#Spray on Paving Australia

[aussiespraypave]

Standard Concrete Spray on Paving Perth, Australia

Thinking to renovate and modernise your home without breaking the bank? Is your driveway seems a bit tired and bored? Are you hunting for a solution to get rid of unsightly concrete? Wanting to stand out and be unique? Aussie Spray Pave does the lot Spray on Paving Perth, Australia

[the-firebird69]

I'm going to start going through your stuff I'm going to take it all and we're going to go through your businesses and take them let me have 50% in and it's ridiculous we're doing it because you're not going to last and we have to infiltrate to do it anyways and we're going to start doing it a lot more rapidly I'm telling you cuz you're a huge a****** you deserve to learn that you're going to die

-there are other things to announce we have a lot of people who are going out to the third ring and they are dying and the pseudo empires out there and they refuse to stop there hostilities and there's a massive massive problem two problems really so we are increasing our presence lovely and we are going to begin taking over the rest of the planet because of this idiotic attitude we encounter here you don't want to be decent at all then you're going to perish

-there's several notes from today there were people saying I survived this tirade of Dave and the little s*** Trump and they're telling people they're running around trying to cause problems and they need to be investigated so people are investigating and pulling their people in and find out stuff like he's been fighting over the ships in the West and they think that they'll grab our son when in Utah and he's causing all those problems with his family and people are getting mad and they are very angry about it. And it is happening today and tonight they are looking into it and they're not going to be free men for long the federal government has warrants out on them for 9/11 and other terrorist activities they're connected with and it was for money and other things that they're finding

-these trumpsters these pukes have affected a lot of others not just the Macs. Huge fans of people globally are attacking them and calling them very harsh names because of their stupid behavior in New Zealand there crushed they reduced to 35% of the force they're in circles and they are going to all die and the same one Australia and other parts of the world they only have hours not days left and they'll be dead and all of them and good riddance and so damn dumb and mean they're not human

-there's a huge number of them that don't get what they're doing wrong they're aware that they're doing it wrong and they are happy about it and think it'll bring them something if they're wrong there's several other things to talk about

-there's a huge war on we are speaking to it now it is gigantic it is a very very huge event it is a very large milestone in history it's one of only two or three points and this is a major point where the Macs are engaged and they will be fighting off the entire planet

*"*now this request here for bug spraying from several people and our son is saying it's absolute misery these damn bugs are so loud they're bothering everybody

-and there are other things happening the local authorities are trying to haul these idiots in and haven't and they're not trying very hard matter of fact these people are lame so we're going to run our program it is starting and it's the watchmen and it will clear up a problem we're having it's going to begin rather soon I'm several things have occurred that are paving the way for it there are several movies beginning that are about race and that's when it begins the series but it does not carry on for too long it's not really what's happening yet it's about to in the max are trying to cause trouble and it's not Trump who stops it but it does stop abruptly they have the cars and they're fixing them up and they use them in all the shows this weekend is when they're going to get a lot of them ready Portugal I feel it still has not begun yet and it is a matter of time it's very surprising that they didn't go out there yet let's see place where Jesus Christ was born and it was in a horse stall inside of a barn and that's what they are it's a small barn from the Eastern hemisphere from Israel and they did crucify him in Italy and they brought him back to Israel to almost exactly where the barn was to try and kill him there and they say that about our son and that's what the buildings are from the elementary school and whatever he goes near it we start to assault them pretty soon it won't be around. They're going to die off in droves tonight.

-I feel so sick of trump leaving his door open and saying he's there and some people go in there and pull things out but he doesn't believe it but he threatened his bicycle so much that we allowed it to happen few other things are going on people should know about here they are being held off out of Charlotte county and that's the people here I'm taking to prison and lots of them die and of course Cool hand Luke happens prior to the watchmen movie and a lot of films are coming up a lot of people are angry with the trumpsters for saying that they were watching in monitoring things and they really missed almost everything

-the gathering troops within the third ring and people from here are going out there there's about 90 households left here in the neighborhood some people argue it but they lost their head people and that's how many there are left it's going to be a battle out there 30 households are getting up to try and go out there and we of course don't need them to no we they need to go out there and they're prepping to

-other things are happening in Charlotte county that are fires just outside of town from firefights they haven't been so close and I was coming in and they're fighting they are coming in closer because they're fighting hand to hand with small arms to get here and to take over the operation and they are getting killed. Once again it's not huge numbers but they're higher ups a lot of them can't recover they're sick and from both sides and their fleets are fighting again every once in awhile a contingent tries to go off to Venus and his people like Trump and bja and his smoked that's going on right now

Thor Freya

Olympus

Zues

The fires are nearby but they need to happen and it's happening in one area at a time and it's creating a sufficient backfire it's needed to have other backfires which are needed

Hera

[acleanpressurecleaning]

House Washing Services Brisbane

House Washing Services Brisbane helps you keep your home clean by removing unsightly stains from surfaces like patios, decks, and driveways. The service also removes harmful pollutants from your roof, preventing damage and extending its lifespan.

This cleaning service uses a soft washing technique that combines low pressure and a powerful cleaning product to gently but effectively clean surfaces. They are Australia Soft Wash accredited and are experienced at restoring residential properties.

Soft Washing

House Washing Services Brisbane is an important part of keeping your home clean and healthy. Whether you’re planning to put your home on the market or just want to make it feel more inviting, a good wash is the best way to get the job done.

 A soft wash uses low pressure to combine water with a cleaning agent and safely remove organic growth, like moss, mildew, and algae. This method is ideal for removing these organic growths from concrete, brick and paved surfaces. It can also be used on wood cladding, weatherboards and render.

Unlike pressure washing, soft washing does not damage delicate surfaces or create water ingress. It is the perfect solution for preserving paint, increasing curb appeal, and improving air quality. It is also effective for removing mould and mildew, which can be harmful to occupants’ health and can cause allergies. Our house washing professionals use a biodegradable and chlorine-based cleaning solution to kill these allergens and leave your home looking like new.

Pressure Washing

Pressure washing is a popular and effective way to clean surfaces around your home. It is ideal for removing unsightly stains, dirt and grime from driveways, patios and paths. It can also be used to remove mould and cob webs from the exterior of your home.

Our experts use a professional-grade pressure washer with appropriate settings to safely and effectively clean your property. They know when to use low pressure and when to avoid high-pressure, especially on weatherboards, render or cladding. Our team are also Soft Wash Australia accredited – a low-pressure cleaning method that’s safer for your house and the environment.

Having your home regularly cleaned by a professional will boost curb appeal, increase the lifespan of your outdoor surfaces and reduce costly damage. Our cleaning services use a combination of low water pressures and specific detergents to gently yet effectively break down dirt, mould and other environmental pollutants. The result is a sparkling, clean property that’s healthy for your family and the environment.

Roof Cleaning

The Queensland climate causes dirt, mildew and algae to build up on surfaces such as walls, roofs, windows, and driveways. These build ups can be unhealthy for the home’s occupants, and they can reduce curb appeal. Regular cleaning using approved soft wash methods can remove the build up and help your home stay clean, healthy, and beautiful.

It is a good idea to communicate your cleaning needs clearly with a professional house cleaner so that they know exactly what you want them to do. A small slip from a ladder can lead to serious injuries and even death. A safer alternative is a spraying drone such as the Lucid C1.

A pressure washing service can clean any surface, including decks, driveways, and patios. It can also remove moss, mould, cobwebs, and rust from metal surfaces. It can also remove graffiti without damaging the paint or ink. This is a great way to enhance your property’s appearance and increase its value.

Window Cleaning

Many local House Washing services offer additional cleaning options, such as window washing. Some companies also offer appliance cleaning and other services to give your home a complete clean. Ask the company about incorporating these services into their normal cleaning schedule or adding them as a one-time service. Typically, these services will require that you give them a spare key or garage code so they can access your home without disturbing you. Make sure to clear any clutter and put away items you don’t want the cleaning company to touch.

A good high pressure clean can make your home look brand new and can help it feel

more enticing to potential buyers if you are thinking of selling it. It will blast unsightly fungi, bacteria, red and green algae, lichen, moss, dust, dirt and other forms of embedded growth from exterior surfaces. It will also remove mould and stains from exterior walls, patios, decks, driveways, pool areas, roofs, and more.

[sweetsmellosuccess]

Sundance 2021: Day 3

Films: 4 Best Film of the Day(s): Cryptozoo

Playing With Sharks: Valerie Taylor and her late husband Ron were pioneering shark conservationists for the last four decades, paving the way for protected marine parks in Australia and helping to create a different perception of sharks. As Sally Aitken’s doc on Valerie’s life and times suggests, however, the Taylors were also paying something of a penance: First, for all the spearfishing they had done in their teens and 20s (Ron was a world champion); later, for playing a significant role in helping Jaws achieve some of its underwater shark scenes. As a result of that film’s supernova success, sharks became one of the most egregiously hunted species in the world for decades (one conservationist in the film explains that after 100 million sharks were killed for twenty years  —  a result of macho big game hunting, yes, but far much more for their lucrative fins, which go on to make the soup considered a delicacy in China  —  only 10% of the world shark population still exists), leaving the Taylor’s favorite filming subject in dire peril. Aitken’s film, loaded with wondrous footage  —  a benefit of Valerie’s being in the public eye, and working as marine oceanographers for most of their lives  —  charts the evolution of Valerie’s relationship with the animals in the sea, and displays her fearless brand of adventuring along the way (Ron dubbed her “Give it a Go Valerie” for her willingness to put her life on the line). Now 85, we also watch her travel to Fiji for a dive amongst a newly replenished population of bull sharks, aided greatly by her, and other conservationist organizations, working to end the shark genocide. For this Jaws aficionado  —  an animal advocate myself, like the Taylors, I have to acknowledge the harm the film did to marine ecology in my devotion  —  watching the couple film their notable live shark scenes in Spielberg’s monster movie opus was a thrill, but watching the couple’s dedication to their cause in subsequent years is far more significant.

On the Count of Three: It seems like a great idea to start a film with a pair of best friends holding up guns to each other’s heads in a suicide pact, only to go into extended flashback and retrace what led to this moment right before they pull the trigger, but that’s precisely where things begin to go awry for screenwriters Ryan Welch and Ari Katcher. In comedian Jerrod Carmichael’s feature debut, the two friends, Kevin (Christopher Abbott), and Val (Carmichael) have a long history of helping each other through their respective childhood traumas  —  Kevin was abused by one of his therapists; Val had a physically abusive father  —  so they mean to come to this moment in a sort of full-circle act of final friendship, but then various sillinesses intervene to extend the day into a series of escalating incidents until finally things go too far to simply go back as they were. A cross between an unrealized dark comedy (much humor is derived from Kevin’s “horrible” taste in music, including a far too on-the-nose track from Papa Roach concerning actual suicide), and unbelievable drama (driving around in a bright yellow jeep, with Kevin wearing practically a technicolor dreamcoat, it’s impossible that the pair wouldn’t have been arrested almost immediately), the film gets decent mileage out of its pair of leads, who share a solid rapport, but never seems to find its footing enough to make much of an impact otherwise.

Cryptozoo: In his zoom video intro to the film, writer/director Dash Shaw appears through a kaleidoscope filter, a fitting visual enhancement for the trippy animated film he’s created. Painstakingly hand-drawing the cells, which gives the film a much less fluid but appreciably personalized appearance, he’s crafted an engaging story about cryptids  —  mythical creatures, from gorgons, manticores, and chimeras, to unicorns, pegasuses, and a baku  —  being kept by a kindly woman (voice of Grace Zabriske) in a secret park in order to keep them safe from outside forces. Tracking down the creatures from opposing sides are Lauren (Lake Bell), a fiercely determined woman, whose childhood was saved by a nightmare-eating baku when she was a child; and an evil-minded capitalist (voice of Jason Schwartzman), who has a mind to sell the creatures to the military. Trippy it most certainly is, but the story remains solidly coherent  —  imagine a kind of Jurassic Park but with a kraken, and a lot more peculiar nudity  —  which keeps it beguilingly grounded, despite its fantastical imagery and thematics. As an analogy for how it is mankind has lost all instinct and contact with the magical realm  —  well, beyond the MCU, and LOTR, and all the movie series that have made billions of dollars on the idea  —  but, also, a treatise on what happens when even our best intentions turn out to be misguided.

Eight For Silver: Sean Ellis’ werewolf movie tarts itself up a bit with 19th century gothic imagery and a steady atmospheric gloom, but the script, which Ellis also wrote, can’t escape most of the worst cliches of the genre, and its earnestness alone can’t keep it from being pretty insipid. Alistair Petrie plays a wealthy landowner named Seamus Laurent. When a group of Roma come to settle on his land, which they (rightfully, it turns out) claim as their own, he and the other nearby landowners pay a posse of mercenaries to eviscerate them as cruelly as possible. As a result, Seamus and his family, wife, Isabelle (Kelly Reilly), daughter, Charlotte (Amelia Crouch), and son, Edward (Max Mackintosh) are put under an ancient curse. Many predictable things happen from there involving a pair of silver, canine-like teeth, innocent people being gored by some mysterious creature, and lots of arterial sprays of blood (Ellis seems to have a penchant for them, as well as for severed limbs  —  I lost count of how many hands and feet were forcibly removed from their trunks). When a pathologist (Boyd Holbrook) comes to investigate, he puts all the pieces together, but not enough of the landed gentry listen to him in time to save themselves from their appointed maulings. Shot in the French countryside, the film has a grand palette with which to work, but too much time is spent establishing things that seem perfectly obvious, and the script is riddled with peculiar anachronisms (“Me, neither,” one character says in response to someone being unable to sleep) that keep throwing off its calculations. It’s trying hard, but simply isn’t made carefully enough, or with enough originality, to have it rise above its B-movie sort of station.

Sundance goes mostly virtual for this year’s edition, sparing filmgoers the altitude, long waits, standing lines, and panicked eating binges  —  but also, these things and more that make the festival so damn endearing. In any event, Sundance via living room is still a hell of a lot better than no Sundance. A daily report.

[aexposedaggregateconcreteme-blog]

Concrete Driveway Melbourne

 Exposed Aggregate Concrete is one of Melbourne supplier of top quality exposed aggregate and decorative concrete driveways.

 We have been in business in supplying and laying of exposed aggregate concrete driveways since 1994. Our exposed aggregate is laid and finished with experienced concrete’s. The concrete team have a lot of pride in laying exposed aggregate concrete in Melbourne, Australia and are specialists in all types of concrete driveways. Our exposed aggregate driveway needs three days from start to finish.

 Not only do we lay exposed aggregate concrete but also lay stencil pattern concrete driveways, coloured concrete driveways and slate impression concrete driveways.

 Exposed aggregate concrete Melbourne areas are south and south eastern suburbs (Australia) where we pour exposed aggregate concrete

We excel in –

·         Exposed aggregate concrete  

 Exposed Aggregate Concrete are very popular due to the long lasting nature of the product and the beautiful finishes you can achieve simply by choosing an aggregate that matches your existing landscaping and dwelling colours. We are great at making shapes with formwork to achieve any shape of the driveway to meet our client’s needs. There are various mixes you can select for your driveway, patio, footpath or entertaining area will look great.  Exposed aggregate is a great concrete effect. Not only can the right selection of colour combinations compliment your home, exposed aggregate is an attractive alternative to a plain concrete slab.

·         Slate Impression Concrete

   Slate Impression Concrete is ideal finish for driveways, patios, roads and pool surrounds. Slate concrete is the perfect choice to add a dash of elegance to any outdoor area. Not only does it make for a stunning luxury finish, it will also add real value to your home and can be achieved with any budget.

 ·         Stencil Pattern Concrete

 Stencil pattern concrete is an innovative paving system that goes beyond imprinted or stamped concrete to deliver a uniform surface with a grouted joint appearance. Our stencil patterns reproduce the popular brick, paver, cobblestone and tile appearance at lower cost than traditional methods, resulting in stunning urban and commercial landscapes Stencil Pattern concrete is a hard-wearing and practical option where colors and patterns are applied to freshly laid concrete. BENEFITS OF CONCRETE STENCILING Cost Effective: Materials like stone, tile and brick are incredibly expensive. They are also labour-intensive which means you have to add labour costs onto the material cost. Concrete is far more affordable, and quicker to install. With stenciling, you achieve a brick, tile or stone look at a fraction of the cost. Low Maintenance: On top of being expensive, traditional landscaping materials are also high-maintenance. You have to replace cracked tiles, re-grout brick areas and remove weeds from between pavers. Concrete eliminates all these issues, and is easier to clean. Just hose your stenciled concrete down and seal it now and then.

·         Colored Concrete

 Concrete is one of the most useful construction materials and It’s durable, affordable and versatile. It’s used in Driveways, footpaths, pool surrounds, entertainment areas, garages. We offer a variety of colours, from the traditional to the contemporary. You can create restrained timeless looks or dynamic modern contrasts. That’s the beauty of our coloured concrete it gives you the choice. Coloured Concrete is an economical and practical way to blend your concrete surfaces in with the look of your home There are two types of coloured concrete: Integral Colour or Colour Hardener.

Integral Colour which is also known as full depth coloured concrete is where the coloured oxide is mixed with the concrete and so the concrete is coloured all the way through the slab. Your coloured concrete can be finished in a variety of methods to create the look you want. Some of the popular finishes include Broomed, Coved, Exposed Aggregate, Stamped and Trowelled.  Colour Hardener where colour oxide is trowelled into the top of freshly laid concrete. This not only provides a strong even colour but strengthens the surface to provide more resistance to chipping and scratching than plain uncoloured concrete. A different look can also be achieved by adding a stencil or stamped pattern.

·         Plain Concrete

 Plain concrete is one of the world’s most widely used products. You just have to take a look around to see the amount of plain concrete used in everyday life. From construction of sky scrapers, bridges, roads down to the surban house slab. More frequently concrete is being used in architectural structures based on the emphasis of its raw visual aesthetics. Concrete is inherently durable, fire-resistant, low maintenance, energy efficiency and environmental friendly. Plain concrete is the basis of all concrete construction – it’s very popular and affordable.

 ·         Crossovers Concrete

 Crossover are created by mixing and pouring concrete. Using tools we make concrete forms. It’s a labour intensive process, we plan with meticulous detail to make sure that the job is completed on time and to perfection. We provide professional crossover services in the Melbourne and surrounding areas. Specializing with all commercial or residential work.

 ·         Steps and landings Concrete

   It’s designed and manufactured in reinforced concrete to suit the individual requirements of clients. However steps and landing can also be used in traditional construction projects in isolation. The steps and landing are ready to be used once fitted, Provides immediate safe vertical access in a building. Concrete construction ensures inherent fire resistance

 ·         Spray on Paving and Resurfacing Concrete

  Spray paving is one of the many methods available to resurface concrete, spray pave coatings can be applied to concrete both indoors and outdoors areas. There are many advantages to using spray paving to resurface a concrete floor, doing so increases the durability and strength of the surface. Your transformed concrete will be sure to add appeal and value to your home or business. It also creates a safe and slip-resistant surface.

 ·         Color sealing concrete

 Color sealing concrete will not only protect it from stains and weather exposure, it will also enhance the beauty of the concrete by bringing out the color. Color Sealing concrete is a premium heavy duty, solvent based finish designed to protect concrete, brickwork, exposed aggregate, stone, pebbles and masonry. The sealant forms an attractive, protective and impervious coating on the substrate to protect against spillage of common fluids on it. The product may also be used to bind loosely bound or aged cement and concrete surfaces. The product is recommended for protection against moderate erosion.

You can connect us at :

Address: 69, Heany Park Road,Rowville, VIC 3178.

Telephone: (03) 9764 3133

Mobile: 0412 830 817

Email: nandikaz@tpg.com.au

http://www.exposed-aggregate-concrete-melbourne.com.au/

[roadsealcivil]

8 Reasons for Choosing Spray Seal Services

Compared to utilising asphalt or other types of pavement, bitumen spray sealing is a rapid and affordable solution to resurface a road, driveway, or parking lot. According to the best industrial concreting company experts, the most popular type of road surface in Australia is bitumen spray sealing since it is convenient and can be used for various paving applications. It is mainly used for roads, highways, car parks, driveways, bike paths, and more.

A base coat is sprayed on the road or pavement surface, followed by a layer of aggregate (14 mm) that is covered and rolled into the bitumen surface. A second (7mm) complete application is then utilised to lock in the first layer before applying a top layer. As a result, any paved surface will last longer because it will be waterproof, skid-resistant, and highly functional.

Driveways with bitumen spray-sealing typically last 7 to 15 years, depending on maintenance, traffic, and weathering. Hiring experts who also perform asphalt repairs can help you get the best results of spray seal. It’s crucial to periodically maintain and restore all bitumen and asphalt surfaces by resealing your road, driveway, or parking lot with a bitumen spray seal. Spraying bitumen on a paved area has several advantages. Here are the top benefits –

Advantages of Using Bitumen Spray Seal

1. New Surface Appearance

Weathering and frequent sun exposure can cause stains to discolour or fade old paving. These previous discolourations get covered by a thin bitumen layer used for sealing, giving the paving a black colour and eliminating all apparent stains. The paved surface looks more likeable as a result. If a driveway or private access road is sealed, your home and property will look better due to the improved paving appearance.

2. High Water Resistance

Water absorption is one of the primary mechanisms by which pavement develops cracks, potholes, and other weathering damage. The majority of paving allows some modest amounts of water to pass through. Applying a bitumen seal over the paving’s surface creates a watertight seal that will withstand years of use without allowing any water to penetrate and cause damage. Choosing a professional concreting expert who excels at asphalt repairs can help you make your pavement last longer. When water starts soaking into the paving again rather than beading on top of the bitumen seal, it’s time to reapply the seal.

3. UV Protection

According to the best industrial concreting company, the sun blazing down on your paving all day long damages the surface. The UV radiation damages the binders that keep everything together and gradually dries up the pavement. It will eventually lead to weak, disintegrating pavement vulnerable to cracks and other harm. Bitumen seals shield surfaces from UV ray damage because they frequently include binders that assist reflect UV rays.

4. Minor Damage Repair

The application of a bitumen seal won’t close up significant fissures or holes. If performed by the best industrial concreting company, it will fill in the tiny cracks that could start to appear in the paving. It will prevent more water from getting into the cracks and causing them to expand, in addition to improving the aesthetic of the paved area.

5. Better Surface Grip

A fresh coat of bitumen on a paved surface increases grip, reducing the risk of skids and slides. When it’s rainy, old pavement might feel slick beneath the tires. In rainy weather, when sliding on a private road or when one pulls onto a driveway is significantly more usual, increased traction is beneficial.

6. Quick and Easy

The industrial concreting company’s professionals say that spray seal is quick and straightforward, unlike other products. Bitumen usually requires some preparation time, whereas a spray seal is ready to use immediately. You may be sure that it is safe because it is made of non-chlorinated solvents and contains no toxins.

The spray seal will produce a stable, firm coat within two hours of application. The bitumen coating will have sealed entirely and created a lasting bond within 12 to 24 hours.

7. Waterproof

You can prevent future issues with water getting under the surface of the seal and impairing its integrity by waterproofing the afflicted region.

You shouldn’t worry if water is frequently present due to your climate. A sprayed seal actively functions the best to restrict water from entering, and underneath the seal, it is forming since it is resistant to the passage of humidity.

8. Multipurpose Usage

You frequently need to be careful with the product you use for each surface because certain products only operate on specific surfaces. This problem can be solved with the help of a spray seal performed by a professional industrial concreting company. The spray is meticulously designed to function on various surfaces, including PVC or aluminium tube gaskets vents in automobile scaffolding patio surfaces and fractures in the walls.

Contact Professional Contractors

Most concreting companies say that spray seal is one of the most chosen services. People opt for it because of its versatile nature and ability to maintain their driveway and pavements. It is robust enough to be utilised on busy roadways, as well as on driveways and parking lots. If you are contemplating spray seal services, hire the best industrial concreting company. The experts will ensure that the work gets done professionally and perfectly. So, get in touch with your local concrete experts, consult, and make your driveway or any surface new as before.

[xtruss]

THE FUTURE OF FORESTS

— By Craig Welch | April 14, 2022

The first thing you notice in this fire-scarred forest is the color. Not long ago this square of land south of Yellowstone National Park was a monochrome of ash and burned pines. But last summer, shin-high seedlings and aspen shoots painted the ground an electric green. Purple fireweed and blood-red buffalo berries sprouted around blackened logs. Yellow arnicas danced in the breeze. Five years after 2016’s Berry fire chewed through 33 square miles of Wyoming, this slice of scorched earth was responding to fire as Rocky Mountain forests have for millennia: It had entered a season of rebirth.

Monica Turner was cataloging that recovery. On a sweltering July day, Turner, a professor of ecology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, shuffled along a line of tape she’d stretched 50 meters across the ground. She and a graduate student were counting every lodgepole pine seedling within a meter on either side. We were far enough from paved roads that there was no telling which forest inhabitants might be lurking—elk, deer, moose, wolves. The air was so hot I wondered fleetingly if the bear spray canister on Turner’s hip might explode.

Top: THE BIGGEST AND OLDEST TREES ARE NOW THREATENED! Sequoia National Forest, California • Embers rain from the crown of a giant sequoia ignited by a windblown ember in September 2021. Dead twigs and leaf litter can collect in the crowns and cavities of older trees, providing fuel for fire. This tree in Long Meadow Grove survived. PHOTOGRAPH BY JEFF FROST

Bottom: FIRES IN THE PAST TWO YEARS KILLED UP TO A FIFTH OF THE LARGEST SEQUOIAS! Sequoia National Forest, California • On a burnt slope in the Sierra Nevada, their only native home, giant sequoias—some more than a thousand years old—stand like black daggers among the other dead: white firs, sugar pines, incense cedars. While sequoias can often survive ground fires because they have few low branches, this fire blew flames into the crowns. Climate change and fire suppression are fueling bigger wildfires. PHOTOGRAPH BY SUE CAG

So many tiny trunks crowded the researchers’ feet that covering a distance they normally would walk in seconds took almost an hour. In the end they counted 2,286 baby trees in an area half the size of a tennis court. This spot was producing 70,000 pines an acre. “This is what lodgepole pines do,” Turner said. “They come back gangbusters.”

Yet the previous day, in a neighboring patch of burned timber, Turner had documented something unsettling. Instead of a river of new pine seedlings, the ground was a mix of flowers, grasses, and caked earth. Aspens were there, but so were invasive grasses and sour weeds. Along one 50-meter tract, Turner had spotted just 16 baby pines; on another, only nine. All told, this patch was producing fewer than one-fiftieth as many young conifers as its neighbor.

The two patches of forest were almost identical. Before the Berry fire, both sites had burned around the time of the Civil War. But one distinction set them apart. The site with fewer pines had burned another time as well, in 2000. Trees that sprouted after that fire had not yet matured to produce enough seeds before being wiped out in 2016. In this place, rather than reseeding the pine forest, the Berry fire was resculpting the landscape into something new, perhaps for centuries or even millennia.

Top: 39 MILLION MANGROVES DIED OF THIRST HERE! Northern Coast, Australia • Years of high heat and drought had stressed mangroves along hundreds of miles of the Gulf of Carpentaria coast. Then the intense El Niño of 2015-16 finished them off by causing a temporary 16-inch drop in sea level here, drying out the trees’ roots. This 2021 photo shows little recovery; the green belongs to a short mangrove species that survived the die-off. PHOTOGRAPH BY MATTHEW ABBOTT

Bottom: IN 2021, FIRES TORCHED 21 MILLION ACRES IN A PLACE KNOWN FOR COLD! Eastern Siberia, Russia • Snow blankets a boreal forest that burned the previous summer in the Sakha Republic. Small fires occur regularly in this region about twice the size of Alaska. But in 2021, four times the average annual area ignited, potentially releasing ancient carbon from permafrost and transforming forest into grassland. PHOTOGRAPH BY ANTOINE BOUREAU

Top: QUAKING ASPEN, NORTH AMERICA’S MOST WIDESPREAD TREE, IS DYING IN DROVES! Grand Prairie, Alberta, Canada • Forest scientists are struggling to figure out a response to “sudden aspen decline,” as they call the die-offs that have struck since the turn of the century. But they know drought and rising temperatures make the trees more susceptible to disease and insects—such as the tent caterpillars that defoliated this stand. PHOTOGRAPH BY GARTH LENZ

Bottom: THE DOME FIRE KILLED MORE THAN A MILLION JOSHUA TREES IN 2020! Mojave National Preserve, California • Yet these icons of the Mojave Desert already faced other threats. Seedlings appear less often as temperatures rise and a long drought persists; invasive grasses promote fire. This relatively cool pocket, where some trees survived the 2020 fire, is a potential refuge. Volunteers are planting seedlings to aid the recovery. PHOTOGRAPH BY KEITH LADZINSKI

Yellowstone is part of a global trend. From the Amazon to the Arctic, wildfires are getting bigger, hotter, and more frequent as the climate changes. Australia’s forest fires in 2019 and 2020 burned an area as big as Florida. That’s devastating enough. But often overlooked amid the initial carnage is what happens after the trees die: Many forests now struggle to recover. That too is not limited to Yellowstone, nor is it always triggered by fire—but it is caused by climate change.

In many places, forests are no longer regenerating on their own. Some of the world’s most significant stands are instead transitioning to something new. Some will never be the same. Others may not come back at all.

Top: THIS BURNED FOREST IS GROWING BACK, BUT OTHERS AREN’T! South of Yellowstone, Wyoming • Ecologist Monica Turner counts lodgepole pine seedlings sprouting (along with fireweed) among pines that burned in 2016. Fire opens seed cones, allowing lodgepoles to regenerate—but if another fire comes before trees mature, they may not grow back. PHOTOGRAPH BY SOFIA JARAMILLO

Bottom: FIRST CAME THE DROUGHT, THEN THE DEVASTATING HAIL! Southeast Coast, Brazil • Six months after Australia’s mangrove die-off in 2015, the same El Niño caused a storm that hit mangroves in the estuary of the Piraquê-Mirím River. Drought had stressed the trees, partly by boosting the water’s salinity. Hail and wind killed nearly a third of them. Globally, the main threat to mangroves—clearing for timber or farming—has declined. But climate change is a rising concern. PHOTOGRAPH BY VICTOR MORIYAMA

It’s a tough time to be a tree. Earth has lost a third of its forests over the past 10,000 years—half of that just since 1900. We logged them for timber. We cut them to make way for farms and cattle. We cleared land to build homes and roads. Globally, deforestation has decreased from its peak in the 1980s, but trends vary by region. In Indonesia, which had been mowing down forests for oil palm plantations, primary forest loss has declined since 2016. From August 2020 to July 2021, the Brazilian Amazon lost 5,000 square miles of rainforest, a 22 percent increase over the previous year. Since 1990, we’ve cut down more forest globally than there is forest in the United States.

Now fossil fuel emissions spewing from coal plants and tailpipes are rearranging forests in other consequential ways. As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases warm the planet, some of its estimated 73,000 tree species are pushing poleward and higher up slopes, dragging other life with them. Alders, willows, and dwarf birches are expanding across the Arctic, from Scandinavia to Canada, providing cover and food for snowshoe hares and moose. Trees are growing faster as they soak up excess CO2—a key ingredient for photosynthesis. That “greening” of the planet has so far helped slow climate change, protecting us from ourselves.

But climate change also is killing trees. And what has forest scientists increasingly uneasy is the quickening pulse of extreme events—fire, more powerful storms, insect infestations, and, most notably, severe heat and drought, which can worsen the effects of all the rest. These singular, frequently unprecedented episodes can swiftly inflict mass tree mortality, shifting forests that have been around since the last ice age to entirely new states.

“We have a whole set of mechanisms that are pushing Earth’s forests to grow more and suck up more CO2 ,” says University of Utah biologist William Anderegg. But those mechanisms “are fundamentally in tension with mechanisms that are pulling Earth’s forests toward a cliff—with more tree death and more loss of carbon.”

The forests that have plunged over that cliff already are only a small fraction of the three trillion trees and 10 billion acres of forest on this planet. Climate change still poses less of a threat to forests than logging and land clearing, but the threat is growing fast. “How big does that fraction get over time, and when does it overwhelm the other?” asks Matt Hansen of the University of Maryland, who monitors forests using satellites.

The problem is, we can’t yet quantify the planetwide scope of climate impacts. Satellite data show that Earth’s tree-covered area actually expanded from 1982 to 2016 by 7 percent, an area larger than Mexico. But that doesn’t mean forests are doing fine: The data don’t distinguish between natural forests and industrial tree farms, such as the millions of palm, eucalyptus, and pine trees planted as crops while rainforest is cleared. The data also don’t show which forests were lost to chain saws and which were killed by climate-related events.

No computer model can yet project how climate will change forests globally—or how their carbon stores will feed back on climate. “Earth system models historically haven’t done a good job of capturing this,” says Charlie Koven, a climate scientist with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, who worked with the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Only two of its 11 models include both fire and geographic shifts in plants.

The global number of trees isn’t the only thing that matters. Climate change is reshaping forests locally almost overnight, transforming them even where there are policies to protect them. It’s happening so fast we can’t discern the consequences. While we’re losing trees of all types and sizes, the biggest and oldest harbor the most carbon, are important for biodiversity, and will be the hardest to get back. “Big trees are disproportionately important and cannot be replaced quickly—if ever,” says Nate Stephenson, a scientist emeritus with the U.S. Geological Survey.

That will matter to us all. Humans are bound to the woods. Our history is linked to trees. We climbed down from their canopies and used them to make fire. The advent of paper—and the printing press—let literature and science flourish. Trees feed us, shelter us, give us medicine. We lean on them in ways we scarcely acknowledge, as sources of wonder and inspiration or to decompress in a noisy world.

One of my favorite escapes is the Hoh Rainforest on the Olympic Peninsula, four hours from my home in Washington State. It’s a place where glistening ferns tall enough to hide elk crowd the ground while ancient spruces and big-leaf maples draped in emerald moss block the sky. What you can see in such places is complex enough, but humans also are beginning to appreciate how much is going on out of sight. Trees in a forest are not isolated individuals; they share nutrients and data across species in underground fungal networks. They talk to one another, passing chemical messages, warning of pest invasions and other dangers.

Since 1990, we’ve cut down more forest globally than there is forest in the United States.

Old-growth forests are collaborative, Korena Mafune, a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Washington, told me as we walked through the Hoh recently. She suspects a diminutive version of this fungal network may even exist on high branches. She’s found soil beneath moss growing in the canopy, with tiny trees sprouting from the living branches of big old ones—“a mini-forest within a forest,” she says. She worries that even this ancient place, so much richer than a tree plantation, could change rapidly if a hot enough dry spell lasted too long.

Already, snow melting early in Alaska is depriving yellow cedars of their warming blanket, letting cold snaps freeze their roots and killing them by the thousands. Heat and drought sparked by climate change have killed up to 20 percent of trees in Africa’s Sahel, in southwest Morocco, and in the western U.S. since 1945, according to the latest IPCC report. Five of the eight most abundant tree species in the American West have declined significantly just since 2000, mostly from fire and insect infestations. Lodgepole pines top the list.

“Forests are far more vulnerable in the climate change era than people think,” says Craig Allen, a landscape ecologist and collaborator of Monica Turner’s who retired last year from the U.S. Geological Survey. He’s been trying to alert people to that danger for two decades now.

RISING SEAS ARE CREATING ‘GHOST FORESTS'! Along the Cape Fear River, North Carolina • Seawater seeps into aquifers and freshwater wetlands, killing vegetation such as these bald cypresses near Eagles Island. Dredging encouraged the intrusion and killed the trees long ago. Cypress stands all over the Southeast have been decimated since the 19th century by logging and draining of wetlands. PHOTOGRAPH BY MAC STONE

Turner has a quick smile, bobbed sandy hair, and, at 62, a college student’s capacity to stay upbeat while working nonstop. I spent several days with her last summer in the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway. The parkway is not a highway but a parcel of sagebrush and pine larger than Manhattan. It links Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Turner seemed so at home on this forested plateau that her Long Island accent kept catching me off guard.

Turner showed up in Yellowstone in 1978 to work as a summer ranger, giving guided nature talks at twilight. Yellowstone, with its golden meadows and kaleidoscopic thermal pools, transfixed her. She eventually would return and spend decades studying its trees.

In 1988 Turner and a colleague, ecologist Bill Romme, crisscrossed its wildlands in a helicopter, scanning the aftermath of the park’s worst fire season in a century. A third of Yellowstone—793,880 acres—had gone up in smoke in a few months. Turner feared it would never recover. But during that flight she began to believe what Romme had recently suggested: This was what Yellowstone was supposed to do.

Many people had assumed Yellowstone’s fires blew up because firefighters more than a century earlier had begun suppressing wildfires, allowing excess trees to pack forests like kindling. This is true in parts of the West. But while traversing game trails to map the park’s fire history, Romme discovered that Yellowstone historically burned very severely once in a great while. “There had not been very many fires even in the days before fire suppression,” he told me one morning in the park. “It was really kind of shocking.”

Yellowstone is lodgepole country. Their thick, slender trunks occupy 80 percent of the park’s woods. Some are serotinous, meaning they need fire to unlock cones that hold their seeds. Romme had shown that these forests had seen monster stand-clearing blazes in the 1700s and 1800s. Such fires were rare because the park was “too moist, and it was too cool,” he said. But every 100 to 300 years, in an exceptionally hot, dry summer, enormous patches would ignite in one great conflagration, allowing the woods to be reborn.

Forests, Turner realized, were resilient. It would take time to accept how that could change.

A TREE’S RINGS REVEAL A LONG HISTORY OF SURVIVING FIRE! Jemez Mountains, New Mexico • From 1650 on, this ponderosa pine survived 15 fires—but in the 20th century most fires were suppressed. Fuel built up in the forest; a long, hot drought settled in. A monster blaze in 2011 ravaged 45 square miles in its first night. The result? “An extinguished ecosystem that will never be seen again here,” says scientist Craig Allen. PHOTOGRAPH BY KEITH LADZINSKI

An early warning came in 2002, during the Southwest’s worst drought in five decades. Weeks before meeting Turner, I scrambled up a dusty embankment near New Mexico’s Bandelier National Monument. Beside me, Craig Allen and Nate McDowell, an earth scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, examined a picture Allen had taken in 2002. It showed dense throngs of piñon pines, their needles tinged orange because they were dying.

Allen swept an arm toward a nearby mesa. He’d studied forests in this scratch of arid woodland near the Jemez Mountains since the 1980s. Now the adult pines from his picture were gone. What remained was cracked earth, hardy junipers, and an occasional seedling.

A drought in the 1950s had brought even less rain, and yet between 2002 and 2004 the impact on trees was worse: In some areas, more than 90 percent perished, many falling victim to bark beetles, natural predators that spread as never before. All told, some 350 million piñons, New Mexico’s state tree, died across the Southwest. Unprecedented fires eviscerated hundreds of thousands of acres of ponderosa pines.

Allen was taken aback by the severity. But bit by bit, he, McDowell, and their colleagues came to understand: This drought was hotter. The slight increase in temperature attributable to greenhouse gas emissions was already enough to set the death of New Mexico’s trees in motion.

And what’s become ever more clear to Allen, through his own work and that of many others, is that trees the world over are vulnerable to the added heat. The warmer atmosphere sucks more moisture from plants and soil. To cut their losses during droughts, trees close pores in their leaves, called stomata, or shed leaves entirely. But that limits the CO2 they take in, leaving them both hungry and parched all at once. When it’s especially hot, they even leak some of the water they’re desperate to retain.

When soil gets dry enough, trees can no longer maintain pressure in the internal conduits that carry water up to their leaves. Air bubbles interrupt the flow, causing fatal embolisms. Some trees protect themselves with deeper roots, for example, or by storing more water—but those investments come at the expense of growing taller to compete for light and space with other trees.

The upshot, scientists figured out in just the past decade, is that many trees in most landscapes, from the hot, rainy Amazon to cold, dry Alberta, are operating at the limits of their hydraulic systems, even under normal conditions, with little safety margin. That means a hot drought can push them over the threshold. The 2002 drought in the Southwest did exactly that: Tree-ring records would later show it was the driest and worst year for growth in a millennium. No other year even came close.

All this awakened Allen to what he now sees as a grave global threat. “Seeing the transformation of this landscape that I’d studied my whole adult life … climate change wasn’t theoretical anymore,” he told me. He started tracking the mass mortality events elsewhere. Over the next two decades, heat and drought would kill billions of trees directly and indirectly—in Spain, in South Korea, throughout Australia. In central Siberia, Russia lost two million acres of firs. In Texas in 2011, drought killed more than 300 million trees—one out of every 16 in the state.

Increasing warmth helped deadly forest pests spread, weakening trees and letting beetles and moths live through the winters or reproduce more often. Such invasions wiped out trees in Honduras, Turkey, and Algeria. In central Europe they arrived as a shocking new plague.

WHICH TREES WILL SURVIVE A HOTTER, DRIER FUTURE? Hölstein, near Basel, Switzerland • How exactly do trees die of thirst? As part of a 20-year project to answer such questions, University of Basel plant ecologist Ansgar Kahmen and technician Lucio Rizzelli regularly ride into the canopy of a research forest. Here they’re measuring the water vapor that a Norway spruce sheds through its needles. PHOTOGRAPH BY ORSOLYA HAARBERG

WHAT FORESTS DO FOR US TRANSCENDS CALCULATION! Southwest of Copenhagen, Denmark • The tangible benefits—food, wood, carbon storage—are not the only ones. Immersing oneself in woods, or “forest bathing,” has been shown by scientists to reduce mental and physical stress. At Camp Adventure, visitors ascend a spiraling 150-foot-high boardwalk to get a fresh perspective on trees—and perhaps on life. PHOTOGRAPH BY ORSOLYA HAARBERG

On a chilly day last fall, I struggled up 227 steps inside a former Cold War surveillance station on a 4,300-foot peak outside Prášily, a Czech village near the border with Germany. I huffed to keep pace with Petr Kahuda, a ranger at Šumava National Park, and Zdeněk Patočka, a forest scientist at Mendel University. The tower was built in the 1960s to listen in on NATO radio transmissions, but after the Iron Curtain fell, the Czech government opened it and this 170,000-acre park to the world. At the top, a circular balcony overlooks rolling forests that once fueled the region’s glass industry. Now, huge portions of its trees are dying, victims of bark beetle attacks.

In 2018 central Europe experienced its worst drought in five centuries. Summer temperatures hit nearly six degrees Fahrenheit above average. Tree deaths skyrocketed, and weakened survivors attracted beetles. Worst hit was Czechia. Loggers raced to salvage what they could. People were so desperate, Kahuda said, that one man offered Šumava National Park his sheep, hoping their smell might drive away the insects.

In Germany, 750,000 acres of forest died from 2018 to 2020. No one knew quite how to respond. History aggravated the crisis: Almost no native forests remain in central Europe. Humans have thoroughly transformed the landscape. Originally dominated by beech and oak, many forests had been replanted with Norway spruce and pine. After World War II, clear-cuts were made to ship timber and pay reparations to the Allies.

But while spruce grows naturally at higher, cooler elevations, foresters also planted it down low. It did fine there for 70 years. Then, says Henrik Hartmann, a forest expert at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, “climate change made this formerly suitable habitat inadequate.”

For a while, Turner kept her faith in Yellowstone’s cycle of fire and rebirth. Trees die; it’s part of the equation. But at a 2008 conference in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, she was confronted with the possibility that the equation had changed. A colleague presented maps suggesting that Yellowstone in coming decades could see fire seasons like 1988’s nearly every summer. That year “would no longer be exceptional—and the exceptional years would be out of control,” Turner recalls.

She didn’t buy it at first. For thousands of years Yellowstone’s monster blazes had burned erratically at different intensities, scorching some spots and skipping others. The mosaic let animals and trees recolonize easily. Her own work, influenced by that long-ago chopper ride, had thoroughly documented that pattern. But what if the system no longer worked that way?

Turner started investigating. She learned that baby pines grew poorly in hot, dry seasons. She’d been taught that young lodgepoles were too green to burn, but she found them supporting explosive fires. She watched areas of the park burned in 1988 catch fire again. She saw fires crashing through before young trees produced mature seed cones. Some burned so big and hot that no seed trees survived to regrow the forest.

In five spots around Grand Teton and Yellowstone, Turner found forests coming back sparsely or not at all. Climate change was reshaping some of the most storied scenery. Simulating a future in which we don’t curtail emissions, she caught glimpses of some of her favorite places as her children might one day see them: At Oxbow Bend, where Mount Moran is reflected in the Snake River, the thick stand of conifers could be replaced by sagebrush, grasses, and aspens; along Firehole Canyon Drive or the Madison River, the pine forests could become meadows.

Turner had thought of Yellowstone as “the most resilient place in the world.” Now her research showed its forests transitioning to a new state. Other scientists were reaching similar conclusions elsewhere. Camille Stevens-Rumann, a forest ecologist at Colorado State University, examined 1,485 sites from 52 fires in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and Washington. The number of burned sites that didn’t recover jumped from 19 percent before 2000 to 32 percent in the years after. “And by ‘not recovering,’ I mean not a single tree—not one,” she says.

Fires are reshaping storied scenery: some forests are coming back sparsely— or not at all.

Not long ago, the U.S. Forest Service mostly planted trees only after forests had been logged—it counted on burned areas regenerating naturally. Now, “over 80 percent of our reforestation needs are being driven by catastrophic wildfire,” says David Lytle, the agency’s forest and rangeland management director. More than half of the millions of acres burned recently in 154 national forests won’t grow back without replanting. Even then, on tens of thousands of acres, seeds may never take root, Lytle says.

But around the world, more than just drought and fire are at play. After extreme heat and drought had weakened mangroves across hundreds of miles of northern Australian coast, an El Niño event in 2015-16, likely worsened by climate change, caused a temporary regional drop in sea level. Eighteen thousand acres of mangroves died of thirst. In southeastern Brazil, the same El Niño drove down precipitation, stressing mangroves along the flat, brown Piraquê-Mirím River. Then, one June day in 2016, plum-size hail pummeled this hot landscape for the first time on record, as 60-mile-an-hour gusts blew foliage off trees and drove trunks sideways across 1,200 acres.

Five years later I visited with Angelo Bernardino, an oceanographer with Federal University of Espírito Santo. From a boat on the river, we watched soil around the dead trees sloughing into the water, ensuring that few if any mangroves would ever sprout here again.

HOW BURNED TREES CAN NURTURE THE LANDSCAPE! Near Boulder, Colorado • With the help of a helicopter, charred trees ground to mulch are showered like cremated remains over a forest that burned in 2020. The mulch will help stabilize the slopes in these foothills, letting new vegetation take root and preventing soil erosion, which otherwise could harm nearby lakes and streams. PHOTOGRAPH BY KEITH LADZINSKI

HOW THESE ANCIENT TREES COULD WEATHER CLIMATE CHANGE! Great Basin National Park, Nevada • A pale moon shines through the skeletons of bristlecone pines 21 years after a wildfire—made rare and more intense by years of fire suppression—ripped through 1,650 acres here in 2000. Some bristlecones are about 5,000 years old, making them the longest-lived individual organisms on Earth. Seedlings have sprouted among the dead, offering hope that this species might be one of the best equipped to endure a warming climate. PHOTOGRAPH BY KEITH LADZINSKI

If any species could withstand climate shifts, you might think it’d be giant sequoias, many of which have stood since the reign of Julius Caesar. Instead, change has come frighteningly fast.

In 2012 the cover story in National Geographic’s December issue profiled one stunning specimen in Sequoia National Park. At 247 feet in height, nearly half that of the Washington Monument, the President, as the behemoth is called, was thought to have been a seedling when fewer people walked Earth than live in modern France. It held more leaves than there are people in China. Our story told of sequoias’ remarkable resilience: the way tannins supposedly made them impervious to wood-boring beetles; how their thick bark was nearly flame resistant. Researchers were wary about the future but not alarmed.

Last summer, less than a decade later, I sat in the canopy of a nearby sequoia and stared over at the President. My throat itched from the smoke of a nearby wildfire. My legs ached from hauling myself 200 feet up a climbing rope to join forest ecologist Anthony Ambrose. I’d come because he and other scientists were suddenly rattled.

In 2014, two summers after that story was published, sequoias began shedding needles, a severe move to curb water demand during a horrendous drought. Then scientists noticed 33 trees succumbing to fatal beetle attacks. Ambrose saw tunnels carved through bark. He saw branches trying to push insects out by oozing pitch. He worried other trees might be next.

Before then, sequoias were considered “freaks” of the conifer world because “nobody had ever seen one killed by insects,” Nate Stephenson had told me the day before I met Ambrose. Stephenson would know. After studying these monarchs for more than 40 years, he probably understands them better than anyone else.

In 2015, shortly after the needles fell and the bugs arrived, Stephenson met with Christy Brigham, who’d recently arrived as the park’s chief of resources. “How bad is it?” she asked. Stephenson saw no reason for panic.

Drought and fire threats to sequoias had been predicted by climate modelers, but most didn’t expect serious danger for decades. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks had pioneered the setting of prescribed burns to clear brush and logs from the understory so that wildfires didn’t explode. The parks would now light even more controlled blazes, Brigham decided. She hired Ambrose and forest ecologist Wendy Baxter to track how sequoias were managing water stress.

Ambrose has climbed enough sequoias to know they are tough old beasts. He’s seen them struck by lightning only to grow new canopy branches. He’s watched them slow their photosynthetic machinery in dry times. Trees that can drink 800 gallons of water a day don’t survive thousands of years without learning to “hunker down,” he says. But by 2021, as we sat together staring at the President after the most shocking fire season on record, Ambrose was wondering how much more these trees could take.

Sequoias need low-intensity ground fires to release seeds from their cones and clear soil, so seeds can take root. Their high branches make them unlikely hosts for canopy fires. But in 2020 our history of suppressing fire collided with a rapidly changing climate. The same dry spell that cost sequoias foliage had killed tens of millions of trees—sugar pines, incense cedars, and white firs—in densely packed forests nearby. That’s where the Castle fire began.

Soon it jumped ridges and spotted into the sequoias. Long flames ignited their crowns. Heat and wind shot smoke tens of thousands of feet high. Embers exploded. High branches collapsed, plunging seed cones into flames, incinerating future generations.

In one grove Brigham found hardly any seeds. “There was nothing on the ground except ash. We have never seen that before. Never.” After the fire, Brigham took stock. Up to 14 percent of all the large sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, their native habitat, were dead or mortally wounded.

Months after I left Ambrose, it happened again. Fires in September 2021 charred sequoia bark and sent twigs raining for miles. Ambrose’s study trees lost water 24 hours a day. Flames came so close to the General Sherman—the biggest tree on Earth—that firefighters wrapped it in flame-resistant material.

The 2021 fires claimed another 3 to 5 percent of large sequoias. Up to 19 percent of these magnificent trees—trees that had weathered everything for a millennium or more—had been lost in just two years.

Losing forests to climate change isn’t just about such heartbreak. There are other consequences for people and wildlife. Wildfire smoke increasingly fouls the air of major cities such as San Francisco and Seattle. Australia’s 2020 megafires killed 33 people—and a billion animals, including 60,000 koalas. The fires may have expanded the country’s list of endangered animal species by 14 percent.

Losing forests also releases carbon that amplifies the climate threat. The future on that score looks uncertain but worrisome.

In North America’s boreal forest, from Alaska to Newfoundland, massive fires now release incredible amounts of carbon—not only from the trees themselves but also from the moist peat soils in which they grow. Jennifer Baltzer, a forest ecologist at Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, has found that in many burnt patches, the dominant species, black spruce, is being replaced by other species such as aspen—which in principle might soak up more carbon than spruce over time and be less likely to burn. But soils hold most of the carbon in the boreal region, and for now they seem very vulnerable.

Meanwhile, in the boreal forests of Siberia, intensifying fires have mutated recently into multimillion-acre monsters that threaten to release huge reserves of ancient carbon from the permafrost. Those burns are turning some forests into shrublands or grasslands, which store less carbon, says Heather Alexander of Auburn University in Alabama. Yet the switch to a lighter-colored landscape also has a cooling effect, because it reflects more sunlight than darker forest—especially when blanketed by winter snow. The bottom line for climate, Alexander says: “Unknown.”

Each region is its own case, but the threat to forests is general and global. ‘There’s just red flag after red flag,’ ecologist Jennifer Baltzer says.

The Amazon rainforest presents a clearer and more urgent picture. It produces much of its own rain, recycling water vapor over and over. The clearing of forest for cattle ranches and soy farms has accelerated again under President Jair Bolsonaro, and climate change may be hastening the approach of a dangerous tipping point. Grueling droughts in 2005, 2010, and 2015-16 killed billions of trees outright and helped spread fires that killed more. As forest is logged, burned, or dried out, that reduces rainfall in a self-reinforcing spiral. Some scientists fear that spiral threatens to send the world’s biggest rainforest hurtling toward a transition to a savanna.

Each region of the world faces its own particular challenges, but the threat to forests is general and global. “There’s just red flag after red flag where these forested ecosystems are being pushed right to their limit,” Baltzer says.

Yet increasingly, governments from Japan to the United Kingdom are setting up complex trading schemes that allow businesses to offset fossil fuel emissions by protecting forests rather than to cut emissions at the smokestack. Often those schemes don’t account adequately for the possibility that forests may not be protectable. As I was visiting sequoias last year, a wildfire in Oregon was releasing carbon that tech giant Microsoft had purchased to offset its own emissions.

No one knows what awaits this summer, or next. But it’s time we embraced our new reality. We can no longer forestall rapid changes to some forests. The planet won’t stop warming until we completely halt fossil fuel emissions, and that will take decades. As Craig Allen witnessed in New Mexico and Nate Stephenson has seen with giant sequoias, some changes may be drastic.

But we can keep things from getting even worse. To start, we must halt the destruction of native forests, especially tropical, boreal, and temperate old-growth forests. The benefits they provide aren’t replaceable. The good news: Many are still healthy, for now.

For example, humans have cleared far less of the Congo rainforest, the world’s second largest, than of tropical forests in Asia or South America. The forest is getting less precipitation, but it’s showing resilience. While some trees in Gabon produce less fruit, providing less food for forest elephants, the Congo has avoided widespread tree mortality. Even in Brazil and Southeast Asia, millions of square miles of lush forest remain intact.

“We need to protect the forests we have,” says Robin Chazdon, a restoration expert with the University of Connecticut. “That’s number one.”

We also need to manage forests better, especially for fire. In cooler, dry months in northern Australia’s Arnhem Land, Indigenous rangers carry drip torches or drop fire starters from helicopters to ignite ground-crawling blazes in the tall grass. So far, that has dramatically curbed explosive late-summer forest fires. In the U.S., the White House announced plans in January to help government and private landowners start more prescribed burns and thin more forests, where appropriate, with logging. The aim is to reduce fire risks on four times more land, up to 50 million acres, over 10 years—if Congress provides the money.

But that��s not enough. We also need to restore damaged forests, primarily in equatorial regions, where native trees can come back quickly, but elsewhere too. The infrastructure bill signed by President Joe Biden last fall authorizes billions of dollars to increase nursery and seed-growing capacity and kick-start the largest U.S. reforestation campaign in history by replanting four million acres in a decade.

And of course we need to break our fossil fuel addiction, quickly.

On my last day in Yellowstone with Turner, we visited old burns from another 2016 fire. This one had ripped across a plateau above the Madison River, which also had burned in 1988. The recent blaze had so scorched the landscape that it even incinerated downed trunks, leaving nothing but lines of white ash that stretched like shadows across blackened soil. Turner called them “ghost logs.” In 30 years of traipsing through fire scars, she’d never seen ground so pummeled by fire.

Do we want even more of this?

This spring marks 150 years since President Ulysses S. Grant signed the act creating Yellowstone, America’s first national park. It required “preservation, from injury or spoliation” and “retention in their natural condition” of the park’s wonders. The effort that entails has expanded since Grant’s day, when threats were direct and local. Turner projects that if global temperatures were to rise four degrees Celsius (7.2 degrees F) from preindustrial values, the region’s high-elevation spruces and subalpine firs, such as those near the Snake River’s headwaters, could be wiped out. Forest cover could drop by half by 2100. The density of what remains would drop even more.

That’s far from inevitable. If the world’s nations keep their current promises, the planet will warm less than three degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees F). Stabilizing emissions closer to two degrees or less could limit forest losses in Yellowstone to 15 percent. High-elevation trees would still struggle, and there’d be more Douglas firs and aspens. But some old growth would persist. Yellowstone’s forests, like many in the world, will never be the same. But they might be close.

— Senior writer Craig Welch has been reporting on climate change for more than 20 years. In the past year he has written cover stories on electric cars and the culture of whales | National Geographic

[kings-research]

Bitumen vs Asphalt

What’s the difference between Asphalt and Bitumen? Should I use Bitumen or Asphalt?

Bitumen is actually the liquid binder that holds asphalt together. The term bitumen is often mistakenly used to describe asphalt.

A bitumen-sealed road has a layer of bitumen sprayed and then covered with an aggregate. This is then repeated to give a two-coat seal.

Asphalt is produced in a plant that heats, dries and mixes aggregate, bitumen and sand into a composite mix. It is then applied through a paving machine on site as a solid material at a nominated or required thickness, relative to the end use. Asphalt results in a smoother and more durable asphalt road surface than a bitumen-sealed road.

Know more@ https://www.kingsresearch.com/post/global-bitumen-market?utm_source=Atish

What is Bitumen?

Bitumen is a binding agent produced from petroleum. Bitumen is known for being strongly adhesive and resistant to damage from water and oil spills. This makes bitumen the ideal binder for asphalt because asphalt is commonly used as a surface for roads, car parks and driveways.

Bitumen can be produced to different specifications depending on how it’s going to be used but in all cases, bitumen is created by distilling crude oil. This process removes the lighter liquid and leaves a thick sticky substance that, in the case of asphalt, will hold heavy aggregate like stones and gravel with sand.

Bitumen can also be confused with tar, which is another binding agent that when mixed with aggregate, makes tarmac.

Common bitumen misspellings: bitumin, bit umin, bitch umen, bitchumen, bitch umen, bitchamen, bitch amen, bichement, biche ment, bichman, bich man, bitchamin, bitch amin, bitchemen, bitche men, bitchimen, bitchi men, bitchimin, bitchman, bitchimum, bitchi mum, bitchmen, bitchomen, bitcho men, bitchumin, bitcumen, bitcu men, or bituman.

What is the Difference Between Asphalt and Bitumen?

Bitumen is often misused as a term when describing asphalt and can be confusing for many people. In the UK, most people will say bitumen when describing an aggregate mixture of bitumen, stones or gravel and sand. In Australia, we call the mixture asphalt.

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Spray on Paving Perth, Australia, Ellenbrook, Upper Swan, Aveley, Dayton, Dayton, Midland, Herne hill, South Guildford

Spray On Paving is highly durable, incredibly affordable and is suitable for external concrete areas including driveways, paths, patios, pool surrounds or garages.Property managers who are uncertain about the slip-resistance of surfaces had turned to spray on paving to provide them with an absolutely reliable surface that looks stunning Spray on Paving Perth, Australia, Ellenbrook, Upper Swan, Aveley, Dayton, Dayton, Midland, Herne hill, South Guildford

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Black Lives Matter Protests Turn Violent Across Europe

Riot police fired tear gas and charged at violent protesters at an anti-racism rally in Paris on Saturday, while in London far-right protesters clashed with anti-racism demonstrators and the police who were trying to keep the two sides apart.

More than 10,000 people marched peacefully Saturday in Zurich, while a smaller, separate leftist group threw objects at police, as a wave of anger continued to sweep the world following the death of African American George Floyd.

And in Australia, protesters marched by the thousands, wearing masks and at a social distance.

In Paris, protesters gathered in Place de la Republique, chanting "No justice, no peace" beneath the statue of Marianne, who personifies the French Republic. The first clashes erupted after three hours of peaceful gathering. Some protesters hurled bottles, paving stones and bicycle wheels at police lines. Organizers urged protesters with children to leave.

A demonstrator holds a heart reading, "Macron, I hate you with all my heart," during a protest against police brutality and the death in Minneapolis police custody of George Floyd, in Paris, France, June 13, 2020.

The outrage generated by Floyd's death in Minneapolis last month has resonated in France, especially in deprived city suburbs where rights groups say that accusations of brutal treatment by French police of residents of often immigrant background remain largely unaddressed.

Assa Traore, sister of Adama Traore, 24, who died near Paris in 2016 after police detained him, addressed Saturday's protest.

'Our brothers are dying'

"The death of George Floyd has a strong echo in the death in France of my little brother," she said. "What's happening in the United States is happening in France. Our brothers are dying."

Traore's family say he was asphyxiated when three officers held him down with the weight of their bodies. Authorities say the cause of his death is unclear.

Far-right activists unfurled a banner with the words "anti-white racism" from the rooftop of a building overlooking the protest. Residents emerged onto their balconies and ripped it up, using knives and scissors, to cheers from below.

Another protest against racism and police violence took place in the afternoon in Marseille.  BFM television footage showed protesters burning bins and throwing stones toward anti-riot police.

A protester carries an injured counterprotester to safety, near the Waterloo station during a Black Lives Matter protest following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis police custody, in London, June 13, 2020.

In London, fights broke out between groups outside Waterloo station, with fireworks thrown before police cordoned off areas. On a nearby bridge, stones were lobbed at police. Sporadic skirmishes continued in central areas.

"Racist thuggery has no place on our streets," British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said in a tweet. "Anyone attacking our police will be met with the full force of the law."

Earlier in the day, small bands of protesters jostled and tossed bottles and cans in Trafalgar Square. Far-right groups shouted racial slurs at the anti-racism protesters, and some tried to use metal crash barriers to break through police lines.

'Stay away'

The Metropolitan Police said in a statement they had arrested five people for offenses including violent disorder and assault on police and that six officers had suffered minor injuries. The ambulance service said it had treated 15 people.

"It is clear that far-right groups are causing violence and disorder in central London, I urge people to stay away," Mayor Sadiq Khan said on Twitter.

The far-right groups said they wanted to defend British culture, in particular historical monuments, after the toppling of the statue of a 17th-century slave trader in the port city of Bristol last weekend sparked calls for others to come down.

"Winston Churchill, he's one of our own," they also chanted, near the statue of the World War II leader, which last weekend was sprayed with graffiti reading: "Churchill was a racist."

"My culture is under attack. This is my culture and my English history. Why should Churchill be boarded up? Why is the Cenotaph [a war memorial in London] attacked? It is not right," said David Allen, one of the protesters.

People sit and hold banners during a Black Lives Matter protest, following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis police custody, in Zurich, Switzerland, June 13, 2020.

In Zurich, thousands of people marched, chanting, "Black lives matter," "No justice, no peace" and "Say his name: George Floyd." The protesters, most clad entirely in black, snaked through the center of Switzerland's financial hub, joined by thousands more in other Swiss cities.

Even though Swiss gatherings of more than 300 people are banned to help curb the spread of the new coronovirus, police said they would tolerate the unauthorized assembly as long as it remained peaceful.

As the main march was dispersing, authorities clashed with a separate group of around 300 leftist agitators gathered in a square in the city center who were throwing stones and bottles, police said.

Police used pepper spray and detained several people. One policeman was hurt.  

Peaceful rallies in Australia

Australians marched Saturday amid warnings from state leaders to call off the events on fears of a second wave of coronavirus infections. And yet thousands turned out in all major cities.  

The Black Lives Matter rallies, dominated by a heavy police presence, were mostly peaceful.  

"There have been people like my dad and Aunty Mingelly who have been pushing for change since they were my age — you know, that was 50 years ago," Jacinta Taylor, an organizer of the protest in Perth, told the rally. "I don't want to be having to be 80 years old and pushing for this kind of change for my children and my children's children."

Perth saw the largest gathering of all major Australian cities Saturday, despite pleas from the premier of Western Australia state, Mark McGowan, to cancel the event until the coronavirus pandemic was over.

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[baxtonme]

Tokyo 2020 Olympics Equestrian Update By Western World Saddlery Clothing Equipment Caboolture

The 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics is set to be HOT, HOT, HOT for all concerned – but horses may suffer the most 

The Ready Steady Tokyo test equestrian event in August went down a treat with past Olympian winner Michael Jung and other contestants, but participants’ concerns about the heat and humidity didn’t go unnoticed. Melissa Gibson, co-owner of Australia’s leading country outfitters, Western World Saddlery and Saddleworld Caboolture, explains the effects of extreme temperatures on horses and what counter-measures can be expected at next year’s summer Games. 

Acting as a dress rehearsal to the real McCoy, many of the world’s top riders jumped at the opportunity to sound out facilities at two venues, Sea Forest Cross-Country Course and the recently refurbished Equestrian Park at Baji Koen. By all accounts, the event was a rip-roaring success. 

Set in a spectacular public green space in the city’s Heritage Zone, the latter is one of many original 1964 venues revamped for 2020, in line with the city’s commitment to a 50% pre-existing venues quota. The cross country course runs over reclaimed land in Tokyo Bay and was created by acclaimed US course designer, Derek di Grazia. 

“Everybody, from gold medal winner Jung to the spectators, only had positive things to say about the facilities and courses, but there were concerns about the hot weather and its effect on horses and riders,” Melissa says. “While 1964’s Games were held mid-October during autumn, next year’s event starts at the end of July – and it will probably be brutal.”

While the organisers have been taking advice from other hot host cities like  Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008), Japan’s recent record-breaking temperatures, and 57 heat-related deaths in the country from 29 July to 4 August this year must be keeping them up at night. Although measures to battle the heat in Olympic equestrian competition is nothing new, and water misters were first seen in 1996 at Atlanta, there’s no doubt that temperatures, and concerns, have risen. 

Cooling down measures evaluated at a beach volleyball event in July include mist sprays, shaded resting areas and ice packs for spectators. Organisers also believe resin-based, infrared-reflecting paving for the 42 km marathon course and other major roads will lower the surface temperature by as much as 8˚ C. 

Keeping the roughly 200 animals taking part in the Olympics cool is critical, as a rider could be forced to retire due to the condition of a horse. After completing the cross-country section, or instance, the heart rate, body temperature and other vitals of the horse are checked. It is not uncommon for even top riders to be eliminated from the competition at this stage.

 “Horses are up there with humans as one of the sweatiest in the animal kingdom, and like us, show signs of heat exhaustion. Their body temperature is roughly two degrees higher than ours, but a tough 6km cross-country course can push it beyond 40˚ C,” she explains. “

They will have to work hard on the course and in the arena, but back at the (air-conditioned) stables, competing horses can expect nothing less than state-of-the-art, and will have every resource and technology thrown at making their stay as comfortable as possible. “There were no complaints about the horses’ facilities, Melissa laughs. “The riders will have to make do with much less lavish accommodation at the athlete’s village.” 

Events are scheduled to avoid the midday sun and high humidity, either early morning or in the evening, with cross-country starting at 8.30 am. Also planned for Tokyo 2020 is the installation of large tents with giant fans and water misters to create a workable environment for horses and riders.

Melissa feels it would be a shame if the stunning facelift the 1964 Equestrian Centre was given and the beauty of the bay-side cross-country route is overshadowed by unbearable conditions. “The world has certainly become a hotter place in the last 20-odd years,” she notes, “But the organisers realise this and seem to have upped the game.” 

If you require Horse Riding Equipment, Western Saddlery, Horse Supplies, Saddles, Horse Rugs for Sale, Western World Saddlery, Australian, English Saddlery, Western Show Clothing, in Caboolture, Brisbane, Australia or anything equine then go no further than the expert team at Western World Saddlery in Caboolture or call (07) 5428 1564.

Syndicated by Baxton Media, the Market Influencers, Your Digital Marketing Agency.

Tokyo 2020 Olympics Equestrian Update By Western World Saddlery Clothing Equipment Caboolture was originally published on Baxton

[xcwjc-blog]

Tactile Paving

Tactile paving  is easy to install and used for certain fixed occasions.

 A tactile path is used by partially sighted people for navigational purpose.

 Japan was one of the pioneers in the introduction of tactile pavings. Its modern form can be classified into two types: one has small, round bumps upon the surface of the block, which are felt through a sole, and the second is a directional aid, with long, slender bumps being installed on the surface.

 Now, the use of tactile tiles is spreading throughout the world. Our tactile paving reach to Australia / New Zealand AS/NZS 1428.4:2002 Design for access and mobility - Tactile indicators. Classify by material.

 we have below styles:

 ①stainless steel material:(304stainless steel&316 stainless steel)

Production process:Punch(plain surface stud and strip)

              Emboss plate(diamond stud)

              Welding operation(suit for all kinds of surface )

Surface spraying of yellow or black color .

Normal Size：300*300mm;300*600mm;other size could be custom

 ②Brass material:Rivet structure(suit for all kinds of surface )

Normal Size：300*300mm;300*600mm;other size could be custom

 ③Polyurethane material( One-piece molding)

Exist moulding for XC-MDB7001&XC-MDB7003*XC-MDB7018

Normal Size：300*300mm;other size could be custom with moulding

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[sunsetsafaris]

Fun Things To Do On Moreton Island, Queensland

Moreton Island Australia is a paradise on a sandy land with exquisite natural wonders that offer innumerable opportunities for fun, adventure, exploration and relaxation under the sun. For travellers who want to visit this natural spectacle, here’s a rundown on things that you can do during your stay to make your vacation Instagram hashtag-worthy!

There is a myriad of attractions on the island and before you think about the activities to do here, make sure you purchase the right Moreton Island travel packages. The better the package, the more you can explore!

On this World Heritage Site, where there are no paved roads, your pal would be a 4WD vehicle. You can bring yours or hire one on the island. Most of the Moreton Island Holiday Packages include 4WD road trips which will pump your wanderlust.

Visit the beautiful Honeymoon Bay located between the Cape Moreton and North Point. Take a walk to the Cape Moreton Lighthouse (you wouldn’t want to miss out on the first lighthouse built on Queensland). At the information centre, you’ll get to know about the rich history of Moreton. Cape Moreton is one of those popular attractions which can bring you close to animal life on the island. From here, you can spot the migrating humpback whales, manta rays, sharks, turtles, dugongs to name a  few.

Along your 4WD ride to Cape Moreton, you’ll come across Five Hills Lookout. It’s the perfect place to be in if you want to enjoy a 360-degree view of the island and the waters.  Make sure you have your camera with you. Your lenses will come in handy!

You can go bird-watching on Moreton. There are about 180 species of feathered-friends who wait for you to take a look at them and marvel at the sight. Do bring in your binos to catch a glimpse of them though! This is one of the amazing Moreton Island Activities Australia boasts of!

You must try Sand Tobogganing! Sliding down the sand cliffs on a sand board is an adrenaline pumping activity on Moreton. You’d definitely want to get on the board for a second time! Talking to the winds while surfing down at speeds of 60-70km/h is nothing less than an adventure after all.

Do you know you can go camping in this sandy paradise? There are several campsites and campgrounds for this purpose. Bring in the love of nature in your hiking trip and take the trails that will allow you to spend nights under the open sky and the twinkling stars.

Let your Moreton Island Tours take you to the Champagne Pools to enjoy the natural bubbling waters. Located near Honeymoon Bay, it is nature’s very own Jacuzzi where you can make the most of the sea spray while the ocean waves crash over the rocks. Relax in the pools and quickly grab a selfie!

For the swimmers, the freshwater lake, Blue Lagoon is a must visit. It is located in the heart of the island brimming with scenic beauty that will enrapture your hearts for all the right reasons. Take a dip in the waters and soak up all the serenity!

Exploring the wrecks is one of the peppy Moreton Island activities Australia vouches for. The best way to do that is snorkelling or kayaking. If you try the night time kayaking, it’s going to live with you forever. Because exploring the wrecks and marine life underwater with the shimmering kayaks fitted with LED lights is like living an underwater movie!

The Tangalooma Wrecks are a worthy destination for all your snorkelling and kayaking tours. The Moreton Island holiday packages make sure you explore the wrecks in its entirety.

Choose Sunset Safaris as your travel partner and let its Moreton Island tours from Brisbane take you close to nature.

 For more details about Moreton Island Travel Packages just move on www.sunsetsafaris.com.au