#Singidunum

[blueiskewl]

Roman Necropolis and Aqueduct Found in Belgrade, Serbia

Archaeologists have unearthed several Roman tombs and the remains of an aqueduct in the center of Belgrade, the Serbian capital.

The finds date to the period when the city was a settlement, known as Singidunum, within the Roman Empire.

"So far, we have discovered 14 Roman tombs from the third and fourth centuries," Milorad Ignjatović, an archaeologist at the Belgrade City Museum, told the Serbian website Sve o arheologiji ("All about archaeology").

The site has different styles of Roman tombs. "Two of the tombs have rectangular bases with arched vaults walled with bricks, while two others are made from bricks stacked in the form of a coffin," he said in comments translated from Serbian. "We have also discovered four stone sarcophagi, which were considered the most luxurious way to be buried in Roman times."

The excavations in the center of Belgrade have been going on since March, ahead of the construction of an underground parking garage.

The finds weren't a complete surprise; Roman tombs were unearthed nearby 40 years ago.

The latest excavations first turned up ruins of the bombings by Allied forces at the end of World War II, when the Nazi Germans had invaded and occupied what was then Yugoslavia, as well as the remains of an Ottoman Turkish settlement at the site from the 17th and 18th centuries.

But the Roman-era tombs started appearing in the excavations just a few weeks ago. "All our expectations came true," Ignjatović said.

Roman Singidunum

According to the city government of Belgrade, Singidunum was established at the site of an earlier Celtic town in the first century after the Roman defeat of hostile tribes in the area.

It then became one of the main settlements of the Roman province of Moesia, a frontier region south of the Danube River. Soldiers from at least two Roman legions were garrisoned there to protect it and the nearby lands from "barbarian" invasions by Dacians, Dardanians, Scordisci and other hostile tribes.

The emperor Hadrian, who ruled from A.D. 117 to 138, granted Singidunum city status and made its inhabitants Roman citizens, and the emperor Jovian, who ruled from 363 to 364, was born there in 331.

Singidunum then became a center for Roman Christianity in the region, and for a time it was part of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire). But it fell in 441 to an invasion of the Huns, who burned it to the ground and enslaved its inhabitants.

While archaeologists at the site suspected they would find tombs, they were not expecting the remains of a Roman aqueduct.

By Tom Metcalfe.

[e-kultura]

Galerija Singidunum ~ Izložba Tamara Miodragović

[cassianus]

The Holy Martyrs Hermylus and Stratonicus (Feast Jan. 13th), Slavs by origin, lived at the beginning of the fourth century during a persecution against Christians by the emperor Licinius (311-324). Saint Hermylus served as deacon in the city of Singidunum (Belgrade). Condemned by Licinius to imprisonment, he was long and cruelly tortured for Christ, but he remained unyielding.

Hermylus mocked the pagan gods, calling them deaf, dumb, and blind idols. In anger Licinius ordered more severe torments for him, saying that he could avoid them if he would offer sacrifice. The holy martyr predicted that Licinius would suffer terrible wounds himself because he worshiped idols instead of the Creator. His words came true, for Licinius was killed in 324.

After three days Hermylus was brought before the tribunal again and asked whether he would avoid more torture by offering sacrifice. The saint replied that he would offer worship and sacrifice only to the true God.

Saint Hermylus prayed that the Lord would give him strength to endure his torments and triumph over the pagans. A voice was heard saying, “Hermylus, you will be delivered from your suffering in three days, and will receive a great reward.” The torturers fell to the ground in fear, and took the saint back to prison.

Saint Stratonicus was one of the prison guards and a secret Christian. Seeing the agonizing torments of his friend, he was unable to keep from weeping, and he revealed that he was a Christian. They also subjected him to punishment.

After the torture, they put both martyrs into a net and threw them into the Danube. On the third day, the bodies of the saints were found by Christians on the bank of the river and buried near Singidunum

[history-time-out]

Attila the Hun timeline

Leader of the ancient nomadic people known the Huns from 434-453 AD and ruler of the Hunnic Empire.

378 The Huns take part in the Battle of Adrianople, in

which the Goths defeat the Romans. Soon

afterwards, the Huns cross the Carpathians into

Hungary

395 The Huns raid the Eastern Roman

Empire through the Caucasus, devastating towns in

Syria and Turkey

c400 The Huns dominate much of

Hungary and Romania. Birth of Attila

c435 Death of the Hun king Ruga, Attila’s uncle. Attila becomes joint ruler with his brother Bleda

444 or 445 Attila murders Bleda and becomes sole ruler, establishing a permanent base near today’s Szeged, on the Tisza in southern Hungary

440–41 Attila’s first Balkan campaign, raiding into Pannonia and Moesia, seizing several cities in the Danube region, including Singidunum (modern Belgrade)

447 Attila’s second Balkan campaign. Earthquake damages the walls of Constantinople. Huns besiege and take Naissus and many other cities, and (probably) advance to Constantinople, to find the walls have been repaired. Emperor Theodosius sues for peace, agrees annual tribute to Huns of 2,100 pounds of gold

449 Priscus accompanies embassy from Constantinople to Attila’s headquarters. The envoy includes would-be assassins. Attila foils the plot

451 Attila advances up the Danube to the Rhine, marches along the Moselle and invades Gaul. His advance is stopped by Aetius at Orleans. He retreats, is defeated by Aetius at the Battle of Catalaunian Plains, but is allowed to escape

452 Attila invades northern Italy. He takes Aquileia, and advances along the Po Valley. Famine and disease force a retreat

453 Death of Attila

454 The Hun empire shatters. Western Roman Emperor Valentinian murders the popular military leader Aetius

[lookerweekly]

56. Majska izložba Ulupuds-a, pod nazivom “Geneza”, biće otvorena na pet lokacija u Beogradu, s tim što su datumi održavanja takođe različiti – Konak Kneginje Ljubice (14 – 30.5), Dom Vojske Srbije Medija Centar „Odbrana“ (23.5 – 10.6), Bioskop Balkan (23.5 – 10.6), Galerija Singidunum (16 – 24.5) i Studentski kulturni centar SKC (4 – 14.6). Biće predstavljeni radovi umetnika primenjene umetnosti, koji su, kroz različite medije, prikazali svoj pogled na svet. Kustos je Jelena Pavićević.

| LookerWeekly

https://lookerweekly.com/izlozbe/56-majska-izlozba-ulupuds-a/

[influencermagazineuk]

Empowering Dreams: The Inspirational Odyssey of Hossam Shahin, Founder of CADC, Guiding Students to Fulfill Their Academic Ambitions

Hossam Shahin, Founder of CADC In the ever-expanding landscape of global education and personal development, few stories resonate as deeply as that of Hossam Shahin, the visionary behind the Career & Academic Development Center (CADC). His journey, marked by resilience and an unwavering pursuit of excellence, serves as a guiding light for students worldwide, especially those aspiring to pursue academic paths in Europe and the United States. Growing up in the vibrant culture of Egypt, Shahin's early years were shaped by his education at an American school in his homeland. This exposure honed his English proficiency and painted the seeds of a global mindset since his early days. His academics commenced with a focus on pharmaceutical sciences at Egypt's Faculty of Pharmacy, where his dedication and exceptional performance set him apart. However, Shahin's thirst for knowledge transcended borders. Fueled by an insatiable curiosity and a desire for personal growth, he embarked on a series of transformative experiences across continents. His journey into international education took flight when he secured a prestigious scholarship from the US Department of State to study at Fairleigh Dickinson University in the United States. During his time there, Shahin seized the opportunity to intern at Novartis, a leading pharmaceutical company, gaining invaluable industry insights and practical experience. Undeterred by the challenges of adapting to new cultures and languages, Shahin ventured into the European landscape. His internship at the University of Bielefeld in Germany provided him with a deeper understanding of global education marketing and sharpened his strategic thinking in navigating diverse educational environments. Beyond the confines of Western academia, Shahin embarked on a transformative internship at Singidunum University in Serbia, immersing himself in the realm of global volunteering and education. This experience not only broadened his perspective on societal issues but also underscored the transformative power of education in fostering cross-cultural understanding and social cohesion. Shahin's pursuit of professional development reached new heights when he was selected to participate in Novartis' prestigious Biocamp program in Switzerland. This immersive initiative exposed him to the intricacies of the healthcare industry, equipping him with the skills and insights needed to navigate the complex terrain of biotechnology and entrepreneurship. Driven by a passion for innovation and business, Shahin continued to excel academically. His crowning achievement was earning a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Sorbonne University in France, where he was honoured with the esteemed EIFFEL Scholarship. Additionally, his tenure at PSL University in France, specialising in entrepreneurship, further honed his skills, solidifying his reputation as a trailblazer in global education and entrepreneurship. Through his diverse experiences and unwavering commitment to excellence, Shahin has emerged as a transformative figure in international education. His brainchild, the Career & Academic Development Center (CADC), stands as a testament to his vision of empowering students to unlock limitless opportunities on the global stage. By providing comprehensive guidance and support, CADC serves as a catalyst for realizing the dreams of countless students seeking transformative academic journeys in Europe and the United States. Through his dedication to personal growth and academic achievement, Shahin has not only transcended geographical boundaries but also paved the way for a new generation of global citizens poised to make a profound impact. Connect with Hossam Shahin and explore the transformative opportunities offered by the Career & Academic Development Center (CADC) via Instagram (@cadc_studyabroad), TikTok (@shahinhfr), and Facebook (facebook.com/cadcinternational). As Napoleon Hill aptly remarked, "Our only limitations are those we set up in our own minds." With the guidance of visionaries like Hossam Shahin, the possibilities for personal and professional growth are truly boundless. Read the full article

[cmosneagu]

Sfinții Montanus și Maxima din Singidunum în Sirmium, România de astăzi https://c.aparatorul.md/l6fh7

[revistadehistoria-es]

Síguenos en Instagram @revistadehistoria.es - Lee cada día nuevos Artículos Históricos GRATIS: https://revistadehistoria.es/registro-gratuito/ SINGIDUNUM, LA CIUDAD ENTRE LOS DOS RÍOS. LA FASE ROMANA DE LA ACTUAL BELGRADO.

[troybeecham]

Today the Church remembers St. Hilary of Poitiers, bishop.

Hilary of Poitiers (c. 310 – c. 367 AD) was Bishop of Poitiers and is a Doctor of the Church. He was sometimes referred to as the “Hammer of the Arians” and the “Athanasius of the West.” His name comes from the Latin word for happy or cheerful.

Ora pro nobis.

Hilary was born at Poitiers either at the end of the 3rd or beginning of the 4th century A.D. His parents were pagans of distinction. He received a good pagan education, which included a high level of Greek. He studied, later on, the Old and New Testament writings, with the result that he abandoned his Neo-Platonism for Christianity, and with his wife and his daughter (traditionally named Saint Abra), was baptized and received into the Church.

The Christians of Poitiers so respected Hilary that about 350 or 353 AD, they unanimously elected him their bishop. At that time Arianism threatened to overrun the Western Church; Hilary undertook to repel the disruption. One of his first steps was to secure the excommunication, by those of the Gallican hierarchy who still remained orthodox Christians, of Saturninus, the Arian Bishop of Arles, and of Ursacius of Singidunum and Valens of Mursa, two of his prominent supporters.

About the same time, Hilary wrote to Emperor Constantius II a remonstrance against the persecutions by which the Arians had sought to crush their opponents (Ad Constantium Augustum liber primus, of which the most probable date is 355 AD). Other Historians refer to this first book to Constantius as the “Book Against Valens,” of which only fragments are extant. His efforts did not succeed at first, for at the synod of Biterrae (Béziers), summoned by the emperor in 356 AD with the professed purpose of settling the longstanding dispute, an imperial rescript banished the new bishop, along with Rhodanus of Toulouse, to Phrygia.

Hilary spent nearly four years in exile, although the reasons for this banishment remain obscure. The traditional explanation is that Hilary was exiled for refusing to subscribe to the condemnation of Athanasius and the Nicene faith.

While in exile in Phrygia, however, he continued to govern his diocese, as well as writing two of the most important of his contributions to dogmatic and polemical theology: the “De synodis” or “De fide Orientalium”, an epistle addressed in 358 AD to the Semi-Arian bishops in Gaul, Germany and Britain, analyzing the views of the Eastern bishops on the Nicene controversy. In reviewing the professions of faith of the Oriental bishops in the Councils of Ancyra, Antioch, and Sirmium, he sought to show that sometimes the difference between certain doctrines and orthodox beliefs was rather in the words than in the ideas, which led to his counseling the bishops of the West to be more reserved in their condemnation.

The “De trinitate libri XII”, composed in 359 and 360 AD, was the first successful expression in Latin of that Council’s theological subtleties originally elaborated in Greek. Although some members of Hilary’s own party thought the first had shown too great a forbearance towards the Arians, Hilary replied to their criticisms in the “Apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa”. Hilary was a firm guardian of the Trinity as taught by the Western church, and therefore saw the foreseen Antichrist in those who repudiated the divinity of the Son and thought Him to be but a created Being. “Hence also they who deny that Christ is the Son of God must have Antichrist for their Christ,” was the way he stated it.

In his classic introduction to the works of Hilary, Watson summarizes Hilary’s points: “They were the forerunners of Antichrist. . . . They bear themselves not as bishops of Christ but as priests of Antichrist. This is not random abuse, but sober recognition of the fact, stated by St. John, that there are many Antichrists. For these men assume the cloak of piety, and pretend to preach the Gospel, with the one object of inducing others to deny Christ. It was the misery and folly of the day that men endeavoured to promote the cause of God by human means and the favour of the world. Hilary asks bishops, who believe in their office, whether the Apostles had secular support when by their preaching they converted the greater part of mankind. . . .

“The Church seeks for secular support, and in so doing insults Christ by the implication that His support is insufficient. She in her turn holds out the threat of exile and prison. It was her endurance of these that drew men to her; now she imposes her faith by violence. She craves for favours at the hand of her communicants; once it was her consecration that she braved the threatenings of persecutors. Bishops in exile spread the Faith; now it is she that exiles bishops. She boasts that the world loves her; the world’s hatred was the evidence that she was Christ’s. . . . The time of Antichrist, disguised as an angel of light, has come. The true Christ is hidden from almost every mind and heart. Antichrist is now obscuring the truth that he may assert falsehood hereafter.”

Hilary also attended several synods during his time in exile, including the council at Seleucia (359 AD) which saw the triumph of the “homoion” party, which believed that God the Father is "incomparable" and therefore the Son of God can not be described in any sense as "equal" or "same" but only as "like" or "similar" (ὅμοιος, hómoios) to the Father, and so is in some sense subordinate, and the forbidding of all discussion of the divine substance. In 360 AD, Hilary tried unsuccessfully to secure a personal audience with Constantius, as well as to address the council which met at Constantinople in 360. When this council ratified the decisions of Ariminum and Seleucia, Hilary responded with the bitter “In Constantium”, which attacked the Emperor Constantius as Antichrist and persecutor of orthodox Christians. Hilary’s urgent and repeated requests for public debates with his opponents, especially with Ursacius and Valens, proved at last so inconvenient that he was sent back to his diocese, which he appears to have reached about 361, within a very short time of the accession of Emperor Julian.

On returning to his diocese in 361 AD, Hilary spent most of the first two or three years trying to persuade the local clergy that the homoion confession was merely a cover for traditional Arian subordinationism. Thus, a number of synods in Gaul condemneded the creed promulgated at the Council of Ariminium (359 AD).

In about 360 or 361 AD, with Hilary’s encouragement, Martin, the future bishop of Tours, founded a monastery at Ligugé in his diocese.

In 364 AD, Hilary extended his efforts once more beyond Gaul. He impeached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, a man high in the imperial favour, as heterodox. Emperor Valentinian I accordingly summoned Hilary to Milan to there maintain his charges. However, the supposed heretic gave satisfactory answers to all the questions proposed. Hilary denounced Auxentius as a hypocrite as he himself was ignominiously expelled from Milan. Upon returning home, Hilary in 365, published the “Contra Arianos vel Auxentium Mediolanensem liber”, describing his unsuccessful efforts against Auxentius. He also (but perhaps at a somewhat earlier date) published the “Contra Constantium Augustum liber”, accusing the lately deceased emperor as having been the Antichrist, a rebel against God, “a tyrant whose sole object had been to make a gift to the devil of that world for which Christ had suffered.”

According to Jerome, Hilary died in Poitiers in 367 AD.

O Lord our God, you raised up your servant Hilary to be a champion of the catholic faith: Keep us steadfast in that true faith which we professed at our baptism, that we may rejoice in having you for our Father, and may abide in your Son, in the fellowship of the Holy Spirit; who live and reign for ever and ever.

Amen.

#thetruefaith #standfirm #Godwins #truth #Jesus

[e-kultura]

Galerija Singidunum ~ Izložba Zoran Krulj

[boyofseventies]

#exhibition #pictures Mali format ULUPUDS-a 2022 - izložba Slikarsko-grafičke sekcije ULUPUDS-a (SMALL FORMAT PAINTING) (5-14,12,2022.) (у месту Galerija Singidunum) https://www.instagram.com/p/ClzIZzBMPoI/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[italijan]

Kazu da je #Beograd najlepsi u zoru :) naravno filtera bez #belgrade #srbija #serbia #београд #србија #usce #dunav #sava #ig_belgrade #bridge #sunrise #sky #beogradski #manguparija #singidunum #instasrbija #instabeograd #instaphoto #serbian #srpski #capital #ig_bgd (at Beton hala)

[arsenustv-blog]

In 30 minutes, join me on #arsenustv to discover #singidunum ! #j2s #boardgames #boardgame #bgg #boardgamegeek

[lookerweekly]

Akcija „BEAUTY BAG“ je pokrenuta 2015. godine i od tada se svake godine tradicionalno organizuje u decembru, pod vođstvom Rotary kluba Beograd Singidunum.

| LookerWeekly

https://lookerweekly.com/stvaran_svet/odnosi/ukljucite-se-u-akciju/

[bulgariablo]

Between Singidunum

When it came to the turn of the East to provide suitable seats of government, the honours were shared between Singidunum, near the modem Belgrade, and Nico- media in Asia Minor. But for reasons which will immediately appear, Constantine preferred Byzantium, and, having changed the comparatively insignificant town into a splendid city, named it New Rome and Constantinople, to become the sole centre for the administration of the Eastern portion of the Empire, and the local habitation of the spirit of a New Age.

It would appear that the selection of Byzantium for its great destiny was made after the claims of other cities to that distinction had been duly weighed. Naissus (the modem Nisch in Servia) which was the Emperor’s birthplace, Sardica (now Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria), Thessalonica were thought of for that purpose. They had the recommendation of giving ready access to the Danube frontier, along which the barbarians caused anxiety and demanded close attention. Some consideration was given to Nicomedia, which had already been selected by Diocletian for his capital It is also said, though without any serious grounds for the statement, that Constantine actually began work for a new city near the site of old Troy, under the spell of the poetic legends which associated Ilium with the origin of the Roman people.

Build opposite the blind

But the superiority of Byzantium to all rivals was so manifest that there was hardly room for long suspense as to the proper choice. The old oracle, “ Build opposite the blind,” which led to the foundation of Byzantium could still serve to guide Constantine in his search for the most suitable position of a new imperial city. There is no place in the wide world more eminently fitted by natural advantages to be the throne of a great dominion, than the promontory which guards the southern end of the Bosporus.

There Asia and Europe meet to lay down that antagonism which has made so much of the world’s history, and to blend their resources for man’s welfare. A Power upon that throne, having as much might as it has right, should control a realm extending from the Adriatic Sea to the Persian Gulf, and from the Danube to the Mediterranean. From that point natural highways by sea and land proceed, like the radii of a circle, in all directions where rule can be enforced or commerce developed—to Russia, to Asia, to Africa, to the lands of the West.