable effects. One of the directions for the development of the project is the creation of super-fast space movement in terms of the theoretically reasonable possibility. With the help of engines, creation of which will base on the research concerning the second component of the electromagnetic field, it will be possible to achieve needed effects about curving the space which in turn will allow moving super-fast in different environment over long distances. 

Our contact information

[marketingprofitmedia]

Litmus App Review – Create Profitable Affiliate Websites in 30 Seconds

Welcome to my Litmus App Review. If you live in the digital marketing world, you need to know that the world is becoming more digital every day, and you need to keep up with the competition, there are advanced tools that will save you time and give you the results. The Litmus App is an AI-powered solution that will come in handy to help you create profit ready affiliate sites and drive buyers traffic in under 30 seconds.

Are you a seasoned marketer or a complete newbie? Litmus App brings together an efficient, seamless and effective way of doing affiliate marketing without experience. In this comprehensive review, we will review the features, benefits, pricing and pros and cons more of the Litmus App. In the end, you will know whether this tool will be beneficial to you during your journey as an affiliate marketer.

What Is Litmus App?

Litmus App is an amazing AI powered app that takes the hard work out of affiliate marketing. It allows users to build 100% profitable affiliate websites ready to almost never change themselves and automatically attract buyer traffic with AI algorithms. The difference maker is speed and efficiency, Litmus App says they made a complete affiliate site less than 30 seconds.

This app has been designed to serve users of all levels, from novice to expert, with no barriers to technology involved and a simple interface. Not only do its AI algorithms create the website, but they also serve as an AI affiliate marketing solution that curates relevant content and generates traffic as a result.

Litmus App Review: Overview of Product

Product Creator: Venkata Ramana

Product Name: Litmus App

Launch Date: 2024-Dec-11

Launch Time: 11:00 EST

Front-End Price: $17 (One-time payment)

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Litmus App Review: About Authors

Venkata Ramana is an expert software developer with a penchant for digital marketing. Venkata Ramana’s skills in AI and digital marketing culminated in the founding of, which aims to empower both individuals and enterprises.

His dedication to simplicity and accessibility is shown in the Litmus App user-friendly layout, which makes it ideal for users of different backgrounds. In the fields of web marketing and software development, Venkata is well-known for making PC and web apps that have regularly done very well during product launches. Both his peers in the business and happy users have given his products great reviews.

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Litmus App Review: Key Features of Litmus App

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Litmus App Review: Who Should Use It?

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Litmus App Review: Pros and Cons

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Q. How long does it take to make money?

Our average member made their first sale the same day they got access to Litmus.

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Final Verdict

Litmus App definitely lives up to its promise of simplifying the world of affiliate marketing with its AI based features. It’s a perfect tool for the beginner who is starting their journey or for the experienced marketer expanding its business. It may not be a replacement for manual website development, but its speed, affordability, and automation are clear wins for people who want to earn passive income from affiliate marketing.

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Check Out My Previous Reviews: WhitelabelSuite Review, Kyros App Review, Prestige App Review, EBBuddy Review, and Xmas BundleApps Review.

Thank for reading my “Litmus App Review” till the end. Hope it will help you to make purchase decision perfectly.

[this-week-in-rust]

This Week in Rust 505

Hello and welcome to another issue of This Week in Rust! Rust is a programming language empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software. This is a weekly summary of its progress and community. Want something mentioned? Tag us at @ThisWeekInRust on Twitter or @ThisWeekinRust on mastodon.social, or send us a pull request. Want to get involved? We love contributions.

This Week in Rust is openly developed on GitHub and archives can be viewed at this-week-in-rust.org. If you find any errors in this week's issue, please submit a PR.

Updates from Rust Community

Official

crates.io Postmortem: Broken Crate Downloads

July 2023 Leadership Council Update

Foundation

My first three months at the Rust Foundation

Project/Tooling Updates

IntelliJ Rust Changelog #199

Fyrox Game Engine 0.31

Writing a Rest HTTP Service with Axum

Observations/Thoughts

Totality

Why the “Null” Lifetime Does Not Exist

First report: More than 80% of the crates link to their public VCS

[video] Aram Drevekenin – Zellij - A terminal workspace with batteries included

Rust Walkthroughs

Make invalid states unrepresentable

A visual tree iterator in Rust

A gentle introduction to IMAP

ESP32 Standard Library Embedded Rust: UART Communication

Shuttle Launchpad #3: Sudoku, Ownership and Error Handling

[video] Pragmatic Intro to Rust Web Development: Overview

Research

ResourceGauge: Enabling Resource-Aware Software Components (with Rust)

Miscellaneous

How to speed up the Rust compiler: data analysis assistance requested!

Programming language popularity: Rust

Llama2.rs - Inference Llama 2 in one file of pure Rust

Crate of the Week

This week's crate is tower-async, a currently nightly-only async library to build network servers, based on tower.

Thanks to Glen De Cauwsemaecker for the self-suggestion!

Please submit your suggestions and votes for next week!

Call for Participation

Always wanted to contribute to open-source projects but did not know where to start? Every week we highlight some tasks from the Rust community for you to pick and get started!

Some of these tasks may also have mentors available, visit the task page for more information.

Ockam - Investigate if the macOS toggle is possible in system tray app build with Tauri

Ockam - Avoid setting an embedded node as default for ockam project enroll

Ockam - ockam project ticket should return a proper error message

Hyperswitch - Migrate to enum_dispatch to reduce runtime overhead

Hyperswitch - Add Create Merchant and Create Merchant Key Store in a DB transaction

Hyperswitch - Use proxy exclusion instead of a separate proxied client

Hyperswitch - Add scoped error enum for customer error

If you are a Rust project owner and are looking for contributors, please submit tasks here.

Updates from the Rust Project

406 pull requests were merged in the last week

add mips64r6 and mips32r6 as target_arch values

add riscv64gc-unknown-hermit target

add x86_64-unknown-linux-ohos target

enable chkstk/alloca intrinsics on x86_64-unknown-uefi

Support .comment section like GCC/Clang (!llvm.ident)

add Alias to smir

add BITS, from_bits, to_bits to IP addresses

add FnPtr ty to SMIR

add Foreign, Never, FnDef, Closure and Generator tys to SMIR

add #[inline] to core debug assertion helpers

add dynamic for smir

add the no-builtins attribute to functions when no_builtins is applied at the crate level

add ty convs for smir refs and ptrs

allow opaques to be defined by trait queries, again

always const-prop scalars and scalar pairs

avoid tls access while iterating through mpsc thread entries

better diagnostics for dlltool errors

comment stuff in the new solver

don't translate compiler-internal bug messages

encode shorthands for spans in metadata

error/E0691: include alignment in error message

fix #[inline(always)] on closures with target feature 1.1

fix inline_const with interpolated block

fix invalid display of inlined re-export when both local and foreign items are inlined

fix removal span calculation of unused_qualifications suggestion

fix results search alias display

fix rustc-args passing issue in bootstrap

get !nonnull metadata on slice iterators, without assumes

get rid of subst-relate incompleteness in new solver

improve error message when closing bracket interpreted as formatting fill character

inline overlap based CGU merging

lint/ctypes: only try normalize

new solver: add a separate cache for coherence

new solver: don't consider blanket impls multiple times

on nightly, dump ICE backtraces to disk

permit pre-evaluated constants in simd_shuffle

prototype: add unstable -Z reference-niches option

querify unused trait check

refactor vtable encoding and optimize it for the case of multiple marker traits

remove Scope::Elision from bound-vars resolution

rename arg_iter to iter_instantiated

restrict recursive opaque type check

resurrect: rustc_llvm: Add a -Z print-codegen-stats option to expose LLVM statistics

reuse codegen_ssa monomorphization errors in codegen_gcc

reuse the MIR validator for MIR inlining

revert "Prototype: Add unstable -Z reference-niches option"

safe Transmute: Fix ICE (due to UnevaluatedConst)

substitute types before checking inlining compatibility

support --print KIND=PATH command line syntax

support interpolated block for try and async

turn copy into moves during DSE

tweak spans for self arg, fix borrow suggestion for signature mismatch

use SHA256 source file checksums by default when targeting MSVC

use features() over features_untracked() where possible

use erased self type when autoderefing for trait error suggestion

use the correct span for displaying the line following a derive sugge…

miri: make full field retagging the default

remove redundant clones

fix size_hint for EncodeUtf16

allow limited access to OsString bytes

make {Rc,Arc}::allocator associated functions

stabilize chown functions (unix_chown)

remove an allocation in Path::with_extension

remove the unstable core::sync::atomic::ATOMIC_*_INIT constants

remove lifetime bound for A for impl Extend<&'a T> for Vec<T, A>

hashbrown: publicly re-export Equivalent from the crate root

futures: add TryStreamExt::try_ready_chunks as failable version of StreamExt::ready_chunks

codegen_gcc: add instructions on how to generate GIMPLE format

codegen_gcc: add support for "ffi_const" function attribute

cargo: git: respect scp-like URL for nested submodules

cargo: credential provider implementation

cargo: fix "cargo doc --open" crash on WSL2

cargo: fix: encode URL params correctly for SourceId in Cargo.lock

cargo: fix: only skip mtime check on ~/.cargo/{git,registry}

rustdoc: strip impl if not re-exported and is doc(hidden)

rustdoc: fix position of default in method rendering

rustdoc: handle cross-crate RPITITs correctly

clippy: significant_drop_tightening don't lint literal-returning functions

clippy: significant_drop_tightening fix tuple drop recognition

clippy: inherent_to_string: Don't lint unsafe or extern fns

clippy: manual_filter_map: lint on matches and pattern matching

clippy: ptr_arg should ignore extern functions

clippy: redundant_pattern_matching: include guard in suggestion

clippy: unnecessary_literal_unwrap: fix ICE on None.unwrap_or_default()

clippy: unused_async: don't lint if paths reference async fn without immediate call

clippy: unwrap_or_else_default → unwrap_or_default and improve resulting lint

clippy: allow Self::cmp(self, other) as a correct impl

clippy: check for fully qualified paths in unnecessary_cast

clippy: check that the types are equal in SpanlessEq::eq_expr

clippy: fix unwrap_or_else_default false positive

clippy: fix async functions handling for needless_pass_by_ref_mut lint

clippy: fix: false positive for option_env! in ifs_same_cond

clippy: make comparison_to_empty work on if let/let chains

clippy: new lints: absolute_paths, error_impl_error, four_forward_slashes, iter_skip_zero, needless_return_with_try, redundant_guards, string_lit_chars_any, redundant_locals

clippy: refactor some of dereference.rs to util functions

clippy: remove #![allow(unused)] and --crate-name from cargo dev new_lint generated tests

clippy: rewrite tuple_array_conversions

rust-analyzer: editor/code: Use notification command links for debugger installation

rust-analyzer: fix highlighting of byte escape sequences

rust-analyzer: fix: don't follow raw pointer derefs when considering method receiver candidates

rust-analyzer: fix: lookup super traits in is_dyn_method

rust-analyzer: fix: normalize expected ty in call arguments

rust-analyzer: fix: report incorrect-ident-case for inner items

rust-analyzer: limit change_visibility assist to applicable items

rustfmt: prevent ICE when formatting an empty-ish macro arm

rustfmt: support non-lifetime binders

Rust Compiler Performance Triage

A relatively light week with respect to performance changes. The one major regressing PR was reverted (for other reasons), and we saw some very nice gains on compile-times from (1.) changes to our codegen-unit merging logic and from (2.) changes to the stdlib slice iterators encoding its non-null guarantees directly, allowing the removal of a call to the assume intrinsic.

Triage done by @pnkfelix. Revision range: 6b9236ed..0308df23

1 Regressions, 1 Improvements, 4 Mixed; 1 of them in rollups 35 artifact comparisons made in total

Full Report Here

Approved RFCs

Changes to Rust follow the Rust RFC (request for comments) process. These are the RFCs that were approved for implementation this week:

No RFCs were approved this week.

Final Comment Period

Every week, the team announces the 'final comment period' for RFCs and key PRs which are reaching a decision. Express your opinions now.

RFCs

No RFCs entered Final Comment Period this week.

Tracking Issues & PRs

[disposition: merge] make noop_method_call warn by default

[disposition: merge] Infer type in irrefutable slice patterns with fixed length as array

New and Updated RFCs

[new] Add "crates.io Policy Update" RFC

[new] RFC: Generic member access for dyn Error trait objects

[new] Error Display (std::error::Error::fmt_error)

Call for Testing

An important step for RFC implementation is for people to experiment with the implementation and give feedback, especially before stabilization. The following RFCs would benefit from user testing before moving forward:

No RFCs issued a call for testing this week.

If you are a feature implementer and would like your RFC to appear on the above list, add the new call-for-testing label to your RFC along with a comment providing testing instructions and/or guidance on which aspect(s) of the feature need testing.

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[tomasorban]

Fractal cosmology

n physical cosmology, fractal cosmology is a set of minority cosmological theories which state that the distribution of matter in the Universe, or the structure of the universe itself, is a fractal across a wide range of scales (see also: multifractal system). More generally, it relates to the usage or appearance of fractals in the study of the universe and matter. A central issue in this field is the fractal dimension of the universe or of matter distribution within it, when measured at very large or very small scales.

Fractals in observational cosmology

The first attempt to model the distribution of galaxies with a fractal pattern was made by Luciano Pietronero and his team in 1987,[1] and a more detailed view of the universe’s large-scale structure emerged over the following decade, as the number of cataloged galaxies grew larger. Pietronero argues that the universe shows a definite fractal aspect over a fairly wide range of scale, with a fractal dimension of about 2.[2] The fractal dimension of a homogeneous 3D object would be 3, and 2 for a homogeneous surface, whilst the fractal dimension for a fractal surface is between 2 and 3. The ultimate significance of this result is not immediately apparent, but it seems to indicate that both randomness and hierarchal structuring are at work on the scale of galaxy clusters and larger.

The universe has been observed to be homogeneous and isotropic (i.e. is smoothly distributed) at very large scales, as is expected in a standard Big Bang or FLRW cosmology, and in most interpretations of the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter model. The scientific consensus interpretation is that the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) suggests that things do indeed smooth out above 100 Megaparsecs.

One study of the SDSS data in 2004 found "The power spectrum is not well-characterized by a single power law but unambiguously shows curvature...thereby driving yet another nail into the coffin of the fractal universe hypothesis and any other models predicting a power-law power spectrum".[3] Another analysis of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) in the SDSS data calculated the fractal dimension of galaxy distribution (on a scales from 70 to 100 Mpc/h) at 3, consistent with homogeneity; but that the fractal dimension is 2 "out to roughly 20 Mpc/h".[4] In a paper of 2008 entitled "Parabolic drift towards homogeneity in large-scale structures of galaxies" (Physica, A, 387: 3641-3646) D. Queiros-Conde showed that large-scale structure of galaxies are much better described by a scale-dependent fractal dimension drifting from zero to three at a scale around 55 Mpc/h in the context of a "scale-entropy diffusion equation". It gives a way to estimate the number of galaxies in the universe in agreement with Hubble measurements. Moreover, fractal dimension is varying linearly with scale-logarithm. This means that the geometry of galaxy distribution is a "parabolic fractal". Two years later, the same author with M. Feidt showed that the fractal dimension 2 found in numerous studies can be explained as being a problem of measurement. In 2012, Scrimgeour et al. definitively showed that large-scale structure of galaxies was homogeneous beyond a scale around 70 Mpc/h, close to the value found by D. Queiros-Conde.[5]

In 2013, astronomers discovered a large quasar group (LQG) that is 1.6 billion light-years in diameter, far larger than allowed by the cosmological principle, which asserts that the universe should be homogeneous at scales this large.

Fractals in theoretical cosmology

In the realm of theory, the first appearance of fractals in cosmology was likely with Andrei Linde’s "Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe"[7] theory (see Chaotic inflation theory), in 1986. In this theory, the evolution of a scalar field creates peaks that become nucleation points which cause inflating patches of space to develop into "bubble universes," making the universe fractal on the very largest scales. Alan Guth's 2007 paper on "Eternal Inflation and its implications"[8] shows that this variety of Inflationary universe theory is still being seriously considered today. And inflation, in some form or other, is widely considered to be our best available cosmological model.

Since 1986, however, quite a large number of different cosmological theories exhibiting fractal properties have been proposed. And while Linde’s theory shows fractality at scales likely larger than the observable universe, theories like Causal dynamical triangulation[9] and Quantum Einstein gravity[10] are fractal at the opposite extreme, in the realm of the ultra-small near the Planck scale. These recent theories of quantum gravity describe a fractal structure for spacetime itself, and suggest that the dimensionality of space evolves with time. Specifically; they suggest that reality is 2D at the Planck scale, and that spacetime gradually becomes 4D at larger scales. French astronomer Laurent Nottale first suggested the fractal nature of spacetime in a paper on Scale Relativity published in 1992,[11] and published a book on the subject of Fractal Space-Time in 1993.[12]

French mathematician Alain Connes has been working for a number of years to reconcile Relativity with Quantum Mechanics, and thereby to unify the laws of Physics, using Noncommutative geometry. Fractality also arises in this approach to Quantum Gravity. An article by Alexander Hellemans in the August 2006 issue of Scientific American[13] quotes Connes as saying that the next important step toward this goal is to "try to understand how space with fractional dimensions couples with gravitation." The work of Connes with physicist Carlo Rovelli[14] suggests that time is an emergent property or arises naturally, in this formulation, whereas in Causal dynamical triangulation,[9] choosing those configurations where adjacent building blocks share the same direction in time is an essential part of the 'recipe.' Both approaches suggest that the fabric of space itself is fractal, however.

Publications

The book Discovery of Cosmic Fractals[15] by Yurij Baryshev and Pekka Teerikorpi gives an overview of fractal cosmology, and recounts other milestones in the development of this subject. It recapitulates the history of cosmology, reviewing the core concepts of ancient, historical, and modern astrophysical cosmology. The book also documents the appearance of fractal-like and hierarchical views of the universe from ancient times to the present. The authors make it apparent that some of the pertinent ideas of these two streams of thought developed together. They show that the view of the universe as a fractal has a long and varied history, though people haven’t always had the vocabulary necessary to express things in precisely that way.

Beginning with the Sumerian and Babylonian mythologies, they trace the evolution of Cosmology through the ideas of Ancient Greeks like Aristotle, Anaximander, and Anaxagoras, and forward through the Scientific Revolution and beyond. They acknowledge the contributions of people like Emanuel Swedenborg, Edmund Fournier d'Albe, Carl Charlier, and Knut Lundmark to the subject of cosmology and a fractal-like interpretation, or explanation thereof. In addition, they document the work of de Vaucoleurs, Mandelbrot, Pietronero, Nottale and others in modern times, who have theorized, discovered, or demonstrated that the universe has an observable fractal aspect.

On the 10th of March, 2007, the weekly science magazine New Scientist featured an article entitled "Is the Universe a Fractal?"[16] on its cover. The article by Amanda Gefter focused on the contrasting views of Pietronero and his colleagues, who think that the universe appears to be fractal (rough and lumpy) with those of David W. Hogg of NYU and others who think that the universe will prove to be relatively homogeneous and isotropic (smooth) at a still larger scale, or once we have a large and inclusive enough sample (as is predicted by Lambda-CDM). Gefter gave experts in both camps an opportunity to explain their work and their views on the subject, for her readers.[citation needed]

This was a follow-up of an earlier article in that same publication on August 21 of 1999, by Marcus Chown, entitled "Fractal Universe.".[17] Back in November 1994, Scientific American featured an article on its cover written by physicist Andrei Linde, entitled "The Self-Reproducing Inflationary Universe"[18] whose heading stated that "Recent versions of the inflationary scenario describe the universe as a self-generating fractal that sprouts other inflationary universes," and which described Linde's theory of chaotic eternal inflation in some detail.

In July 2008, Scientific American featured an article on Causal dynamical triangulation,[19] written by the three scientists who propounded the theory, which again suggests that the universe may have the characteristics of a fractal.

[kyle86curd]

Character analysis sula peace - cliffs notes , sula summary and study guide supersummary

Critical Analysis of Toni Morrison's Sula - GetSetNotes , sula summary gradesaver

"Sula" Critical Overview - Lehigh University Scalar. Critical Literary Analysis The novel that I read is called Sula written by Toni Morrison. This novel is about the lives of two women named Sula Peace,. She is insecure in her relationship with her mother for she was a daughter with a distant mother and incomprehensible father. Hannah is a sensuous woman who seeks the company of all the men in town; Sula disapproves of her mothers behavior and views her with a detached sense of alienation. Analysis of Toni Morrisons Sula Literary Theory and. What gives Voice of Color its weight among literary theorists is the logical notion that those who have experienced socially constructed racial oppression have learned discrimination through its very oppression and are therefore qualified to speak of such acquisitions. He thinks back to long ago, when a young girl with a tadpole shaped mark (whom we know to be Sula) ran into his shack. Sula Summary and Study Guide. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of Sula by Toni Morrison. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Sula, written by Nobel Prize-winning author Toni. Sula and Nel seem to have entirely different views on conformity with rules and societal norms. Juxtaposed against each other, these two cultures often compete against each other, particularly within the individual who is torn between the two, or at least must function between both worlds. Ajax leaves, however, when Sula shows signs of becoming committed. After a short courtship, she marries Wiley Wright, a seaman and cousin who is absent for long periods of time due to his occupation as a seaman on the Great Lakes.

Critical Analysis for Sula by Toni Morrison - Owlcation

Character Analysis Sula Peace - Cliffs Notes , take the summary quick quiz

When Sula returns to Medallion after 10 years absence, robins and other birds overwhelm the town. Another resident of the Bottom in the early 1920s is Sula Peace, a girl with a strange birthmark, shaped like a stemmed rose, on her face. Embodying freedom, adventure, curiosity, unpredictability, passion, and danger, Sula takes little from others and gives even less. Critical Analysis of Toni Morrison's Sula - GetSetNotes. Sula Full Book Summary SparkNotes. The Bottom is a mostly black community in Ohio, situated in the hills above the mostly white, wealthier community of Medallion. The Bottom first became a community when a master gave it to his former slave. This "gift" was in fact a trick the master gave the former slave a poor stretch of hilly land, convincing the slave the land was worthwhile. Chickens death is accompanied by a few other deaths of major characters. The narrator says that she becomes like an insect clinging to a wall to avoid the inevitable plummet to the bottom. His own mother is struck mute by his gruesome appearance for seven hours. Analysis of "Sula" by Toni Morrison Free Essay Example. In addition, they were barred from entering white establishments down in the valley of Medallion, as well as denied decent jobs and wages. Like the nightshade that flourishes in the Bottom, Nels awareness is both devastating and healing. Eva is a survivor and is never afraid to act or to speak her mind. Like Milkman Dead at the end of Song of Solomon, Son leaps into mythic possibility; like Brer Rabbit, Son, the black man, is a figure with the power to survive. Having trouble understanding Sula? Here's an in-depth analysis of the most important parts, in an easy-to-understand format. By Toni Morrison. Also, she questions to what extent mothers will go to protect their children from a harsh world, and whether or not these maternal instincts ultimately are productive or harmful. But I would like to presume that it must have been harder for Nel because she did not have the boldness that Sula showed off even at their almost-teenage years. Nel visits with Eva who accuses her of Chicken Littles death and tells her that she and Sula were the same. References REDDY, P. S. A Critical Analysis of Sula by Toni Morrison.

Sula 1937 Summary & Analysis LitCharts

What I found surprising was that Sula watched her mother die in a fire, but we never hear of any grief on Sulas part. Their house also serves as a home for three informally adopted boys and a steady stream of boarders. In the hospital where Shadrack is treated after returning shell-shocked from World War I, the male nurse is very unsympathetic to Shadracks condition and insists that he feed himself. As Sula and Nel grow up, they remain close. Sula Peace - CliffsNotes. Embodying freedom, adventure, curiosity, unpredictability, passion, and danger, Sula takes little from others and gives even less. She is not ruthless;. Analysis of Toni Morrison's Sula - Literary Theory and Criticism. Love and Sexuality. Suffering and Community Identity. Women, Motherhood, and Gender Roles. Signs, Names, and Interpretation. Summary. Analysis. It has been ten years since Sula last saw Nel. Sula has just returned to Medallion, and for some reason, shes accompanied by a plague of robins. Sula is dressed like a movie star, attracting the stares of the old men who sit on their.

Sula, Morrison's second novel, focuses on a young black girl named Sula, who matures into a strong and determined woman in the face of adversity and the. When the one-legged Eva jumps from the second story of her house in order to save Hannah from burning, Sula makes no attempt to help either her mother or her grandmother. Nel has a brief relationship with a bartender at a hotel in Medallion, but the tryst does not develop into anything lasting. "New Dimensions of Spirituality A Biracial and Bicultural Reading of the Novels of Toni Morrison. Hannah is Evas oldest child and Sulas mother. In a bitterly ironic twist, the whites take over the hillside again when they want suburban houses that will catch the breeze. Their hatred in part rests upon Sula's interracial relationships, but is crystallized when Sula has an affair with Nel's husband, Jude, who subsequently abandons Nel. Nel realizes that she was complicit in his death and that she enjoyed watching him fall. Sula is a novel by Toni Morrison that was first published in 1973. Summary Read our full plot summary and analysis of Sula , scene by scene break-downs, and more. At twenty-nine she knew it would be no other way for her, but she had not counted on the footsteps on the porch, and the beautiful black face that stared at her through the blue-glass window. Shame is attributed by the weak-hearted to those who do not feel shame. Nel finds her attractive and warm, yet the behavior between Rochelle and Helene is decidedly cool. Helene, through her insistence on perfection and on the importance of appearances, causes her daughter to feel inadequate and insecure. Full Book Summary - Sula - SparkNotes. He is a seaman and he is gone for long lengths of time. Sula Study Guide SparkNotes.

Evas behavior toward Plum represents the extent of a mothers love. She does not need the traditional markerswife, mother, loverto define herself. Toni Morrison. London Macmillan, 1995. [Categories Possible Tags Postmodernism, Psychoanalysis]. Circling Meaning. Sula by Toni Morrison Plot Summary LitCharts. Rather than moving beyond her loss, Nel chooses to try to freeze her life and to cling to the gray remains of the part of her life that has passed. In Williams' play, Serafina delle Rose, an Italian-American woman, mourns for the recent death of her husband, Rosario, who, Serafina's gossipy and cruel neighbors claim, was having an extramarital affair before his death. Reverend Deal is the religious and moral voice in Bottom. Sula, the female protagonist of Morrisons novel, encounters institutionalized racism on the outside, particularly during the time she was away from home and trying to make a life traveling around and associating with primarily white communities. Critical Analysis for Sula by Toni Morrison - Owlcation.

Twin brothers Deacon and Steward, the towns elders, are deeply committed to keeping Ruby as pristine and trouble-free as possible. Cecile rescues Helene from her mother Rochelles brothel when Helene is a little girl. The residents of the Bottom also heavily rely on storytelling to share and pass down wisdom, as well as create a sense of community together. Shadrack understands the permanence of death and the destructive power human beings can render. Analysis of Sula by Toni Morrison - 1150 Words 123 Help Me. Character types can also embody certain folk practices. Sula is the second novel of the Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison penned in 1973 which revolves mostly on the lives of Sula Peace and. In varying degrees, they accept Evas murder of her drug-addict son, Plum, and Hannahs seduction of their husbands, one after another. Sula by Toni Morrison - Plot Structure Analysis - TheBestNotes. Son has a homethe completely black town of Eloeand there he abides by the ideas of respectability held by his father and his Aunt Rosa. Carabi, Angels, "Toni Morrison," in Belles Lettres A Review of Books by Women, Spring 1995, p. 40. The first instance that Eva finds out of sync is a question of Hannah. Book Summary. Just after the end of World War I, Shadrack, a black, shell-shocked veteran, is released from the military hospital where he is being treated for battle stress. Alone and disoriented, Shadrack drifts back to his home in the Bottom, where he becomes known for his eccentricity and for creating National Suicide Day, January 3, a day once a year on which. And, according to her, wedding meant death when seen in a dream and red doomed fire. The girls also come to share a dark secret when they participate in the accidental death of a young boy named Chicken Little. Paradise is a significant addition to Morrisons body of work. The next day the sheriff reads his discharge papers from the army and arranges for someone to drop him off in Medallion.

On the other hand, she nearly kills herself jumping out a window in an attempt to quench the flames that ultimately kill her other child Hannah. The girls come from two completely different homes. Morrison deliberately disorients the reader as she delves into the interior life of slavery, creating an experience similar to that of slavery, as the narrative breaks apart, shifts, and confounds. Eva does these things out of love for her children. Neither Sula nor Nel tell anybody about Chicken Littles death because they are frightened of the ramifications. The book narrates the story of a small black community in Ohio, which takes place after World War I. Sula and Nel are the main characters of the novel, and, by depicting their lives, the author describes racial and gender relationships in postwar segregated America of the twentieth century. Sula 1922 Summary and Analysis GradeSaver. The occurrence of three strange events defines this chapter. Sula is the second novel of the Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison penned in 1973 which revolves mostly on the lives of Sula Peace and her best friend, Nel Wright, as they thread their way through this crazy little thing called life. After a few years, her marriage with Jude becomes oppressive and burdensome. Regarding Sula in its entirety, the story suggests a positive way of freeing our fettered minds from the oppressive tentacles of a past which,. She still needs to define Sula as the bottom so that she can remain superior. Sula Analysis Shmoop.

Sula is gone now, and now Nel cannot get a chance to tell Sula that she forgives her for what she has done to her. It would be only natural, human nature, it seems, for people to sympathize with a victim and rejoice at the creation of a human life. Analysis of Sula by Toni Morrison Toni Morrison wrote a touching story of two childhood friends who test the bonds of friendship and love. Throughout the story there are many themes that implore the reader to look more in depth at their meanings and consequences. The main theme throughout the book is that of friendship. Irene is the owner of Irenes House of Cosmetology. Sula confronts issues of loyalty, family, assimilation, innocence, gender, and sexuality, but is at its heart an examination of the priorities. Something Other Than a Family Quarrel The Beautiful Boys in Morrisons Sula, African American Review 37, no. Sula Analysis. She is rebellious, and demands, like Beloved, nothing less than a resurrection or a willed rebirth. Sula literary analysis essay English homework help.

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28  Fresh Perspectives Needed  13Sep18

Introduction I have three motivations in writing this series of essays. The first is to improve my own understanding through research, contemplation and organizing my ideas by writing them. The second is to be able to share this journey with others in a plain-English format, just in case anyone is interested or amused by this (which is not the case for my wife, friends and relatives!). My third reason is the hope of provoking fresh thinking in areas that seem to me to be calling out for new insights and answers.

I think modern cosmology is in trouble. 95-98% of the Universe has gone missing and cannot be found. Cosmologists claim to understand the history of the Universe, even before the so-called Big Bang, but cannot explain the motion of stars in spiral galaxies or why the Universe seems to be expanding at an accelerating rate, or why its geometry seems to be so flat. We can’t even deeply explain the motion of a simple Foucault pendulum here on Earth. And our model for light is an unsatisfactory pastiche of conflicting ideas. Paradoxes persist. How long will it take before we agree – we seem to have lost the path, it should not be as hard as this, we have missed something, we have failed to fully understand something fundamental.

So I have gone back through the foundations of modern physics with an open but skeptical mind. It has been a fascinating journey.

Here are my conclusions: 1. Our model for light is clumsy, old fashioned, contradictory and severely limiting. It needs a fresh look. Wave-particle duality is just a label for something we don’t properly understand. 2. The aether theory isn’t dead, it is just sleeping. It ran into problems and was bypassed, shelved and ignored. But maybe Lorentz, Sagnac and others were onto something that needs a fresh and further look. 3. Special Relativity is a work of genius and uncovered some fundamental aspects of Nature. But it rests on three postulates that may not be always, everywhere and entirely valid. 4. The issue of where does inertia comes from in the first place needs some deep consideration. 5. General Relativity is brilliantly successful because it recognizes that both time and the speed of light are affected by gravity. It is also a clever and powerful model that brings a whole lot of new mathematics into play. But for all that it is just a model. 6. If you add the insights of Special Relativity and the fact that gravity slows the speed of light/time back into classical physics you can successfully model, quantify and predict all of the so-called proofs of General Relativity. This shows that General Relativity is an excellent way of looking at certain aspects of Nature, but it is not the only way of understanding Nature. 7. Restricting our viewpoints restricts our understanding and progress. We need some fresh perspectives.

The Cone Here is a parable. Consider a solid cone made out of some hard shiny material. Viewed from one end it will look like a disc. Viewed from the other end it will still look like a disc, but with some indications that it has a symmetrical three dimensional nature and maybe a pointy tip. Viewed side on it will look like a triangle, again with some suggestions of curvature but this time from side to side. Which view is correct? The answer is that all three views are correct, but none is completely correct. Insisting that one view is correct and ignoring the other views is to limit understanding of the true nature of the cone.

I think it is the same with General Relativity. Insisting that it is the only correct way of interpreting the Universe is to limit our chances of developing a deeper understanding.

The Rise of the Metric Approach to Gravity There are various ways to try to describe physics involving gravity. It is clear that four dimensional spacetime is needed and that the lessons of Special Relativity need to be included. Furthermore, the fact that gravity slows down the speed of light and the rate of time points to the need to allow for flexibility in the time dimension. So a flat Minkowski spacetime is not entirely adequate. But this is where the great divide comes in. You can choose to follow Einstein and make use of a fully curved spacetime model, or not.

If you do choose Einstein’s geometric approach then you can regard this as just a model – as Einstein himself did – or you can go further and choose to regard curved spacetime as some sort of fundamental reality. This last step gained popularity after Einstein died, promulgated by luminaries such as Misner, Thorne and Wheeler in the United States and Stephen Hawking in the United Kingdom.

Necessity for Full Spacetime Curvature? N.B. In this essay I will again be making references to a heavyweight textbook on gravity by Charles Misner, Kip Thorne and John Wheeler (MTW):   “Gravitation” C W Misner, K S Thorne, J A Wheeler  Freeman Press,  1970  ISBN 0-7167-0344

MTW have played a major role in promoting the idea that gravity is nothing more than spacetime curvature. Einstein’s own approach was regarded as a curiosity by many scientists for the first forty years of its life but from the middle of the 20th century it gradually assumed the ascendency. Whereas Einstein regarded his full curvature approach to be a useful tool, MTW and others reinterpreted his approach and helped to create the modern view that gravity is just an illusion created by full spacetime curvature.

MTW do not have an open mind on the subject. On p1066 they say “Among all bodies of physical law none has ever been found that is simpler or more beautiful than Einstein’s geometric theory of gravity; nor has any theory of gravity been discovered that is more compelling”. On p1067 they say “For any adequate description of gravity, look to a metric theory”. On p 421 they say “Mass-energy curves space is the central principle of gravity”. On p429 they praise General Relativity because “It describes gravity entirely in terms of geometry; most of its competitors do not”. And John Wheeler is often quoted as saying “Matter tells spacetime how to curve and curved spacetime tell matter how to move.”

Clifford M Will was a student of Kip Thorne at Caltech and later became a leading professor of physics, specializing in General Relativity. I will use quotes from his online article “The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment” June 2014, SpringerLink, and his overview “Was Einstein Right? A Centenary Assessment” 33 pages, 8 figures, published in General Relativity and Gravitation: A Centennial Perspective, eds. A. Ashtekar, B. Berger, J. Isenberg and M. A. H. MacCallum (Cambridge University Press), 2015. Abridged version at arXiv:1403.7377.

Will presents the Einstein Equivalence Principle and Strong Equivalence Principle in confusing ways, with each principle containing other principles. Will then says that the equivalence principles are the heart and soul of gravitational theory, “for it is possible to argue convincingly that if they are valid, then gravitation must be a ‘curved spacetime’ phenomenon.” In other words, the effects of gravity must be equivalent to the effects of living in a curved spacetime.

I think that to whether “the effects of gravity must be equivalent to the effects of living in a curved spacetime curvature” is true or not depending on what it meant by ‘equivalent’. If the author means “can be satisfactorily modeled by” I would happily agree. If the author means we live in a curved spacetime reality and gravity does not exist, then I think that he has gone too far. Further than Einstein ever went and further than is reasonable.

The Parametrized Post Newtonian Formalism The Parameterized Post-Newtonian Framework (PPN) was developed over 50 years by illustrious physicists such as Eddington, Robertson, Schiff, Nordtvedt and Will. The PPN formalism adds ten generic parameters to a basic version of General Relativity. The parameters can be adjusted so that the PPN can represent a whole variety of competing geometric models of gravity, including subtle variations of General Relativity itself. The idea is then to use experimental results to put limits on the parameters as a way of weeding out the range of theories and preventing new weeds from taking hold.

Theories subject to this treatment include Einstein’s General Relativity (1915), Whitehead (1922), one of Bergman’s (1968) scalar-tensor theories, one of Nordstrom’s theories, theories by Birkhoff (1943), Dicke-Brans-Jordan (1961, 1959), Ni (1970, 1972) and many others.

Suffice it to say that plain vanilla General Relativity complies neatly with these tests and the other models struggle.

The work by Will also covers a lot of metric theories, classified into General Relativity, scalar-tensor theories (of which the Jordan–Fierz–Brans–Dicke theory is a good example), vector-tensor theories and scalar-vector-tensor theories. Let me quote from the second of the Will references mentioned above: • A number of theories fall into the class of “prior-geometric” theories, with absolute elements such as a flat background metric in addition to the physical metric. Most of these theories predict “preferred-frame” effects that have been tightly constrained by observations. An example is Rosen’s bi-metric theory. • A large number of alternative theories of gravity predict gravitational wave emission substantially different from that of general relativity, in strong disagreement with observations of the binary pulsar. • Scalar-tensor modifications of general relativity have become very popular in unification schemes such as string theory, and in cosmological model building. Because the scalar fields could be massive, the potentials in the post-Newtonian limit could be modified by Yukawa-like terms. • Theories that also incorporate vector fields have attracted recent attention, in the spirit of the Extension of the Standard Model (of sub-atomic particles), as models for violations of Lorentz invariance in the gravitational sector, and as potential candidates to account for phenomena such as galaxy rotation curves without resorting to dark matter.

Again Will uses a range of experimental results and concludes that plain vanilla General Relativity complies neatly with these tests and the other models do not.

My problem with all this work is not its intention, but the way it is carried out. MTW, Will and Nordtvedt make up the rules, act as prosecutor, select the evidence, interpret the evidence and act as jury and judge. If they encounter a problem in a theory they allow no attempt to fix it. They simply bayonet the wounded theory, declare it dead and buried, and move on to the next.

Einstein struggled for ten years to develop his General Relativity model, with many twists and turns. He produced an initial calculation for the light bending effect that was half the final result. He argued for, then against, and finally for the existence of gravitational waves. He introduced a cosmological constant and then called it a mistake. So it may be a bit harsh and possibly premature to kill off other models at the first sign of a problem.

Models with Backgrounds The antagonism by MTW towards alternate theories of gravity and alternate interpretations of Einstein’s approach shows up in the discussion by MTW of attempts to view gravity as a standard type of field situated in a flat spacetime background.

This approach has been developed and explored by notable theorists such as Gupta, Kraichman, Thirring, Feyman, Weinberg and Deser (see MTW p436). It offers one of several routes to the field equations of Einstein’s General Relativity.

One version (Fierz and Pauli 1939) borrowed from quantum theory and envisages gravity as occurring via the exchange of gravitons – hypothetical zero rest mass particles with a spin number of 2. MTW claim that by the time this approach is fully developed the original flat spacetime has become unobservable. MTW dismiss the theory (p437) because it is silent about the emergence of the Universe from an initial singularity - the Big Bang Theory. Hence MTW dismiss a serious attempt to bring together the two pillars of modern physics because it is silent about something else that they like.

MTW start their more general discussion of models with backgrounds by stating that any flat background must be unobservable (p424). This is the same point of view put to Lorentz by Einstein in relation to Special Relativity.

Einstein did not deny the possibility of a background that may or may not correspond to a lumiferous aether. He just argued that if it cannot show up in Michelson-Morley type experiments it must be unobservable and hence not useful.

MTW praise General Relativity for being free of any ‘prior geometry’, and criticize any competitors which admit this as a possibility. I think they have a point because I think that all geometry is a man-made overlay and hence has no prior reality. In fact no reality at all except in our own minds. But I think that that agreeing that there is no prior geometry is not quite the same as agreeing that there is no background. It might just mean that the background has no prior geometry.

I think this subtle difference is vitally and fundamentally important.

In my view, Newton’s rotating bucket, the Foucault pendulum and the Sagnac interferometer all readily distinguish reference frames which are rotating or accelerating from ones which are not. The Cosmic Microwave Background does the same. Conversely, Einstein’s attempt to explain why some objects demonstrate rotational phenomena and others do not by imposing boundary conditions on his cosmological models was a failure. Einstein thought so anyway, even though it suits many modern cosmologists to disagree.

So why do MTW show such antagonism to the idea of a cosmological background? I think it might be because they conflate it with ‘prior geometry’. However, to their credit they attempt to clarify their language. On p 429 they say “By ‘prior geometry’ one means any aspect of the geometry of spacetime that is fixed immutably, i.e. that cannot be changed by changing the distribution of gravitating sources”.

So what about a background geometry that is affected by the distribution of gravitating sources in the Universe? This echoes the argument put forward by Ernst Mach towards the end of the 19th century. Einstein admired the idea so much that he dubbed it “Mach’s Principle.” (Einstein endeavored to incorporate the idea into his theories all his life, but eventually concluded that he had not been successful.) If the background is given a Machian interpretation then I think it has to be taken very seriously.

There seems to be a confused belief that the idea of a background conflicts with something that Einstein called the Principle of General Covariance. This principle states that the outcome of physical experiments does not depend on the choice of reference frame in which to view them. In other words, physics is agnostic to reference frames invented by observers for their own convenience.

This principle is entirely reasonable, but has little to do with the fact that some reference frames are more equal than others. For example, frames that are not accelerating or rotating do not contain spurious forces deflecting unattached test particles all over the place.

It is robustly true that the physical outcomes are the same whatever reference frame you chose to use – it is just that the ease of describing what is going on them is vastly different depending on the frame you happen to choose to describe them in. Choose your frame right and you do not have to invent  ‘fictitious’ forces to balance the books.

An example of the type of effort that I admire is a modeling approach developed by W T Ni in 1970 and 1972 (see MTW p1070). This has a background geometry and treats gravity as a scalar field. MTW agree that the theory satisfies the equivalence principle (which version is not clear), and that the model is self-consistent and complete. But then they say “If the solar system were at rest in the ‘rest frame of the Universe’, the theory would agree with all experiments to date – except possibly for the expansion of the Universe. But the motion of the solar system through the Universe leads to serious disagreement with experiment (Will and Nordtvedt 1972)”.

The alleged fatal flaw comes from work by Will in 1971 that suggests that the force between two massive objects will depend on the way in which they are travelling through the background metric. This is calculated to create a twice-a-day fluctuation in the tides on Earth and also to tidal fluctuations within the Earth that conflicts with the experimental evidence. This leads Will to claim that the theory of Whitehead (1922) and of Ni (1972) cannot be correct. But is Will correct?

When Galileo presented his model of a spinning Earth orbiting a stationary Sun, the wise men of the day calculated that the tangential speed of the Earth’s surface could be anything up to 1600km/hour and said that Galileo’s model could not possibly be true because no bird could fly that fast in order to keep up. It was not an unreasonable point because this was in the days prior to Torricelli and hence there was not yet a concept of the atmosphere being a thin layer coating the earth with no viscous drag where it meets the vacuum of space. Likewise Will’s objection could be perfectly reasonable and clever, but nevertheless wrong.

Since General Relativity and modern physics generally cannot explain the enormous anomaly in the motion of stars in the discs of all spiral galaxies (without inventing hypothetical dark matter) there is clearly something occurring that is not well explained by the conventional paradigm. So it may be unwise to be too definite about what is right and what is wrong at this stage. What if the type of thinking put forward by Ni resolves the galaxy rotation curve crisis?

The Fabric of Spacetime? It is common to hear expressions such as “the fabric of spacetime”, and “spacetime tells matter how to move”. It is also common to see diagrams with spacetime depicted as a curved or distorted rubber sheet with dimples around massive objects forcing the path of freely moving bodies into curves and orbits.

This is a bit unfortunate. It tends to create the impression that spacetime is a real thing, an actual entity. That moving objects are deflected because they hit a bump in the road.

Spacetime is a just way of defining places and moments, lengths and times in a satisfactory way so we can describe what is going on. We do this sort of thing all the time, but we need to be careful not to get confused between our imagined constructs and actual reality.  

For example, we have an agreed way of assigning lines of latitude and longitude to the surface of the Earth. This creates a two dimensional grid. But it is not real. You cannot see it, touch it, taste it, smell it or hear it. You cannot detect it with any instruments. It does not interact with matter in any shape or form. The motion of everything on Earth is oblivious to the imaginary grid that we have imagined and agreed upon for our own convenience of reference.

It is the same with spacetime. Curved or not. It is just a reference frame that we overlay onto physical reality to make it easier to talk about what is going on. If it proves convenient to use a warped geometry then use that. If some other representation is more convenient then use that one instead. It makes no difference to actual reality.

Imaginary reference frames are useful for describing physical systems. That is all. Spacetime does not exist as a thing in its own right, any more than the lines of latitude and longitude exist on the surface of the Earth. Spacetime curvature does not tell matter how to move any more than the lines of latitude and longitude tell ships and planes how to move, or ducks how to migrate. It is important not to become confused between descriptions of reality that we happen to find useful and reality itself.

When someone says “matter tells spacetime how to curve and spacetime curvature tells matter how to move” we should not take the words too literally. It would be better to remind ourselves that we have imposed an imaginary and somewhat arbitrary reference frame across the physical system we are trying to describe and that for some purposes we find it convenient to model the effects of gravity by using a warped four dimensional framework.

I know that General Relativity can be recast in terms so generic that the convenience of coordinates can be dispensed with all together. However I do not think this alters my point.

I am also familiar with the argument that goes as follows. By applying geometry to the surface of the Earth we can discover that two dimensional geometry which is locally Euclidean no longer works on a larger scale, thus revealing that the surface of the Earth is a curved manifold in three dimensional space. Similarly, applying four dimensional geometry which is locally Lorentzian on a larger scale reveals that spacetime curvature is necessary to account for physical dynamics in the presence of gravity. I would agree with this if I thought that Einstein’s Equivalence Principle was literally true. But I don’t. I think that gravity can be mimicked by a linear acceleration to a certain degree, and that it is possible to build clever mathematical models based on this fact. But is gravity, the most dominant force in the Universe, just an illusion created by a quirk of geometry? I don’t think so.

Is General Relativity Perfect? Yes, you can get rid of gravity by imagining spacetime is curved. Yes this is brilliant stuff. Yes this produces a small number of remarkable (very small) predictions that turn out to be true. And yes it is possible to build innumerable wonderful cosmological models using curved spacetime geometries. But that is not conclusive proof that the modern version of General Relativity is the only way to look at the Universe, the best way to look at the Universe, or even the most convenient way to look at the Universe.

General Relativity is very hard to use and I think the results of its over complicated mathematics throw up more questions than they answer. And while I am being heretical, I may as well produce a list of criticisms. In my naive opinion, the modern version of General Relativity: 1. is based on a Principle of Equivalence which is just a mathematical assumption 2. elevates spacetime to a status it does not deserve 3. does not explain why matter, stress and energy distort spacetime 4. does not explain the origins of linear or rotational inertia 5. does not explain why matter has mass 6. is so complicated that it enables mathematicians to come up with a whole range of solutions which have no correspondence in Nature 7. creates red herrings that waste everyone’s time 8. has not helped with the dilemmas of missing Cold Dark Matter and Dark Energy 9. has predictions which can be accounted for in other ways 10. obscures, bypasses or overshadows a lot of fundamental issues that deserve more attention.

In many ways, the proof of the pudding is in the eating. A century after General Relativity was produced, most astronomers do not use it except in special circumstances such as gravitational lensing and black holes. In day-to-day discussions they just use a post-Newtonian approximation. And although Einstein and modern ‘metricists’ seem to be averse to any ‘a priori’ geometry in the Universe, astronomers nevertheless find it convenient to have agreed reference frames for the Solar System, the Milky Way and the wider Universe. Are they are instinctively using something that has physical significance?

Spatial Curvature on a Cosmological Scale Einstein’s General Relativity model requires mass/energy to warp spacetime. Its equations involve mass/stress/energy tensor warping the 4x4 spacetime metric tensor in all of its sixteen components (six of which are duplicates due to symmetry).

Suppose there are three spacecraft at rest with respect to each other and the cosmic microwave background. Connect them by laser beams and measure the angles between the three beams. The beams form a triangle. If the interior angles always add up to 180 degrees, then spacetime is flat. If the sum of the angles is more or less than that, then space has positive or negative curvature.

As far as we can tell, on a very large spatial scale our Universe is flat. Very flat. Parallel lines in intergalactic space will never meet. But this requires a very particular value for the universal stress energy tensor. Theorists have been struggling for nearly a century to explain why this might be so. It would be a remarkable coincidence if the average mass/stress/energy in our Universe happens to be exactly the right amount for universal spacetime to have neither positive nor negative curvature on a macro scale.

So Why is our Universe so Flat? The Einstein-Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models of the Universe involve solutions for Einstein’s equations based on the assumption that the Universe is more or less uniformly filled with mass/stress/energy, a bit like a perfect fluid. The equations have solutions which have positive curvature (like a sphere in 3D), negative curvature (like a hyperbolic surface in 3D) or zero curvature (i.e. flat) depending on the energy density measured by the omnipresent mass/stress/energy tensor.

But observations show the Universe is flat. So how did the Universe come up with exactly the right amount of mass/stress/energy to arrive at this special case? Theorists have come up with all sorts of suggestions, but it is still a mystery.

I have a much simpler answer. The Universe is flat because is has always been flat and that is the only thing it can be. The non-flat Friedmann solutions are just artifacts of the model and the assumptions used in obtaining its generic solutions. Not all aspects of the solutions have to correspond to reality.

When I read the debate between cosmologists about possible values for the cosmological constant I cannot help but be reminded of the debate between medieval theologians about how many angels can dance on the head on a pin. All very clever, but maybe not very useful.

Consider the Cartesian map analogy again. It is possible to map the surface of the earth onto a two dimensional surface by allowing the lines of longitude to move further and further apart as the distance from the equator increases. This is very useful, especially when reproducing maps on paper. But it produces singularities at the north and south poles. It is no good worrying about the meaning of these singularities and what bizarre things might be happening at the poles because the singularities do not exist in reality – they are just an artifact of the mathematical approach used to build the two dimensional model.

Likewise, you can waste time worrying why the Universe is flat, or you can just accept that the non-flat mathematical solutions are an artifact of a particular set of solutions to a peculiar model of the Universe based on a peculiar approach to describing physics.

I say peculiar model of the Universe because it seems to me that the Einstein-Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models of the Universe rest on some doubtful assumptions. Friedmann was not making assumptions summarizing actual experimental observations – he was just making gross simplifications in order to be able to get a handle on the mathematics. I don’t think the Universe is anything like a homogeneous perfect fluid. The more we look the more we find macro patterns in its structure. Huge super-clusters of galaxies, filaments, voids and walls. The analogy to the particles in a fluid are the galaxies. However, unlike the molecules in a fluid, the space between the galaxies contains a lot of intergalactic dust, neutrinos and photons. Furthermore galaxies collide with each other in ways that are totally different to the ways that molecules collide in a fluid. And the list of differences goes on.

I think the large scale geometry of our Universe is so flat because it was never curved. Cosmological curvature is our idea – not Nature’s.

Conclusion Inspired by Einstein’s great work there have been literally dozens of other models of gravitation over the last hundred years or so.

At first gravitation theory was a theorist’s paradise but an experimenter’s purgatory. Since the 1960’s however, developments in space technology and astronomy have created the ability to test many aspects of this work. The clear winner has been Einstein’s original theory. So much so that many scientists regard spacetime curvature not as a model of what is going on in nature, but as a fundamental new reality.

I think this is a mistake. I think that General Relativity is a very clever and successful model, but a model none-the-less. There is plenty that we do not yet understand properly about the Universe, how it works and how it evolved. Refusing to consider alternative approaches has the strong likelihood of unnecessarily limiting our understanding and delaying the next generation of breakthroughs.

General Relativity leaves key questions unanswered, e.g. in relation to the origins of inertia and the dynamics of spiral galaxies. The fact that 98% of the Universe required by theory cannot actually be found may be trying to tell us something - we have missed something fundamental. We have got off track. Something is wrong somewhere.

The current orthodoxy is a cage to our thinking and it deserves to be rattled and shaken. And finally a message to young scientists – please do not stop asking questions and do not stop questioning what they tell you, especially if it seems fudged.

A quote from a lecture Einstein gave in 1921: “As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain they do not refer to reality.”

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Control everything from a Central, Intuitive Dashboard with FabioHost’s Cpanel Hosting!

✍ Bring next-generation speed to your websites with 5G!

5G Gives High-Traffic Sites, Online Stores, Streaming Services, And Any Online Business That Demands The Fastest Possible Speeds To Serve Customers And Handle Heavy User Loads.

✍ Unlimited Bandwidth & Databases

Get The Power Of Unlimited Bandwidth To Boost Your Website Performance Even In Times Of High Traffic And Heavy Loads! Also, You Can Create and Manage Unlimited MySQL Database at No Extra Cost

✍ Unlimited Email Addresses – Domain and Personal

You Can Create Multiple Email Addresses for Your Domains As Well As Personalised Emails for a Professional Image

✍ Automated Daily Backups

FabioHost’s Back Ups Are Automated for Daily, Weekly and Monthly Keeping Your Site and Data Secure

✍ Install 100+ Premium Business Apps In Just 1 Click

Install Your Favorite 100+ Business Applications from Major Platforms in Just 3 Clicks without Worrying For Any Complex Tech Hassles

✍ Free SSL Certificates

Use Our SSL Certificates To Boost SEO Rankings & Protects All Your Business Websites, Blogs Or Domains That Are Hosted With FabioHost.

✍ Advanced Firewall Protection & Malware protection

Protect Your Sites from Malware, Viruses, and Data Loss with Advanced Firewall Protection

✍ 1-Click Migration Feature

Move Your Domains Effortlessly with FabioHost’s Migration in a Single Click!

✍ Powerful NVme 2.0 SSD Storage

Insane NVme 2.0 SSD Storage For All Your Storage Needs To Keep Your Site Running Smoothly.

✍ 99.99% Uptime Guarantee

Get Zero Downtime & Stop Losing Website Visitors. With Our Uptime Guarantee, Get Better Search Engine Rankings & Drive More Visitors for Your Offers

✍ Use PCI DSS Compliance

With PCI DSS Compliance Feature, FabioHost Protects the Security of Credit, Debit and Cash Card Transactions and Protects Cardholders against Any Misuse

✍ 100% Newbie Friendly

Designed For Beginners. Anyone Can Use It.

✍ Start Your Own 6 Figure Website Hosting Business

Setting Up Your Website Hosting Business Is Easy With FabioHost. It Provides Everything To Start Your Own Profitable Venture In 2025!

Fabio Host Review: How Does It Work?

Only 3 Clicks Are All You Need For Hosting High Speed Websites

Step #1: Enter

Just Enter Your Domain Details, Move Your Existing Domain, Or Choose A New One With No Restrictions. You Can Add Unlimited Domains & Unlimited Websites.

Step #2: Host

Your Website Or Domain Goes Live In Less Than 2 Minutes And Manage It From Our User-Friendly Intuitive Control Panel In Just Minutes.

Step #3: Publish & Profit

Yup! That’s All! Just Publish Your Websites & Increase Conversions And Sales Like Never Before.

Fabio Host Review: Benefits of Fabio Host

Revolutionary Next Generation Hosting Platform!

Host Unlimited Websites And Domains With Zero Restrictions

Get Premium Features Like Unlimited Free SSL certificates, Unlimited Databases, Unlimited Bandwidth For Higher Rankings And Growth

Get Unlimited Personalised Email Accounts And Unlimited Domain Emails For Better Branding

Intel® Turbo-CPU Technology And Lightspeed Web Servers Give Ultra-Fast Loading Times!

Get Quantum-Resistant Encryption, 5G-enabled Speed, NVme 2.0, Cpanel hosting, Unlimited Bandwidth, SSLs And One-Click WordPress Installation

Host Multiple Websites, Handle Large Traffic Spikes, And Add Custom Email Addresses Effortlessly, All From One Platform

More Satisfied Visitors, Lower Bounce Rates, And Higher Rankings On Search Engines

Daily Automated Backups And Cutting-Edge Anti-Threat Protection Secure Data

Cutting Edge Tech That Other Hosting Providers Simply Can’t Match

Hook Your Visitors, 10x Engagement & Drive Hordes Of Buyer Traffic

Stand Out in a Crowded Market – Sell On Fiverr & Upwork & Keep 100% Profits

No Monthly Fees

No Tech Skills, No Software, No Hassles

Say Goodbye To Expensive Design Software – GoDaddy, Hostinger etc

100% Beginner Friendly

24×7 Customer Support

Iron-Clad 90 Day Money-Back Guarantee Included

Verify Users Say About Fabio Host

Fabio Host Review: Who Should Use It?

SAAS Sellers

Website Owners

YouTube Marketers

Affiliate Marketers

Ecom Store Owners

Bloggers/Vloggers

Web Developers

Fiverr & Upwork Professionals

Digital Marketers

And Many Others

Fabio Host Review: OTO’s And Pricing

Front End Price: Fabio Host ($17)

OTO1: Fabio Host Unlimited ($47)

OTO2: Fabio Host DFY ($197)

OTO3: Fabio Host Security ($37)

OTO4: Fabio Host Website Builder ($37)

OTO5: Fabio Host SEO Tools ($37)

OTO6: Fabio Host Cloud Drive ($67)

OTO7: Fabio Host Reseller ($97)

OTO8: Fabio Host Bundle ($197)

Fabio Host Review: Money Back Guarantee

You Are Protected By Our Iron Clad Unconditional 90-Day Money Back Guarantee!

You are fully protected when dealing with us because of our 90 day money back guarantee programme. The Quality Of FabioHost Is Beyond Any Doubt Because We Are Effectively Its Users But If You Are Not 100% Satisfied With Our Hosting Services In Any Way, We Will Completely Refund Your Money – Right Away.

Fabio Host Review: Pros and Cons

Pros:

Affordable one-time payment model

Unlimited hosting for websites and domains.

Advanced security features

High-performance servers

User-friendly interface

Scalability for growing businesses

Cons:

To use this product, you must have internet access.

Nothing wrong with it, it works perfectly!

My Own Customized Exclusive VIP Bonus Bundle

***How To Claim These Bonuses***

Step #1:

Complete your purchase of the Fabio Host: My Special Unique Bonus Bundle will be visible on your access page as an Affiliate Bonus Button on WarriorPlus immediately after purchase. And before ending my honest Fabio Host Review, I told you that I would give you my very own unique PFTSES formula for Free.

Step #2:

Send the proof of purchase to my e-mail “support@marketingprofitmedia.com” (Then I’ll manually Deliver it for you in 24 HOURS).

Fabio Host Free Premium Bonuses

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)

Q. Do I Need Some Prior Skills Or Experience To Get Started?

FabioHost Is 100% Newbie Friendly With Easy-To-Use Dashboard.

Q. Do I Need To Download Anything To Use FabioHost?

No, You Don’t Have To Download Anything. You Can Buy Now And Start Using The Product Right Away. All You Need Is Your Email ID and Password To Access It Any Time From Anywhere With An Internet Connection.

Q. Do You Charge Any Extra Maintenance Fees Or Monthly Fees?

No! FabioHost Is Available At A One-Time Payment Only. There Are No Hidden Charges, Monthly Fees Or Additional Charges To Pay.

Q. What Happens After The Launch Period?

The Price Will Turn Into A Monthly Subscription And The Low One-Time Price Will Never Be Available Again! We Encourage You To Take Action Before The Launch Period Ends.

Q. What Happens If I Don’t See Results?

We’ve Got You Covered. If You Don’t See Your Desired Results With FabioHost Just Let Us Know Within The Next 90 Days And We’ll Refund You Every Penny.

Q. What If I Get Confused Along The Way?

Don’t Worry We Have Exclusive Detailed Video Training For You That Shows All The Required Steps.

Q. Is This Compatible On Both PC, Mac, Android, and iOS?

It Works On Any Device.

Q. What About The Future Updates?

You Won’t Pay A Penny Extra For Future Updates. And, You’ll Get Free Lifetime Updates To Keep Your Product up to date.

My Recommendation

Fabio Host unique solution to web hosting service, is exceptional in terms of price and features, as well as functionality. For those tired of paying recurring fees and hosting multiple or several websites without compromising speed and security, Fabio Host is quite tempting.

Despite the fact that it has relatively few user comments, these features should be enough to attract the business, agencies, and individuals for usage. So if you are looking for a company that offers secure, fast and affordable hosting solution, then Fabio Host can well be your game-changer.

>> Click Here To Get Fabio Host Now - Limited Time OFFER

Check Out My Previous Reviews: AI Influencers Review, WP AI Suite Review, BlogAutoMate Review, and AI Cash Machine Review.

Thank for reading my Fabio Host Review till the end. Hope it will help you to make purchase decision perfectly.