#Tapscript

[crypto28ro]

Zero-Knowledge Proofs în Bitcoin: Securitate și Confidențialitate Avansate

Introducere Bitcoin a revoluționat sistemele financiare prin introducerea unui mod descentralizat de a efectua tranzacții, bazat pe o tehnologie blockchain transparentă și securizată. Totuși, această transparență, deși esențială pentru integritatea rețelei, ridică probleme privind confidențialitatea tranzacțiilor și a datelor financiare. În acest context, dovezile cu cunoștințe zero…

[primezone003]

Bitcoin Covenants: OP_CAT (BIP 347)

This is the fifth article in a series deep diving into individual covenant proposals that have reached a point of maturity meriting an in-depth breakdown. OP_CAT, put forward for reactivation in tapscript by Ethan Heilman and Armin Sabouri in BIP 347, is not a covenant. It was an opcode that was originally included in the first release of Bitcoin for manipulating data elements on the stack. It…

[kripto101resmi]

Taproot Nedir ve Bitcoin'e Faydası Nedir?

İniş ve çıkışlarına rağmen Bitcoin, kripto dünyasını sağlam tutan bir sütun olduğunu kanıtladı. Yıllar boyunca, Mt. Gox saldırısı ve rezil Bitcoin hard forku, kripto topluluğu Bitcoin'i desteklemeye devam ediyor. Ancak bazı hususlar göz ardı edilemez ve mahremiyet bu konuların en önemlilerinden biridir. Bitcoin halka açık bir blok zinciri olduğundan, herkesin ağ üzerinde yapılan tüm işlemleri izlemesi mümkündür. Bazı insanlar için bu çok önemli.

Taproot Nedir?

Madeni para karıştırma ve CoinJoin gibi farklı teknikler kullanarak anonimliğinizi arttırmanız mümkün. Ancak ne yazık ki, bunların hiçbiri Bitcoin'i bir kripto para birimi yapmaz. Aynı şey Taproot için de geçerli, ancak bu yükseltme ağ anonimliğini artırmaya yardımcı olabilir. Taproot'un tanıtımı, birçok kişi tarafından Bitcoin'in mahremiyet eksikliğini ve diğer ilgili sorunları ele almak için önemli bir ilk adım olarak bekleniyordu. Taproot, dünyanın dört bir yanındaki madencilerin desteğini takiben 14 Kasım 2021'de Bitcoin ağında etkinleştirildi. Peki Taproot nedir ve Bitcoin'e nasıl yardımcı olabilir? Bu soruları makalemizde ayrıntılı olarak cevaplayacağız. Bitcoin Ağının Kısıtlamaları Oluşturulan ilk ve en popüler kripto para birimi olmasına rağmen, Bitcoin ağının bazı alanlarda zayıflıkları vardır, örneğin işlem hızı yavaştır. Bitcoin başlangıçta saniyede 7 işlem gerçekleştirecek şekilde tasarlandı, ancak ağ trafiği ve kullanıcı sayısı arttıkça işlem hızları yavaşladı ve ücretler arttı. Bitcoin ağının işlem değerinin, madeni paranın fiyatı arttıkça 2021'de 60 dolara ulaşması bekleniyor. Yüksek ücretlerin ve yavaş işlem hızlarının Bitcoin ağının gelişimini yavaşlattığına inanılıyor. Geliştiriciler, işlem kapasitesini artırmak için bloğa daha fazla işlem eklenebilmesi için 2017'de Ayrılmış Tanık'ta (SegWit) iyileştirmeler yaptı. Ancak işlem maliyetleri hala yüksek. Diğer bir sınırlama gizliliktir. Teknik inceleme, Bitcoin işlemlerinin özel olduğunu belirtse de, tüm Bitcoin ağ işlemlerinin ayrıntıları görülebilir. Bu, birinin Bitcoin adresine bakarak tüm satın alma geçmişini görebileceğiniz anlamına gelir. Bitcoin, bu sınırlamaların üstesinden gelmek için zaman zaman ağ iyileştirmeleri yaptı. Ancak ağın merkezi olmayan yapısı nedeniyle Bitcoin'de değişiklik yapmak çok zordur. Hangi değişikliklerin yapılıp neyin yapılmaması gerektiğine kimse karar veremez. Bunun için toplumun oybirliği ile karar vermesi önemlidir.

Bitcoin Taproot Yükseltmesi Nedir?

Taproot; gizliliği, verimliliği ve ağın akıllı sözleşmeleri işleme becerisini artırmak üzere Bitcoin'in komut dosyalarını iyileştiren bir yumuşak çatallanmadır. 2017'deki SegWit yükseltmesinden bu yana en önemli Bitcoin yükseltmesi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Taproot yükseltmesi 3 farklı Bitcoin İyileştirme Önerisinden (BIP) oluşur. Bunlar Taproot, Tapscript ve en temeli olan Schnorr imzaları adındaki yeni dijital imza şemasıdır. Taproot, Bitcoin kullanıcıları için işlem gizliliğinin artırılması ve işlem ücretlerinin düşürülmesi gibi çeşitli avantajlar getirmeyi amaçlar. Aynı zamanda Bitcoin'in daha karmaşık işlemler gerçekleştirebilmesine imkan tanıyacak ve özellikle de akıllı sözleşme becerileri, ağda Merkeziyetsiz Finansı (DeFi) ve benzersiz tokenleri (NFT) destekleme konularında Ethereum'la rekabet edebilmesi için ağın kullanım alanlarını genişletecektir. Taproot önerisi, ilk olarak Bitcoin Core geliştiricisi Greg Maxwell tarafından Ocak 2018'de ortaya atılmıştır. Pieter Wuille tarafından yaratılan talebin ardından Taproot, Ekim 2020 itibarıyla Bitcoin Core kütüphanesine eklenmiştir. Yükseltmenin tam olarak faaliyete geçmesi için node operatörlerinin Taproot'un yeni mutabakat kurallarını benimsemesi gereklidir. Yükseltme, madencilerin 'ının desteğini alarak 14 Kasım 2021'de 709.632. blokta resmi olarak etkinleştirilmiştir.

Taproot Nasıl Çalışır?

Taproot'u geliştirmek için birlikte çalışan 3 Bitcoin İyileştirme Önerisi (BIP) vardır. Bu BIP'lerin her biri, diğerlerini farklı şekillerde etkiler ve destekler. Schnorr İmzaları (BIP340) Schnorr'un katılımı, Bitcoin ağındaki işlemlerin hızlı ve güvenli bir şekilde onaylanmasını sağlar. Alman matematikçi ve kriptograf Claus Schnorr tarafından tasarlanan imza tasarımına sahiptir. Schnorr algoritmasını birkaç yıl boyunca bir patentle korumasına rağmen, patentin süresi 2008'de sona erdi. Diğer avantajlarının yanı sıra Schnorr'un markası en çok basit ve verimli kısa imzalar oluşturmasıyla bilinir. Satoshi Nakamoto (Bitcoin'in yaratıcısı) tarafından benimsenen imza şeması, Ellipti Eğrisi Dijital İmza Algoritmasıdır (ECDSA). Schnorr imza algoritması yerine ECDSA'nın seçilmesinin nedeni, bu algoritmanın zaten iyi kullanılmış, iyi anlaşılmış, güvenli, kompakt ve açık kaynak olmasıdır. Bununla birlikte, Schnorr Dijital İmza Planının (SDSS) geliştirilmesi, Bitcoin ve diğer blok zinciri ağlarında yeni nesil imzalar oluşturmak için bir başlangıç ​​olabilir. Schnorr imzalarının ana avantajlarından biri, karmaşık bir Bitcoin işleminde birden fazla anahtar alabilmeleri ve kendi başlarına benzersiz bir imza oluşturabilmeleridir. Bu, işleme dahil olan birkaç kişinin imzasının tek bir Schnorr imzasında "birleştirilebileceği" anlamına gelir. Buna imza bağlantısı denir. Taproot, Bitcoin betiğinin çalıştığı gerçeğini tamamen gizler. Örneğin, Taproot kullanarak Bitcoin harcamak, ister Lightning Network kanalında, ister eşler arası işlemlerde veya karmaşık akıllı sözleşmelerde işlem yapıyor olun, işlemi anonim hale getirebilir. Bu işletmelerden birine bakan herkes, eşler arası bir işten başka bir şey görmeyecektir. Ancak, Taproot'un alıcı taraftaki gönderen cüzdanların görünürlüğünü etkilemeyeceği belirtilmelidir. Taproot (BIP341) Taproot yükseltmesine Taproot denir. 2017 SegWit güncellemesini temel alır ve Bitcoin blok zincirindeki işlem verilerini dijitalleştirmek için Merkelized Alternatif Komut Dosyası Ağaçlarını (MAST) kullanır. Bitcoin ağındaki işlemler, genel ve özel anahtarlarla güvence altına alınır. Coinleri taşımadan önce cüzdandaki dijital varlıkları harcamak isteyen kişinin cüzdanın gerçek sahibi olduğunu kanıtlamak için bir imza oluşturması gerekiyor. Tek imzalı işlemlerin yanı sıra zaman kilitli versiyonlar, çoklu imza şartları (multisig) vb. Bitcoin işlemlerini daha karmaşık hale getirmek için. Çeşitli planlar mevcuttur. Ancak bu karmaşık çoklu imza işlemlerini desteklemek çok fazla girdi ve girdi gerektirir, blok zincirine büyük miktarda veri ekler ve işlem hızını yavaşlatır. Aynı zamanda, adres sahiplerinin hassas verilerini ortaya çıkarabilen blok zincirinde işlem bilgileri otomatik olarak görünür. MAST'ı entegre ederken, bir MAST projesi birden çok komut dosyasını temsil edebileceğinden, gereken komut dosyası oluşturma ve destek miktarı azaltılabilir. Bu nedenle, MAST'a karmaşık bir Bitcoin işlemi gönderildiğinde, işlemi tamamlamak için bir Merkle ağacına gerek yoktur. MAST, tüm bilgiler yerine yalnızca işlemin durumunun blok zincirine girilmesine izin verir. Bu, ağda depolanması gereken veri miktarını azaltabilir. Bu yaklaşım, Bitcoin blok zincirine yalnızca daha fazla ölçeklenebilirlik ve verimlilik getirmekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda Bitcoin kullanıcıları için daha fazla gizlilik sağlar. Tapscript (BIP342) Tapscript, diğer iki BIP'yi etkinleştirmek için Bitcoin Script'e yapılan bir betik dili yükseltmesidir. Bir işlemin nasıl gerçekleştirileceğini belirlemek için kullanılan talimatlar olan bir dizi işlem kodu içerir. Bloğa ücretsiz erişimin yeni özellikler için daha fazla esneklik sağlaması ve gelecekte Bitcoin ağını desteklemeye ve akıllı sözleşmeler oluşturmaya yardımcı olması bekleniyor.

Taproot'un Bitcoin'e Katkısı Nedir?

Daha önce de belirttiğimiz gibi Taproot, Bitcoin'in şifrelenmesinde yer almış ve ağın kullanım alanını genişletmiştir. Diğer destekler şunları içerebilir: - Blok zincirinde aktarılacak ve depolanacak veri miktarını azaltarak ağ ölçeklenebilirliğini artırın; - Blok başına daha fazla işlem (daha yüksek TPS oranı); - İşlem maliyetlerini azaltmak Taproot'un bir diğer avantajı da Bitcoin ağının bilinen risklerinden biri olan imza değişikliği olasılığını ortadan kaldırmasıdır. Basit bir ifadeyle, imzaları değiştirme yeteneği, bir işlemin imzasını onaylanmadan önce değiştirmenin teknik olarak mümkün olduğu anlamına gelir. İmza değiştirme saldırısında, işlem hiç olmamış gibi görünecektir. Bu, Bitcoin'in dağıtılmış defterin bütünlüğünü baltalayabilecek bir çift yönlü krize düşmesini önler. Taproot Yükseltmesi Neden Önemlidir? Taproot'u yükseltmek, daha hızlı ve daha güvenilir çalışmak için Bitcoin ağının performansını iyileştirmelidir. Taproot'tan önce, Bitcoin protokolü hala Aşama 1 geliştirme aşamasındayken, Ethereum gibi diğerleri zaten Aşama 2 ve DApp'lere girmişti. Promosyonun ardından Bitcoin, akıllı sözleşmelerin tanıtılmasının ve gelecekte popüler NFT ve DeFi pazarlarında kullanımının genişletilmesinin yolunu açtı. Bitcoin ağı daha düşük ücretlerle daha verimli hale geldikçe, bu daha fazla işlemi ve daha geniş çapta benimsenmeyi destekleyebilir. Ek olarak, kullanıcılar işlemlerinin gizliliğini koruyarak BTC'nin piyasadaki diğer kripto paralarla rekabet etmesine izin verebilir. Read the full article

[cryptoinfowatch]

Taproot, The Bitcoin Upgrade That Will Drive Adoption

Taproot, The Bitcoin Upgrade That Will Drive Adoption

Taproot is the most significant upgrade of the Bitcoin network till date. What is Bitcoin Taproot and what impact is it expected to have on the Bitcoin network. Bitcoin can be described as the most significant invention since the day the internet was invented. The strength of the invention which is its decentralization can also be described as its weakness. This is mainly because the contributing…

[magacloud]

Tapscript in Bitcoin has been implemented after 4 years

Tapscript in Bitcoin has been implemented after 4 years

Tapscript in Bitcoin, the largest update since SegWit, is the new update to the Bitcoin protocol that was implemented today, in block number 709,632, using a soft fork (Soft Fork). The update contains improvements that will allow for more privacy, more scalability and will also form the basis for complex smart contracts and further developments in the future. Tapscript is the generic name for an…

[denixdark]

Bitcoin Will Never Be Truly Private Says Andreas Antonopoulos https://www.crowdhikers.com/Bitcoin-Will-Never-Be-Truly-Private.html#

Andreas Antonopoulos says Bitcoin will most likely never have security highlights like those in Monero.

Bitcoin teacher Andreas Antonopoulos says he might want to see more security includes on Bitcoin, yet they're probably not going to happen at any point in the near future.

In a live stream Q&A on Antonopoulos' YouTube channel on July 7, he said Bitcoin (BTC) was probably not going to ever actualize security highlights like those utilized by Monero (XMR).

Antonopoulos said making such highlights on cryptographic money like BTC "would make a huge measure of contention." moreover; he said the structure of Bitcoin basically doesn't permit ring marks and covertness addresses.

"I think what we're going to see before long is Schnorr, Taproot, and Tapscript, which make the way for a great deal of enhancements," Antonopoulos stated, "Yet they despite everything don't include zero-information proofs or the kinds of ring marks and covertness tends to that are done in Monero. Bitcoin isn't a security coin."

Bitcoin Privacy Features Effective?

The highlights to which Antonopoulos is alluding — Schnorr, Taproot, and Tapscript (a scripting update to Taproot) — have been refered to by others in the crypto network as having the capacity to make Bitcoin increasingly private.

The executive of exploration at blockchain firm Blockstream Andrew Poelstra has alluded to Taproot as a framework which might render any exchange generally vague from each other on the BTC blockchain. Nonetheless, he noticed that "exchange sums and the exchange chart are as yet uncovered, which are a lot more difficult issues to address."

Multisignature plans (MuSigs) from Schnorr are another chance. Poelstra said utilizing this technique doesn't uncover the first arrangement of endorsers, or even give the quantity of underwriters to MuSig exchanges.

Bitcoin can be better idea of as pseudonymous as opposed to completely mysterious, the same number of exchanges on the BTC blockchain can at present be followed even with these protection enhancements.

[thepause]

Schnorr, Taproot, Tapscript BIP, Different Spending Conditions, PSBT ~ Bitcoin OpTech #46

Schnorr, Taproot, Tapscript BIP, Different Spending Conditions, PSBT ~ Bitcoin OpTech #46

This week’s newsletter includes a special section about the recent Taproot proposal, news about a small potential change to the BIP174 PSBT format, and our regular sections about bech32 sending support and notable changes in popular infrastructure projects.

The Bitcoin Operations Technology Group (Optech) works to bring the best open source technologies and techniques to Bitcoin-using businesses…

[wokxchange]

Bitcoin Taproot address now supported on Kraken

Bitcoin Taproot address now supported on Kraken

We’re thrilled to announce that Kraken now supports withdrawals to Taproot (Bech32m) Bitcoin addresses! Taproot is an upgrade to the Bitcoin protocol that aims to improve the privacy and efficiency of the world’s first and largest cryptocurrency.  Taproot included three proposals — Schnorr, Taproot, and Tapscript — which delivered key aggregation, Merklized Alternative Script Trees (MAST), and an…

[businessnewss]

Learning From The LND Bug That Could Have Robbed The Lighting Network

Learning From The LND Bug That Could Have Robbed The Lighting Network

This is an opinion editorial by Shinobi, a self-taught educator in the Bitcoin space and tech-oriented Bitcoin podcast host. On October 9, 2022, Burak from Bitmatrix (a swap tool built on the Liquid Network) created and broadcast a transaction to the main Bitcoin network, spending a UTXO with a Tapscript multisig with a 998-of-999 threshold. This transaction had 998 individual signatures in the…

[cryptoheard]

Learning From The LND Bug On Lightning - Bitcoin Magazine

Learning From The LND Bug On Lightning – Bitcoin Magazine

This is an opinion editorial by Shinobi, a self-taught educator in the Bitcoin space and tech-oriented Bitcoin podcast host. On October 9, 2022, Burak from Bitmatrix (a swap tool built on the Liquid Network) created and broadcast a transaction to the main Bitcoin network, spending a UTXO with a Tapscript multisig with a 998-of-999 threshold. This transaction had 998 individual signatures in the…

[thegeekx]

Learning From The LND Bug On Lightning - Bitcoin Magazine

Learning From The LND Bug On Lightning – Bitcoin Magazine

This is an opinion editorial by Shinobi, a self-taught educator in the Bitcoin space and tech-oriented Bitcoin podcast host. On October 9, 2022, Burak from Bitmatrix (a swap tool built on the Liquid Network) created and broadcast a transaction to the main Bitcoin network, spending a UTXO with a Tapscript multisig with a 998-of-999 threshold. This transaction had 998 individual signatures in the…

[ptbestprofitfuturespontianak]

Bestprofit – Bitcoin Tembus Bawah Level $60K, Banyak Berita Negatif Bermunculan

Best Profit (17/11) - Bitcoin terus menghadapi pertarungan untuk mempertahankan level kunci $60.000 pada Rabu (17/11) pagi, lantaran trader tampaknya mengendalikan spekulasi bullish untuk uang crypto populer di tengah banyak berita utama yang negatif.

BTC/USD turun 4,42% di $59.380,2 pukul 08.59 WIB menurut data Investing.com, meskipun masih di sekitar level $60.000.

Alasan tergelincirnya bitcoin tidak diketahui dengan jelas, kendati pelaku pasar mengindikasikan pada aksi ambil untung karena meraup keuntungan lebih dari 100% yang populer sejak turun di bawah $30.000 awal tahun ini.

Yang lain, sementara itu, menyalahkan tindakan keras peraturan di China bagi penambang BTC serta potensi hambatan pajak atas pemilik bitcoin setelah Presiden AS Joe Biden menandatangani RUU infrastruktur senilai $1 triliun menjadi undang-undang.

Komisi Pembangunan dan Reformasi Nasional China dilaporkan mengatakan akan mempertimbangkan “harga listrik hukuman” untuk beberapa tambang kripto dalam upaya agar bisa lebih mencegah aktivitas penambangan.

Tetapi tindakan keras terhadap penambang yang berbasis di China bukanlah hal baru, dan penambang China telah kehilangan pengaruhnya di dunia kripto karena kekuatan penambangan telah bergeser dari Timur ke Barat.

AS mengambil alih China sebagai pemimpin dalam jaringan penambangan bitcoin global, menurut data dari University of Cambridge, yang diterbitkan bulan lalu.

Di tengah gelombang berita utama negatif, ada beberapa berita positif, setelah Square mengatakan bahwa platform keuangan seluler Cash App akan menambahkan dukungan untuk peningkatan Taproot Bitcoin pada bulan Desember.

Upgrade taproot - secara kolektif terdiri dari trio update, atau Bitcoin Improvement Proposals - Schnorr Signatures, Taproot, dan Tapscript – diluncurkan pada 14 November dan berupaya meningkatkan kriptografi inti Bitcoin dalam tiga cara: kecepatan, privasi, dan kemampuan program.

PT Bestprofit Futures Sumber : Investing

[sycriptouk]

Taproot is active! Bitcoin’s latest major upgrade in four years!

Credit to u/xcryptogurux for the below, which was posted on r/bitcoin…

Taproot is arguably the biggest upgrade to Bitcoin's base-layer protocol, introducing a new signature algorithm and scripting language. It brings a set of protocols that enhance Bitcoin's privacy, security, scalability, fungibility and unlocks the infrastructure that will allow for seamless integration of L2/sidechain application protocols on Bitcoin. Taproot was activated through the "speedy trial" approach. Under the speedy trial, miners were given three months to signal support for Taproot after the code was shipped. This required 90% of the blocks in a difficulty epoch(2016 blocks) to signal for Taproot. Activation was achieved at block height 687284 back in June.

Although some of the ideas included in the upgrade have been discussed for many years, the final iteration of Taproot was proposed by Bitcoin developer Gregory Maxwell in 2018. The upgrade is named after one of the three Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs) included in the upgrade - Schnorr Signatures(BIP 340), Taproot(BIP 341) and Tapscript(BIP 342).

By combining the Schnorr signatures with MAST (Merklized Alternative Script Tree) and introducing a new, slightly modified scripting language called Tapscript, Taproot expands Bitcoin's smart contract capabilities, while offering more privacy and security by making multi-signature transactions and complex smart contracts indistinguishable from regular bitcoin transactions. ​ Schnorr signatures (BIP 340)

This part of the upgrade is a change to Bitcoin's cryptographic digital signature algorithm. In asymmetric cryptography (public-private key pairs), digital signature algorithms define the generation of digital signatures using a private key that proves the ownership of a corresponding public key. The existing Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) of Bitcoin will not be replaced, but Schnorr signatures will be implemented in addition to it.

The Schnorr digital signature algorithm allows for something called key and signature aggregation using a protocol known as MuSig - multiple signatures created using multiple private keys corresponding to multiple public keys are combined to produce a single cryptographic digital signature corresponding to a single public key recorded on the blockchain.

Key and signature aggregation

In addition to Schnorr signatures and public keys being smaller than ECDSA signatures and public keys, aggregation further helps reduce the footprint of multi-signature transactions and complex smart contracts, which will take up the same space as regular single-signature transactions and as all transactions will look indistinguishable on the blockchain, the privacy benefits are fairly obvious. The privacy also extends to Lightning Network as on-chain transactions to open and close Lightning channels can no longer be identified from the keys and signatures in the channel or the script used.

Unlike ECDSA signatures, Schnorr signatures are provably secure and inherently non-malleable, meaning a third party cannot alter an existing valid signature under any circumstance. Segregated Witness (SegWit) addressed transaction malleability, Schnorr signatures address signature malleability. There are also significant computational benefits for nodes, as key aggregation will allow nodes to verify signatures in batches, but these benefits can only be realized with time once Schnorr signatures become widely adopted.

Modifying the digital signature algorithm, per se, doesn't affect anything on the blockchain. Schnorr is a different, more efficient way of generating digital signatures.

When Satoshi originally developed Bitcoin, Claus Peter Schnorr, the inventor of Schnorr signatures, had a patent on it. It is speculated that Satoshi may have otherwise opted for Schnorr signatures over ECDSA, which was a rigorously tested open-source alternative developed later, even if in a somewhat obligately inefficient manner as to not constitute an infringement of the patent, which expired in 2008.

There was a suggestion to use a different name, Discrete Logarithm Signatures was briefly mooted, while adapting Schnorr signatures for Bitcoin as some people felt that Claus Peter Schnorr's name shouldn't be used in association with Bitcoin after he prevented the widespread use of such a powerful signature scheme for over 20 years. ​ Taproot (BIP 341)

This part of the upgrade leverages the Schnorr signature scheme to enable Merklized Alternative Script Trees (MAST) and defines the rules for a new output type based on SegWit known as Pay-to-Taproot(P2TR), which leverages the capabilities of Schnorr signatures.

MAST is a privacy solution that uses Merkle trees as part of the script's structure to address some long-standing issues with transactions using Pay-to-Script Hash (P2SH) and Pay-to-Pubkey Hash (P2PKH) locking scripts where all possible spending conditions of a transaction are revealed.

P2TR significantly optimizes for block space economy P2TR combines two separate locking scripts - P2SH and Pay to Pubkey (P2PK), which is a simpler version of P2PKH that locks an output to the public key rather than a hash of the public key.

This allows P2TR outputs to be spent by either a script (smart contract) or a public key, but by allowing different spending conditions of the output to be individually hashed only the specific spending condition met is revealed and thanks to Schnorr signatures, they're all indistinguishable on the blockchain. ​ Tapscript (BIP 342)

This part of the upgrade modifies Bitcoin's scripting language to enable the new transaction types introduced by the two proposals above using new opcodes (operation codes), which are commands in Bitcoin scripts with predefined functions. The goal of Tapscript is to make Schnorr signatures, batch verification and signature hash improvements available to spends that use the script path as well as the public key path. It enables nodes to create and validate P2TR outputs.

Existing signature opcodes for ECDSA are modified to verify Schnorr signatures. Two existing opcodes that define verification of multi-signature transactions are disabled and replaced with a new opcode (OP_CHECKSIGADD) to enable batch verification of signatures. Tapscript also allows adding new signature validation rules through softforks and introduces another new opcode (OP_SUCCESS) to enable the seamless introduction of future opcodes to Tapscript. ​ Impact of Taproot

Bitcoin's script is deliberately limited and intentionally non-Turing complete in order to retain simplicity, security and efficiency. Linear optimization is one of the main considerations for upgrades to the script to ensure decentralization - that any individual can economically self-host a node and trustlessly validate the blockchain. Taproot is a forward-compatible soft fork, meaning old non-upgraded nodes will recognize the new blocks as valid. At the time of writing, more than 53% of ~ 60,000 Bitcoin nodes support Taproot. Non-enforcing nodes will reject transactions spending from P2TR outputs until they upgrade node software but will accept blocks containing transactions spending from P2TR outputs. The significance of Taproot cannot be measured merely by what the above proposals enable for Bitcoin but what they represent for the future of Bitcoin, by introducing new tools to make future upgrades easier to implement, simpler, safer and more private. Such upgrades waiting in the wings include cross-input signature aggregation, channel factories, state chains and covenants, which enable advanced application protocols to be built on top of Bitcoin without placing any undue burden on full-node users, thereby preserving Bitcoin's inviolable security and decentralization.

submitted by /u/MarkEsper [link] [comments] from Cryptocurrency News & Discussion https://www.reddit.com/r/CryptoCurrency/comments/qtiqwv/taproot_is_active_bitcoins_latest_major_upgrade/ via IFTTT

[cryptopop12]

What is the upcoming Taproot upgrade for Bitcoin? What does it do?

Like every other blockchain network out there, Bitcoin also gets updated every once in a while, thanks to the Bitcoin core developers. These updates often referred to as soft forks, introduce new features and benefits to the Bitcoin network. The most recent proposed upgrade is dubbed Taproot.

The Taproot upgrade is a compilation of three Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs), which are design documents for the introduction of features and information to Bitcoin.

For Taproot, the three BIPs are Schnorr Signatures (BIP 340), Taproot (BIP 341), and Tapscript (BIP 342). These three upgrades are known as the Taproot upgrades and are collectively termed as BIP Taproot. The upgrade brings more efficient, flexible, and private ways of transferring bitcoin.

Now, let’s take a deeper look at the three BIPs and what changes they bring.

BIP 340 — Schnorr Signatures (Saving Space — reducing fees)

The protocol allows for the use of Schnorr signatures in the Bitcoin network. In cryptography, Schnorr signatures are digital signatures produced by the Schnorr signature algorithm developed by Claus Schnorr.

As such, BIP 340 would introduce several benefits to Bitcoin like superior privacy, lower fees, and a more flexible multi-sig. The BIP specifies how Schnorr public keys and signatures are to be encoded for use in Bitcoin.

Public keys used for Schnorr signatures are 32 bytes long in comparison to the currently used Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA’s) 33-byte public keys. Schnorr signatures themselves are 65 bytes long, compared to ECDSA signatures which usually range between 71–72 bytes, including a sig hash flag, which is used to indicate which part of the transaction is signed by the ECDSA signature.

With this change, the small space that would be saved would result in fee savings for Bitcoin users who adopt Taproot.

BIP 341 — Taproot (A more flexible Bitcoin)

In simple terms, the protocol basically defines how Bitcoin’s protocol will integrate Schnorr signatures. Specifically, the Bitcoin Script must be updated so it also evaluates Schnorr signatures. It also integrates Merkelized Alternative Script Trees (MAST), which allows a user to lock output to multiple scripts.

Pay-to-Taproot (P2TR)

Taproot also introduces a new way of spending Bitcoin. Pay-to-Taproot (P2TR) allows a user to switch between either a Schnorr public key or the Merkle root of a variety of other scripts.

The new script type will allow users to create a UTXO, which is a term referring to the amount of digital currency someone has left remaining after executing a cryptocurrency transaction, which can be unlocked and spent by the owner of the private key or anyone who satisfies the requirements of any script within the Merkle tree.

Key Aggregation

Schnorr’s key aggregation feature enables this flexible functionality. When Bitcoin is sent to a P2TR output, it gets locked to a single public key called Q. The public key Q is actually the aggregation of a public key P and a public key formed from the Merkle root of multiple other script types. This allows for any of the alternative scripts in the Merkle tree to be used for spending the output.

This introduces the ability for a user to choose between complex, arbitrary scripts as well as simple pay-to-public-key functionality when spending rather than receiving. In addition, it also makes all the Taproot outputs look similar.

Since multisig outputs, single sig outputs, and other complex smart contracts all look the same on the blockchain, many chain analysis heuristics will become unusable, preserving privacy for all Taproot users.

BIP 342 — Tapscript (Improving P2TR)

To actually implement P2TR, BIP 342 adds and updates several opcodes, which are portions of machine language instruction that specify the operation to be performed. These new scripts help in verifying Taproot spends and Schnorr signatures and are collectively referred as Tapscript.

This was designed to maximize the future flexibility of P2TR spending and to allow for upgrades that have not yet been planned.

How does this upgrade benefit Bitcoin?

The Taproot upgrade benefits both bitcoin users who adopt taproot and those who don’t. In short, spending Taproot outputs are significantly cheaper. The biggest boost comes to Privacy, and the introduction of Schnorr signatures and key aggregation provides enhanced privacy to all Taproot users.

Schnorr signatures also eliminate any signature malleability that might have been present in ECDSA signatures. Transaction malleability was solved by the SegWit upgrade, and Taproot takes care of the malleability of signatures that persisted as a feature of ECDSA. This enhances the security of the Bitcoin network as a whole.

When is the Taproot upgrade coming? (Coming this holiday season)

Due to the decentralized nature of Bitcoin, any major changes to the Bitcoin network require coordination from a global user base to make substantial changes to its code. It also requires coordination among stakeholders to deploy these changes.

At the time of writing, Taproot remains a proposed upgrade but has received a lot of support from the community. The Schnorr, Taproot, and Tapscript upgrades were given BIP 340, 341, and 342 in January of 2020, and have been in development since. Later that year, the code implementation for all three upgrades was completed, tested, reviewed, and merged to Bitcoin Core.

Taproot is being dubbed as Bitcoin’s most ambitious upgrade to date. Miners can now signal their support by including special data in the blocks they mine called a signal bit. If 90% of the blocks mined during this difficult period include the Taproot signal bit, the upgrade would be locked for activation in November of this year.

There is also the possibility of the network not achieving the 90% threshold before the August 11 timeout, which would result in the upgrade failing.

About Coinsbit

Coinsbit India is a peer-to-peer crypto trading platform connecting buyers with sellers which is powered by Europe’s largest and award-winning cryptocurrency exchange. Coinsbit.in aims to bring a professional, smooth, easy, and highly liquid Crypto platform in India delivering a superior user experience.

Follow Us:

Telegram |Twitter|Youtube |Instagram| Facebook| LinkedIn

[cryptopop122]

What is the upcoming Taproot upgrade for Bitcoin? What does it do?

Like every other blockchain network out there, Bitcoin also gets updated every once in a while, thanks to the Bitcoin core developers. These updates often referred to as soft forks, introduce new features and benefits to the Bitcoin network. The most recent proposed upgrade is dubbed Taproot.

The Taproot upgrade is a compilation of three Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs), which are design documents for the introduction of features and information to Bitcoin.

For Taproot, the three BIPs are Schnorr Signatures (BIP 340), Taproot (BIP 341), and Tapscript (BIP 342). These three upgrades are known as the Taproot upgrades and are collectively termed as BIP Taproot. The upgrade brings more efficient, flexible, and private ways of transferring bitcoin.

Now, let’s take a deeper look at the three BIPs and what changes they bring.

BIP 340 — Schnorr Signatures (Saving Space — reducing fees)

The protocol allows for the use of Schnorr signatures in the Bitcoin network. In cryptography, Schnorr signatures are digital signatures produced by the Schnorr signature algorithm developed by Claus Schnorr.

As such, BIP 340 would introduce several benefits to Bitcoin like superior privacy, lower fees, and a more flexible multi-sig. The BIP specifies how Schnorr public keys and signatures are to be encoded for use in Bitcoin.

Public keys used for Schnorr signatures are 32 bytes long in comparison to the currently used Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA’s) 33-byte public keys. Schnorr signatures themselves are 65 bytes long, compared to ECDSA signatures which usually range between 71–72 bytes, including a sig hash flag, which is used to indicate which part of the transaction is signed by the ECDSA signature.

With this change, the small space that would be saved would result in fee savings for Bitcoin users who adopt Taproot.

BIP 341 — Taproot (A more flexible Bitcoin)

In simple terms, the protocol basically defines how Bitcoin’s protocol will integrate Schnorr signatures. Specifically, the Bitcoin Script must be updated so it also evaluates Schnorr signatures. It also integrates Merkelized Alternative Script Trees (MAST), which allows a user to lock output to multiple scripts.

Pay-to-Taproot (P2TR)

Taproot also introduces a new way of spending Bitcoin. Pay-to-Taproot (P2TR) allows a user to switch between either a Schnorr public key or the Merkle root of a variety of other scripts.

The new script type will allow users to create a UTXO, which is a term referring to the amount of digital currency someone has left remaining after executing a cryptocurrency transaction, which can be unlocked and spent by the owner of the private key or anyone who satisfies the requirements of any script within the Merkle tree.

Key Aggregation

Schnorr’s key aggregation feature enables this flexible functionality. When Bitcoin is sent to a P2TR output, it gets locked to a single public key called Q. The public key Q is actually the aggregation of a public key P and a public key formed from the Merkle root of multiple other script types. This allows for any of the alternative scripts in the Merkle tree to be used for spending the output.

This introduces the ability for a user to choose between complex, arbitrary scripts as well as simple pay-to-public-key functionality when spending rather than receiving. In addition, it also makes all the Taproot outputs look similar.

Since multisig outputs, single sig outputs, and other complex smart contracts all look the same on the blockchain, many chain analysis heuristics will become unusable, preserving privacy for all Taproot users.

BIP 342 — Tapscript (Improving P2TR)

To actually implement P2TR, BIP 342 adds and updates several opcodes, which are portions of machine language instruction that specify the operation to be performed. These new scripts help in verifying Taproot spends and Schnorr signatures and are collectively referred as Tapscript.

This was designed to maximize the future flexibility of P2TR spending and to allow for upgrades that have not yet been planned.

How does this upgrade benefit Bitcoin?

The Taproot upgrade benefits both bitcoin users who adopt taproot and those who don’t. In short, spending Taproot outputs are significantly cheaper. The biggest boost comes to Privacy, and the introduction of Schnorr signatures and key aggregation provides enhanced privacy to all Taproot users.

Schnorr signatures also eliminate any signature malleability that might have been present in ECDSA signatures. Transaction malleability was solved by the SegWit upgrade, and Taproot takes care of the malleability of signatures that persisted as a feature of ECDSA. This enhances the security of the Bitcoin network as a whole.

When is the Taproot upgrade coming? (Coming this holiday season)

Due to the decentralized nature of Bitcoin, any major changes to the Bitcoin network require coordination from a global user base to make substantial changes to its code. It also requires coordination among stakeholders to deploy these changes.

At the time of writing, Taproot remains a proposed upgrade but has received a lot of support from the community. The Schnorr, Taproot, and Tapscript upgrades were given BIP 340, 341, and 342 in January of 2020, and have been in development since. Later that year, the code implementation for all three upgrades was completed, tested, reviewed, and merged to Bitcoin Core.

Taproot is being dubbed as Bitcoin’s most ambitious upgrade to date. Miners can now signal their support by including special data in the blocks they mine called a signal bit. If 90% of the blocks mined during this difficult period include the Taproot signal bit, the upgrade would be locked for activation in November of this year.

There is also the possibility of the network not achieving the 90% threshold before the August 11 timeout, which would result in the upgrade failing.

About Coinsbit

Coinsbit India is a peer-to-peer crypto trading platform connecting buyers with sellers which is powered by Europe’s largest and award-winning cryptocurrency exchange. Coinsbit.in aims to bring a professional, smooth, easy, and highly liquid Crypto platform in India delivering a superior user experience.

Follow Us:

Telegram |Twitter|Youtube |Instagram| Facebook| LinkedIn

[cryptoknowmics]

✅✅Bitcoin educator, Andreas Antonopoulos says that Bitcoin might not be able to have a privacy feature like Monero. He says that he hopes to see more privacy features on Bitcoin but he believes that this will not happen with Bitcoin anytime soon…. Read more  #Bitcoineducator #AndreasAntonopoulos #Bitcoin #Monero #Blockchain #BTC #Createcontroversy #Schnorr #Taproot #Tapscript #Privacycoin #Cryptocommunity