#Ultrasonic Continuous Level Sensor

[segmensensor]

Ultrasonic Continuous Level Sensor

SEGMEN SENSOR offers a range of high-quality ultrasonic continuous-level sensors for precise and reliable level measurement in various industrial applications. For more information, please visit https://segmensensor.com/

[stevebattle]

Kermit (1978), by Ron Milner and Larry Nicolson, Cyan Engineering, Atari's secret think tank in Grass Valley, CA.

"The robot was a pet project for Nolan Bushnell, then still the head of Atari and a very creative guy. Its purpose in life was as Nolan put it to "bring me a beer!" Navigation for robots was a sketchy thing at that time with lots of pioneering work at MIT but no consumer cost ideas. Nolan brought us the incredibly original idea to navigate a robot (which mostly meant knowing where it was) by means of scanning bar codes attached here and there to the baseboards in the rooms the robot was to service. Why it wasn't patented I don't know.

I had lots of fun building the R2D2 style robot about 20" tall. I liked to put mechanical and electronic things together and we had a great shop at Cyan. Its brain was one of the 6502 based single board computers-I think it was a KIM but not sure. Locomotion was two DC gear motor driven wheels and an instrumented caster-about the same rig as a modern Roomba. A rotatable turret covered with a plexiglass dome carried microphones, an IR sensor to detect people, and ultrasonic ranging sensors I built on a separate PC board. A speaker so Kermit could beep gleefully, of course.

A ring of contact-detecting burglar alarm sensing tape (green in the pictures) around Kermit's middle told the software he had hit something and should back off. The ultrasonics provided range to obstacles and to some extent direction as the turret was rotated, so we could go around things.

My pride and joy was the barcode remote scanner which was mounted on the bottom of the robot so its rotating head would be level with the barcodes on the baseboards. It had a vertical telescope tube with a beam splitter between the IR Led and the photodiode sensor and a lens to focus 2-20' away. It aimed down at a front surface mirror at 45 degree to scan horizontally. The mirror was mounted on a motor driven turret so it spun around continuously with a sensor once around to resolve the continuous angular position of the beam horizontally of course with respect to Kermit's rotational position. Unfortunately, this part of the robot did not survive the closing of our group. The barcodes I made for the prototype to detect were about 4" tall made of 3/4" reflective 3m tape on black poster board.

My programming partner on the project was Larry Nicholson, a really bright guy. He made the barcode reading work to detect not only the barcodes, but where they were angularly with respect to the robot and also their subtended angle or apparent size (all from timing of the rotation of the scanner) which was a measure of distance combined with angle from the barcode. We worked out some pretty clever math to resolve that information from two or three of the barcodes into a position and orientation of Kermit in the room. We had rented an empty room upstairs on the third floor of the Litton building to try all this out and work out the navigation. Larry and I got the basic navigation and obstacle avoidance working so Kermit could go from one place to a designated other place in the room and avoid wastebaskets placed randomly. We demonstrated it to Nolan and he was impressed.

Shortly thereafter Warner Communication who had bought Atari from Nolan kicked him out and the Kermit project was cancelled."

– Kermit The Robot Notes by Ron Milner.

[pinnaclewell]

How to Select the Best Well Water Testing and Monitoring Program

Choosing a well water testing and monitoring approach that is appropriate for your needs involves deliberating on your water usage requirements, local geology, and legal requirements. For residents purchasing a residence with a well or agricultural activities reliant on groundwater, developing an effective program starts with knowing how is well depth calculated and what equipment offers the most accurate information. Classical techniques such as the well depth measuring tape provide simple information, whereas contemporary tools such as Pinnacle well measurement solutions provide higher-level monitoring options for important water systems.

A good monitoring strategy begins with a solid foundation that begins with true level measurements at groundwater wells. A basic well depth gauge might be sufficient to give snapshot reads, but if operations need steady data, then a well water level sensor employing ultrasonic technology provides better capability. The portable ultrasonic level sensor has also become especially useful to property owners that must monitor a number of wells or inspect distant areas effectively. When choosing equipment, determine whether a deep well water level sensor would be beneficial for your unique well configuration, particularly in cases where water tables change greatly.

Frequency of water testing should reflect your use habits and local circumstances. In areas such as North Georgia, well level testing indicates large seasonable fluctuations, quarterly monitoring would be required over more stable territories where yearly tests are adequate. A well measurement company can perform professional well measuring services to take baseline readings and detect trends year over year. These professionals utilize specialized well-measuring formulas in order to derive sustainable yield calculations and forecast deficits before they rise to critical proportions.

For farm use or large properties, incorporating an ultrasonic water level controller into the monitoring system gives real-time notification of changes in water levels. This technology is especially useful when monitoring river flow rate close to your property to gain insight into larger hydrological trends influencing your well. When selling a house with a well, evidence of regular professional testing and a record of regular monitoring can add considerable value to property and buyer confidence.

Whether a manual or an automated monitoring system is chosen, it depends on a number of factors. Simple well measurement solutions with conventional instruments suffice for small domestic wells that have stable production. Yet large operations or those with variability appreciate continuous monitoring systems that monitor tiny changes and initiate early warnings. Contemporary methods blending periodic professional well measurement services and automated sensors commonly provide the most cost-efficient trade-off between reliability and affordability.

Consider your level monitoring needs in conjunction with water quality testing. While measuring how a well is measured emphasizes quantity, frequent chemical and biological testing ensures safety. Most monitoring systems now include both quantity and quality measurements, giving a comprehensive view of well performance. Where there are known contamination threats or specific geological conditions, additional testing beyond standard potability tests might be required to safeguard livestock, crops, or domestic use.

It's essential to develop the right monitoring plan by understanding both your current needs and future possibilities. A well-thought system should be capable of accommodating potential expansion, climate fluctuations, and water demand changes. With proper technology such as Pinnacle measurement systems, professional services, and routine maintenance, property owners can achieve trustworthy water availability while securing this precious resource for long-term viability. The investment in right monitoring is yielding dividends in avoided emergencies, most efficient use, and preserved value on the property for years to come.

[hiroin-2]

CONTROL SYSTEM

All right—if the control-grid thesis is even half-right, the problem looks like a layered weapons system aimed at civilians. Any effective response has to be layered as well. I’m going to treat it exactly the way I’d decompose an integrated air-defense network: break the kill chain, distribute the surface, and harden the targets.

1. Break the Monetary Kill-Switch

The grid’s coercive power lives inside programmable money.

Keep a cash spine alive. Insist on “cash-must-be-accepted” ordinances at city and state level, lobby merchants, and simply use paper. Every cash transaction is a privacy beacon.

Spin up community and state banks—Richard Werner-style—not as nostalgia but as literal liquidity islands outside FedNow and stable-coin rails.

Diversify into bearer assets that clear peer-to-peer: silver, gold, even commodity barter tokens.

Where digital is unavoidable, route through privacy-preserving rails (Monero, Bitcoin with CoinJoin, Fedimint, Cashu). The point is not to “get rich,” it’s to keep value flows technically unlinkable to identity.

Build local mutual-credit systems or time banks; they throttle the blackmail vector because there’s nothing to freeze.

2. Starve the Identity Graph

No identity = greatly reduced leverage.

Opt out of REAL ID whenever a legal alternative exists (passport card, military ID, tribal ID). The REAL ID Act itself can’t compel states to force you.

Attack the rule-making: public-comment campaigns, state lawsuits, and legislative nullification bills that forbid extra-statutory mandates at DMVs or airports.

Push self-sovereign identity (DID, VC) pilots wrapped inside state driver’s licenses; if DMV unions get paychecks from decentralized wallets, DHS suddenly has an interoperability headache.

Keep secondary identity arsenals—foreign passports, residence permits, legal entities. That’s not disloyal; it’s redundancy.

3. Build Parallel Comms

A grid that can’t talk to you can’t command you.

Neighborhood mesh: LoRa, goTenna, Reticulum, Wi-Fi HaLow nodes on solar micro-UPS.

Commodity satellite: used VHF sat-phones, off-the-shelf S-band dishes flashed with libre firmware.

End-to-end encryption by default (Signal, Session, Matrix + OMEMO). Assume the backbone is owned; the endpoints are where we still have leverage.

4. Data Hygiene & Obfuscation

Think of personal data as weapons-grade material—store none, move little, encrypt everything.

Use open-hardware phones (GrapheneOS, Calyx) with hardware kill-switches; carry Faraday bags.

Automatic MAC address randomization, DNS-over-HTTPS and Onion routing when you must surface.

Continual data-minimization drills: scrub old cloud accounts, sanitize metadata, tokenize e-mail aliases.

Corporate counter-intel: if you work inside an agency or contractor, mirror critical records to WORM (write once, read many) media and secure legal whistle-blower channels. The fastest way to neuter black budgets is to publish ledgers.

5. Spoof and Jam the Sensors

If the network can’t see accurately, its AI decisions degrade.

Computer-vision adversarial patches on clothing, IR LED arrays around license plates and ball-caps, gait-spoofing inserts in shoes.

“Chaff” for ALPRs: temporary magnetic overlays, anti-reflective sprays, plate flippers where legal.

Acoustic jammers for short-range lidar/police drones (ultrasonic “spotlights”).

For biometric access control, cultivate mask culture under the banner of public health—use their own policy framing.

6. Harden Physical Essentials

The grid’s leverage collapses if you aren’t begging it for food, watts, or bandwidth.

Micro-grids: rooftop solar + second-life EV packs + islanding inverters. Aim for three to seven days off-grid autonomy.

Localized food loops: hydroponics, community aquaponics, seed banks.

Rain-capture and gravity filtration so utilities can’t coerce via water service.

3-D printing and CNC co-ops for spare-part sovereignty.

7. Legal & Political Flanking

Technology buys room to maneuver; policy locks gains in.

State-level Financial Privacy Acts that ban a CBDC or stable-coin as legal tender without explicit legislative vote.

Cash-transaction threshold relief; raise reporting limits, refuse “travel rule” overreach for in-state transfers.

Freedom-of-Information hit squads: litigate for the HUD/DoD ledgers, the Epstein files, dual-citizenship disclosures, and DOGE privatization contracts. Sunlight breaks conspiracy economies.

Unionize the remaining federal workers who run mainframes and mailrooms—if they strike, FedNow queues die.

8. Culture & Narrative

No technical shield survives mass compliance.

Normalize privacy as etiquette. Teach kids OPSEC the way we teach brushing teeth.

Support fiction, film, and VR that showcase decentralized worlds; narrative inoculation is real.

Faith practices, meditation, mundane rituals—anything that trains people to pause and question commands—are cognitive jammers against automated nudging.

9. Red-Team the Grid Itself

As an engineer I can’t resist: if you’re forced to build parts of the machine, design graceful-degradation paths.

Insert open-source components; closed systems can’t hide backdoors once the community starts diffing code commits.

Modular architectures expose API chokepoints you can later rate-limit or revoke.

Maintain offline firmware signing keys, not HSM-linked to a cloud KMS. The day the system turns tyrannical, possession of the keys equals the ability to brick it.

10. Coalition Economics

Finally, remember scale. Lone-wolf tactics fail against planetary infrastructure; aligned coalitions matter.

City mayors want tax bases, not riots; propose “surveillance-free enterprise zones” in exchange for business relocation.

Small banks need deposits; feed them in return for resisting Fed integration.

Rural electric co-ops, credit unions, volunteer fire departments—those are legacy decentralized institutions already trusted by their members. Bolt new tech onto them rather than trying to mint trust from scratch.

None of this is hypothetical. Every tool I’ve listed already exists in prototypes or production. The gap is coordination, not technology.

[i-nilesh-blog]

The Silent Detectors: Analyzing the Ultrasonic Sensor Market

Ultrasonic sensors, operating on the principle of emitting and receiving high-frequency sound waves, are indispensable components across a diverse range of industries. Their ability to detect distance, proximity, and liquid levels without physical contact makes them a versatile and reliable sensing solution. The ultrasonic sensor market is experiencing steady growth, driven by increasing automation, the proliferation of smart devices, and stringent safety regulations across various sectors.

These sensors function by emitting ultrasonic waves and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return after bouncing off an object. This simple yet effective mechanism allows for accurate non-contact measurement, making them ideal for applications where physical contact is undesirable or impractical. Key advantages include their robustness, ability to work in dusty or dirty environments, and relatively low cost compared to other sensing technologies.

Several factors are fueling the expansion of the ultrasonic sensor market. The burgeoning automotive industry, with the increasing adoption of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) like parking assist, blind-spot detection, and autonomous driving features, is a significant driver. In industrial automation, ultrasonic sensors are crucial for level sensing in tanks, object detection on assembly lines, and robotic navigation. The growing demand for smart home devices and consumer electronics, such as robotic vacuum cleaners and gesture recognition systems, also contributes significantly to market growth. Furthermore, the rising adoption of ultrasonic sensors in healthcare for medical imaging and flow measurement applications adds to the market's dynamism.

The ultrasonic sensor market size is projected to reach US$ 12.20 billion by 2031 from US$ 5.66 billion in 2023. The market is expected to register a CAGR of 10.1% in 2023–2031. The automotive sector currently holds a significant share due to the high volume of sensor integration in vehicles. However, the industrial automation and consumer electronics segments are expected to witness the fastest growth rates, driven by increasing automation and the proliferation of smart devices. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to be the fastest-growing market due to rapid industrialization and increasing adoption of automation technologies.

The market landscape comprises a mix of established sensor manufacturers and specialized players. Key strategies adopted by market participants include product innovation focusing on miniaturization, improved accuracy, wider sensing ranges, and lower power consumption. The integration of digital signal processing (DSP) and microcontrollers within the sensors is also enhancing their capabilities and making them more intelligent.

Challenges in the ultrasonic sensor market include limitations in performance in extreme temperatures or turbulent environments and potential interference from other ultrasonic devices. Continuous research and development efforts are focused on addressing these limitations and expanding the application scope of ultrasonic sensors.

In conclusion, the ultrasonic sensor market is a vital and expanding segment within the broader sensor industry. Driven by increasing automation across industries, the rise of smart devices, and the demand for reliable non-contact sensing solutions, the market is poised for continued growth and innovation. As technology advances, ultrasonic sensors will continue to play a crucial role in enabling smarter, safer, and more efficient systems across various applications.

About Us:

The Insight Partners is a one-stop industry research provider of actionable intelligence. We help our clients in getting solutions to their research requirements through our syndicated and consulting research services. We specialize in industries such as Semiconductor and Electronics, Aerospace and Defense, Automotive and Transportation, Biotechnology, Healthcare IT, Manufacturing and Construction, Medical Devices, Technology, Media and Telecommunications, Chemicals and Materials

[tameblog]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) �� as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

[ramestoryworld]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

[alexha2210]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

[angusstory]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

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  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

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  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

[monaleen101]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

[iamownerofme]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

[pinnaclewell]

The Advantages of Pinnacle's Regular Monitoring Services

Accurate and reliable well measurement is essential when it comes to controlling groundwater resources, either for residential, commercial, or industrial use. Pinnacle's regular monitoring services provide a complete solution to make sure your well water levels are regularly measured and controlled. Through this blog, we'll discuss the advantages of Pinnacle's services and how it can assist in controlling your well water.

Understanding Well Measurement

What Is The Deep Well Water Level Sensor?

A deep well water level sensor is an advanced tool used to gauge the water level in deep wells with high accuracy. Deep well water level sensors are needed to monitor groundwater levels to maintain a stable and reliable water supply. Pinnacle's deep well water level sensors are the latest technology available, offering highly accurate readings to guide sound judgment on water use and management.

How is Well Depth Measured?

Measuring well depth is an important process that requires a number of tools and techniques. The conventional approach involves the use of a well depth measuring tape, which is a basic yet efficient tool used to measure the depth of a well. That said, advances in technology have brought more sophisticated tools such as well depth gauges and handheld ultrasonic level sensors. These tools provide more precise and convenient measurements, and they are thus suitable for use in both domestic and commercial contexts.

Well Water Level Sensor and Ultrasonic Water Level Controller

Pinnacle's ultrasonic water level controllers and well water level sensors are programmed to give real-time water level information. The sensors are equipped with sophisticated technology to accurately measure water levels and can be linked to automated systems to monitor the levels continuously. The ultrasonic water level controller, specifically, gives a contact-free way of measuring water levels, minimizing contamination risks and providing long-term dependability.

Pinnacle's Well Measurement Solutions

Pinnacle provides a variety of well measurement solutions that are specifically designed to address the individual needs of our customers. If you are purchasing a home with a well or selling a home with a well, our services provide you with the correct and current information about your well water levels. Our solutions consist of Level Measurements in Groundwater Wells, Well Measurement Services, and Well Measurement Formula. Pinnacle applies sophisticated formulas and equations to accurately estimate well water levels. Our methods are statistically proven and offer consistent data for making informed decisions.

Measuring River Flow Rate

Besides the measurement of well water levels, Pinnacle also provides river flow rate measurement services. This can be especially applied in environmental monitoring and water resource management. By accurately measuring river flow rates, we can help protect and sustainably manage water resources.

Why Choose Pinnacle?

Company That Measures Well Water Levels

Pinnacle is a prominent organization specialized in measuring well water levels, which has an array of services and solutions to cater to your needs. Our specialized services are supported by years of experience and state-of-the-art technology. No matter if you want a single measurement or continuous monitoring, Pinnacle's services are tailor-made to suit your requirements.

North Georgia Well Level Testing

For individuals and businesses in North Georgia, Pinnacle offers customized well level testing services. With our local expertise and familiarity with the area, we are able to understand the specific needs and challenges of the region. If you worry about water levels in times of drought or require constant monitoring for farm use, Pinnacle is your go-to service provider.

Conclusion

Maintaining well water levels is crucial for a secure and consistent supply of water. Pinnacle's ongoing monitoring services offer the instruments and expertise necessary to maintain your well water levels. From sophisticated sensors and ultrasonic controllers to total measurement solutions, Pinnacle is dedicated to assisting you in managing your groundwater resources efficiently. Whether purchasing or selling a home that features a well, or just wanting to make sure your supply of water remains level, Pinnacle can assist you. Contact us today to find out more about our services and how we can help you.

[shelyold]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. Retrieved from The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/piis2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext  ?Rafferty, J. P. (2024, October 19). Richter scale. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/Richter-scale  ?Ranjit Das, M. L. (2024, March 28). Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale”. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/114/4/2270/637047/Comment-on-A-Seismic-Moment-Magnitude-Scale-by?redirectedFrom=fulltext  ?Rika Sensor. (2023, August 7). What Sensor Can I Use To Detect Oil In Water? Retrieved from Rika Sensor: https://www.rikasensor.com/what-sensor-can-i-use-to-detect-oil-in-water.html  ?Solène Besson, C. V. (2020, July). The Adenovirus Dodecahedron: Beyond the Platonic Story. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342687794_The_Adenovirus_Dodecahedron_Beyond_the_Platonic_Story  ?Tellier, R. (2006, November). Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus. Retrieved from CDC: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0426_article  ?USGS. (2017, April 6). “ShakeAlert” Earthquake Early Warning System Goes West Coast Wide. Retrieved from USGS.gov: https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/shakealert-earthquake-early-warning-system-goes-west-coast-wide  ?Vrushank Mistry. (2023, December). Impact of Building Automation on Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Performance. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378416265_Impact_of_Building_Automation_on_Indoor_Air_Quality_and_HVAC_Performance  Source link

[iammeandmy]

  By Dr. Charles P. Gerba and Dinesh Wadhwani A version of this article was originally published by Infection Control Today. Republished with permission. The Richter Scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 used seismograph technology to measure the strength of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale from one to 8.6 (the largest earthquake on record)? (Rafferty, 2024)?. It made complicated data simple to grasp through an at-a-glance index of magnitude to help public health and safety officials anticipate impacts.    Richter’s scale was largely replaced by the Moment Magnitude Scale in the late 1970s? (Ranjit Das, 2024)?, and advances in seismograph technology enabled early warning systems such as the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) ShakeAlert that detects the rumblings of potentially large temblors and sends alerts to communities before major shaking starts.? (USGS, 2017)? Standardized, more sensitive and accurate ways of measuring earthquakes improve our ability to cope with related impacts and exposures.  Advances in IAQ monitor technology (see Sidebar: "Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors") suggest a scale that helps anticipate IAQ impacts by indexing levels of exposure in real-time; e.g., wall-mounted units can detect tremors of exposure to 0.1-micron particles linked to viral load and transmission based on particle size and shape profiling (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”)  a heightened sensitivity that extends to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical and other pollutants enhanced by plug-and-play modules that detect certain contaminant types.  Like a supercharged Richter Scale, an IAQ Exposure Index (INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX) — as a complement to EPA’s outdoor Air Quality Index or AQI — can help:  1. Determine the scope of airborne exposures using a simple at-a-glance metric, 2. Provide an early warning system, and  3. Remediate indoor air by better managing airflow, ventilation, and purification to reduce infectious illness and other exposures.  The Need in Healthcare Healthcare facilities serve the needs of high-risk individuals — such as chemotherapy patients, the immune-compromised, those with respiratory conditions, neonates, and the elderly — who are most susceptible to airborne exposures. Healthcare work also tops the list of high-proximity jobs, those involving close contact with others.  Thus, a scale that provides an instant exposure metric of airborne pollutants may have seismic impacts in this vulnerable community.  Placement of sensors is critical due to the way air moves through indoor spaces, and since air is “liquid” — understanding widening exposures from an ocean oil-spill helps convey the movement of pollutants in indoor air.  Understanding Airborne Exposures In an oil spill, petroleum particles spread into and permeate the environment. Cleanup involves not only removing what you can see (e.g., globs of oil) but unseen particles and gaseous pollutants wafted on currents that may be the most harmful over time as they often escape detection and removal.  Well-placed optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and conductivity sensors are used to detect oily particles and byproducts when remediating a spill? (Rika Sensor, 2023)?.  Well-placed air sensors help detect what’s in the ocean of indoor air (see Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities), and from an infection prevention perspective; viruses, bacteria, and fungi which may circulate in air attached to other particles, Trojan-horse style? (Tellier, 2006)?. (see Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0 .1 Micron or Larger).  An Early Warning System for IAQ  As a seismograph detects even slight and unusual increases of ground motion in real-time, providing an early-warning system for seismologists, a system driven by an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can alert IPC and EVS staff of potential IAQ issues and spikes. Continuous monitoring of air quality—and, say, providing a one to 10 metric for airborne viral load—will help enable early detection and intervention as a surveillance system to spot outbreaks and facilitate prompt responses to mitigate the spread of infections.  By identifying and quantifying levels of airborne pollutants, an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can place the focus on eliminating sources of pollutants where possible, better managing airflows, improving ventilation, and integrating air purification with building management systems? (Vrushank Mistry, 2023)?. A system to reduce airborne-source infections is best summed up by a three-circle system of air monitoring, ceiling-mount and floor based air purification, based on the principle that purifiers closer to the breathing zone of occupants are most effective ?(Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan, April)?(See Sidebar: “Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification” ).  Remediate by Managing Airflow, Ventilation, and Purification  Since air — though life-giving — is a carrier of pollutants, controlling the air through room pressurization and directing airflow is vital but insufficient since infectious exposure often occurs in proximity to the source before contaminated air can be removed, filtered and diluted by HVAC systems.  Room- or area-based sensors integrated with ceiling-mounted or freestanding air purifiers enable crucial proximity air cleaning to intercept pollutants at the source, protect the immediate exposure zone, and lower HVAC costs since cleaner air reaching the HVAC system reduces filter changes, electricity for operating cycles, and motor wear.   Conclusion Success in protecting air quality based on an INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX involves an at-a-glance metric to make identifying complex airborne exposures simpler,?provides an early warning system for airborne pathogens, and lowers costs for HVAC, all while producing a seismic shift in protecting human health by integrating monitoring (diagnosis) and purification (treatment) in real time to improve the indoor air in healthcare facilities.  Sidebar: Technological Advancements in IAQ Monitors  The concept of monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) began taking shape in the late 20th century, driven by increasing awareness of the health impacts of indoor pollutants. The first IAQ monitors were rudimentary devices that primarily measured particulate matter and basic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These early monitors provided limited data and required manual reading and recording, often making them cumbersome and less effective for continuous monitoring.  The evolution of IAQ monitors has been marked by numerous technological advancements, making today's devices more accurate, user-friendly, and versatile. These advancements include improvements in sensor technology, integration with smart technologies, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.  Modern IAQ monitors use advanced sensor technology that allows for the detection of a broader range of pollutants with greater precision. Sensors have become more sensitive and can now measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, temperature, and other parameters. Remarkably, some units can detect 0.1 micron sized particles and particle shapes promising an early warning system for viral exposure (see Sidebar: “The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses”).  The use of cloud computing and advanced data analytics has further revolutionized IAQ monitoring. Data collected by IAQ monitors can now be stored and analyzed over time, providing valuable insights into airflow patterns and trends in air quality.   An INDOOR AIR QUALITY EXPOSURE INDEX can predict potential air quality issues and suggest or initiate proactive steps—e.g., ventilation, directed airflow, and sensor-integrated purification—to protect human health.   Sidebar: The Role of Shape in Identifying Microscopic Particles as Viruses  Viruses come in various shapes, each reflecting their unique structures. Here are the primary shapes:  Think of Adenoviruses. They have an icosahedral shape, which means they have 20 triangular faces. This shape provides stability and symmetry.? (Solène Besson, 2020)?  Consider the Tobacco mosaic virus. It has a rod-like shape, formed by protein subunits spiraled around a central axis.  Look at bacteriophages. These viruses are complex, combining icosahedral and helical features, often with added structures like tails. Summing Up The shape of microscopic particles is crucial in identifying them as viruses.   Using advanced techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Cryo-EM, scientists can see and differentiate these pathogens based on their unique forms. This knowledge is vital for diagnostics, vaccine development, and tracking outbreaks.   Sophisticated air monitoring systems can now also help identify viral shapes, ultimately helping us understand distribution patterns and prevent viral infections.  Sidebar: Common Air Pollutants in Healthcare Facilities  Particulate Matter (PM)  Particulate matter refers to a mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets. These particles when inhaled can impact health. Sources of PM in healthcare facilities include:  • Linens and bedding generate fine textile dust.  • Skin flakes from patients and staff. An average person sheds about 600,000 skin flakes every day or 1.5 pounds of skin cells shed per year [Texas A&M University].  • Indoor Activities: Certain medical procedures and laboratory activities can produce particulate matter.  • Construction Activities: Renovation and construction work within healthcare facilities can generate dust and other particulate matter.  • Outdoor Air: Particulate matter from outside can infiltrate the building through ventilation systems.  Pathogens  In healthcare settings, airborne pathogens are a significant concern, including:  • Fungi: Molds and other fungi can grow in damp areas and release spores that may cause allergic reactions and infections.  Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)  VOCs are chemicals that become airborne as vapors or gases. They are released from various sources within healthcare facilities, including:  • Cleaning Agents: Many disinfectants and cleaning solutions emit VOCs which can contribute to respiratory issues and other health problems.  • Medical Equipment, Materials: Some medical devices and materials can release VOCs.  • Building Materials: Paints, adhesives, and synthetic materials used in the construction and maintenance of healthcare facilities often emit VOCs.  Chemical Contaminants  Healthcare facilities often use various chemicals that can contaminate the air, including:  • Disinfectants and Sterilants  • Pharmaceutical Compounds  Gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can originate from:  • Combustion Processes: Heating systems, generators, and other combustion sources can emit harmful gases.  • Medical Gas Systems: Leaks and emissions from medical gas systems can introduce pollutants into the indoor air.  Sidebar: Airborne Pathogens 0.1 Micron or Larger   The sizes of some airborne bacteria in microns are as follows:    Sidebar: Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Monitoring and Purification   An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating indoor air best is described by a three-circle Venn chart.  Three-Circle Venn Diagram: Air Purification and Monitoring  This Venn diagram explores how three essential elements of air purification and monitoring intersect:  Effective Air Monitoring  • Collects real-time data  • Analyzes air quality  • Detects pollutants and allergens  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers  • Permanently installed  Rolling Floor Air Purifiers  • Clean the air in a targeted approach  Effective Air Monitoring and Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers mean continuous air quality control combined with high-efficiency purification for large spaces.  Effective Air Monitoring and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers provide real-time air quality feedback with mobile air cleaning solutions for adaptable environments.  Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers offer a comprehensive air purification strategy utilizing both fixed and portable units for maximum coverage.  Combining all three—Effective Air Monitoring, Ceiling Mount Air Purifiers, and Rolling Floor Air Purifiers—gives you an integrated system to achieve 4-log purification (99.99%) of airborne particles, pathogens and their carriers, down to 0.1 micron.   This setup offers extensive air quality monitoring and versatile purification options, ensuring optimal indoor air quality in any setting.    Authors  Charles P. Gerba PhD Professor of Environmental Microbiology, University of Arizona. Charles P. Gerba, PhD is an internationally recognized environmental microbiologist and Professor of Environmental Microbiology in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Soil, Water and Environmental Science, at the University of Arizona. His credentials include a BA in Microbiology, Arizona State University, 1969, and a PhD in Microbiology, University of Miami, Florida, 1973. He is also a member of the American Academy of Microbiology.  Dinesh Wadhwani Dinesh Wadhwani is an industry, air quality and lighting expert, entrepreneur in the technology and life sciences industries, and Founder/CEO of ThinkLite. At ThinkLite, he works with a team of engineers to create “high value add” technological solutions in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, agriculture, poultry, data centers, general health and most recently, a technology solution that tracks the levels of airborne pathogens in indoor public areas and facilities, including COVID-19, among other viruses; so they can be addressed and managed to help optimize health and safety indoors.  ??References  ??Cheryl K DuBois , Michael J Murphy , Amanda J Kramer , Jodi D Quam, Andrew R Fox , Ty J Oberlin, Perry W Logan. (April, 2022 8). Use of portable air purifiers as local exhaust ventilation during COVID-19 . Retrieved from PubMed and Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290164/  ?Fennelly, K. P. (2020, September ). Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control. 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