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Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Edward VI 1547-1553

1553

Jan. 8. Brussels. Sir Andrew Dudley to the Council. Arrived here yesterday between one and two o'clock in the afternoon, and immediately, by Mr. Chamberlain the Ambassador, apprised the Regent thereof, but could not have audience until to-day at four o'clock, when she sent for him by Mons. de Barlemont, one of the chief of the Council of the Finances, and the captain of her guard to accompany him to Court.

After receiving very thankfully his Majesty's commendations and expressing her hearty good-will and desire for continuance of amity between the countries, she much persuaded with him to remain here till the Emperor's coming, saying that she thought he was on his way, and feared that because his route is not known, and he is somewhat sickly and has great business to do, Dudley should hardly have audience of him until he reached Brussels.

Had professed his willingness to follow her advice, but his orders to post towards the Emperor were peremptory, and requested that by some order of her Council he might be addressed the best and surest way to meet with him. She assured him she knew not by what ways the Emperor came; thought that horses should be hard to be gotten, and the country very evil and dangerous to pass.

Knows not what her persuasion should mean to have him tarry, but that there is hereabouts a certain bruit that the Emperor should be dead or very sick, and that the camp doth break up. Intends to proceed forthwith as speedily as he can, his delay hitherto having been for lack of passage and of horses.

On reaching Dover on Monday at two o'clock A.M., he could have no passage till eight in the morning of Tuesday, and lay on the sea all that day for lack of wind, not coming till night to Calais, whence he was driven to ride to Bruges without change of horses, and from Bruges to Antwerp in like case.

By means of this, and of the extreme foul way, he was forced to make the less speed, being also very evil troubled on the way with the rheum and a great cough, of which, he thanks God, he now feels himself somewhat eased.

P.S.—For that he can see or hear, the Court here is very slenderly furnished of noblemen, none but certain of the ordinary Councillors being in attendance. [Two pages.] Jan.

---- [Day left blank, but after the 6th.] Spires. Sir Richard Morysine to Sir William Cecil. Hears that they shall come shortly towards Flanders, and would be glad it were not so that his wife and her daughters might also travel with them. Never since he was born has he felt such cold as has been here this Christmas. It looks still like enough to lay him up, in case he be driven to enjoy all its incommodities.

Seeing Mr. Chamberlain is at Brussels, he might have good leave to come from Venice about the beginning of March. Not being licensed to tarry will follow his instructions, and give his wife and child leave to follow him as they shall be able. May be sure he would be glad to receive some comfort from Cecil, and that he will think there is small store thereof if none is sent to him.

If he hears not of his diets, his wife is like to sojourn where she is till men think he deserves to be better holpen; for he sees deserts be they that are rewarded, and so good will may starve if it bring forth no better works for evidence than he is able. He would do more; let it suffice for his excuse, though it cannot serve to praise, that he cannot.

The Emperor was never more chafed than now that the Marquis Albert has in his pays so deceived him. The Emperor knows by this he is come into him, but he brought neither love nor regard of duty with him. The Palsgrave has written letters and sent them to Morysine to be conveyed; would be glad they were such as might make him worthy to have them answered, else he will go no more to him, though sure he could not but be welcome.

If Cecil bids Yaxley write anything to him, knows that it will be done with a good will. Sends Lady Cecil a few verses made by a woman born in Italy, and for the Gospel's sake glad to dwell in Germany. He can no skill, but would that Lady Cecil with some epistle in Greek would pick some quarrel of acquaintance to her. Hopes to come home when time will serve for his wife to cross the seas.

Supposes the Emperor shall not much longer need any Ambassador; nor much longer tarry where Morysine or any of the least here may speak with him. There be few that can better defeat fortune's foul play than the Emperor, and yet good natures may be provoked too far. Will crave but one letter from Cecil, till either they or the Emperor do come to Brussels. [Two pages and a half.]

---- Jan. [9.] The Council to Sir William Pickering. Send him herewith copies of certain papers received from the French Ambassador six days ago, relative to the claims of the English merchants, and desire him to lay before the French King and Council other documents connected therewith, to ascertain fully the nature of the evidence required by the French Commissioners, and to expostulate against the imposts imposed upon the English merchandise by the authorities of Rouen. [Two pages. Draft. Autograph of Petre.]

----- Jan. 9. Brussels. Sir Thomas Chamberlain to Sir William Cecil. Acknowledges receipt of their letters by Mr. Dudley, who departed this morning early, and could no sooner by reason it was long ere he had access to the Queen. By common report, the Emperor will be here at the end of this week, and is thought to be on the way. If this be true, thinks Mr. Dudley shall with much difficulty have audience until he be arrived, for that his Majesty is not wont to give any audience by the way.

Has been in hand with the Queen to desire of her that the English merchants might have herrings and battery from hence, paying the ancient tolls only. Her answer was that the prohibition was directed not against England only, but Germany and all places, because the country had lack thereof. When it was rejoined that no such scarcity, but great plenty was alleged, her Majesty said "she ought to know best."

Being informed that the merchants asserted that great quantities of herring were daily laden for France by safe-conduct, and that not only the articles of the intercourse bore, but common reason did require the same, seeing her people by sufferance of the English did fish the same on the British coasts and streams, her Majesty desired to have his mind thereon in writing. This he had done, and now awaited her reply thereto. [Two pages. Indorsed by Cecil.]

---- Jan. 14. Venice. Girolamo Spagna to Francis Yaxley. Is informed by his letter to the Ambassador of his safe arrival in England and inability from want of time to write to his friends before the courier left. His friend M. Bartolomeo Balbani, at Antwerp, is a courteous person, whose services Yaxley may freely command in anything. The recovery of Edym [Hesdin] by the French, and the withdrawal of the Imperial Army from Metz, are the principal news at present. The enterprise against Sienna appears to be fully determined.

The Viceroy of Naples sailed upon the 2d inst. with part of his army; the rest comes by land. The Pope is arming, not trusting much in the Imperialists. The Siennese having had time to prepare are in good spirits. Sends him the speech made by Tholomei, the Venetian Ambassador, to the French (missing), as he may like to glance at it, by reason of his fondness for the language and this city. Desires to be remembered to Mr. Scelton, from whom he anxiously expects a letter, according to promise. Also to Messrs. Throgmorton and Arnold, and their other friends. [Italian. Two pages. Indorsed by Cecil.]

---- Jan. 17. Paris. Sir William Pickering to the Council. Their Lordships will be informed by the bearer, Sir Henry Sydney, of the result of his mission. Commends Sydney's dexterity and his discreet and wise handling of the matter confided to him. Yesterday, M. D'Aubry introduced to him two of the four French Commissioners lately appointed to adjust the commercial differences. Sends herewith a letter which he has received from Mr. Thomas Middlemore, dated Angers, 17th December last, stating that the Provincial of the Jacobin Friars there, named Dyvole, had publicly in his sermons denounced the King of England as a heretic, and as likely to prove false to the French King as he had to his God, and that by his heresy and infidelity he had lost the power of working such miracles as the cure of the falling sickness, which his predecessors, the Kings of England, possessed. This letter he has shown to the Constable, who has promised that ere three days elapse such punishment shall follow on him, as shall well cause all friars to beware through his example what they speak or preach hereafter of princes. [Two pages. Middlemore's Letter in French. One page.]

---- Jan. 17. Paris. Same to Sir William Cecil. Sir Henry Sydney has accomplished his commission with so great wisdom and circumspection in all the contents thereof as in his mind more could not have been expected of any man. He has been very courteously used by the King and Constable, and has in reward a chain of 600 crowns and a fair courser of Naples. Sends him some French works on genealogy, and incloses a list of the English vessels and merchants' names, concerning which he has laboured to the King and the Council. Trusts that he will remember his suit to return home next February. [One page.]

----- Jan. 19. Paris. Same to the Council. Had received their letters of the 9th on the 17th, and details his subsequent interview with the French King relative to the evidence required in support of the merchants' complaints. All had been amicably arranged, and the French Commissioners are to go to Rouen in a few days. The merchants who reside in Ireland or distant parts of England are to make their declarations before the local judges, and have them certified hither. The Parisians have presented the King with 80,000 crowns, which are this day to be sent to Italy for defence of Sienna; but it is thought that another grant will be required, as his Majesty's treasure is already spent. It is reported that the Duke of Alva is to go shortly into the Low Countries, whither his troops have already proceeded. Dragut, with the Prince of Salerno, is now at Constantinople, where the Prince has received great presents and entertainment, and has discovered that he and the Turk are nigh kinsmen, by means of a marriage made between one of the Turk's predecessors and a woman of Naples that long since was taken thence, being of the Prince's house. The last letters from Italy mention that the Sophy and the Turk have concluded a peace, and that the Bassa, who was on his way to Persia, has returned to Constantinople. Men say the Turk has offered to aid the French King with his whole army, if he so pleases, for the enterprise of Naples. [Three pages.]

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Feb. 2. Castle of Moscow. Ivan Vasalovich, Emperor of Russia, to King Edward VI. In accordance with his Majesty's request conveyed by one Richard and his company, the Emperor permits the English merchants to have free market within his dominions. Orders have been given that if Hugh Willoughby shall land or touch in the said dominions he shall be well entertained. Will be glad to receive one of his Majesty's Council to treat with and settle commercial intercourse between the two countries. [Copy. Translation.]

---- Feb. 4 King Edward VI. to Sir William Pickering. Sir Henry Sydney's report of their joint conference with the French, and Pickering's letter to the Council of the 17th January touching the affairs of the English merchants, have afforded his Majesty much satisfaction. Desires him to present his Majesty's letters to the French King, and to ascertain the terms referred by the latter as preliminaries of peace between him and the Emperor, in the mediation to be attempted by King Edward. [Draft. Five pages.]

----- Feb. 4. Letter of the Council to Sir William Pickering. Desire him to request of the French King that three notorious pirates named Strangwisshe and Thomas and Peter Killigrew, who have fled to France to avoid justice, may be apprehended and delivered to him for the purpose of being sent to England in sure custody. The Commissioners from the English merchants will shortly be in Rouen. [Draft (autograph of Petre). One page.]

---- Feb. 4 The Council to Sir Andrew Dudley and Sir Richard Morysine. Acknowledge receipt of their letter of the 25th ult., (fn. 1) and direct Dudley, in consideration of the Emperor's determination not to commune of peace until the French King's sentiments are known, and of his ill disposition of body, to return as soon as he may, if he has not already departed before this letter arrives.

Before leaving he will desire to know by D'Arras whether the Emperor has any further answer to send, and take his leave of the Emperor if the state of his health permits. When opportunity serves Morysine is to remind the Emperor of the subject of Dudley's mission, and endeavour to ascertain his views, whether modified or as they now are. [One page and a half. Copy.]

--- Feb. 11. Venice. Girolamo Spagna to Francis Yaxley. Is informed by the last letter that he is in the country with his parents, and has no time to write to his friends. Entreats him, on his return to London, to steal a little time to do so. He is indebted in two or rather three letters which Spagna has written to him since he left Venice. The Imperialists do their best to take Sienna, and the Siennese in like manner defend it, so much so that women and the highest ladies carry fascines to a bastion which is in course of construction at the gate Camolia.

The French are most active in assisting them, so that they show themselves little afraid of the enemy, who is now near Cortona, and will soon concentrate to commence the enterprise. The Turk's army will soon set forth to favour the attack of the kingdom; so that, unless God shall stretch forth his hand, Italy will be evilly treated both by the Christians and the Turks. Desires to be remembered to Messrs. Arnold, Throgmorton, Barnes and their other friends. [Italian. One page. Indorsed by Cecil.]

----- Feb. 11. Brussels. Sir Richard Morysine to Sir William Cecil. Had sent his Majesty's letters to Mount eight days since by post, but at his own charges, being forced to send his wife money in such wise, or else to suffer her to want wherewith to buy meat. As God help him, he left her so little that he thinks she hath boarded with shame, or sold with a good deal of loss; and yet he brought so small store with him that if some relief had not come by Weston, Dudley must have lent him money or he should have had none at all ere he could have come to Brussels.

The Venetian Ambassador has received from Rome a letter, which says the Bishop of Rome meaneth very earnestly to be in hand with these two princes for their atonement. It goes thus, that he will first send mean men to feel both their inclinations, and will after send a very honourable Ambassador to both; for so he and his do esteem their Cardinals to be. Ferrante's retirement from St. Damiano may increase furies in Italy, seeing they that should stay them have so evil luck when they go about it. It is also thought the enterprise of Sienna will prove harder than it was taken for.

He has been so desirous to finish this their business, that Cecil must content him with these few lines, and make their excuse that they write no more news than they have leisure to come by. Trusts shortly to meet with such occurrents, as his customers are wont to ply him withal, and yet could be right glad to be rid of these customers, and to help his successor to them. Is in great hope it will be so, and trusts the time will be upon his wife's coming hither from Spires.

Sir Andrew Dudley will be a suitor, and so many others, as Cecil needs but to take the occasions that shall be offered to help him home. If occasions come not, prays Cecil to be one to himself and think he can do no greater pleasure to Morysine. Wishes Cecil health, and that he may be where he may see him whole and feel some of his mirth, for his own weareth in this country so fast away as he is afraid he shall bring no great store home with him. [Two pages

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Feb. 15. Antwerp. Sir Richard Morysine to Sir William Cecil. Perceives by a letter out of Saxony, that Hans Frederick's second son, who is the goodlier gentleman, would if he durst, bear a great affection towards the Lady Elizabeth's Grace. The land in Germany is divided, and as much comes to the second as to the first, which first is thought to be of no long life. Were Dukes Maurice and Frederick to die, both their lands come to Hans Frederick's sons. Dares write but to Cecil of this matter, not meaning to take any knowledge thereof, but for Cecil, whose gré shall easily bid him hold his peace. The Emperor, as he may perceive, could content himself with any reasonable peace. The last letters from home, seem to will him not to press the reconciliation but in a few words. Warrants he will not exceed his commission; and thinks the time serves him better to look than to leap, the Emperor's affairs going on as they do. Dudley knows the talk is, that the Venetians will secretly aid those of Sienna and others, to the disadvantage of the Imperialists out of Italy. As Dudley travels in post, thought better to leave it to his talk, than to write it. [One page and a half. Partly in Greek characters.]

---- Feb. 15. Paris. Sir William Pickering to Sir William Cecil. The Jacobin friar, of whom he lately wrote, hearing that the King's commission for his apprehension was issued, has fled from Angers and cannot yet be found. Earnestly renews his entreaties to be recalled. "By God! Mr. Cecil, I would you knew the terms I stand in, then I dare boldly say you would judge me to have reason in being thus importunate." Sends a letter from Claudio Ptolomeo to his Majesty. "The man can say well." [One page.] Ash Wednesday.

----- [February 15.] Lubeck. The Magistrates and Senators of Lubeck to King Edward VI. Credentials of Dr. Herman Appollonius, sent as Envoy on the subject of the privileges of the Hanse Towns. Speech of the said Envoy, at Westminster, 5th April ensuing. [Latin. Three pages. Copies.]

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Feb. 24. Westminster. Resumption of the Privileges of the merchants of the Steelyard. On these grounds:— 1. The pretended privileges are void, because the merchants have no sufficient corporation to receive the same. 2. These privileges extend to no certain persons or towns, but they admit to be free with them whom they list, to the annual loss to the customs of nearly 20,000l. 3. Even were such privileges good according to the law of the land, which they are not, they had only been granted on the condition that they should not avow or colour any foreign goods or merchandise; a condition which the merchants have not observed. 4. For more than one hundred years after these alleged privileges were granted, the Hanse merchants exported no goods, except to their own countries, or imported any but the produce of the same; whereas now they do so to the Low Countries, Flanders, and elsewhere, and import from them, contrary to the terms of a recognizance made temp. Hen. VII. 5. These privileges, which were at first beneficial to the merchants, without any notable injury to the realm, have now by their exceeding of the same grown so prejudicial to the State that they may no longer without the great hurt thereof be endured. 6. The treaty of reciprocity, made after a forfeiture of the alleged privileges by war, temp. Ed. IV., whereby the English should have similar liberties in Prussia and other places of the Hanse, has been daily broken, especially in Dantzic, by the prohibition of Englishmen to buy and sell there: and though divers requests for redress of such wrongs have been made, no reformation has ensued. Wherefore until the merchants can prove better and more sufficient matter for their claim, all their liberties and franchises are seized and returned into the King's hands; reserving to the merchants the ordinary privilege of trading common to those of other nations. [Copy. Two pages. Entitled by Cecil, "The Decree ageynst the Styllyard." See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, Vol. ii., pp. 109, 110.]

---- Feb. 25. Paris. Sir William Pickering to Sir William Cecil. There repair unto him almost every day men of good learning and reputation, great and earnest favourers of God's Word. Knows at least fifteen, both of good service and estimation in this Court, that will in a few days be in England for fear of the faggot. Among these are four Spaniards (rarœ Aves), so virtuous and well instructed in God's Book, that their likes may hardly be found in any place. Certain ladies of the Court have of late kept a communion amongst themselves, but not so secretly that the thing was not discovered, wherewith the King is much offended. The Marshal St. André's wife the chief, with at least ten others, at that banquet. These matters are marvellously sown abroad throughout all this country. [One page. Indorsed by Cecil.]

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March 4. Brussels. Sir Richard Morysine to Sir William Cecil. Where they who serve in one place find so many causes to join them together, Chamberlain and he have both agreed to prowl for news where they can, and after but to make one letter. Had thought not to do so until they heard from Cecil, but it being Parliament time, and he perhaps too much occupied to remember such trifles, they now write both in one letter. If their Lordships mislike it, they will be told of it; if not, they have rid them of one part of their labour, and themselves no piece of their travail. Should be glad to receive from home either a spur or more reins, if the matter should be talked of again to him. Howbeit, thinks if the Turk does come, the French King can make no peace if he would. [One page.] ---- March 5. [Indorsed March 1.] Brussels. Sir Richard Morysine and Sir Thomas Chamberlain to the Council. Since Dudley's departure there has been great hope of peace, especially among such as desire no wars; but as the Nuncio has not yet had audience, men think it will not be yet. It was not the Constable's man who came, but a gentleman of Lorraine called Bassompierre, sent from Signor Vaudemont, who is neither French nor Imperial, but neutral and a lover of peace.

Cannot learn what offers he makes from the French King; but those which are reported are so large, that no one can think he has commission for the half of them, as that Metz shall be given up to the Emperor, and Ivoix, Mamadie [Montmedy], and Damvilliers to the empire, and all that has been taken in Piedmont and Montferrat since the wars commenced shall be restored.

Farther, that if the Emperor will restore Piacenza to the Bishop of Rome, overtures are made that Octavio shall for reasonable recompence give up Parma to the Church. Sienna also shall be made a commonwealth again, and free from French interference. So far from these rumours impeding the supplies, as it was thought they would, the Emperor is supposed to encourage them that his people may think the French are afraid, and that he will stoutly refuse peace, thereby pleasing his nobles who, being sore indebted, would rather the wars should continue.

On hearing of Vaudemont's arrival at the Court the French King is reported to have said, "The jar between the Emperor and me must not end so soon, and when it is growing to an end there must no Vaudemont make our atonement." The Nuncio is in such a chafe because he cannot speak to the Emperor, that there are few here who can get leave of him to eat eggs this Lent.

"If men were as wise as he is stubborn, they might perhaps drive him to be the suitor, and to pray them to take his licence, not only to eat eggs, but eggs' sons and daughters, if they came in their way." He has told D'Arras his message generally, but will only descend to particulars with the Emperor; and it is reported that Don Diego's secretary at Rome, where the Emperor has no other secretary, has already made the Emperor familiar with these, which makes him in less haste to talk with the Nuncio.

The Nuncio is the more annoyed that on Wednesday night last a post arrived late from the Duke of Florence to his Ambassador, who was admitted to the Emperor while in bed before eight o'clock next morning. The Ambassador's man, Junta, from remarks made by his master on the way from Turin to Sienna, thinks that the Duke has advertised the Emperor of French troops going to Piedmont, who perhaps may make to Sienna.

There are said to be above 20,000, besides cavalry, some supposing them to be commanded by M. de Guise. The opportunity was never more favourable. Describe their probable course of march, and increase of force, and enter into considerable details as to the future of their proceedings in Italy, with relative effects.

"The Viceroy of Naples is sick in Florence, and in peril of his life. There be few men in all Italy so fat; he is besides very old and hath an extreme flux, a hot and extreme fever, and brooketh nothing that he taketh."

Don Garcia has taken four places of small consequence belonging to Sienna. News that the confederacy of the Bishops of Germany with Nuremberg is misliked by the Princes of Germany, who mean to appoint to every bishop a prince that may cope with him; if so the bishops shall have a worse summer of this than they had of the last.

The Emperor will do what he can to appease the jars of Germany, because they have not served his turn so well as Granvelle bare him in hand they would. On Thursday last Chamberlain and Morysine took leave of the Duke of Alva, offering him the usual courtesies if he meant to take England in his way. The Duke expressed his thanks; said he could not as yet tell when or by what way he should go, but should inform them ere he went.

They do not think he will keep his promise. There are news from Antwerp very evil, if true; Maximilian is said to be dangerously ill, and in peril of death, according to his physicians. He himself mistrusts poison, saying, if it be so, he knows the day and place where he took his bane. This is the fourth time that, being sick, his physicians have thought him poisoned. His loss would be great.

The Queen commands horses to be provided for the carriage of artillery. It is thought the Emperor will have plenty of money. John Carlo and others of Antwerp, who have bought the spices of the King of Portugal and are bound to pay him money in Portugal, are said to have offered the amount, a million and a half or thereabouts, to the Emperor, provided he will see the debt discharged in Portugal.

P.S. Have just been informed by a secretary of Duke John Frederick, who has come to the Court, that Duke Ernest, brother to Duke Frederick, died eight days before last Shrovetide. [Five pages. Partly in cipher, deciphered.]

----- March 9. The Council to Sir William Pickering. On Sunday last the French Ambassador had promised to the Council that in the absence in the Levant of William Winter, owner of the Heart of Bristow, whence he could not return before Christmas, the oath of his brother George Winter, co-proprietor of the said vessel, should be taken; and the ship, with all her apparel, munition, ordnance and artillery, be delivered to him in as good case as they came to their hands. Instruct him to see that this promise of the Ambassador be faithfully performed by the French Commissioners. [Three pages. Draft.]

---- March 11. Brussels. Sir Richard Morysine to the Council. Had received their letters of the 4th on the 8th inst. Has already seen D'Arras relative to an audience with the Emperor, which for the time is deferred by reason of the Emperor's indisposition and weighty affairs in hand. In course of conversation with him, mentioned the great talk of entreaty of peace by some of Lorraine, naming Bassompierre and Vaudemont, and last of all by a Dominican or Augustinian Friar, who in France had been confessor to the French King, now here.

D'Arras said, all was fable, there was no such friar in rerum natura; men might devise for peace what they listed, but the Emperor provided for wars on all sides. Details of their farther interview, interrupted by the Queen sending for D'Arras. If D'Arras were to be trusted, would say there could be no peace; but because he seldom speaks truth, therefore when he says that that is most true, till men know it to be so they trust him never a whit.

The Viceroy is now dead, and Don Diego told him he thinks the Duke of Alva shall be Viceroy of Naples, adding that if his friends may help to it he shall not fail to have the office bestowed upon him. "I know, saith he, they will never love him there; and he being mine enemy, and I his, would be glad he were where he might be beloved of few, and bear also the hatred due to his uncle that is now dead."

Two days since Francisco D'Este visited him for about an hour. Had inquired if Morysine had ever heard of a motion that should be made for the marriage of his nephew the Prince of Ferrara, now in France, with the Lady Elizabeth? Morysine replied that he never had. D'Este then asking of her Grace, Morysine said, if God had made her a poor man's daughter, he did not know that prince that might not think himself happy to be the husband of such a lady.

Weens that D'Este thinks so too at this present. The Nuncio has not seen the Emperor, so may not have access so soon as he would. There are some who could be content that these princes kept on their harness both this summer and winter too; howbeit, if he shall see any likelihood of atonement he will not fail as occasions serve so to travail, as these here either do his Majesty a great deal of wrong or give him the honour of this atonement.

The Emperor has lately written to the Duke of Florence to be General of this enterprise of Sienna; opinions differ as to his accepting the charge. Some think he will not enter into enmity with a Prince like to tarry by him, for the friendship of him that must of necessity shortly give him over. Much sitting in Council here; D'Arras being with the Queen or the Emperor from one till six or seven o'clock.

Thanks his Majesty and them that he has now licence granted to him shortly to come out of this land of travail into that land of promise. [Three pages; partly in cipher, deciphered.]

---- March 17. Antwerp. Thomas Gresham to same. In his letter of the 9th inst. had informed their Lordships of the intended crying down of the monies. The proclamation for this is not yet issued, but daily looked for. Wherefore until such be past he will neither receive nor take up any money by exchange; for the fall of the money will be a greater loss to the King's Majesty than their profit of the exchange will be. The exchange here is now at nineteen shillings and ninepence, which will have a sudden fall upon the depreciation of the money. Has now in his hands 3,731l. 1s. 7d. in dollars, angels, sovereigns, philippines. and Spanish rials. Will send or bring his general account. Thanks them for his bargain of the fustians. [One page.]

---- March 18. Venice. Peter Vannes to the Council. Strongly recommends to their Lordships Mr. Francis Peto, an English gentleman at present in Venice, who has travelled extensively, and now returns home His father long since purchased from Henry Porter of Coventry a lease of the parsonage of Hanbury in Warwickshire for 112l., bequeathing it to his son, subject to the mother's life rent, as chief part of his inheritance. His mother has enjoyed it until lately when the lease has been disproved as being within the danger of the Statute, and granted to Henry Manning, one of the King's harbingers. His object is not to seek a revocation of this grant, but that their Lordships may provide him with some appointment, although it may not be equal in value to his loss, that his great hindrance may be somewhat eased. [One page.]

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March 20. Anet. Letter, without signature, and almost entirely in cipher, undecipherable, apparently to the French Ambassador in England. Alludes to the reply given by the French King to the English resident at Paris in reference to King Edward's offer of mediation. His Majesty and the French King have simultaneously been informed of the Emperor's sentiments regarding a peace, by the Duke of Northumberland's brother, who has recently returned from the Imperial Court. M. de Noailles has been obliged to remain for some days at Paris to rest his horses and put his equipage in order; he shall be dispatched forthwith. [Four pages. Copy.]

---- March 24. Brussels. Sir Richard Morysine to Sir William Cecil. Has left out one of their news, upon good respect that it might come to him, and be altered as he sees cause. News have come to this Court that Hans Frederick's eldest son comes shortly hither. Would be glad that he came ere Morysine went hence, for that he thinks their ways will last till he is at the White Friars. Money will be made some way or other, for Morysine must set him free at his journey's end. More he knows not, when he does, Cecil shall know it also. Wishes him to weigh the case, and instruct him what he shall do, if they at one time happen to cross sail together. Can say no more, but sacra res est bonum consilium. Must be trusted with those advices that he may best follow, and it shall be seen that he can do what he sees well required at his hand. [One page.]

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March 28. Weimar. John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, to King Edward VI. In support of the petition of Bernhard à Mila, Chief Officer of his Court, that the pension of 300 crowns, bestowed upon him by King Henry VIII., now two years in arrear, and which at next Easter will amount to 750 crowns, may be paid: its suspension, as it would seem, having arisen from a mistaken report of the death of Mila. [Latin. Two pages.]

---- March 28. Weimar. Bernard à Mila, "Eques Auratus," and Chief Officer of the Court of the Duke of Saxony, to same, requesting payment of his pension of 300 crowns, granted by King Henry VIII., and confirmed by his Majesty. [Latin. Two pages.]

----- April 2. Instructions from King Edward VI. to Dr. Wotton, Dean of Canterbury, Sir William Pickering and Sir Thomas Chaloner, appointed to negociate with the French King for the purpose of inducing him to consent to a peace with the Emperor, through the mediation of his Majesty. [Thirteen pages. Indorsed by Cecil.]

----- April 2. Westminster. King Edward VI. to Henry II., King of France. Credentials of Dr. Wotton and Sir Thomas Chaloner, appointed Commissioners for the purposes mentioned in the preceding instructions. [One page. Copy.]

---- April 2. Westminster. Same to same. Credentials of Sir Thomas Chaloner, Knight, appointed Ambassador resident in France, in the room of Sir William Pickering, recalled. [One page. Copy.]

---- April 2. Instructions to the Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine, sent by King Edward VI. to the Emperor Charles V., for the purpose of endeavouring to mediate a peace between the Emperor and the French King. [Fourteen pages. Draft.]

---- April 4. Guildhall. Bond of the City of London for the repayment of 69,084 florins, borrowed from Andrew Sixsalles and Thomas Flechamore in Antwerp. [Six pages. Draft.]

----- April 6. Paris. Sir William Pickering to the Council. Has this day by Morgan received their letter of the 1st inst., notifying the appointment of Dr. Wotton and Sir Thomas Chaloner. On Sunday last Pietro Strozzi was dispatched to offer to the Duke of Ferrara, if he will wholly devote himself to the King's cause, the following terms, viz., to be Lieutenant-General in Italy, with an annual salary of 20,000 crowns; 60,000 more to be immediately paid for the fortifying of his dominions; and 2,000 men, paid both during peace and war, and 100 men-at-arms. Farther, if fortune favours his proceedings in Italy, he shall convert 30,000 crowns per ann., of his conquest in these parts, to his particular profit. The general impression is that these terms will be accepted. The bearer hereof is M. de Noailles, appointed to replace M. Boisdaulphin in England. He is a Maitre d' Hotel of the King's house, well esteemed in this Court, and one who is thought will be well liked in England. [Two pages.]

------ April 9. Rome. Intelligence from Rome. At Montalcino the communication between the Imperialists and a corporal of Signor Giovanni Vitelli, for betraying the fortress, had been detected. A sentinel perceiving a drummer of the corporal's company depositing a letter in the bark of a tree, gave information, and the drummer was seized.

The corporal seeing this leaped from the walls with some of his accomplices, and took refuge in the enemy's camp. M. de Lansac has arrived as Ambassador from France in room of Mons. de Mirepoix. Yesterday in the Consistory, the archbishopric of Tours was conferred on Cardinal Farnese. Signor Ascanio is better, and recovering from his wound.

The Duke of Alva left Genoa on the night of the 18th ult., with 13 gallies for Spain, but by bad weather had been unable to get beyond Villa Franca. The various military appointments made by the Emperor. The Pope had been much enraged by the discovery that about 40 men near Vericuli had been recognized dressed as labourers, with mattocks, in a vineyard, lying in wait for Pietro Strozzi, to murder him by order of the Duke of Florence.

A mine in course of formation at Montalcino had fallen in and killed many of the workers. [Italian. Two pages. Not referred to by Vannes, but applicable to his letters of 15th April and May 12th.] April 10?650. Letter revoking Sir Richard Morysine, Ambassador resident at the Court of the Emperor Charles V. [One page. Draft.]

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April 11. Brussels. Sir Richard Morysine to Sir William Cecil. Hopes the coming of this lusty wooer is dashed for a season, as he hears no more of the matter. There is a muttering in this Court that the King, their master, is very sick, that his stomach is swollen of an aposthume, and that he must be cut ere he can be cured. This causes him more sorrow than he can well bear. Pain is not easy, when it is without peril in a friend of mean sort; but what a torment must it be when it relates to a King so great, and attended with so great peril to a master so loved and so worthy to be beloved? [One page. Chiefly English in Greek characters.] ----

April 19. Antwerp. Thomas Gresham to the Council. Has received from the merchants a farther sum of 400l., and expects the rest very shortly, the payments of the marts being now begun. The exchange has fallen from nineteen shillings and ninepence to nineteen shillings. Reminds them of the late debt of John Bournell. Treasurer Longin is dead. [One page.]

---- April 20. Brussels. The Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine to same. The Bishop and Hoby arrived yesterday. Their arrival intimated to D'Arras by Morysine this morning. In the afternoon they were waited upon by M. de Barlemont, chef des finances, and M. Gerard, two of the Emperor's Council, on part of his Majesty to welcome them, and state that they should have due notice when he could give them audience. The night before their arrival, they lodged at Alost with M. de Courriers, where they were as well received and had as hearty cheer as might be possible. He mentioned to them the Emperor had sent for his son the Prince of Spain hither, commanding him to provide ten special good jennets for the King, and to send them to him. He thought the Prince should pass out of Spain through England hither. [Two pages.]

----- April 22. Rome. Intelligence from Rome and Constantinople. The French having on the 14th inst. sent a large sum of money to Pittigliano, it was seized by Vincenzo Spirito, son of Octavian Spirito, of Vitello, and conveyed to the Castle of Piero, belonging to Sig. Pirro Colonna his relation.

The Pope on hearing this, lest he should be considered as of the Imperial faction, instantly demanded the money to be restored on pain of the head of Vincenzo, and the extermination of the family. This was done, and absolution given by his Holiness.

The Imperial camp before Montalcino being in great want of provisions, in consequence of the Pope having withdrawn from Perugia the licence to export victuals by reason of great scarcity in that city, on express complaint made to his Holiness the licence was renewed. Sig. Ascanio is not much better of his wound, the ball it appears having touched the bone. It is reported that Sig. Vincentio di Nobili, nephew of the Pope, will enter the French service as captain either of cavalry or infantry.

The Imperialists complain of the restitution of the French money, asserting that it was properly taken.—From Constantinople, March 28. The 80 gallies are completed and Sina Bey, it is said, will have the command of the fleet. Proceedings of the Turk against the Sophy. Couriers had arrived from the Beglier Bey of Esdron with letters from the Sophy to the Turk, by which it was said he sought for peace; and some messengers had come from Bagdat with the heads of Persians slain in a skirmish, wherein were losses on both sides. The Sophy was understood to be on the confines of Van. [Italian. Three pages. Copy.]

----

April 28. Brussels. The Bishop of Norwich and Sir Philip Hoby to Secretaries Sir William Petre and Sir William Cecil. Urge a reply to their letter of last Sunday, in which they desire to be informed whether they should declare their ambassade to the Regent, as the Emperor wills them to do. Have this evening at nine o'clock dispatched Francis with their common letter to the Council. [One page.]

---- April 28. [Greenwich.] King Edward VI. to the Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine. Refers to their letter to the Council of the 23d, approves of their conduct, and desires that now and henceforward, when they cannot have access to the Emperor, they may communicate with the Queen Regent. [One page. Copy.]

---- May 1. Poissy. Dr. Wotton, Sir William Pickering, and Sir Thomas Chaloner, to the same. The Dean of Canterbury and Sir Thomas Chaloner arrived at Poissy on Friday the 21st ult., Sir William Pickering having met them at Pontoise on the preceding day.

On Saturday morning it was notified to the latter by the Constable that the King intended to keep the ceremonies of the Order of the Garter on the next day, being the Feast of St. George, and desired his presence thereat, as well as at the first even song that Saturday.

He attended accordingly, where he noted that in the stalls of the chapel the King of England's arms were set upon the right hand of the door, and the French King's on the left side, so attributing for the time of those ceremonies the honour to King Edward. The only ones who wore the robes of the Order were the King and the Constable. The Duke of Guise bore the King's train at his offering and passing to and from the chapel. The French Queen, the young Queen of Scots, the Dauphin, the Princesses Elizabeth and Claude, and the Duke of Lorraine, with some other young Princes, were also at the service.

Few of the ordinary courtiers, however, were there, as the whole, with the exception of the ordinary officers, are at present either at their private residences or on duty upon the frontiers. On St. George's day, the King made Pickering accompany him from the church side by side, and thereafter dine with him; the Constable in his robes being the only other of the party.

The King was more than usually affable, and among other conversation inquired of Pickering which of the Orders, that of St. Michael, St. George, or the Toison d'Or was the most ancient? Pickering replied that of St. George, having been founded by King Edward III.; which the Constable confirmed.

His Majesty also told him that he was informed that the Palsgrave, the Bishop of Mentz, the Duke of Cleves, the Duke of Deuxpont or Sweyburg, with certain Princes of Germany, were met for the election of a new Emperor, he that now is being very sore sick and not like to escape. Farther, that a captain of his, called Cornelio Bentivoglio, keeping a hold within the territory of Sienna, had cut in pieces 2,000 landsknechts, part of the Emperor's army there. ("The number may chance indeed to be 500 or 600.")

That the Burgundians encamped by Terouanne were very evil appointed, and no soldiers to be much accounted of. He had likewise heard from the Baron de la Garde, captain of his gallies in Turkey, for whose return he looked shortly, implying that the Baron would bring some Turkish aid with him. As his Majesty was going to ride on hunting next morning, audience to the three joint Commissioners was deferred till Tuesday, St. Mark's day, on the eve of which the Constable sent to the Dean of Canterbury part of the venison killed by the King, and forgot not the next day, before the Dean had leisure to return thanks, to put him straight in remembrance thereof.

Audience had, the King gave them most gentle entertainment, and after due attention to their credentials, referred them for consideration of the objects of their mission to the Constable and the other ministers. After the interview the Constable presented them to the Dauphin, who for his years is of handsome stature, and better liking, than his late sickness doth well suffer him to be, and likewise the young Duke of Lorraine. They were then brought to the Queen's bed-chamber, who within these fourteen days looketh to be delivered of child, to whom, and the rest of the young Princesses, they did the salutations appertaining.

After leaving, they were in daily expectation of being sent for by the Constable, but did not hear from him till Friday, when M. Villandry informed him that next day was appointed for the meeting. At this were present only the Constable, the Cardinal of Lorraine, and M. Bertrandy, the Garde des Sceaux, when the grievances, complaints, and demands preferred by the French against the Emperor were rehearsed at great length, and are by the said Commissioners fully set forth. These demands of the French, according to the instructions received, they have sent in cipher to the Bishop of Norwich and his colleagues. [Nineteen pages.]

-----

May 5. Brussels. Sir Philip Hoby to the Duke of Northumberland. States the reasons that have moved the Commissioners to make no mean to be heard by the Regent. First, they hear nothing certain of the coming of the Legates, and therefore need not haste the message for them.

Next, as to speaking with the Queen, they forbear, in the first place, because they should wish previously to hear out of France, that they may have some ground to walk on before they enter with her; and secondly, to see whether in the meantime the Emperor will amend, so that they may come to his own presence, both for the more honour of the matter, and to ascertain by their own eyes what state his body is in, that therefore they may guess whether it were convenient for them to enter with him in breaking of the other matters for combining the King with the Germans. Because, if they perceive him to be in a dangerous way, it were folly to broach the subject, since by his time it were unlike to take any effect.

Wherefore Hoby offers his opinion that it were better one of them should break the matter of the league with the Emperor as a thing of his own device, and the more acceptable such person should be to the Emperor the better ground his argument is likely to take. Incloses the substance of address proposed.

Should the Emperor mislike it, it is but a private device rejected, and cannot compromise the King; if he should like it, his disposition thus known will enable them and his ministers to confer thereon; and in the event of his death before the conclusion of the league, their practice with the Germans by these means may be such as will stand the King in great stead. Has considered, in case Ferdinand and his son Maximilian should mean to put in their foot here, what inconvenience this league might breed in such case.

Understands that the people are more inclined to Maximilian than to the Emperor's son, and would rather submit to any other nation than to the Spaniards. States the question of succession, and expresses his conviction of troubles in the country after the Emperor's death, and on full reflection upon conflicting probabilities, concludes that any such treaty as is proposed can by no means be prejudicial to England.

P.S. After this long delay, finding the Emperor in such weak case as to prevent their having audience, they had this day, the 7th inst., had access to the Regent, as their common letters shall explain. As they understand that the Emperor has not been seen, nor has given audience to any one for three months, they think that the prevailing rumour is in some part rather true than otherwise; which is, that some say he is already dead, others that he has lost his senses, and others that he is so feeble that his recovery is impossible; all which together make it be suspected that if he is not already dead, he cannot long continue. His opinion that the practice should be made with Ferdinand, Maximilian, and the rest of the Empire. [Four pages.] Annexed, I. Proposed speech to the Emperor by the party who should broach the subject of a league. [Two pages.]

---- May 7. Brussels. The Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine to the Council. Have this day had audience of the Regent and delivered their message: whereunto she made as gracious and courteous answers as could be desired. She is to make the subject of their mission known to the Emperor, and will inform them of his mind therein as shortly as may be, not doubting but they should be answered to their contentation.

Five thousand Spaniards in the Emperor's service, garrisoned at Cambray, have mutinied, their wages being seven months in arrear. Not only Don Aluiso D'Avila, the captain of their horse, was fain to fee from them, but also the Arcaldo, who was sent hence to pacify them, had to make hard shifts to escape their hands. They remain in a state of mutiny until their just claims are satisfied.

Marquis Albert has taken the town and castle of Bamberg, and chased the Bishop out of his diocese; making such a revel there, that the Emperor has been obliged to summon the Princes of Germany to assemble at Frankfort, for the purpose of pacifying these contentions between the Marquis and the Bishop. News from Italy that 14 gallies have sailed from Genoa to convey 2,000 Spaniards from the coast of Sienna to Naples, for the defence of those parts. Don Garcia, the Emperor's General in the territory of Sienna, had of late taken beside Viterbo 26,000 crowns, which were supposed to have been sent to the aid of Sienna.

But, it being said the money belongs to the Bishop of Rome, Don Garcia has deposited the money in the hands of the Bishop of Viterbo until the truth be known. It is said that the Emperor has written to the Duke of Florence to practise some agreement between him and the Siennese. Send herewith copies of a letter from the Bishop of Rome to the Prince of Spain, and of one from Hungary touching the proceedings of Battista Castaldo. Presume they have heard from Wotton and his colleagues, of the unreasonable demands that the French make to the introduction of this peace. [Four pages.]

----

May 10. [Greenwich.] Memorial for John Sheres, sent from King Edward VI. to the King of the Romans, to endeavour to induce his Majesty to join in the proposed league. On his way, or at such time as is most convenient, to visit Maximilian King of Bohemia, son of the said King of the Romans, for the purpose of understanding his disposition thereto. [Eight pages. Draft.]

---- May 12. Venice. Peter Vannes to Sir William Petre and Sir William Cecil. Great expectations here that some goodness of peace shall ensue from his Majesty's intervention. Both the French and Imperial Ambassadors much praise the election of Ambassadors lately sent by the King to their Princes, as men of wit, learning, and discretion. The French King has made some provisions in Italy of a certain kind of armories, and already brought them within the dominion of Venice, for to arm a certain band of men, being now upon the French gallies. Requests them to deliver the inclosed letter to the Lords of the Council. [One page.]

---- May 15. [St. Germain.] Henry II., King of France, to King Edward VI. Expresses the extreme regret occasioned to him by the news of his Majesty's illness, and sends the bearer, M. De L'Aubespine, his Secretar yof State, to make personal inquiries. [Partly holograph. Addressed "Monsieur mon bon fils et frere le Roy Dangleterre."]

----

May 16. Poissy. Dr. Wotton, Sir William Pickering, and Sir Thomas Chaloner to the Council. Since writing on the 1st inst., they have received letters neither from their Lordships nor from the Bishop of Norwich and his colleagues in Flanders.

Yesterday the Cardinal Legate from Rome, called Capo di Ferro, arrived at Paris, where he was solemnly received with the accustomed processions, and, for more special honour, the Bishop of Cahors there met and received him. He comes hither to-morrow, it is thought, as a mediator, since he has effected a truce between the French and Imperial troops at Sienna.

Secretary De L'Aubespine starts to night for England, the French King having been advertised that the King has been a little sick and accrased; for what cause he is dispatched they know not, but think there may be some farther matter than errand of visitation.

On Saturday evening Basing, captain of one of his Majesty's ships, who had chased the pirates Strangwisshe and the Killigrews into Brest, arrived here, bringing letter from his brother officer Bethell, having spent ten days on the road by occasion of evil horsing.

Suspect that, notwithstanding Pickering has a commission under the King's privy seal for their apprehension, there is small likelihood of taking them by reason of official impediments and delays, and that they have private warning to make way for themselves.

Yesterday the French Queen, after a long and perilous travail, was brought a-bed of a daughter; and it is reported that in four days the King goes from St. Germain to Paris, and thence to Picardy. Pietro Strozzi has returned from the Duke of Ferrara, who will join the French King if he sends a notable army into Italy, otherwise would be loth to discover himself altogether French without notable purpose.

Reiffenberg is said to have agreed with the French King to make up his troops to the number of 6,000 landsknechts, including those whom he has already in regiment. [Six pages. Partly printed by Tytler, Vol. ii., p. 178.

----- May [Before 9th.] [Greenwich.] The Council to the Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine. Acknowledge their letters of 28th April by Francisco. Desire them not to proceed farther in matters of the league until they can confer with Mount. Instruct them in the event of the Emperor's death to wait upon the Regent and offer condolence; at same time the Bishop of Norwich and Morysine to take leave, their mission being ended, and Hoby to acquaint her Majesty that he is to remain as resident in terms of the King's former letter.

When about to dispatch this letter, have received their's of the 30th April, (fn. 2) and though they doubt not that the staying of his Majesty's letter to the Regent touching Chamberlain's revocation was intended for the more furtherance of the King's service, yet they marvel that, perceiving his Majesty's determinate resolutions, grounded upon such weighty considerations as have not yet been answered, such stay should have been made, and require the said letter to be delivered, so that his Majesty's former resolutions may take effect accordingly. [Three pages. Draft.]

---- May 19. Brussels. The Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine to the Council. Acknowledge receipt of the letters of 5th and 12th inst. Hoby and Chamberlain had audience of the Regent yesterday afternoon, when the latter delivered his letters of revocation.

Her Grace's regret at parting with Chamberlain is equalled by her gratification that Hoby is to supply his place, she having heretofore had experience of him. Although contrary to the laws of Flanders, Black Will is to be delivered up, it being a pity so abominable a murderer should escape unpunished.

This morning they went to D'Arras that Chamberlain might take leave of him, who commended Chamberlain as a good minister of amity, and one that was not a little acceptable here, using towards him very great familiarity, calling him "neighbour," and saying that he left so good a pledge behind of his wife and family that he was to be reckoned one of their own, promising his friendship, and assured furtherance in anything within his power.

And when Chamberlain asked for his passport, told him that the Queen herself had taken upon her the charge of his dispatch, and would not commit it to any other. Mentioned to them that the Emperor was about the making of a new league in Germany to redress the present stirs there; and on Hoby asking whether he meant to renew the league of Suevia, replied that it should be either that or another. In consequence of the rumours at Antwerp, the camp at Terouanne, and elsewhere, that the Emperor was dying, or mad, and therefore might not be seen, Hoby took advantage of the opportunity of M. de Courriers dining with them three days ago, to talk with him apart on these reports, and set forth the inconvenience likely to arise to the States of Germany therefrom, but which might be repressed either by the Emperor being seen, even although he were unable to walk and needed to be carried in his chair, or by the propagators of such reports being sought out and punished.

Had instanced the recent case of the King's Majesty, who being but a little sick of a cough, the lewd people had devised and reported that he was dead; wherefore some of them had been prosecuted, and the King showed himself abroad, both in his garden and other places, whereas enough might see that the bruit was false.

Courriers made no farther answer touching the Emperor's sickness or madness, but that, as he was a true gentleman, if the Emperor were dead he died that morning, assuring them that that morning he was alive. As they know right well what Mons. de Courriers is, their Lordships may form their opinion upon his answer: for the state of the Emperor cannot be known here.

Three days ago a courier was dispatched hence to the Duke of Florence, to cause the Imperialists to abandon the enterprise of Sienna; but news have since been received from Italy that they have already raised the siege, and haste as fast as they can towards Naples, by sea and land, to resist the Turk's navy which is suspected to be coming there. But the cause of their departing is said to be the great penury in their camp, the Bishop of Rome having for some time stopped the supplies of provisions that the troops before Montalcino were wont to have from Perugia and other places in his dominions.

The Spanish mutineers at Cambray have again risen, mistrusting the Emperor's pardon, because in some cases heretofore he has, notwithstanding his promise, caused some of the ringleaders to be executed.

They have therefore required the promise of the Prince of Piedmont, and also that he shall be their General; making small account of Don Aluiso Chyssado, the Emperor's Maitre d'Hotel, and less of Don Aluiso d'Avila. They are now reported to be pacified. On Monday last arrived the Legate, Cardinal Dandino. He was met a good way out of town by all the Italian Ambassadors here, and Don Franciso D'Este, whether of his good will or by command they cannot tell. Marquis Albert has again defeated the Bishop of Bamberg, and routed those of Nuremburg. Send intelligence received from Mount. (fn. 3) [Five pages.]

---- May 20. Venice. Peter Vannes to Sir William Petre and Sir William Cecil. Having no worthy matters whereof to advertise the Council, requests them to deliver the inclosed to their Lordships. [Half a page.]

----

May 31. Brussels. The Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine to the Council. Are informed on good authority, that the Emperor undoubtedly is alive, but he is so weak and pale as he seems a very unlike man to continue.

He covets to sit up and to walk, and is sometimes led between two, with a staff also in his hand; but like as he desires to be thus a foot, so immediately after he has been a little up, he must be laid down again, and feels himself so cold, as by no means he can attain any heat.

The Legate here, has been advertised from France that the other Legate sent there was not only met and received solemnly by the Cardinals, but has had access twice to the King, and is so highly feasted and entertained, that it grieves this Legate to think how much his entertainment here is contrary.

Hitherto, besides having no audience, whereby he keeps his house contrary to his desire, he has had no other attention shown to him than two visits from D'Arras, to pray him to be of patience. Wherefore, with snuffling countenance, he has told some of those who resort to him, how he thinks himself but homely handled.

The Diet mentioned in their last is postponed to the 16th August. The Count Palatine, the three Bishops Electors, with the Commissaries of the absentees, except those of Duke Maurice, Duke of Brunswick and Marquis Albert, are now at Frankfort. It is thought that the Marquis will be present, having got a safe conduct; as will all the rest, especially John Frederick, whose advice in the greatest matters of their proceedings, the Emperor has instructed his agents to use, and whose lodging is already prepared.

It is reported that Duke Maurice and the Duke of Brunswick purpose to aid the Bishops against Marquis Albert, the malice between the latter and Maurice being so great, that Albert cannot bear to hear his name, and denounces him as a violator of his oath and promise.

Albert having lost 300 men before Forehem, a town of the Bishop of Bamberg, has raised the siege and gone to Wynsham, a town belonging to Nuremburg: this is contrary to the last accounts that he was going to Augsburg.

Send copy of the league between the Emperor and the Empire; in which the Ducatus Lothrichiæ and Marchionatus Sacri Imperii mean Lovain and its vicinity, and the Marquisate of Antwerp. [Three pages.]

----- May 31. [Greenwich.] The Council to the Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine. Thank them for their letter of the [26], touching the matter of the league. A fortnight since his Majesty has sent to the King of the Romans and Maximilian a special man, the particular points of whose letters and instructions shall be forwarded as a schedule herewith. Urge them to essay to have speedy access to the Emperor, as Wotton and his colleagues in France, in like manner, wait for their answer from Brussels. The French King lately sent Secretary De L'Aubespine to visit his Majesty, with whom he was on Sunday last, finding him well gmended and in good case to speak with. Desire him to watch the doings of Cardinal Dandino, who, although he has not yet had access to the Emperor, may be occupied with some other practises. [Three pages. Draft.]

----- May 31. [Greenwich?] The same to Peter Vannes. Thank him for his sundry letters, and request him to continue his accustomed diligence. His Majesty in his desire to arrange a peace had sent, as his Ambassadors to the Emperor, the Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby and Sir Richard Morysine; and to the French King Dr. Wotton, Dean of Canterbury and York, Sir William Pickering, and Sir Thomas Chaloner; yet, because of the Emperor's long and great sickness having prevented access of the Ambassadors and the Legates of Rome, nothing is done yet of any consequence.

As certain vain and untrue rumours of the King's health have been prevalent and may have reached Venice, signify to him that his Highness indeed has been sick of a cold taken, and thereupon a cough ensuing now of a good space; but, thanks to the living God, he is at this present past all danger and well amended, having of late given audience himself both to the French Ambassador and others also. [Two pages and a half. Draft.]

---- May 31. Same to Dr. Wotton, Sir William Pickering, and Sir Thomas Chaloner. Although De L'Aubespine, who has seen his Majesty, bears with him a special letter of thanks, desire them to wait upon the French King, and express his Majesty's gratitude for the affection shown by the mission of De L'Aubespine.

His Majesty is very well amended, and in good towardness of perfect recovery of his late indisposition. His Majesty will continue his efforts to effect a peace between the French King and the Emperor.

Instruct them to watch the proceedings of the Cardinal Legate, to endeavour to learn the object of his coming, and how he is likely to succeed therein. [Draft. Four pages.]

---- May [End of]. Plan of the town of Terouanne, with the position of the besieging troops around it. [A pen and ink sketch.]

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June 4. Brussels. Same to Secretary Sir William Petre and Sir William Cecil. Inclose letters for them received by Hoby from Mr. Sheres this morning. Since making up their common letter to the Council this afternoon they have been informed that the agent of the Fuggers here has received letters from Augsburg of 30th ult., mentioning that during the departure of Marquis Albert towards Maurice, they of Nuremburg marched upon two towns which the Marquis had taken from them. The garrisons left there being unable to defend, abandoned the towns, carrying with them their ordnance; but were pursued by the Nuremburg cavalry, who took seven pieces of artillery from them. On hearing of this, the Marquis returned with such speed that he overtook the Nuremburgers, and not only recovered his artillery, but got two other of their castles; the one by composition, the other by force, in which he put all whom he found to the sword. Request them to communicate these news to the Council. [One page.]

---- June 5. Camp before Terouanne. Signor Battista dell' Insula to the Prince of Piedmont. Giving a lucid account of the operations of the Imperial army against the City of Terouanne, the battering down of some of the strongest works, the filling up of the ditch, and preparations by mining for a general assault. Their artillery have beaten to the ground the steeple of the church within the town, which was very fair and of a goodly height, as it looked over all the country round about, and discovered whatsoever the besiegers did. Mons. Rieux is past recovery, he hath lost his speech and is in great pangs, and so sore that he will not continue in life till to-morrow. It is understood that the French make great preparations to succour the town. [Three pages. Translation.]

---- June 9. Brussels. The Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine, to the Council. Yesterday afternoon, about 5 o'clock, they had audience of the Regent, by whom they were assured of the Emperor's desire for peace, and his estimation of the King's desire to procure such, but that offers must proceed from France.

Thereafter were brought to the Emperor in his privy chamber, where they found him sitting with his feet on a stool looking very pale, weak, lean and feeble, but nothing so ill as they had believed, for his eye was lively enough, and his speech sensible.

To-day or to-morrow look to hear of access given to the Legate, of whose practices they have caused good search to be made, and find that he is noticed and taken here to be French, and therefore not so much regarded as he looked for. Besides he has to do with an abbey which he should have in these parts, and with that and dispensations is more occupied about his profit than about those public matters which he pretends, or others of importance that they can hear of. Mount is still here, and as some of the princes are already at Frankfort and the rest looked for, his being there now might serve well for intelligence of those affairs. [Two pages and a half, the greater portion printed by Tytler, Vol. ii., p. 182.]

---- June 10. Greenwich. The Council to the Bishop of Norwich, Sir Philip Hoby, and Sir Richard Morysine. Acknowledge their letters of 31st May and 4th June. In absence of farther answer from France, they are to proceed upon their first instructions.

Some merchants have exhibited a supplication to the King, that whereas they have always in time past had liberty to bring out of the Low Countries any money of the coinage of other nations, they have of late been staid from that liberty upon a pretence of a new law made in the last Parliament of England, for restraint of carrying out any kind of coin.

Desire that Hoby will explain to the Regent or D'Arras that this is no new enactment, but only a renovation of an old one made in the realm beyond memory of man, so that the merchants may enjoy their accustomed liberty, whereby they may be encouraged to continue their usual traffics, and desire him to inform them of such answer as he shall receive when next he writes. [Two pages. Draft.]

---- June 22. Poissy. Sir Thomas Chaloner to the Council. Requests an increase of his allowance, as the scarcity of provisions, rents, and ordinary charges are so increased by the wars, and the changes of the Court, that it will be altogether impossible for him to maintain himself on his present diets. [Two pages.]

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June 23. Poissy. Dr. Wotton, Sir William Pickering, and Sir Thomas Chaloner to the Council. Since the Queen's confinement the King has been so much engaged in visiting, hunting, and amusements, that he did not return to St. Germain until Friday last; and then the Cardinal Legate having audience, and remaining at the Court until Monday, and the King going a hunting on the following day, had farther deferred their having access to him until Wednesday last.

Previous to their having audience they dined with the Constable, among whose other guests was M. de Boisdaulphin, who expressed himself highly gratified by the treatment which he had received while in England. In conversation the Constable gave a long and animated account of the various assaults on Terouanne, and the repulse of the Imperial troops.

Among those who had particularly distinguished themselves was one Crayer, an Englishman (whom the Constable wondrously commended), Captain of the French King's light horse, who had contrived to throw into the town at its severest pressure 600 fresh soldiers, with ammunition, provisions, and medical supplies.

After dinner they had audience of the King. His Majesty stated that he had received intelligence of King Edward's indisposition from Boisdaulphin, even about the same time that the Queen, his wife, was in so great peril and danger by travail of her late childbirth, as the surgeon was ready to have cut her open, in case she should have died, for the saving of the child.

Wherefore being in a manner no less sorry for the one than for the other, it moved him upon her good escape and deliverance to send De L'Aubespine to visit the King, his good son and brother, of whose good recovery he has been and is very glad.

His Majesty also mentioned to them a report that the Prince of Spain had been murdered by one of his servants while hunting, and that in consequence all passages and ports in Spain, by land or sea, were stopped. Next day they were informed by order of the Constable of the fall of Terouanne, the tidings of which had arrived about supper-time the preceding evening. It has been razed to the ground, and all its inhabitants and garrison put to the edge of the sword. [Ten pages.]

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June 25. Brussels. Sir Richard Morysine to Sir William Cecil. Thanks Cecil that he made him his interpreter in Hoby's letters, and would gladly expound three or four lines of Greek, if he would be good enough to send them. His matter was unpleasant to them both; they wish to hear what the fulness of the moon has brought forth; is there hope or the contrary (in Greek)?

If he will have them write long letters to him, he must write long ones to them, which till they know more, know nothing at all. Assure them first that the King lives and then he will see that they live (in Greek). In the mean season, like mariners that have lost their masts, let fall their anchors, and know not where they shall be come, they stand upon the shore and behold the ship, which still maketh proffer to go under the waves. Help them if he can; if not, put to them the rest. [One page.]

---- June 26. Rouen. Dr. Valentine Dale to Sir William Petre. Has informed the Council of the order agreed and concluded by the French Commissioners, touching the receiving of evidence in England relating to the merchants' suits. [One page.]

#Edward VI #King Edward VI of England #Edward Tudor #Edward VI of England #King Edward VI #Tudor primary sources #Tudor sources #Tudor dynasty #The Tudors #Tudor #Henri II #Catherine de' Médici #Catherine de Médicis #House of Valois

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Architects: Keep Georgia on your mind

How the Georgia Senate January 5th election will affect global architects, US President Biden Building News

Architects: Keep Georgia on your mind

Historic US Election Review of Architectural Aspects: Architectural Column by Joel Solkoff, PA, USA

Dec 29, 2020

Architecture under President Biden Part IV

Joel Solkoff’s Column Vol. VI, Number 7

Architects: Keep Georgia on your mind

In 1789, the first President of the United States George Washington took the oath of office in New York City. President Washington swore to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States and defend it against all enemies foreign and domestic” on Wall Street. New York was our first Capitol under the Constitution. The following year, Amos Doolittle drew this engraving of the event at Federal Hall now an historical landmark. The engraving shows the Greek Revival style building designed by architects Town and Davis. Federal Hall is a short subway ride from the room where I am writing this column.

”You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.”

R. Buckminster Fuller, Architect

#### DATELINE – Monday , December 28, 2020. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. I regard myself as a refugee from rural Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, currently the 19th fastest growing hot spot in the U.S. According to the World Health Organization, the global death toll, as of two days ago, is 1,739.000. President Trump withdrew the US from the WHO; President Elect Biden will return the US to the WHO when at long last he takes the oath of office on January 20th.

According to the US Centers for Disease Control based in Atlanta, Georgia, the US death toll as of yesterday was/is 338,263. According to reliable sources, the Trump Administration attempted to shed doubt upon the reliability of CDC data by requiring that the CDC submit its data through the US Department of Health and Human Services headed by Alex Azar former drug company executive.

At his first inauguration, President Washington said, “In these honorable qualifications, I behold the surest pledges, that as on one side, no local prejudices, or attachments; no seperate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests: so, on another, that the foundations of our National policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality; and the pre-eminence of a free Government, be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its Citizens, and command the respect of the world.”

No contrast can be greater than the bizarre behavior of outgoing President Trump toward his successful opponent President Elect Biden .Trump currently has launched a spectatatiraly divisive campaign in Georgia where two of his most vocal senate supporters are fighting to keep their jobs. In the previous column, I focused on the campaign of Senator David Perdue vying aganst his Democratic opponent David Ossoff, an investigative reporter. (Guess whom I am rooting for).

Today you will meet Senato Kelly Lynn Loeffler runnng against Democrat The Rev.Mr. Raphael Warnock.

On January fifth, Georgia voters will decide whether the power of the Senate will shift so that Democrats will take control. Doing so will result in a shift away from cutbacks and toward major expenditures for public housing at a time when private architectural commissions are drying up.

President Biden owes his electoral victory to the African-American community

Two black Southern leaders with considerable influence among voters in Northern urban areas are responsible for Biden’s win.Without the endorsement and vigilant follow up in South Carolina of Representative Jim Clyburn of South Carolina, Biden ( who came in fifth at the Iowa caucuses and fourth in the New Hampshire primary) would not have received the Democratic nomination.

The second powerful leader is Stacey Abrams of Georgia whose ability to deliver the black vote (most espcially the female black vote) caused Biden to win Georgia’s electoral votes (previously regarded as an improbable) as well as many African Anerican votes in critical Northern cities, like Detroit, Michgan. Especially impresssive is Stacey Abrams’s political machine ( put together with vigor) which is likely to turn the Senate Democratic on January 5th.

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Rep. Clyburn is a powerful Democratic leader in the US House of Representatives whom Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi relies upon for advice and direction. With the sad death this year of Representative John Lewis, Jim Clubirn retook Lewis’s place as THE representative of the loving yet militant Civil Rights Movement of which I was a card carrying member.

Wikipedia: Jim Clyburn

“James Enos Clyburn (born July 21, 1940) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina. He has served as House Majority Whip since 2019. He is a two-time Majority Whip, having previously served in the post from 2007 to 2011, and served as House Assistant Minority Leader from 2011 to 2019.

“Currently in his 14th term as a congressman, Clyburn has served as U.S. Representative for South Carolina’s 6th congressional district since 1993. His congressional district includes most of the majority-black precincts in and around Columbia and Charleston, as well as nearly all of a mostly rural region within South Carolina. Clyburn is the current dean of the South Carolina congressional delegation.

“Clyburn has been the third-ranking Democrat in the House behind Nancy Pelosi and Steny Hoyer since 2007, serving as Majority Whip behind House Speaker Pelosi and Majority Leader Hoyer during periods of Democratic House control, and as Assistant Minority Leader behind Minority Leader Pelosi and Minority Whip Hoyer during periods of Republican House control. After the Democrats took control of the House following the 2018 midterm elections, Clyburn was re-elected Majority Whip in January 2019 on the opening of the 116th Congress, alongside the re-elected Speaker Pelosi and Majority Leader Hoyer, marking the second time the trio has served in these roles together.”

Jim Clyburn – Wikipedia

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Noteworthy, while looking at Rep. Clyburn’s homepage just now, this two-year old posting on public housing appeared in a prominent spot.

“In my last newsletter I laid out the devastating impact the new Republican tax law would have on middle-income Americans, and I offered some proposals for a better deal. I’ve heard from a large number of you expressing grave concerns that the new tax law would make the affordable housing crisis worse. Unfortunately, it will. According to Novogradac & Company, because of the Republican tax law’s adverse impact on low-income housing tax credits, 235,000 fewer affordable housing units—nearly twenty percent—will be built over the next ten years.

“Meanwhile, according to the Post & Courier, in South Carolina, the cost of rent rose at twice the rate of income over the last few years, which has undoubtedly contributed to North Charleston and Columbia being ranked the #1 and #8 cities for eviction by the Princeton-backed, EvictonLab.org. South Carolina evicts families from their homes at a rate four times higher than the national average. In this newsletter, I propose a better deal on affordable housing. Home ownership and safe and secure housing are central to stabilizing communities and building family wealth. Martin Luther King, Jr. often spoke of the beloved community, and in the title of his last book, he asked a poignant question, ‘Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?’

“Today, fifty years after King’s death, that question still looms large. The results of recent studies are ominous. Skyrocketing evictions, steady foreclosures, fewer affordable housing units and increased rent to live in public housing at a time when wages have not kept pace are raw deals that could create the ‘perfect storm’ of chaos. America’s and South Carolina’s families deserve a better deal.”

This capitol of the State of South Carolina, is replete with histrical and political drama. On the grounds is a monument to the South Carolina slave trade. The pre-Civil War structure was originally designed by a an arvchitect who was fired for fraud and dereliction of duty. In 1865, Union Troops under the command of General William Tecumseh (“war is hell”) Sherman burned the structure to the ground. This building was completed in its orignal form by archtect Frank McHenry Nemsee in 1877. Several early 20th century Confederate monuments were erected and the focus of significant controversy. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

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Georgia on our minds

Under state law, a candidate for a US Senate seat in Georgia must receive at least 50 percent of the vote. Neither of the two pair of candidates was able to do so on November third. Therefore, this consequential race— which has already cost, according to a Newsweek report, over $400 .million— is a run off. As you know, a senate term is six years. Political junkies like me observe the first two years one can be a statesman. The second two: half statesman half politician. The last two: all politician and as is the case with Senator David Perdue running like hell for re-election.

Republican Senator Kelly Loeffler was not elected to the job. She was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy created when Republican Senator Johnny Isakson resigned because of health problems. The governor who appointed Loeffler is Republican Brian Kemp a very strong Trump supporter.. Two years previous, Kemp, who had been Georgia Secregtary of State, narrowly won election against Stacey Abrams.

Remember, Stacey Abrams is one the two black leaders from the South who made it possibe for Joe Biden to be elected President. Now would be a good time to read the following selection of Stacey Abrams’s Wikipedia biography. Abrams emerges from the 2020 Presidential election as a kingmaker. Stacey Abrams, DC political insiders like me speculate, could have had her pick of Biden’s domestic cabinet positions–Abrams would, for example, have made an excellent choice as Secretary of Housing and Urban Develpment if she did not have her heart set on defeating current Governor Kemp when up for re-election in two years.

Wikipedia: Stacey Abrams

“Stacey Yvonne Abrams ( born December 9, 1973) is an American politician, lawyer, voting rights activist, and author who served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 2007 to 2017, serving as minority leader from 2011 to 2017 member of the Democratic Party. Abrams founded Fair Fight Action, an organization to address voter suppression, in 2018.

“Abrams was the Democratic party’s nominee in the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, becoming the first African-American female major-party gubernatorial nominee in the United States. She lost to Brian Kemp in an election marked by accusations that Kemp engaged in voter suppression. In February 2019, Abrams became the first African-American woman to deliver a response to the State of the Union address. She was one of 16 electors selected to cast Georgia’s votes in the Electoral College for Joe Biden following the 2020 presidential election.”

—Stacey Abrams – Wikipedia

It has been 28 years since Georgia voted Democratic for President. Without question, Biden’s win of Georgia’s 16 elector voters (reminder: the oft mentioned Pennsylvania contest secured 20 votes ) was the narrowest of Biden’s wins and was recounted more than once. Abram’s organization is likely to determine senate control for the Democrats on Janaury fifth.

The upshot of the Presidential November 3rd election also resulted in a new senate that until now is an even split of 48 senators. If Perdue’s opponent Ossoff wins and if Loeffler’s opponient Warnock wins then the even 50-50 split will make the Senate Democratic. because Vice President Kamala Harris will also serve in her only Consitutional mandated capacity as President of the Senatre breaking the tie. Got it? Before the complicated multi-character situation becomes even more complicated, let us take a deep breath while watching the classic comedic sketch this situation comes to mind;namely, Who’s on first?

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Because Trump insists the Presidential contest is not over…

The final election vote count in Georgia was certified by Georgia’s Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger who was appointed by Governor Kemp who previously had been Secretary of State before being elected Governor. After President Trump lost lawsuits alleging fraud and election theft, Trump followed up by attacking Governor Kemp who has been one of the President’s strongest election supporters.

Indeed, Governor Kemp filed a personal lawsuit against the mayor of Atlanta. The governor opposed compulsary mask wearing orders by mayors in the state. Atlanta Mayor Lance Bottoms had reproved President Trump for arriving in her city without wearing a mask.

Even so, Trump has been trying to convince the state legislature to reberse Kemp and his secretary of state certification and overturn the official result. This puts Senator Loeffler in the uncomfortable position of agreeing with her President’s attack–without Trump support she cannot win–on the governor who appointed her to the senate.

Wikipedia: Kelly Loeffler

“Kelly Lynn Loeffler (born November 27, 1970) is an American businesswoman and politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Georgia since 2020. A Republican, Loeffler was previously chief executive officer (CEO) of Bakkt, a subsidiary of commodity and financial service provider Intercontinental Exchange owned by her husband, Jeffrey Sprecher. She co-owns the Atlanta Dream of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA).

“Brian Kemp, the Republican Governor of Georgia, appointed Loeffler to the Senate in December 2019 after Republican Senator Johnny Isakson resigned for health reasons. Loeffler is running in the 2020 Georgia U.S. Senate special election, the winner of which will hold the Senate seat until January 3, 2023. She finished second in the November 3 election, advancing to a runoff with Democrat Raphael Warnock scheduled for January 5, 2021

“Loeffler has strongly aligned herself to President Donald Trump and touted her “100 percent Trump voting record” during the campaign.[4] She was investigated in connection with the 2020 Congressional insider trading scandal after selling stock in companies vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic valued at several million dollars the same day she attended a private briefing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions on the disease, before the public had been alerted to its severity. Both the Department of Justice the Senate Ethics Committee eventually dropped their probes of Loeffler, with the Senate Ethics Committee not finding any evidence of her violating federal law, Senate rules or standards of conduct.”

Kelly Loeffler – Wikipedia

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Wikipedia: Raphael Warnock

“Raphael Gamaliel Warnock (born July 23, 1969) is an American pastor and politician. He has been the senior pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta since 2005. Warnock came to prominence in Georgia politics as a leader in the campaign to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. A member of the Democratic Party, he is running in the 2020 U.S. Senate special election in Georgia for the seat now held by Kelly Loeffler.

“Warnock supports expanding the Affordable Care Act and has called for the passage of the John Lewis Voting Rights Act. He also supports increasing Covid relief funding. A proponent of abortion rights and gay marriage, he has been endorsed by Planned Parenthood. He opposes the concealed carry of firearms, saying that religious leaders do not want guns in places of worship.Warnock has long opposed the death penalty, having advocated for death row inmate Troy Davis, who was executed in 2011 for killing a police officer despite evidence that supported his innocence.”

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Capitol of the State of Georgia, Atlanta. Wikipedia: “.Like many U.S. state capitols, the Georgia State Capitol is designed to resemble the Neoclassical architectural style of the United States Capitol, in Washington, D.C. Former Confederate general Philip Cook. was a member of the commission that oversaw planning and construction of the building. The commission engaged architects Willoughby J. Edbrooke and Franklin Pierce Burnham, of Chicago to design the building and Miles and Horne of Toledo, Ohio for construction. Work completed in March 1889. Sculptor George Crouch executed all the ornamental work on the building.” Published in accordance with Wikimedia Commons licensing.

Note: Wikipdia needs all our help. Please: Make your donation now – Wikimedia Foundation

My editors beckon: “All right, stop writing, Joel.”

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Isabelle Lomholt and Adrian Welch, Editors at e-architect

Photo by AB; published with permission

Joel Solkhoff, PA, USA: Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York

My editors beckon: “All right, stop writing, Joel.”

Isabelle Lomholt and Adrian Welch, Editors at e-architect

Joel Solkhoff, PA, USA: Selfie, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, USA

Please feel free to phone me at US 570-772-4909 or send an e-mail [email protected]

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The firm producedBBCinvestigations aboutISISwar crimesanddeath squadsinEast Africa. Ossoff was also involved in producing a documentary about the staging of a play inSierra Leone.

’Joel’s previous articles

Dec 24, 2020 All Architects Must Be Covid-19 Architects

Nov 12, 2020 Architecture under the Biden Presidency

Sen. Kelly Loeffler And Raphael Warnock Face Off In Georgia Senate Runoff Debate – NBC News NOW – YouTube

The election is on January 5, 2020.

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