#Working of Electronic Petrol Injection

[slow-button-off]

How does an F1 Power Unit work?

In light of the new PU regs here's a little overview on how the current ([technically 2014]2022-2026) PU's work and which part does what.

Power Unit parts

The current PU's are made up of multiple parts:

Internal combustions engine -> ICE

Motor generator unit - heat -> MGU-H

Motor generator unit - kinetic -> MGU-K

Turbo charger -> turbo/ TC

Control electronics -> CE

Energy storage -> ES

little extra is the Gearbox but it doesn't actually count to the PU

There are some different ways in which the 4 engine manufacturers can and do combine these parts. So each engine manufacturer makes a different looking engine.

Internal combustion engine

The ICE is the "classic" engine. And in this era of regs it is a four stroke V6 engine.

The 6 stands for the number of cylinders and the V is the shape in which these cylinders are mounted. Other cylinder layouts are all the cylinders in one line, or flat/horizontal. But F1 uses the V.

The ICE internally combusts the fuel as follows:

Four stroke and the cylinders

This GIF shows the four strokes of the piston.

In the 1st phase the fuel and air mixture is injected into the chamber and then the valve closes.

The piston compresses the fuel and it either combusts itself (Petrol, in F1) or it is ignited by the spark plug (Diesel, not in F1). This causes a really tiny explosion.

The tiny explosion generates hot gas that wants to expand and pushes the piston down. This turns the crankshaft.

The outlet valve opens and the crankshaft keeps moving the piston up which pushes the exhaust gases out of the chamber.

These four phases keep repeating.

The crankshaft is both moved by the piston and keeps moving the piston too.

This is GIF of a V4 engine, the F1 V6 just has an extra cylinder on each side of the V. It shows how the cylinders interact. They are in complimentary phases so that the combustion in 2/3 of the cylinders not only rotate the crankshaft so that the car itself moves but also moves the piston in the 1st and 2nd phase of the other cylinders.

This means that the crankshaft is constantly being rotated. This movement is then via the gearbox and so on transferred onto the rear tyres and powers the cars.

RPMs or rotations per minute indicate how often the crankshaft is rotated per minute. And if you step on the throttle then the motion of the pistons just happens faster and faster.

Gearbox

The gearbox isn't actually part of the PU but it is adjacent and I think it's important to talk about for all of this to make sense.

The gearbox also varies from manufactuer to manufacturer but the are all 8-speed semi-automatic sequential units.

8 speed just means 8 gears. Semi-automatic sequential is a little bit more complicated to explain.

While the F1 cars have a clutch the drivers only use the clutch at the start or when they stop the car fully. They don't need to pull the clutch paddle to shift gears which makes the gearbox automatic.

The semi in semi-automatic means that while the clutch is automatic the shifting of gears itself is still manual. And the drivers do this with the two paddles on the steering wheel.

Sequential means that that shifting the gears is only possible in sequence. So no shifting from 1st to 3rd, but the drivers have to shift through all gears to get to the 8th gear and the same going down gears. Hence the sometimes frantic paddle usage when braking into a turn.

But what does changing a gear actually do?

We're taking a little excursion to bicycles. A bike without gears (a fixie) means that your bike is going to be exactly as fast as you are pushing the peddles up and down. So if you want to go really fast you're legs also have to go really really fast.

Gears help changing the ratio of how many rotations you have to do with the pedal to make the wheel rotate. If you shift up a gear you need to move the paddles less to make the wheel do the same amount of rotations.

In cars gears do essentially the same thing. Shifting up a gear allows you to go the same speed at less rpms to for the same speed the crankshaft has to do less rotations per minute.

(I hope this makes sense because this is so hard to explain just with words)

But yeah the rotation of the crankshaft is transferred onto the wheels and the car goes vroom.

Turbo charger

Again, as with all the other parts above also the TC is implemented differently by different teams, some are running split TCs. This will only be a general overview of the principle.

The TC is a turbine that is propelled by the hot exhaust gases. As the gases are pushed out of the ICE they are pushed through the turbo and they rotate this turbine. The energy of the rotation of the turbine is then used to power a compressor.

This sounds a bit weird at first but lets think back to the ICE where we established that the fuel is injected into the cylinders in a fuel + air mixture. The turbo compresses exactly that air and this allows the ICE to run a lot more effectively which means more output for the same amount of fuel.

Turbo lag is a thing that happens because the turbo only really starts spinning and compressing air at higher speeds, because the exhaust gases need to leave the ICE with a certain amount of force and there needs to be a certain amount of gasses for the turbo to work.

So if you are accelerating out of a slower corner, the turbo isn't immediately active but only starts compressing the air and increasing ICE performance at a certain speed. But once it kicks in the car suddenly goes a lot faster.

We don't see turbo lag with the current engines and this is where the MGU-H comes in!

Motor generator unit - heat

This drawing is not mine it's scarbs

Now we have reached the hybrid system parts! The MGU-H is one of to PU parts that generates and deploys electric energy.

The MGU-H is probably the hardest PU part to develop and the most expensive. (that is part of the reason as to why it'll be gone in 2026)

The MGU-H sits between the compressor and the turbo. It generates electrical energy by magnets that are spun around when the MGU-H is filled by the hot exhaust gases. That energy is then stored. (The magnets generate energy via electromagnetic induction, but that would be too much to get into for this post)

It doesn't only harvest it can also deploy electrical energy and power the compressor and this is used when the exhaust gasses the ICE generates aren't enough to spin the TC turbine. Which means no turbo lag because the compressor is running whether the ICE is already running high enough or not.

Motor generator unit - kinetic

The second PU part that generates electrical energy is the MGU-K. And as it's name suggests it transforms kinetic energy into electric energy. But it also deploys energy.

Much like the MGU-H the MGU-K is also made up of magnets however this time it doesn't work with exhaust gasses but the crankshaft.

When a driver is accelerating, the MGU-K is using electrical energy to spin the magnets which in turn give the crankshaft an extra boost as an electrical motor. Therefore making the car go faster, but it can only be used as a boost here and there.

When the driver brakes the energy deployment stops, so no more electricity that spins the magnets instead the MGU-K stops being a motor and becomes a generator. The crankshaft is still moving when the driver brakes and that movement spins the magnets which generates electricity that is then stored and can be redeployed when accelerating.

The MGU-K actually also helps in slowing the car down a little bit.

Energy storage

The energy storage is quite literally a battery that stores the energy that the MGU-H and MGU-K generate.

Control electronics

The control electronics manage pretty much everything. They manage the PU parts, when electricity is deployed and harvested, the transmission, steering and so on.

But it also does the data logging of things like the telemetry data and all other data that is measured by the sensors on the cars and then send it to wherever the data has to go.

This is a spec part so all teams have to use the same part but they get to run their own software.

[europeanmotorcars]

Recognize the Signs of a Bad Fuel Injector in Mercedes-Benz by Las Vegas Mechanic

The fuel injectors are characterized to be an engine management component that can deliver fuel to the combustion chamber and ensure that the fuel is injected at the right time of right amount for smooth and efficient combustion. It is splashing fuel into the engine by utilizing electronically controlled valves.

For optimum combustion, the atomizing nozzle of the fuel injectors is distributing petrol or diesel evenly to the engine. In a Mercedes-Benz, each cylinder has one fuel injector means if you are driving a vehicle with 4 cylinders then it has 4 fuel injectors.

By regular maintenance, one can shield the fuel injectors from extreme damages.

How did the fuel injectors work?

The fuel injector is a part of the fuel system in your Mercedes-Benz that is controlled by the engine computers for splashing the right amount of fuel in specific patterns to optimize the engine performance. In the following ways, the fuel injectors are functioning in a Mercedes-Benz.

At the initial phase, the fuel pump is pushing the proper amount of fuel to the injectors through the fuel lines.

By using the sensors, the engine control unit is firing the injectors at the right time and spray the fuel into the combustion chamber appropriately.

When the ECU is activating the injectors, the fuel is spraying into the combustion chamber through the nozzles to burn it more efficiently.

Thus, the fuel injectors are streamlining your ride and help you to enjoy carefree cruising. However, a small problem inside the fuel injectors may affect the engine performance and even make your Mercedes-Benz undrivable.

Signs of bad fuel injector

When the fuel injectors of your Mercedes-Benz are clogged with outside dirt and debris and have mechanical and electrical issues, then it will cause severe engine breakdowns. The following points define the signs of bad fuel injectors in your vehicle.

Rough idling

In general, the clogged fuel injector will cause rough idling issues in your vehicle with an unpleasant noise. When the fuel injectors don't atomize and spraying the right amount of fuel to the engine due to the development of particles on the injector nozzles, then you’re driving feels rougher and changed the idle noise.

On the other hand, the rough idling is accompanied by engine stalling and a sudden decrease in revolution per minute as well as makes the vehicle falter and shake when you are sitting in traffic. Thus, the rough idling issues are arising in your vehicle due to other reasons, so examine it for finding the genuine causes behind it.

Fuel leaks

If the fuel injectors of your vehicle are old, worn out, and kept up improperly, you will notice fuel leaks. Subsequently, fuel leaks happen when one injector meets the other. Through the proper inspection of the fuel injector, you will easily determine the fuel leaks by observing the bad odor of the fuel inside the vehicle while driving.

Subsequently, when the injectors are holding high pressure, over time it will cause fluid leaks at the nozzle or seal which is situated at the top of the injector. Moreover, the seal is leaking fuel at the base of the injector and the injector is leaking fuel into the combustion chamber of the engine might affect its performance and fuel efficiency.

Engine misfiring

When your vehicle has a broken fuel injector due to the clog or blockage in the nozzle, you will notice engine misfiring and delay acceleration when you step on the gas pedal. As a result, the engine feels sputtering and causes vibrations inside the vehicle.

If the functions of the fuel injector are interrupted, then it will unable to convey the right amount of fuel required by the ECU for the proper mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber. Over time, it may lead to misfiring, loss of power, diminish fuel mileage, and cause engine stalling.

Illuminated check engine light

Thus, the activated check engine light is the common indication of the failed fuel injector in your Mercedes-Benz. When the injector is delivering too much or too little fuel to the engine, the ECU will determine the fluctuation of fuel injection to the engine through the sensors and triggers the check engine light.

If any of the fuel injectors are dirty or malfunctioning, then it will indicate a problem within the fuel injection system. It may cause several problems including electrical problems, misfiring, and activate the check engine light on the dashboard to alert the driver about the damages. So, it's always advisable to consult a mechanic for determining the causes behind it.

Conclusion

For maintaining the overall operation and drivability of the Mercedes-Benz, you have to keep the fuel injectors in the best possible conditions. If your vehicle is showing any of the above signs while driving it on the road of Las Vegas, then consult with a reputed mechanic to inspect the vehicle and repair or replace it if necessary.

[crazy4tank]

10 Diesel-Powered Cars That Have Won In Motorsports | HotCars

New Post has been published on https://coolcarsnews.com/10-diesel-powered-cars-that-have-won-in-motorsports-hotcars/

10 Diesel-Powered Cars That Have Won In Motorsports | HotCars

Diesels not necessarily commonly used in motor race due to the fact that they normally need cast iron blocks to consider the high compression forces in order to burn diesel fuel. Forged iron is heavier compared to aluminum and would place the car at a weight drawback. Furthermore, diesels do not precisely produce big amounts of hp either, compared to petrol-powered motors.

There are benefits to using diesel motors though. They are more fuel-efficient, have a broader powerband, plus they produce big amounts of rpm, especially these days as diesel powered technology has also evolved by using common-rail direct injection plus electronic fuel injection. Weighing down the benefits and drawbacks of using diesel motors also use in motorsports. For these vehicles, their engineers somehow obtained the formula right plus mainly used the diesel benefit to win races. Listed here are the cars that won within motorsports using diesel energy.

10 Audi R10 TDI

via motorsportmagazine

Audi turned up at the 2006 twenty four hours of Le Mans using the R10 TDI, a heir of the petrol-powered R8 model that won from 2k to 2005. For those who failed to know, the particular Le Mans 24 Hours��is the most prestigious endurance competition in the world.

via audi media center

It a new 5. 5-liter V12 motor producing around 700hp within Qualifying trim, and even though it was 70kg heavier compared to its petrol-powered rivals, Audi made up for it by doing lengthier stints due to the diesel's much superior fuel economy. Consequently, they had fewer pit halts, and combined with race-winning speed, the car dominated the The Mans from its debut within 2006 to 2008, just before it was replaced with the R15 TDI.

RELATED: A quick look into How Drivers Prepare For twenty four hours Of Le Mans

9 Volkswagen Race Touareg 2

through thai automaxx

If the 24 Hours associated with Le Mans is the most exclusive endurance race in the world, then your Dakar Rally has to be the most challenging rough-road endurance race. Volkswagen ended the 7-year domination of Mitsubishi's petrol-powered Pajero/Montero with the Race Touareg 2 .

through carpixel

Powered by a 280-hp second . 5-liter TDI engine, the particular Volkswagen Race Touareg two won three years straight from 08 to 2010 courtesy of Carlos Sainz and Giniel sobre Villiers, and effectively finished Mitsubishi's long campaign within the Dakar rally.

RELATED: 10 Coolest Cars Which have Dominated The Dakar Move

7 Seat Leon TDI

through dailycarnews

BMW was dominating the entire world Touring Car Championship within the rear-wheel-drive 320i from 2006 to 2007 with Andy Priaulx driving for them. Nevertheless , the wave began to turn halfway with the 2007 season when CHAIR unveiled the Leon TDI , the diesel-powered edition of the front-wheel-drive Leon TFSI touring car.

via carsbase

Producing 280hp from the 2-liter turbodiesel, the rpm advantage of the Leon TDI helped it to depart corners faster and obtain more top speed compared to the gasoline-powered rivals. As a result, it Leon TDI won back-to-back titles in 2008 plus 2009 courtesy of Yvan Muller and Gabriele Tarquini.

7 Peugeot 908 HDi FAP

via wikidata

It is quite exciting that Peugeot used Audi's advantage to beat them at their own game at the twenty four hours of Le Mans. Carrying out a rule-change that encourages closed-cockpit prototypes to return to the collection, Peugeot challenged the open-top R15 TDI with the shut cockpit 908 HDi FAP.

via pinterest

The 5. 5-liter V12 motor produced 700hp, which was 10% more than the R15 TDI. They won the 2009 twenty four hours of Le Mans, giving Peugeot their particular final victory at the Routine de la Sarthe . It was the second diesel-powered vehicle to win in the renowned endurance race.

six Audi R18 Ultra

through wikidot

Audi's answer to Peugeot arrived the R18 Ultra, the now closed-cockpit Le Guys Prototype that they used through 2011 to 2016.

via motorauthority

The three or more. 7-liter V6 TDI motor produced 530bhp which was lower than its predecessor, the R15 TDI, but the R18 tips from the e-tron Quattro program, which used the Bosch Engine Generator Units at the front from the car to basically change it into four-wheel drive. It received the 24 Hours of The Mans from 2011 in order to 2014.

5 Volkswagen Race Touareg 3

through topspeed

Volkswagen's Race Touareg several brought more success to get diesel-powered cars in successful the Dakar rally in order to finished 1st in the last year edition of the grueling move. Nasser Al-Attiyah led the 1-2-3 finish for Vw Motorsport, solidifying the prominence of the Touareg.

via carpixel

It still acquired the same 2 . 5-liter five-cylinder turbodiesel from its predecessor, unfortunately he more powerful with 310hp, plus a host of bodywork improvements meant it was capable of ongoing Volkswagen's success in the Dakar rally.

4 MINI ALL four Racing

through topspeed

BMW took on Volkwagen's formula in winning the particular Dakar rally by presenting the diesel-powered MINI ALL4 Racing in 2011. With Dakar legend Stephane Peterhansel at the forefront, the car won from this year to 2015.

via freshnessmag

Its TwinPower Turbocharged diesel engine produced 320hp, enough to outclass the particular V8 petrol-powered Toyota Hilux that gave MINI a variety of trouble in the road in order to victory.

3 Peugeot 2008 DKR

via redbull

Through 2001, all Dakar wins came from four-wheel-drive cars. However in 2016, Stephane Peterhansel delivered the rear-wheel-drive Peugeot 08 DKR to a first-place complete in the Dakar rally.

via maghrebdailynews

Featuring a mid-rear mounted 340bhp twin-turbo V-6 diesel engine, the 08 DKR benefitted from a lighter in weight chassis and bigger auto tires, as well as better weight submission from its four-wheel-drive rivals.

2 SMALL John Cooper Works Pushchair

via luxuvere

Since the BMW MINI team noticed the advantage that the two-wheel-drive Peugeot 2008 DKR can do, they will immediately went to the sketching board to come up with their own edition of a two-wheel-drive car with all the John Cooper Works Pushchair.

via the car group

Driven by Stephane Peterhansel and Carlos Sainz, the particular MINI John Cooper Functions beat the Peugeot 3008 DKR to victory within the 2020 and 2021 versions of the Dakar rally, utilizing an inline-6 BMW turbo diesel powered engine.

1 BMW 320D

via speedhunters

As mentioned using the other cars that produced this list, diesel vehicles have an advantage in long races, and this car is not any exception. The BMW 320D became the first diesel-powered general winner of the 24 Hours associated with Nürburgring.

through drivetribe

As expected, the 320d a new power deficit compared to the gasoline-powered rivals, but THE CAR relied on the diesel engine's fuel economy. With its gasoline-powered competitors needing time to refuel every once in a while, BMW rescued time by staying out from the pits, and only needing refuels every four hours. Because of this, by the sixth hour from the race, the BMW petrol were already running first and 2nd overall, plus ultimately sealed the success in the 1998 24 Hours associated with Nürburgring.

NEXT: View Toyota Unveil Its GR010 Hybrid Le Mans Hypercar

[ecocel]

EcoCel Reviews – Real EcoCel Results or Fake Customer Reviews?

EcoCel is really a system which reduces your own car or truck's fuel consumption up to 55 percent. Can EcoCel work? How can EcoCel work? Continue reading to discover whatever that you want to learn concerning EcoCel and its own effects.

What's EcoCel?

EcoCel can be really a fuel efficacy apparatus sold exclusively on the state site . The system asserts to decrease the fuel consumption of vehicles as much as 55 percent. Simply install Ecocel Buy into your car or truck, then reduce gas consumption without even changing your driving habits.  

Other vehicle efficacy apparatus plug to a obd ii port, a little port into the low left of your tyre.

Now, everyone can purchase the apparatus on line. After installing these devices into your automobile, it monitors your driving customs for about 150 miles. Afterward, EcoCel makes subtle alterations to a own vehicle's power draw, supposedly fostering fuel efficiency by 20 percent to 55 percent.

  Just how Can EcoCel Work?

The manufacturers of Ecocel Buy are convinced their apparatus works as promoted to not merely improve fuel efficiency but lower emissions and enhance horsepower.

The manufacturers of Ecocel Buy assert the device May Lead for the following advantages:

Saves cash at the petrol pump

Boosts the fuel efficiency of Your Car or Truck by 20 percent to 55 percent

Easy Plugandplay installation

Works in almost any vehicle with an additional power outlet (a Cigarette-lighter )

Allergic emissions

Improves horsepower

The apparatus is intended to become as easy as you can use. Rather than altering your vehicle's electronic equipment or changing your driving habits, then you only plug EcoCel in your cigarette lighter, and allow these devices run.

EcoCel can not do the job instantly. You want to operate a vehicle for approximately 150 kilometers with EcoCel on your auxiliary power socket.

Accordingto customer reviews on the state site, 1 individual improved the fuel efficiency of the 1-2 +-yearold vehicle from 3-5 into 47mpg after installing EcoCel.

What Exactly Does EcoCel Do?

The manufacturers of EcoCel provide limited details in what EcoCel will to a motor vehicle. Similar apparatus use your obd ii port to subtly correct the way your car or truck employs power. The manufacturers of EcoCel create similar claims in their apparatus, even though the web site doesn't have any information concerning the tech supporting EcoCel, exactly what it's to a vehicle throughout your auxiliary power socket, and the way that it corrects your car or truck's behaviour at all.

Other cigarette-lighter automobile optimisation techniques adapt the power draw of one's car or truck.

Your car or truck's obd ii interface is on the computer in your vehicle. Every vehicle produced within the previous 30 years comes with an obd ii port. Once you would like to tune your automobile, you also use your obd ii port.

Your automobile's auxiliary power socket, nevertheless, is only an electric socket. It uses your automobile battery to give power for your motor vehicle. You're able to control a smartphone run a electricity cable from the auxiliary power socket. It's potential that this additional power socket links to your computer or processor inside your car or truck. But it shouldn't work to be an obd ii port.

After installing Ecocel Buy on your power socket, the lighting onto the system works. Beyond this, nevertheless, it's uncertain what the apparatus does. The manufacturers of EcoCel assert it monitors your driving customs more than 150 kilometers and leaves subtle alterations to a own vehicle's power draw. Nevertheless, the manufacturers of EcoCel do not explain just how the gadget monitors mileage throughout the power socket.

Inspite of the dearth of signs, the manufacturers of Ecocel Buy assert their product was featured in major websites such as Lifehacker, Wired, automobile and Driver, and Popular Mechanics. We achieved to those sockets and discovered no signs of any guide, feature, or even narrative covering EcoCel.

Inspite of the dearth of signs, the manufacturers of Ecocel Buy insist that their apparatus increases fuel efficiency with at a minimum of 20 per cent and no more than 55 percent on almost any motor vehicle.

It's correct you could maximize fuel efficiency during your car's cigarette lighter. Cigarette-lighter automobile optimisation apparatus are sold on the web for more than ten decades ago

But most devices can't maximize fuel efficiency by 55 percent. The 20% minimum promoted about the Ecocel Buy internet site appears unrealistic.

Here is how Cigarette-lighter vehicle optimization apparatus operate:

To stabilize the electric present, apparatus such as Ecocel Reviews supposedly mitigate electric interference against the stereo, lighting, Air-conditioning, along with other regions; electric interference from these areas can adversely affect the ECU's capability to maximize fuel efficiency and gas injection

Other cigarette-lighter vehicle optimization apparatus sold on the web have promoted fuel-efficiency boosts up to 18 percent. But, EcoCel blasts out these claims out from their water, asserting users may improve fuel efficiency by 20 percent to 55 percent after installing EcoCel.

The manufacturers of EcoCel even assert their apparatus improves horsepower and enhances emissions -- something which many additional automobile optimisation apparatus do not assert to accomplish.

That sounds good -- but there isn't any signs which EcoCel and also other cigarette-lighter vehicle optimization methods act as advertised. Contemporary vehicles are highly efficient. Electric disturbance doesn't substantially decrease fuel efficiency, also there isn't any signs you are able to improve fuel efficiency by correcting the electric current of one's car or truck via your cigarette lighter.

In general, we're doubtful EcoCel has some affect fuel efficiency, fuel useage, or auto functionality as promoted about the EcoCel earnings page.

As stated by the EcoCel internet site, drivers can enhance their automobile efficiency by 20 percent to 55 percent after installing EcoCel. The site also asserts that you are able to lower emissions and enhance horsepower.

The manufacturers of EcoCel do not clarify the way the gadget works or what it really does to your motor vehicle. The business also doesn't supply some evaluations, evaluations, or studies demonstrating it works as advertised.

It's uncertain whether the manufacturers of Ecocel Reviews have analyzed the apparatus onto almost any vehicles to verify that it works. But they seem optimistic it enhances the efficacy of most sorts of vehicles.

1 customer offered around the EcoCel earnings page asserts he increased fuel efficiency out of 3-5 into 47mpg after installing EcoCel. Nevertheless, the web site provides no additional facts about mpg progress.

In general, there is limited advice on the web demonstrating EcoCel works as promoted.

EcoCel Reviews: Just What Do Clients Have To Say?

Broadly speaking, clients have good stuff to say concerning EcoCel. Most clients agree it works as promoted to greatly improve fuel efficiency. Folks claim to possess raised fuel efficiency to sets from petrol guzzlers to smaller cars.

Because EcoCel can be actually a brand new apparatus, you can find just a few reviews out the state site. Here Are Just Some of the testimonials on EcoCel from the State site:

1 individual asserts his 2009 Honda-Accord had a normal mpg of approximately 3-5. He required to enhance that, therefore he also installed EcoCel. That man maintains he left no additional improvements to his car or truck. He assessed the pressure from his tires, but he failed to assert to switch the pressure of his own tires. To put it differently, EcoCel alone improved his fuel-efficiency out of 3-5 into 47mpg.

1 mechanic mentioned about the EcoCel earnings page asserts Ecocel Reviews works as promoted to enhance the overall fuel efficiency of vehicles. He asserts EcoCel works"by accentuating his car's fuel strategy," allowing drivers to"simply pay to the fuel that you have."

Yet another woman clarifies EcoCel whilst the very best purchase she made, asserting she conserves countless at the pump annually after refueling her"gas guzzler."

1 man asserts EcoCel is still an effortless solution to conserve money at the pump. He asserts you might simply take your vehicle into a mechanic to get a tuneup, however EcoCel will enable one to accomplish a higher degree of fuel optimisation than you'd get with a mechanic tuneup.

EcoCel prices

EcoCel is priced approximately $40 each unit, together with discounts available if ordering multiple components.

Here is how pricing Reduces if purchased by the State Site:

The business asserts this warranty protects your gadget for a couple of decades, however in addition they assert it"means that your product is protected for lifetime " It's uncertain whether or not it's really a two-year warranty or even a life warranty.

The business also asserts it requires upto 2-9 days to send your own Ecocel Reviews.

The manufacturers of Ecocel Reviews usually do not disclose their own refund policy upfront. Nevertheless, the Provider claims to provide some Kinds of refunds over 30 days:

Nevertheless, the organization claims it requires 2-9 days to send Ecocel Buy to a speech. In the event the 30day re-fund window starts your day you order your own EcoCel, then you're going to not be able acquire a refund.

In general, EcoCel seemingly has a remarkably strict refund policy in contrast to additional automobile optimisation apparatus sold on the web today.

Around EcoCel

The manufacturers of EcoCel provide limited details regarding themselves, their own manufacturing location, or even so their own team. But you can contact the manufacturers of EcoCel through the next:

EcoCel Buy is actually a vehicle optimization apparatus sold on the web. The system asserts to improve the overall fuel efficiency of your vehicle using at least of 20 per cent and no more than 55 percent.

1 customer mentioned on the state internet site claims to have increased fuel efficiency out of 3-5 into 47mpg after installing EcoCel. The manufacturers of EcoCel additionally assert their apparatus was featured in Auto and Driver, Popular Mechanics, along with other big media.

There isn't any evidence anybody has improved fuel efficiency by 55 percent after installing Ecocel Buy, and also the refund policy looks remarkably strict in contrast to other services and products sold on the web now (you have thirty days to reunite Ecocel Buy nevertheless the item carries 2-9 weeks to send ). There is no signs EcoCel was featured in major science or automotive outlets.

Ecocel

Ecocel Reviews

Ecocel Buy

Buy Ecocel

https://ipsnews.net/business/2021/06/09/ecocel-fuel-saver-reviews-scam-alert-pros-cons-uses-complaints-and-price/

https://bit.ly/3iPsjBm

https://sites.google.com/view/ecocel-fuel-benefits/

https://sites.google.com/view/ecocel-fuel-saver-review/

https://buyecocel.blogspot.com/2021/06/ecocel.html

https://full-spectrum-cbd.blogspot.com/2021/06/ecocel.html

https://essentialketopills.blogspot.com/2021/06/ecocel.html

https://ketonowbuy.blogspot.com/2021/06/ecocel.html

https://evianne-creamuk.blogspot.com/2021/06/ecocel.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3n9zyHE3DA

https://sites.google.com/view/ecocel-reviews-scam-or-legit-f/

https://vimeo.com/561736798

https://kit.co/ecocel/ecocel

https://www.facebook.com/Ecocel-105181708468639

https://www.inkitt.com/ecocelbuy

https://influence.co/ecocel

https://missions.me/ecocelreviews

https://gumroad.com/ecocel/p/ecocel-reviews-scam-or-legit-fuel-saver-device-really-works

https://linktr.ee/ecocel

https://www.feedsfloor.com/profile/ecocel

https://dribbble.com/shots/15827855-EcoCel-Reviews-Cars-Fuel-Saver-Gadget-Official-Website

https://soundcloud.com/ecocel/ecocel

https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/65710825/ecocel

[mechanicalstudents-blog]

Petrol Injection System PDF:Types, Mechanical Petrol Injection, Electronic Petrol Injection,Adv,Disadv

Petrol Injection System-Types, Mechanical Petrol Injection, Electronic Petrol Injection Method:Petrol Injection was came into picture because of the drawbacks of carburettor.It is difficult for a single carburettor to ensure uniformity of mixture to all the cylinders in a Multi-cylinder engine.

By this, some cylinders may get a weaker mixture whereas the other cylinders get a richer mixture then…

[2023cars]

Fall In Love With Skoda Octavia

The Skoda Octavia has a 2.0 TSI engine (Petrol) that is equipped with smart technologies that provide seamless connectivity. With the Skoda Octavia, you can travel in style while enjoying a powerful and elegant performance. All of these factors work together to make you adore the Skoda Octavia. Contact PPS being the Authorized Skoda Showroom Hyderabad for additional information & sales inquiries regarding Skoda vehicles.

The 1984 cc displacement in the Skoda Octavia is larger (2.0 TSI). It has a bigger 4-cylinder, 1984 cc, turbocharged petrol engine with direct injection that produces 190 PS at 6000 rpm and 320 Nm at 3990 rpm in power and torque, respectively.

Transmission on the more advanced side includes a 7-speed DCG automatic transmission and a 6-speed manual transmission (7-Speed DST). The measurements of Octavia are as follows: The vehicle is 4689 mm long, 1829 mm wide, and has a 2680 mm wheelbase. It has a 137 mm ground clearance when empty. The Skoda Octavia is a five-seat sedan with a 50-liter fuel tank and Skoda Octavia Production has been massive since its launch in June 2021.

Skoda Safety Features

The Sedan model includes ASR/Traction Control, Central Locking, and ABS (Anti-lock Braking System). EBD (Electronic Brake-force Distribution), EBA (Electronic Brake Assist), and ESP are further features (Electronic Stability Program). Additionally, from a safety perspective, there is Hill Assist, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System, and ISOFIX (Child-Seat Mount). The Skoda Octavia boasts an auto-dimming rearview mirror and six airbags to protect passengers.

Boot Space & Exteriors

While this 5-seater model has front disc brakes, MacPherson suspension, rear disc brakes, rear axle multilink suspension, it also boasts 600 litres of boot space. It has three transverse arms, three longitudinal arms, and R17 wheels as standard equipment.

IS Skoda Octavia a good buy

Skodas are well regarded for being high-quality suppliers. Skoda, on the other hand, are luxury cars with high pricing. However, you may find Skoda Octavia Discount by contacting PPS Skoda Showroom Hyderabad.

The VW Group's Skoda division produces a wide range of automobiles. These types come in electric varieties. A variety of people enjoy driving the Skoda since it is a reliable and reasonably priced vehicle. However, the cost has gone up.

Why is Skoda Octavia so popular?

Skoda has taken a more premium attitude, going against the group's overall practice. It relies on how the market positions various brands in relation to one another. Skoda Octavia has adopted a more upscale approach, breaking with the group's global tradition.

Best Skoda Cars

In this price bracket, the Skoda Octavia, Skoda Kushaq, and Skoda Slavia are the three most popular vehicles. The Skoda Octavia is essentially the Skoda Slavia equivalent. When needed, the PPS Skoda Showroom in Hyderabad offers you a wealth of information and expert servicing.

Skoda Octavia & Price

The Skoda Octavia is available with the PPS Skoda Dealers Hyderabad, Skoda Octavia Price in India starts at Rs. 27.35 Lakhs* for the Style AT version and a maximum price of Rs. 30.45 Lakhs* for the most costly variant.

Conclusion

Everybody who hopes to one day owns a car deserves to have one with amazing specifications, convenient features, and an amazing design. All of these incentives are provided by Skoda Octavia, which is also the better option financially. If your budget can be met, I'd suggest going with the Skoda Octavia. Visit PPS Skoda Dealer Hyderabad for Skoda Octavia and to find out more about the technical details or characteristics of Skoda vehicles. For any more queries about sales and maintenance as well as to make an online test drive reservation, the specialized staff is always more helpful.

[starwarsconnection-blog]

The best cleaning additive for diesel, petrol and LPG injectors

Choosing a good injectors cleaning additive is essential for engine efficiency and durability.

The additive for injectors is a product that in recent years has literally invaded the market, although unfortunately not all brands guarantee the same effectiveness and prices are not entirely equivalent.

In this article, you will find out what they are, how they work and what additives to choose to really preserve your car's engine.

Protective Additive or Cleaner Additive: which to choose? Before going into the world of injectors, it is essential to clarify something often ignored by most of my clients.

The injectors market, regardless of the brand and type of fuel, generally offers two types of additives: the protective and the injector cleaner. The protective does not clean anything and does not solve any problem, but simply prevents the formation of deposits and deposits on the injectors, keeping them efficient over time. The cleaner is used to eliminate carbon deposits and other encrustations on the injectors and its use is therefore highly recommended when there is already a problem with the injectors.

Obviously the protective costs much less than the cleaner and is the reason why it is often chosen by many customers who simply look at the coast without inquiring about the product. Almost no one is aware of the fact that the protective does not solve any problem but keeps the plant clean (if it was already before its use) and therefore often remain dissatisfied because they do not solve the problem. When buying an injector additive you have to be very careful in understanding if you are choosing a cleaner additive rather than a protective one.

Many manufacturers recommend to always use a protective (diesel, petrol or LPG) at each coupon. In case of problems recommend the use of the cleaner and then continue to use the protective additive over time.

Why is an injectors cleaning additive needed in modern engines? Modern engines have a much more sophisticated and delicate injection system than in the past. The new injection systems have made it possible to improve performance and adapt cars to increasingly stringent European anti-pollution directives .

Whatever the power supply of your car: petrol, diesel or LPG, you will have to preserve the efficiency of the injectors.

The petrol engines have long been electronically managed, but the plant has remained very simple and reliable.

The diesel engines have a much more complex system, expensive and prone to breakdowns. If you have a diesel I strongly recommend that you keep the injection system efficient (high pressure pump and injectors). If you want to learn more fuel injector cleaner. Visit automobileremedy.com

[fincrew]

When your fuel pump fails, it can be a costly problem for you and your vehicle. Costs of repairing or replacing a fuel pump can vary widely from vehicle to vehicle. However, parts and labor prices for a fuel pump replacement can range from RM100 to RM700. Keep reading if you’re having trouble with your car, wondering if the fuel pump is faulty, or budgeting for repair. This section will discuss what a fuel pump is, how it works, the types of fuel pumps, and how much they cost.

What Is a Fuel Pump?

Fuel pumps deliver fuel to fuel injectors to inject energy into combustion engines. Carburetor engines typically use mechanical fuel pumps mounted outside fuel tanks that operate under low pressure. In addition to carburetor engines, diesel engines often use two main fuel pumps powered by electricity to improve efficiency. Two pumps are located inside the fuel tank: one pumps fuel into the tank at low pressure, and the other pumps energy into the engine at a higher pressure. An engine’s air-fuel mixture must be optimized for maximum efficiency and proper functioning for the fuel pump to operate effectively. The air-fuel ratio becomes disrupted by adding more fuel to the engine, preventing energy from burning efficiently.

What Does a Fuel Pump Do?

Fuel pumps extract fuel from the tank and transport it to the engine through the fuel system. Fuel pumps, however, are not all the same. Automobile fuel pumps can be mechanical or electric.

Mechanical

In this part, there is a lever, crankshaft, and either a diaphragm or plunger in a mechanical fuel pump. Through a series of one-way valves, the lever is operated by a camshaft that moves it up and down, pushing the diaphragm or plunger. Having a mechanical fuel pump isn’t as common now that carburetors aren’t used in cars, but if you have a mechanical fuel pump, replacing it will be less expensive than buying a new automatic unit.

Electric

An electric fuel pump works similarly, but it is powered by an electric motor instead of a crankshaft. Modern vehicles with fuel injection typically use electric fuel pumps. Pumps of this type can also help decrease gas usage and supply fuel to cars with advanced fuel systems, such as those that stop and start while idling at a stoplight.

Cost Of Replacing a Fuel Pump

Based on the car model and labor costs, fuel pump replacement can cost RM100 and RM800. An average fuel pump costs between RM50 and RM400, and labor costs between RM50 and RM400. If you have an electronic fuel pump on your petrol engine, the fuel pump is often not very expensive. Paying a mechanic to replace it is the costly part. Pumps are usually located inside the fuel tank, so you can reach them with a cover under the back seat if you’re lucky. However, detach the fuel tank completely to access it in some cars. Imagine how long this takes.

Fincrew Extended Warranty

If you have some experience, you can do it yourself, but it will be a nasty job and bad for your health. The cost of replacing the mechanical fuel pump in a diesel engine is much higher than that of a gasoline engine. The replacement cost of these pumps can be extremely high if you are unlucky, and they can cost up to RM1500 if you are not. To avoid paying such high cost, you can consider car extended warranty to have a peace of mind.

[roadfly]

BMW introduced the all-new 7th generation 2019 BMW 3 Series at the Paris Auto Show. The design is very complimentary to the previous generation. They announced we will see an M version in the Spring of 2019. Another big announcement was that there will be a plug-in electric version of the 3 Series available in summer 2019. Everything you ever wanted to know about the new 3 series is below.

3 Preview videos below Highlights images.

Full photo gallery below the videos

Full press release from BMW below the photo gallery

Scroll to the bottom to view the full specs for both the 330i and 330xi.

BMW released a few videos to showcase the all-new 2019 3 Series.

Video: 2019 BMW 3 Series 330i Introduction by BMW

Video: 2019 BMW 3 Series Driving, Interior and Personal Assistant

Video: BMW 3 Series Being Built at the Factory in Munich

2019 BMW 3 Series 330i and 330xi Photo Gallery

The seventh generation of BMW’s iconic sports sedan.

New generation of design, suspensions, engines and technology.

330i and 330i xDrive on sale March 2019.

Pricing starts at $40,250 + $995 Destination for the 330i.

M340i and M340i xDrive Sedans to arrive in Spring 2019.

330e model planned for 2020.

Woodcliff Lake, NJ – Oct. 2, 2018. Today, BMW proudly introduces the seventh generation of the iconic sports sedan, the BMW 3 Series. Over the past 40 years, no single model has embodied the concept of the Ultimate Driving Machine better than the BMW 3 Series Sedan. Modern design, agile handling, exceptional efficiency and innovative equipment features, all signature characteristics of a BMW, have been raised to a higher level through tireless engineering and testing. The new 2019 BMW 3 Series sedan represents not only the core of the BMW 3 Series range (of which over 15 million units have been sold worldwide) but also the heart and passion of the BMW brand.

When the first BMW 3 Series arrived on U.S. shores in 1976 as a successor to the iconic BMW 2002, it built upon the sport sedan foundation pioneered by that model and launched a new name: the BMW 3 Series that would become BMW’s most successful model – a status it retains to this day. Over the course of six model generations, the BMW 3 Series has ranked as the world’s biggest-selling premium car, led the way for high-performance powertrain and chassis technology and earned a reputation as a pioneer of technological innovations in its segment. The latest edition of the car sees BMW building on the sporting tradition of the 3 Series, whose exploits in race competition have earned it many accolades. The seventh generation of the sports sedan moves the game on once again in terms of driving dynamics, not to mention premium quality and innovation, in its segment.

BMW 330i: more power and torque Boasting numerous detail upgrades, the new 2.0-liter, inline 4-cylinder powering the new 2019 BMW 330i unit delivers 255 hp between 5,000 and 6,500 rpm and a peak torque of 295 lb-ft from 1,550 to 4,400 rpm. The 7 hp increase in output and the extra 37 lb-ft of torque compared with the predecessor engine are the result of the focused optimization of the BMW TwinPower Turbo system – which is made up a twin-scroll turbocharger, High Precision Injection direct petrol injection, VALVETRONIC fully variable valve timing and Double-VANOS variable camshaft timing. The High Precision Injection system ensures precise fuel metering and particularly clean combustion, its new fuel pump generating maximum pressure of 350 bar compared with the 200 bar of the previous version. The improved direct injection system enables optimal fuel flow through the combustion chambers with atomized fuel delivered by multi-hole injectors. Other characteristics of this engine include a lighter crankshaft, reduced internal friction, optimized heat management and a new digital engine management system. An impressive 0 to 60 mph time of 5.6 seconds belies the enhanced efficiency of the new BMW 330i Sedan.

The 2019 BMW 330i arrives in March 2019 with a starting price of $40,250 plus $995 destination. The 330i xDrive sedan will start at $42,250 plus $995 destination.

In addition to the 4 cylinder 330i, the line-up will expand further to include a BMW M Performance version with extremely sporting characteristics and a BMW iPerformance model with the latest plug-in hybrid drive technology.

BMW M340i and M340i xDrive M Performance Spring of 2019 will see the arrival of the BMW M340i and M340i xDrive Sedans. The new BMW M Performance model will showcase the full dynamic potential of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. An updated six-cylinder in-line gasoline engine, M Performance chassis tuning, optional xDrive intelligent all-wheel drive and the standard M Sport rear differential will deliver performance attributes that will impress any driver.

The new version of the straight-six engine developed for the BMW M340i xDrive Sedan will produce 382 hp and peak torque of 369 lb-ft. A 0–60 mph time of 4.2 seconds (provisional figure) takes the BMW M Performance model into performance territory inhabited by high-caliber sports cars.

8-speed Sport Steptronic transmission: improvement and greater integration The new 2019 BMW 330i and 330i xDrive Sedans are equipped with the 8-speed Sport Steptronic transmission as standard. The latest upgrade of this sport automatic transmission sees a wider gear spread (from 7.8 to 8.2 and also increases internal efficiency and improves vibration suppression. There is a new control unit and further enhanced gearshift dynamics. In addition to the optimized hydraulic control system, the shorter gearing for the lower ratios boosts the acceleration capability of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. The 8HP 8-speed Sport Steptronic transmission delivers even shorter shift times and a Launch Control function for highly dynamic, traction optimized acceleration off the line than previous versions. Shift paddles on the steering wheel allow manual gear selection.

Intelligent connectivity enables the sport automatic transmission to adapt its shift strategy according to the route and driving situation. With the optional Navigation system, the 8-speed Sport Steptronic transmission uses data from this system and from the Active Cruise Control system’s radar sensor. This makes it possible for the transmission to avoid unnecessary gear changes when negotiating a series of fast corners and, when approaching a vehicle ahead, for example, to shift down early in order to use the engine braking to scrub off speed.

The Auto Start Stop function and the coasting function available in conjunction with the 8-speed Steptronic transmission in the new BMW 3 Series Sedan also use data supplied by the optional navigation system with data from the standard Active Guard driving assistance systems’ front camera. In this way, inefficient engine shutdown – for example when stopping briefly at junctions or roundabouts – can be prevented. Movement of vehicles ahead is registered in order to determine the ideal moment for the Auto Start Stop function to stop and start the engine. The coasting function is now available when either ECO Pro or COMFORT mode is selected using the Driving Experience Control switch between 9 and 99 mph. The efficiency-enhancing decoupling of the powertrain only takes place in driving situations where performance and comfort are not compromised. If the driver suddenly lifts off the accelerator, the powertrain stays connected so that engine braking can be used to support deceleration. For the same reason, powertrain disconnection is also prevented when approaching a junction or a vehicle ahead.

BMW xDrive: fully variable and more efficient. The latest version of the intelligent all-wheel-drive system splits drive torque between the front and rear wheels more efficiently than in the previous 3 Series model. The fully variable power transfer ensures maximum traction and directional stability in all road and weather conditions while also promoting sportier handling. This functionality comes courtesy of the electronically controlled multi-plate clutch in the transfer case which links up with the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system and constantly adjusts power transmission – precisely and in a fraction of a second – in response to the driving situation. In this way, any tendency of the vehicle to oversteer or understeer greatly reduced.

The system’s rear-biased set-up helps ensure the new BMW 3 Series Sedan retains the exhilarating driving experience drivers expect from a BMW. Sending more drive power to the rear wheels under normal driving increases agility when cornering. In situations which do not require all-wheel drive, the efficiency of BMW xDrive is increased by directing all the engine’s torque to the rear wheels. The weight of the system has also been reduced, while optimized oil supply increases internal efficiency.

Chassis Technology: Sportiness and comfort When developing the body structure and chassis technology of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan, a number of clear priorities were used: enhanced driving dynamics, agile handling characteristics, high-precision steering and superior braking performance. The foundations for these attributes are provided by weight optimization, a low center of gravity, a perfect 50:50 front/rear weight distribution and, above all, by the increase in the front and rear track compared with the predecessor model, significantly increased camber values for the front wheels and the substantial increase in the stiffness of the body structure and suspension mountings. Overall body rigidity is up 25 percent, rising to as much as a 50 percent improvement in certain areas. The increased rigidity of the body and suspension mountings enables the M Sport suspension and Adaptive M suspension to go about their work in the most efficient way possible allowing for suspension spring rates to be increased by 20 percent over the previous-generation BMW 3 Series Sedan without loss of comfort.

In addition to these measures, new shock absorber technology has been developed for the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. Used for the first time in a BMW model, the lift-related dampers are part of the car’s standard chassis and make a major contribution to the unique balance of sportiness and comfort – unrivalled by any other manufacturer – which defines the character of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. The car’s handling and steering dynamics can be fine-tuned with a series of precisely matched chassis options. The functionally coordinated interplay of suspension, steering, tires, brake system and differential lock makes sport driving an effortlessly enjoyable experience.

Lightweight construction and increased rigidity deliver greater agility. The rigorous testing and development of the new chassis design enhances the agility of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan in a number of ways. Many details of the proven double-joint spring strut front suspension and five-link rear suspension have been upgraded. Along with the sportier handling, the car’s ride comfort and acoustics have both been improved. Aluminum swivel bearings and control arms for the front axle, aluminum wheel mounts and a new generation of wheel bearings for the rear axle significantly reduce unsprung mass. The front axle – with its increased level of component rigidity, the shear panels used to connect the axle to the body and its specially tuned kinematics – enhances both steering precision and cornering dynamics. Factors contributing to the high level of comfort provided by the sedan include a hydraulically damped torque strut bearing, which eliminates vibration and oscillation. At the rear axle, extremely rigid control arms and axle sub-frames along with the use of thrust arms for the body mounting ensure very precise wheel location.

Body weight reduced by as much as 121 lbs., drag coefficient as low as 0.26. As with the individual chassis components, the weight of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan’s body construction has been reduced. The progress achieved through BMW efficient lightweight measures is rooted in an intelligent material mix including increased use of high-strength steels and aluminum. The body-in-white is 44 lbs. lighter than the outgoing model and the front spring struts and engine sub-frame of the BMW 3 Series Sedan are now made of aluminum. This reduces the weight of the body structure by some 16.5 lbs. compared with the predecessor model. A further weight saving of almost 33 lbs. is achieved through the use of aluminum for the hood and front fenders.

The optimization of its aerodynamic characteristics benefits not only the efficiency of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan, but also its performance. The drag coefficient (Cd) of the BMW 3 Series sedan has been reduced to a low 0.26, a reduction of .03 Cd over the previous BMW 3 Series. Factors responsible for the new segment-leading figures include the almost completely sealed underbody, aerodynamically optimized wheels, the use of Air Curtains at the front of the car and the latest generation of active air flap control, which extends across the BMW kidney grille and lower air intake.

Premiere for lift-related dampers. A newly developed suspension and damping system contributes to the beautifully balanced handling of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. The introduction of lift-related damper control reduces body movement perceptibly smoothing out vibrations caused by bumpy road surfaces and dynamic cornering, which paves the way for sporty, authoritative handling. The system adds extra hydraulic damping at the front axle and a compression limiting system at the rear. It is continuously variable and adjusts the damper firmness progressively according to the changing spring travel. This prevents excessive body dive when driving over large bumps and so avoids uncomfortable, nervous damping response.

At the front axle, the first line of defense against body vibrations is an additional element within the inner sleeve of the damper. Only when greater loads are encountered does the entire damper become active. The rear dampers adapt continuously to the driving situation. Even when the vehicle is carrying heavier loads, they provide the ideal degree of hydraulic damping for the situation at hand. Lift-related damping is an active element of the suspension set-up and is designed specifically to optimize the balance between sportiness and comfort. The positive effect of progressive suspension adjustment can also be felt in less demanding circumstances; even small bumps can trigger damper lift, which makes a noticeable difference in enhancing passenger comfort.

The new BMW 3 Series Sedan benefits from lift-related damping on both the standard and optional M Sport suspensions. With kinematics and elastokinematics clearly tuned for dynamic driving, the M Sport suspension features more rigid bearings and additional body struts, firmer springs and anti-roll bars, and an even higher degree of wheel camber.

During fast compression and rebound, the damping forces are some 20 percent greater than the values with the standard suspension. This means that the difference between the two suspension options is about twice as great as on the predecessor model. Another element of the M Sport suspension – which now also applies to the all-wheel-drive model variants of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan – is a 0.4 inch lower ride height.

Adaptive M suspension with electronically controlled dampers. As an alternative to the suspension variants with standard damper technology, customers can also specify Adaptive M suspension. This combines the characteristics of M Sport suspension with electronically controlled dampers. Able to deliver damping force to each wheel separately via continuously adjustable valves, it is both the sportiest and most comfortable suspension variant available for the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. The latest version of this damping system operates with new valves and an optimized control algorithm, which now also enables load-dependent control of the damping forces. In addition, switching between the different modes using the Driving Experience Control switch now results in a much more perceptible variation in the damping characteristics. In COMFORT mode, the electronically controlled dampers provide well-balanced long distance comfort, whereas in SPORT mode they encourage a much more dynamic driving style. As well as modifying the damper configuration, each setting also influences the steering, accelerator response and the shift dynamics of the Steptronic transmission. ADAPTIVE mode is now also available. With this setting selected, the car automatically adjusts its responses to the driving style and, depending on the equipment specified, to the route profile. The control system responds to accelerator and steering inputs and the position of the selector lever to make the powertrain and suspension characteristics sportier or more comfort-oriented. The map data supplied by the optional Navigation system Professional is also used to prepare the car for an upcoming junction or bend.

Variable sport steering: More direct, precise and agile The Electric Power Steering of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan comes standard with Servotronic speed-sensitive power assistance. Variable sport steering is part of the M Sport suspension and Adaptive M Sport suspension. With its variable ratio, which adjusts to changes in the steering angle, it is as adept at keeping the new BMW 3 Series Sedan effortlessly in a straight line as at maximizing cornering agility or turning and maneuvering comfort. In its latest form, the variable sport steering is more direct in its responses, even when only a slight steering input is applied. Cornering is precise and responsive, while the wheel angles required for parking maneuvers are achieved with less steering wheel input required.

M Sport brakes: High-performance lightweight brakes play a very important part in the sporty handling characteristics of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. The model-specific brake discs consist of a grey cast iron friction ring with an aluminum brake disc chamber to offer high performance combined with reduced weight. The M Sport brakes provide excellent braking performance and intuitive feel, whether negotiating city streets or driving around a circuit on a track day. Combining an extremely sporty set-up – with short pedal travel and a distinct pressure point – with outstanding thermal resistance, they provide lasting and effective stopping power. The M Sport brakes achieve this with a more direct ratio as well as a different hydraulic configuration including four piston fixed calipers at the front and single-piston floating calipers at the rear. All the brake calipers are painted blue and display the M logo.

The functions provided by the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system include not only anti-lock braking (ABS) and Dynamic Traction Control (DTC), but also a variety of stabilizing functions and the Start-Off Assistant. The standard Performance Control heightens the agility of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan by distributing the power to the rear wheels as the situation allows. In order to optimize directional stability during heavy braking on surfaces with differing levels of grip for the right-hand and left-hand wheels, a steering impulse is applied to help the driver correct the car’s line. The functioning of the electromechanical parking brake is integrated into the rear brake calipers by means of the DSC system.

M Sport differential optimizes traction, agility, stability and cornering dynamics. The M Sport differential for the rear axle is available as an option for the BMW 330i in combination with M Sport suspension or Adaptive M suspension. The electronically controlled, fully variable locking function in the rear differential helps to appreciably enhance traction and cornering. The active differential lock also has a positive effect on directional stability and agility.

Using the DSC system to precisely limit rotational speed equalization between the inside and outside rear wheel when cornering optimizes the transfer of power to the road in all driving situations. The locking effect produced by an electric motor allows as much as 1,106 lb-ft of torque to be redirected from the faster-turning wheel to the slower-turning one. This means that, during rapid cornering, for example, any tendency to understeer can be countered effectively. Here, the engine’s power, which cannot be transferred to the road by the unloaded wheel on the inside of a turn, is deliberately shifted to the wheel on the outside of the turn rather than applying the brakes to neutralize its effect. This draws the car into the bend allows and allows the new BMW 3 Series Sedan to accelerate out of the bend with grip and speed.

The effect of the M Sport differential will be equally noticeable in a series of fast bends. The distribution of power to each individual wheel prevents the tendency to oversteer in situations involving multiple changes of direction and load. Here, the transfer of more power to whichever wheel is on the inside of the bend enables the driver to stick to the chosen course with increased stability and confidence. Similarly, when the driver changes lanes and brakes at the same time, directional stability is optimized through the transfer of power between the right and left-hand rear wheels.

Exterior design: an expression of sporting prowess. The exterior design of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan uses a combination of precisely drawn lines and strikingly contoured surfaces to create a modern interpretation of the sporting aesthetic. Its new design language provides a clear showcase for the athletic character of the car. The new 3 Series Sedan is 2.9 inches longer than its predecessor, 0.6 inches wider and 0.5 inches taller. These dimensions lend the latest-generation model dynamically stretched proportions and a muscular stature. The car’s 1.6 inch longer wheelbase and increased track widths of +1.7 inches front and +0.8 inches rear, meanwhile, have a direct and positive influence on its poise and agility.

In keeping with the sporting theme, the front end of the BMW 3 Series Sedan cuts a wide, low-slung and aggressive figure. The large BMW kidney grill elements are framed by a single surround and split up by wide bars that link to the headlight units. A technically sophisticated and visually smaller interpretation of the customary BMW twin headlights gives them a road-focused stare. Their familiar two-way split is emphasized by an eye-catching notch in the front bumper that rises up into the headlight contour. Full-LED headlights come as standard, while LED headlights with extended features and U-shaped daytime driving lights are available as an option. The optional Adaptive LED headlights with BMW Laserlight stand apart with their hexagonal daytime driving light rings and blue, L-shaped elements in the inner and outer light sources.

The hood is shaped by four contour lines flowing towards the BMW kidney grill. At its leading edge, it sits flush with the upper edge of the headlights and kidney grill. Below it, the front bumper has large surfacing and a modern look. Both the optional front fog lamps and the Air Curtains are integrated into the outer air intakes, which are inserted into the front bumper in a horizontal T shape on Sport Line and Luxury Line models. This design was originally developed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) for the intake air in jet engines and later became a feature on racing cars.

The car’s hood, long wheelbase, short overhangs and elegantly flowing roofline accentuate its sporting profile when viewed from the side. A pair of character lines, which rise up to the rear of the car at door-handle level, strengthen the visual impact made by the forward-surging body. A contour line near the side skirts guides the eye to the sculpted rear wheel arches.

Another feature treated to a striking new look is the Hofmeister kink – the familiar counter-swing at the trailing edge of the side window graphic. A BMW hallmark, this element of the window frame is now integrated into the C-pillar, giving the rear doors a “freestanding” glass edge. The new design language majors on clear forms and precise lines, and this approach is also visible in the transition of the flanks into the car’s rear end. Surface contours flow stylistically into the rear bumper from the side skirts and extend in an upwards movement via the rear lights up to the spoiler lip on the trunk lid. Horizontal lines and the slim, stylishly darkened light units housing L-shaped LED taillights give the rear a wide and athletic stance. The T-shaped trim elements in the outer edges of the rear bumper – which also include a light function in the form of reflectors – mimic the design of the front air intakes on cars with standard specification and on Sport Line and Luxury Line models. The exhaust system’s 80 or 90-millimeter (depending on the model variant) twin tailpipes play a role in the car’s arrestingly sporty appearance.

From launch, customers can choose from two non-metallic colors and ten metallic shades for the exterior of their new BMW 3 Series Sedan, including the new Portimao Blue metallic and Vermont Bronze metallic.

Interior: a classy route to sporting flair. The brand’s new design language brings a clear arrangement of surfaces to the interior of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. This accentuates the increased spaciousness of the cabin and, together with the cockpit’s focus on the driver, enhances their focus on the road ahead. The instrument panel has a modern, light look, and its horizontal lines, high-quality electroplated trim strips and contours extending into the doors lend themselves to a feeling of width and elegance. The coordinated design of the door trim, instrument panel and center console create an all-round feeling of space and a sporting aura. With their dynamic lines and clasp-style door openers, the front and rear door trim panels create a neatly coherent impression. The newly designed instrument cluster and Control Display form a large surfaced screen grouping, while the controls not included in these units are clustered into clearly structured function panels. In the center of the instrument panel, the displays and buttons for the air conditioning and the central air vents form a sharply designed unit, while the light functions are operated from a panel of buttons next to the steering wheel. The start/stop button for the engine is now positioned in a classy control panel in the center console, where the gearshift lever or newly designed selector lever is joined by the iDrive Controller and the buttons for the Driving Experience Control switch unit and electromechanical parking brake.

The range of standard and optional interior trim elements available for the instrument panel and center console has been almost fully replaced. As well as elegant open-pore fine wood options, customers can choose from finishes including Aluminum Mesh Effect.

Distinctive style: Sport Line, Luxury Line and M Sport The equipment lines offered as an alternative to standard Sport Line specification for the new BMW 3 Series Sedan enable further individualization of the car’s appearance. Carefully coordinated design and equipment features for the exterior and interior allow the Sport Line model, Luxury Line model and M Sport model to focus more intently on either the dynamic driving experience or luxurious elegance of the four-door car. As well as a line-specific front- and rear bumper design, they also come with exclusive light-alloy wheels in 18-inch formats, bespoke door sill strips and LED front fog lamps.

The standard Sport Line model interior, includes trim strips in high-gloss black and sports seats for the driver and front passenger. The Luxury Line uses chrome applications for the BMW kidney grille, front air intakes and rear apron to bring out the car’s elegant side even more prominently. Vernasca leather trim, Sensatec instrument panel and door trim, and fine wood interior trim strips in high-gloss Ash grey brown enhance the interior’s premium ambience.

The M Sport model variant of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan is all about the complementing the car’s handling and appearance. The Line’s standard M Sport Suspension or optional Adaptive M Suspensions are enhanced by Variable Sport steering. This variant features larger air intakes in the front end and an equally distinctive design for the side skirts and rear bumper. These elements are joined by BMW Individual high-gloss Shadow Line trim, kidney grille bars in High-gloss Black, air intake trim in High-gloss Black and a rear diffuser in Dark Shadow. The design of the interior is also focused one-hundred per cent on the car’s sporty driving experience, thanks – among other things – to sports seats with M-specific upholstery, an M leather steering wheel, an anthracite-colored BMW Individual headliner and interior trim strips in Aluminum Tetragon.

Interior and equipment: Refined premium ambiance and innovative options. The cabin of the new 2019 BMW 3 Series Sedan was designed to offer a modern space with a focus on driving enjoyment. The driver, the front passenger and those travelling in the three rear seats will appreciate the extra space over the predecessor model, not just on long distance journeys but in everyday driving too. Higher quality materials, precise build quality and numerous meticulously crafted details set the tone for the refined premium character of the four-door sedan.

The standard sports seats provide very good lateral support and have an even greater range of adjustment. The new Vernasca leather upholstery available as an option has an exceptionally high quality feel. It comes in a choice of five colors and includes special decorative quilting and seam patterns, which vary according to the equipment line.

Shoulder room in the front of the cabin has increased while passengers in the rear benefit from more legroom, and all occupants now enjoy more headroom than in the new BMW 3 Series Sedan’s predecessor. Seating comfort in the rear has been improved significantly, and long journeys are now a more comfortable experience for the passenger in the middle of the three rear seats.

Getting in and out of the car is now easier for the rear passengers in the new car, as the modified roof edge and side skirt contouring has increased the height of the door aperture, while the distance between the front and rear seats has been extended by 0.4 inches. The rear compartment can accommodate a row of three child seats, two of which can be locked into place using ISOFIX anchor points. This is now an easier process, as the bars in question are positioned further to either side.

Optimized all-round visibility, glass roof with far larger surface area. The slender A-pillar trim, the new location of the Control Display and the rearview mirror’s ultra-slim frame all serve to optimize the view through the windscreen at the same time as adding to the interior’s more spacious feel. The view to the rear has also been significantly improved. Customers opting for the glass roof, will be greeted by a larger glass area that can be better enjoyed by rear seat passengers.

The new BMW 3 Series Sedan’s trunk capacity has been increased from 15.8 to 17.0 cubic feet, and its new partitioning into primary luggage compartment and separate storage compartments has created an additional 1.3 cubic feet of space. The optional Storage package adds features such as extra storage areas, partition nets on both sides of the trunk, bag hooks, and a 12V socket. The standard 40:20:40 split-folding rear backrest makes it easy to transport particularly large and bulky items. If the Comfort Access option is specified, the car will automatically unlock when the keyfob is detected in its immediate vicinity and lock again when it moves out of range. This feature’s functionality includes hands-free opening and closing of the trunk lid. A new movement sensor in the key permanently monitors whether the key is being carried (and therefore is always transmitting) or has been put down on a table, for example, allowing it to switch into standby mode with the transmit function deactivated.

Ambient lighting: an atmospheric interior mood The standard lighting for the cabin of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan is composed entirely of LEDs. This includes the reading and interior lights in the front and rear, as well as the lighting for the glove compartment, the storage compartment under the center armrest, the footwells, the mirrors in the sun visors and the boot, plus the courtesy lights in the doors. The optional ambient lighting results in atmospherically rich illumination of the cabin, which can also be adjusted as desired. The additional indirect lighting of the contour lines running along the instrument panel and the door paneling uses precisely positioned LED fiber-optic light guides to create a dynamic, exclusive mood. A total of six light colors and eleven combinations of brightness, light distribution and color scheme for all light sources in the interior can be selected from the iDrive menu. In addition, the Dynamic interior light function emits pulsating light signals in specific situations. These signals appear on the inner trim of an open door when the engine is running and on the instrument panel in response to an incoming phone call. Another of the optional ambient lighting’s functions is the Welcome Light Carpet, which illuminates the approach to the doors when they are unlocked using the central locking or a door is opened.

Adaptive LED headlights with BMW Laserlight. In standard specification, the task of illuminating the road ahead falls to full-LED headlights that use LED units not just for low beam and high beam, but also for the daytime driving lights and direction indicators. The optional LED headlights with extended features include a dynamic cornering light function, and employ U-shaped LED units in the inner and outer headlights as daytime driving lights. Automatic High Beams are available as an additional option in conjunction with both headlight variants. The LED fog lamps (also optionally available) are horizontal in form and integrated into the outer air intakes.

For even better visibility when driving at night, customers can opt for the Adaptive LED headlights with BMW Laserlight, which offer variable illumination of the road ahead and a non-dazzling high beam. Blue, L-shaped accents inside the signature twin headlights reveal the presence of this highly sophisticated lighting technology. Innovative technology is employed for cleaning the windshield too. The wiper arms with integral spray nozzles specially developed for the new BMW 3 Series Sedan allow the washer fluid to be distributed in a very even manner, ensuring it does not impair the view through the windscreen at whatever speed the car is travelling. Optimized acoustics: climate control, A-pillars, windscreen and doors

The new BMW 3 Series Sedan comes standard with a rain sensor, automatic headlights, a hands-free phone system and three-zone automatic climate control with independent control of the temperature and ventilation settings for the driver, front passenger and rear passengers. The acoustic properties of both systems have been improved. The air ducts and outlets have been redesigned and pressure losses reduced, leading to a perceptible decrease in flow noise when the ventilation, heating or air conditioning are operating.

Body improvements to divert wind noise further boost acoustic comfort, while the structural foam used to fill the A-pillars lessens the amount of wind noise that reaches the interior. Acoustic glass for the windscreen is part of standard specification for the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. This type of glass is available as an option for the side door windows.

Audio and sound The BMW Live Cockpit infotainment system with the standard hi-fi audio features ten speakers and an amplifier with 205 watts of output. Those looking to bring the ultimate in audio quality to the new BMW 3 Series Sedan, can select the optional Harman Kardon surround sound system, which upgrades the system to 16 speakers and a digital seven-channel amplifier generating output of 464 watts.

Driver Assistance Systems The new BMW 3 Series Sedan takes the exciting driving experience to new heights. But it also assumes a pioneering role when it comes to assistance systems designed to ease the driver’s workload in monotonous driving conditions – such as traffic jams – and lends a helping hand in awkward maneuvering situations. The new model generation offers a far wider choice of standard and optionally available systems which enhance specific aspects of comfort and safety. This array of advanced driver assistance systems takes the new BMW 3 Series Sedan further along the road to automated driving than any of its rivals.

Camera images and the data gathered by radar and ultrasonic sensors are used to monitor the vehicle’s surrounding area and either alert the driver to hazards or minimize the risk of an accident by means of corrective braking and steering. The optional Active Cruise Control with Stop and Go braking function helps to make life easier on long-distance journeys by automatically accelerating or slowing down the car to maintain the desired speed set by the driver. The set speed can be imported directly from the optional traffic sign recognition system’s display. The Active Cruise Control system with Stop & Go function goes even further to help the driver by not just maintaining the chosen cruising speed but also keeping a safe distance from vehicles travelling ahead. The system is operational in a speed range from 0 – 130 mph and is able to brake the vehicle to a standstill, if necessary. The maximum length of time that can pass before the car starts off again automatically has been extended to 30 seconds. In order to determine the ideal moment to pull away, the system’s sensors now register not only the vehicle immediately ahead, but the one in front of that as well.

The new BMW 3 Series Sedan comes standard with the Active Guard Collision and Pedestrian Warning with City Braking function, the latest version of which also alerts the driver when a cyclist is detected. Depending on the situation, the system can bring the vehicle to a halt to either avoid a collision or minimize its consequences. The optional Driving Assistant includes Lane Departure Warning and Blind Spot Detection systems, which operate from 44 – 130 mph and from 12 mph to the car’s top speed respectively, and help the driver to guide the car back onto the correct path with a steering input. The Driving Assistant’s remaining functions also include Rear Collision Protection and Cross-Traffic Alert, thereby reducing the risk of a collision when reversing into roads that are obstructed from the driver’s view. To help it keep an eye on what’s happening behind the car, Cross-Traffic Alert is able to employ both the radar sensors in the rear apron and the rear view camera.

Driving Assistant Professional: the ultimate in comfort and safety The optional Driving Assistant Professional offers the full complement of assistance systems for comfortable and safe motoring. Underpinning it all is a trifocal camera co-developed with Mobileye, working in conjunction with a front facing radar. This complete package makes its systems available in an exceptionally wide range of situations. In addition to all the components of the Driving Assistant and the Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go function, it also includes the Steering and Lane Keeping Assistant, which takes its cues from road markings and vehicles driving ahead and works together with the driver to help keep the vehicle in the detected lane. A dedicated button on the steering wheel’s left-hand spoke ensures the systems are easy to operate. Pushing it once activates both the Active Cruise Control and the Steering and Lane Keeping Assistant.

The Driving Assistant Professional also features the Lane Keeping Assistant with active side collision avoidance. As well as emitting visual warning signals and causing the steering wheel to vibrate, active side collision avoidance also uses a steering input to help avoid collisions. Rounding off the Driving Assistant Professional’s extensive list of functions are the evasion assistance, which now also reacts to pedestrians and Cross-Traffic Alert.

The Extended Traffic Jam Assistant is designed to help the driver during the most tedious driving environment, stop and go traffic. Designed to operate on limited access highways at speeds up to 37 mph, this system integrates Lane Keeping Assistant, Active Cruise Control with Stop and Go and a driver attention monitoring camera that removes the need to touch the steering wheel every 30-50 seconds if the driver’s attention is clearly on the road ahead.

BMW Head-Up Display: Larger projection area and optimized graphics The optional BMW Head-Up Display helps the driver to enjoy focused and extremely safe driving in the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. It projects driving-related information directly into the driver’s field of vision on the windshield, where it can be assimilated without the need to divert their eyes from the road. The latest generation of the system boasts a projection area 70 per cent larger than in the outgoing BMW 3 Series Sedan, plus enhanced graphics and additional display readings. The information projected by the BMW Head-Up Display includes the car’s speed, speed limits and overtaking restrictions, Check Control messages, status indicators and warnings from the assistance systems, detailed route guidance and turn instructions, and telephone and entertainment lists.

Another feature activated in conjunction with the BMW Head-Up Display is distance warning, which is part of the Active Cruise Control system’s set of functions and flashes up a graphic icon to alert the driver when they get closer to the vehicle in front than the pre-set minimum distance.

Parking Assistance Package Plus with Back-Up Assistant: maneuvering with ease Drivers of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan are also able to rely on the comprehensive support of innovative assistance systems when parking and maneuvering. The optional Park Distance Control (PDC) with sensors at both the front and rear provides visual and acoustic signals to prevent collisions with obstacles located to the side or rear of the vehicle. The optional Parking Assistance Package goes further with Automatic Parking, which automatically selects either parallel or perpendicular spaces along to the road, and maneuvering into them. The latest version of the system takes care of steering the car, accelerating, braking and automatic transmission shifting. What’s more, Automatic Parking can now also be used to automatically maneuver out of parallel parking spaces. Here, the driver first specifies the direction in which the parking space is to be exited by switching on the turn signal for the appropriate side. The system then guides the vehicle – using reversing and steering inputs – into a position from which the driver can leave the parking space with the steering turned to the same angle.

Another of the Parking Assistant’s features is the innovative Back-Up Assistant, which helps the driver to exit parking spots or maneuver when space is limited. This system is the only one of its kind in the new BMW 3 Series Sedan’s segment. Back-Up Assistant offers the highly convenient option of automated reversing in confined spaces or situations where the driver does not have a clear view, such as narrow parking garages or entrances to courtyards. To do this, the system stores the steering movements for any section the car has just driven forward along at no more than 22 mph. The system is then able to reverse the vehicle for distances of up to 50 yards by steering it along exactly the same line it has just taken when moving forward, while all the driver has to do is operate the accelerator and brake pedals and monitor the area around the car. The Back-Up Assistant can back the car up at a maximum 5.5 mph.

The rear view camera and the functions included with the optional Parking Assistant Package provide drivers with an excellent overview of the situation when parking or exiting parking spaces. The Park View, Panorama View and Remote 3D Top View features are used to create a 360° image of the vehicle and its surroundings – from different perspectives – in the Control Display. Meanwhile, the Remote 3D View function gives drivers the ability to call up a three-dimensional live image of their vehicle and its immediate vicinity on their smartphone.

Displays and iDrive: Premier for the BMW Intelligent Personal Assistant Making its debut in the new BMW 3 Series Sedan is the BMW Intelligent Personal Assistant, an intelligent, digital character that responds to the prompt “Hey BMW”. The BMW Group is set to revolutionize driving pleasure with the BMW Intelligent Personal Assistant and, in so doing, enter a new era in which drivers will increasingly be able to operate their car and access its functions and information simply by speaking. The range of functions and skills available will be constantly expanded as part of regular updates.

BMWs acquire a digital personality The BMW Intelligent Personal Assistant learns routines and habits, and is subsequently able to apply them in the appropriate context. He helps the driver, learns their preferences and is familiar with their favored settings – e.g. for the seat heating or the places they drive to frequently using the navigation system (“Take me home”). It is familiar with the vehicle’s functions and is able to operate them as required. Saying “Hey BMW, I’m cold” will prompt the BMW Intelligent Personal Assistant to adjust the temperature inside the car accordingly. The assistant will benefit from technical upgrades and be able to learn more and more preferences and favored settings. The assistant takes further strides forward with every command given, every question asked and every setting selected.

A constant on-board companion: the digital BMW expert The arrival of the BMW Intelligent Personal Assistant ensures there is always a genuine BMW professional on board. He is able to explain all sorts of different functions (“How does the High Beam Assistant work?”), provide current status information (“Is the oil level okay?”) and help answer questions (“What warning messages do I have?”). He knows the driver’s favorite settings, and can even activate a combination of them to enhance well-being. For instance, “Hey BMW, I feel tired” triggers a vitality program that adjusts the lighting mood, music and temperature, among other things, in order to make the driver feel more awake.

The perfect driver assistant The Intelligent Personal Assistant is, in short, the ideal co-driver and comes in particularly useful during everyday driving (“Hey BMW, what is the closest gas station on my route”). To make navigation particularly easy, drivers can give him access to their calendar and contacts, which will enable him to find parking spaces at the destination, provide information on traffic jams along the route and remind the driver when they need to set off. It also learns destinations the customer drives to frequently.

BMW Digital Key: turning the smartphone into a car key The BMW Digital Key employs Near Field Communication (NFC) technology to allow the new BMW 3 Series Sedan to be locked and unlocked from a compatible smartphone, removing the need for a conventional car key. Holding the smartphone up to the door handle opens the car. Once inside, the engine can be started as soon as the phone has been placed in the wireless charging or smartphone tray. Accessible via the BMW Connected app, the Digital Key offers unrivalled flexibility. The BMW Digital Key is compatible for all NFC-capable Samsung Galaxy smartphones running Android 8.0 and above. Compatibility is limited to select carriers.

Connected Navigation with new digital services “Connected Navigation” encompasses a number of digital services that are designed to turn seamless and contextual route planning both inside and outside the BMW into a more sophisticated experience. Drivers of the new BMW 3 Series Sedan will be able to send destinations from various apps straight to their car’s navigation system. The most important destinations will be stored in BMW Connected and synchronized with the car, so that the key addresses can be accessed from any device at any time. One particularly helpful new feature is the Parking Finder, which proposes various parking options to the driver before the destination is reached. This service includes providing information on parking garages as well as on street parking spaces with a particularly good chance of being available near the destination. The existing On-Street Parking Information and ParkNow services have been intelligently incorporated into the new assistant’s scope of functions.

BMW iDrive display and control: The right information at the right time The newly designed instrument cluster/Control Display screen grouping and extended functionality take intuitive operation to the next level in the new BMW 3 Series Sedan, while helping drivers to concentrate even more effectively on the road ahead. The standard BMW Live Cockpit features iDrive 6.0 with an 8.8-inch digital touchscreen Control Display and a 5.7-inch digital instrument color display.

The optional BMW Live Cockpit Professional upgrades the interface with a 12.3-inch high-resolution digital instrument cluster display and a 10.25-inch digital touch screen Control Display featuring the all-new iDrive 7.0 Operating System. This equipment package also features the Connected Navigation system, a hard drive-based multimedia system with 20 GB of memory, Touch Controller, one USB-A and one USB-C port for data transfer, Apple CarPlay and WiFi interface.

BMW Live Cockpit Professional also brings enhanced BMW iDrive 7.0 benefits to the new BMW 3 Series Sedan. The latest generation of BMW iDrive boasts fully digital displays and is geared even more closely to the driver’s personal needs – with the aim of maximizing their attention levels. The system’s clear presentation and structuring are designed to provide drivers with the right information at the right time, aided further by the customizable and personalized displays. The redesigned information display in the middle of the instrument cluster now leaves enough room for an excerpt from the navigation map, for instance. In the main menu on the Control Display, the driver is able to configure up to ten pages, each showing two to four pads (tiles) with live content.

The intuitive multimodal interaction between driver and vehicle has undergone further improvement. The Control Display graphics adapt depending on the operating method, the voice control system (based on natural language understanding) is better than ever before and the optional BMW gesture control now works with two extra gestures, bringing the total to seven. Depending on the situation, the driver can operate the various functions using the familiar iDrive Controller, the steering wheel controls, touch control, voice control or gesture control.

2019 BMW 3 Series 330i & 330xi Specifications

Introducing the 2019 BMW 3 Series Sedan BMW introduced the all-new 7th generation 2019 BMW 3 Series at the Paris Auto Show. The design is very complimentary to the previous generation.

[nervousangeltyphoon]

Brief on Features and Applications of Solvent Dyes, and The Chemistry of Pigments

The selection of solvent for preparing a working electrode (and to act as the electrolyte) is known to influence the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. In this topical review, results taken from a systematic study are presented from the authors’ own lab examining how protic and aprotic solvents, as well as solvent polarity, affect adsorption of carboxylic dyes on the titanium dioxide nanoparticle surface and electron injection from the dye to the semiconductor. Adsorption of dye molecules on nanoparticle surfaces is measured through second harmonic light scattering and electron injection through ultrafast transient mid-infrared absorption. It is revealed that protic solvents do not allow direct adsorption of the dye onto the semiconductor surface, due to hydrogen bonding with the dye and competitive binding to the semiconductor surface. Aprotic solvents, on the other hand, support solvation of the dye molecules but also facilitate dye adsorption on the semiconductor nanoparticle. Among aprotic solvents, it is found that solvents with higher polarity result in larger adsorption free energy for the dye and faster electron injection. Overall, these studies reveal that aprotic solvents with high solvent polarity (such as acetonitrile) yield more efficient solar cell devices.

The world of dyes and pigments is vast and there are innumerable varieties of these colorants to fulfill the requirements of varied industrial and commercial sectors. Acid dyes, basic dyes, solvent dyes, lake colors, pigment colors are just to name a few from the vast ocean of colors. This article will talk in brief about the solvent dye.

Solvent dye is a dye that is soluble in plastics or organic solvents. When it goes with an organic solvent the dyeing process occurs in a solution. As the molecules of solvent dyes have a very small polarity or none at all there is no ionization involved in the dyeing process as it does, say, with acid dyes. Solvent dyes are normally water insoluble. One commonly used organic solvent with solvent dyes that is non-polar is petrol.

As for the naming of solvent dyes a standardized pattern is followed. In the pattern, the first word is always ‘solvent’ which is followed by the dye color and then a distinguishing number. For example, the varied shades of red are segregated by the distinct number that comes after the shade name like ‘Solvent Red 49’, ‘Solvent Red 1’, and ‘Solvent Red 24’ and so on.  Another example of the shade red occurring in another type of dye is Pigment Red 48 which is an azo derivative from naphthalene.

Solvent dyes are pretty versatile and have found their way into a number of applications. One of their common uses is in the automotive sector to impart color to petrol fuel and other lubricants. Varied hydrocarbon based non-polar materials such as waxes and candles, coatings and wood stains are colored with the aid of solvent dyes. In the printing industry they go towards marking inkjet inks, inks and glass coloration. Textile printing is followed by the media industry where the solvent dyes are used for magazines and newspapers.

Dyeing of plastics is another application which uses solvent dyes because of its chemical compatibility. In the plastics industry these dyes lend color to a number of solid materials like nylon, acetates, polyester, PVC, acrylics, PETP, PMMA, styrene monomers, polystyrene and other fiber. They are also increasingly being used for smoke signaling in the pyrotechnics industry. A mention has to be made of its application in scientific research and medical diagnostics. Here, the solvent dye is used as an important component to produce stains that help in identification of varied components in a cell structure.

There are several advantages offered by solvent dyes that have led to its wide use in varied applications. Color shade consistency, superior light fastness, resistance to migration, good thermal stability, extremely dissolvable in plastics and lack of precipitation even after extensive storage are just to name some of its superior attributes.

However, sourcing solvent dyes from reputed solvent dyes manufacturers is highly important. This guarantees you the quality of the product and its effectiveness in the application it shall be used for. There are several reputed manufactures of these dyes and the names can be easily obtained from the online yellow pages.

At the heart of every drop of paint, every thread of cloth, every bit of your brightly colored phone case is a pigment. Pigments are the compounds added to materials to give them color. This deceptively simple application has shaped our perception of the world via art, fashion, and even computer displays and medicine. Pigments are used in paints, inks, plastic applications, fabrics, cosmetics, and food.

Some of the earliest chemistry was to make and isolate pigments for paints, and pigment conservation is a focus for many modern researchers who identify and preserve artwork.

Get to know pigments

But what is a organic pigment, exactly? Pigments are brightly colored, insoluble powders (brightly colored liquids are called dyes). In most cases, the bright color is a result of the material absorbing light in the visible spectrum. In inorganic pigments, this absorption is the result of charge transfer between a metal (transition metals are really good at this); organic pigments tend to have conjugated double bonds that absorb visible wavelengths.

Pigments are mixed with binders to attach them to a substrate. The resulting suspension—a paint—is used to coat materials and impart color onto them. In industry, there are three pigment classes: absorption pigments (used in watercolor paints), metal effect pigments (used to create surface luster), and pearlescent pigments.

Pigments are found in nature, such as ochre (a blend of iron oxides and hydroxides) and indigo (C16H10N2O2). They can also be synthetic pigments such as mauve (an aniline derivative) or white lead. White lead, one of the earliest synthetic pigments, is made by treating sheets of lead with vinegar. They are often more robust than dyes, which dissolve in the material they are coloring. Pigments can keep their color for many centuries and withstand high heat, intense light, and exposure to weather or chemical agents.  

Cataloging colors

Because of their prominence in art, pigments have an important place in history. The Forbes Pigment Collection, housed in the Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies at the Harvard Art Museums, catalogs and preserves more than 2,500 pigments. Its founder, Edward Forbes, started the collection by gathering pigment samples from his travels all over the world, including colors like mummy brown, made from ground-up mummies, and carmine red (C22H15AlCaO13), obtained from cochineal insects.

The Forbes Pigment Collection is often used as a reference library to standardize colors and identify pigment samples from artworks, which can confirm or disprove the piece’s origins. For instance, in 2007, a painting supposedly by Jackson Pollock was discovered to be a forgery when chemical analysis revealed the presence of pigments that weren’t available until decades after his death (Custer, 2007).

Furthermore, many artists had personal preferences and favored certain pigments over others. Thus, knowing which pigments were used, and whether they were in character for the artist or not, can help art historians determine an art piece’s authenticity.

The Forbes Pigment Collection, which boasts more than 60 natural samples, also highlights one of the challenges with natural pigments. Natural pigments were gathered from nature, for example, ore deposits, minerals, and flowers. But tiny shifts in chemical composition or particle growth cause specific shades to vary significantly due to impurities present in the sample.

Analyzing and understanding the high performance pigment used in paintings is also vital to artwork restoration and preservation. Many pigments chemically, like coating and paints, react with ambient light and humidity, as well as harsher substances like soot and smoke from cigars or fireplaces. Pigments may oxidize, dissolve in acid or water, undergo phase transitions, react with the binders in the paint, or degrade.

For example, eosin Y was a pigment historically favored by many artists, most notably Vincent van Gogh. Initially a vibrant red, exposure to light gradually turns eosin white as UV radiation excites the pigment molecules and leads to the production of OH radicals. This breaks down the structure of the pigment, and eventually turns it white. Knowing such information allows art historians to better conserve art.

[sandlerresearch]

CNG & LPG Vehicle Market by Vehicle Body Type (Passenger Cars, Three-wheelers & Commercial Vehicles) Fuel Type (CNG & LPG), By Kit type (Venturi & Sequential), By Fitting (OE & Aftermarket), by Engine System Type and by Region - Global Forecast to 2026 published on

https://www.sandlerresearch.org/cng-lpg-vehicle-market-by-vehicle-body-type-passenger-cars-three-wheelers-commercial-vehicles-fuel-type-cng-lpg-by-kit-type-venturi-sequential-by-fitting-oe-aftermarket-by-engine.html

CNG & LPG Vehicle Market by Vehicle Body Type (Passenger Cars, Three-wheelers & Commercial Vehicles) Fuel Type (CNG & LPG), By Kit type (Venturi & Sequential), By Fitting (OE & Aftermarket), by Engine System Type and by Region - Global Forecast to 2026

“The growth of the CNG and LPG vehicle market can be attributed to the increasing demand for efficient and low emission commuting and government support for use of CNG and LPG vehicles across the globe.”

The global electric vehicle charging station market size is projected to reach 4,389 thousand units sales by 2026, from an estimated 2,135 thousand units in 2021, at a CAGR of 15.5%. Governments are supporting CNG and LPG vehicles through subsidies & tax rebates for using low emission vehicles and working in collaboration with such OEM’s to speed up growth of their countries.

Increased demand for efficient and low emission vehicles along with government support will boost the CNG and LPG vehicle market. Consumers from developing countries are already feeling the heat of the increasing cost of petrol. CNG and LPG vehicles use can reduce the operating cost of these vehicles. To make the CNG and LPG vehicle market grow, a continued support from the government will be needed along with the growing numbers of bi-fuel and dual fuel vehicle users and reduced initial cost of adding CNG and LPG options for the vehicles.

However, COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a significant impact on the CNG and LPG vehicle market. Both the production and sales of CNG and LPG vehicles had come to a halt in Q1 and Q2 of 2020 across the globe as the whole ecosystem had been disrupted. However, in the next two quarters, the sale of CNG and LPG vehicles had been growing. OEMs had to wait until lockdowns were lifted to resume production, which affected their business. Post the pandemic, the demand for CNG and LPG vehicles might increase, as people are getting increasingly conceous for reducing emissions from vehicles around the world.

“The Passenger vehicle Segment is expected to be the largest market in the vehicle body segment in the forecast.”

Passenger cars are motor vehicles primarily used to transport passengers and have up to 9 seating capacity, including the driver. Some major types of passenger vehicles include sedan, hatchback, MPV/minivan, SUV/4X4, CUV/crossover, pickup, coupe, convertible, and station wagon. Many OEMs have been developing CNG and LPG fuel passenger cars over the years. Major manufacturers in this segment include Suzuki Motor Corporation, Honda Motor Company, Hyundai Group, Volkswagen AG, and Ford Motor Company.  Governments around the world have been encouraging the use of CNG and LPG as low emission vehicles for passenger vehicles.

 “Heavy-duty segment is expected to be the fastest growing in the vehicle type segment during the forecast period.”

The sales of heavy-duty CNG and LPG vehicles are projected to significantly increase during the forecast period due to the trend of commercial vehicles worldwide moving towards the usage of low emission fuels. This projected increase is also attributed to many countries around the world adopting new regulations to lower emissions on a large scale. These countries have encouraged the growth of CNG and LPG fuels especially in the heavy duty vehicles segment where electric vehicles are less of a competition to CNG and LPG vehicles market.

“Sequential Kit segment is expected to be fastest growing in the Kit segment in the forecast period.”

The sequential kit is a much better option for vehicles. In this type of kit, the alternative fuel flow is controlled by injectors and directly sent into the intake manifold of the petrol injectors. Gas flow is monitored and fixed electronically by a separate ECU. Sequential engines, however, can only be installed on vehicles that have electronic fuel injection systems. Sequential injection systems offer better mileage and higher performance than venture kits. However, sequential kits perform best with high compression engines only.

In-depth interviews were conducted with CEOs, marketing directors, other innovation and technology directors, and executives from various key organizations operating in this market.

By Company Type:Tier I – 52%, Tier II – 12%, and OEMs – 36%

By Designation: C Level Executives – 23%, Directors – 47%, and Others – 30%

By Region: North America – 33%, Europe – 31%, Asia Pacific – 28% and Rest of the World – 8%

The CNG and LPG vehicle market comprises major companies such as Suzuki Motor Corporation (Japan), Honda Motor Company (Japan), Hyundai Motor Group (South Korea), Volkswagen AG (Germany), Ford Motor Company (US).

Research Coverage:

The market study covers the electric vehicle charging station market size and future growth potential across different segments like Fuel Type, Vehicle Type, Vehicle Body Type, Engine System Type, Intake System Type, Kit Type, Fitting Type and Region.

The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the key players in the market, along with their company profiles, key observations related to product and business offerings, recent developments, and key market strategies.

Key Benefits of Buying the Report:

The report will help market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of revenue numbers for the overall CNG and LPG Vehicle market and its sub segments.

This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to better position their businesses and plan suitable go-to-market strategies.

The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provides them information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

[bigyack-com]

Maruti Suzuki Ertiga BS6 S-CNG Variant Launched; Priced At Rs. 8.95 Lakh

The S-CNG option of the BS6 compliant Maruti Suzuki Ertiga is offered in only the VXI variant, and it is priced at Rs. 8.95 lakh.

View Photos The Maruti Suzuki Ertiga BS6 S-CNG comes in only one variant VXI Maruti Suzuki India has announced the launch of the S-CNG variant of the BS6 compliant Ertiga MPV. Priced as ₹ 8.95 lakh (ex-showroom, Delhi) the Maruti Suzuki Ertiga BS6 S-CNG comes in only one trim option, VXI, and the MPV and it offers a mileage of 26.08 km/kg. As all Maruti Suzuki S-CNG vehicles, the Ertiga BS6 S-CNG is also equipped with dual interdependent ECUs (Electronic Control Units) and intelligent injection system, that helps deliver superior performance and enhanced drivability. Speaking at the launch of the BS6 compliant Ertiga S-CNG, Shashank Srivastava, Executive Director (Marketing & Sales), Maruti Suzuki India Limited said, "As a market leader we are constantly working towards offering sustainable mobility solutions to our customers. Ertiga has been a market leader amongst MPVs, and the introduction of BS6 S-CNG will further help augment its leadership in the segment. Being the first Company to introduce factory-fitted CNG cars in the country, today we proudly own the largest portfolio of green vehicles. We would like to thank our customers for their confidence and trust in our products." At the ongoing Auto Expo 2020, Maruti Suzuki India announced its plan to sell one million green cars over the next few years under its Mission Green Million programme. In its presentation, the company said in addition to smart hybrids, strong hybrids, and electric vehicles, the company will also launch CNG vehicles. 0 CommentsThe Maruti Suzuki Ertiga BS6 S-CNG is powered by the same 1.5-litre four-cylinder that is tuned to offer 103 bhp in petrol mode and 91 bhp in CNG mode, while the torque output stands at 138 Nm in petrol mode and 122 Nm in CNG mode. The engine comes mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox. Feature-wise, it shares its offering with the regular VXI trim. For the latest auto news and reviews, follow CarandBike on Twitter, Facebook, and subscribe to our YouTube channel. Read the full article

[armmotorsports]

The 7 Signs That Could Mean Your Throttle Body Needs Cleaning

In modern fuel injected cars, the throttle body is an essential part of the air intake system, controlling the flow of air into the engine, which is used to effectively combust fuel in the pistons. Getting the right amount of air is vital. Too much air or too little air can make your engine run lean.

When the throttle body is working correctly, it is synchronized with the fuel intake and the accelerator pedal. Put the pedal down and the flow of fuel is increased into the engine and the throttle body pulls in extra air to aid combustion, allowing your vehicle to perform at the best level and run smoothly.

When the throttle body is dirty, clogged up or malfunctioning this stops the flow of air into the engine, which not only causes problems with performance, but can cause issues with unburned fuel passing through the exhaust system. Watch out for the following symptoms that serve as warning signs of dirt in the system, allowing you to identify this condition before it becomes irreparable.

Grime Build Up

As you would expect one of the main reasons why the throttle body needs cleaning is due to the accumulation of dirt and grime within the part, which is also known as coking. This creates a rough surface, disturbing the air-fuel flow and diminishing the effectiveness of your engine. Carbon deposits cause a similar problem by generating an uneven surface inside the part.

Poor Fuel Economy

Check your fuel economy. Put a full tank of fuel into your car and make a note of the miles travelled on your gauge. Run the car till there’s no more fuel left and work out your average miles per gallon. If this is significantly out by more than 10-15% then the chances are you have a clogged throttle body that’s impacting your car’s performance.

Poor or High Idle

When your throttle body is operating below its normal effectiveness, one of the tell-tale signs is a poor or low idle. This includes stalling after coming to a stop, a low idle after starting, or stalling when the throttle is pressed down rapidly. Dirt causes airflow into the system to be turbulent and leads to a fluctuating idle speed.

Uneven or Slow Acceleration

As you push down the accelerator pedal, this increases the flow of air and petrol into the engine. If there’s any dirt or coking on the throttle body this will prevent the car from picking up the power it needs from combustion. What does this feel like behind the wheel? It may be that the car takes longer to get going than usual or the speed picks up in irregular bursts.

Electrical Problems

With so many of a modern car’s systems now being reliant on computer connections and controls, electronic wiring now serves as its nervous system. If the throttle body’s electronic sensor is covered in dirt or grime this will result in faulty or unnecessary corrections to the air-fuel mixture, which could put the car into a secondary power reduced mode until it gets seen by a service mechanic.

Airflow Disruptions

Build ups of dirt and grime can cause airflow and pressure problems in the throttle body or the issue could be an incorrectly adjusted throttle stop, which is also part of the air intake system. Uneven airflow will cause pressure problems in the system, which again could lead to poor performance and acceleration.

Check Engine Light  

If the throttle body’s performance is not up to the required level this will alert the electronic throttle control, which in turn illuminates the check engine light on your dashboard. As there are a number of reasons why this could light up, it’s best to do some manual checks yourself to see if there’s dirt or carbon around the part.

How to Resolve Any Problems…

If you’re experiencing any of the problems on this list, the first place to start is looking at the throttle body housing. Any excess dirt or grime on the inner housing walls is a clear sign that you have problems with this system and the first place to start is with a thorough clean up.

Start with your owner’s manual as you’ll need to know if your throttle body is mechanically or electronically controlled before your commence with the cleaning process. If it’s a mechanically operated system you may be able to clean it yourself, but with the electronically operated systems you are better off getting a certified mechanic to perform an inspection.

The post The 7 Signs That Could Mean Your Throttle Body Needs Cleaning appeared first on BreakerLink Blog.

from BreakerLink Blog https://ift.tt/2YWPsUV via IFTTT

[cashforjunkcarsus-blog]

Car Repair - Some Basic Guidelines

Generally a car undergoes some sort of repair quite a number of times during its life. So what do you do when something happens to your car? Either you try to set things right yourself or you get an expert or a car mechanic to look at it for you and do the needful. Now if you want someone to see what is wrong with your car you have to find a good mechanic or better still look for a reputed workshop where you can trust your car to be repaired well. Looking for a quality workshop is not really easy considering that car repair workshops are a dime a dozen. But all the same there are many trustworthy and honest people who will do a wonderful job for you.

Depending on what is wrong with your car ask around for a mechanic or repair shop that can cater to your requirements. It would be ideal if the people concerned are ones who have a pick up and drop off facility so that in case your car has to be towed to the workshop they will undertake that too. Get them to give you an estimate of the problems that your car has and also to quote their charges. Remember to enquire about their turnaround time too.

The best way to look for quality car repair shops is to search the internet because most of the successful repair workshops have websites and a strong internet presence. There are plenty of workshops in Orlando to get your car set right, so look up the websites for Orlando car repair services and you are certain to come across some really excellent ones.

Having to pay for car repair work can be pretty expensive, so it would be sensible to take auto insurance. Ensure that you maintain your automobile well by changing the oil, oil filter, tuning up of the engine as and when required etc. Prevention is better than cure and this is applicable to your automobile too. The better your car is maintained the less will be the repair it incurs and the lower your repair bills.

Cars have been steadily becoming more and more specialist, and more and more complex in the last decade. With the advent of electric motor technologies, with computer controlled systems and electronic fuel injection, the cars of today are nothing like the FJ Holden your Dad could be found underneath every Saturday morning! The range of vehicles that can safely have minor car repairs performed on them by amateurs is shrinking. Here we look at eight signs that you should take your car to a shop, and save yourself the hassle and possible expense of breaking something extra.

1. Your car is less than ten years old

Cars newer than ten years old usually have quite advanced systems integration. Even car repairs like changing a battery or a fuse, replacing brake pads and doing common car service tasks can actually cause other components of the system to fail if the correct procedures aren't followed.

2. The car repair you're considering isn't in your new car handbook

If the manufacturer isn't telling you to do it yourself, it is probably safest not to. If you're in doubt, why not call a mobile mechanic to have a look at the job first? They'll be able to advise you on safety points to remember, if its likely that you'll need to make the fix again in the future. You can make sure that you won't have to spend more having the mechanic fix your work as well as the original problem, and possibly save money in the future.

3. The repair requires something to be lifted out of the car

Block and tackle safety is a serious issue. Any time you lift something heavy out of your car into the air, you're risking the other parts of your car as well as your own body. We always advise that you have professionals perform this sort of work.

4. The car repair requires tools you don't have

Contrary to Clint Eastwood's belief, not every car repair job can be done with a shifter and sticky tape. If you don't have the tools to do a repair job yourself, the cost in buying them often outweighs the savings you could make on labour.

5. Your car has electronic fuel injection

If your car has electronic fuel injection (and in many cases, this is stamped in big letters right on the head, or along with the model name somewhere on the body), it is not safe to work on it by yourself. Even repairs that aren't related to the timing could throw the computer out, and then cost you more to fix at the mechanic's than it would have originally.

6. You aren't 100% confident of your diagnosis

If you have even the shadow of a doubt about what exactly is causing a specific problem, you shouldn't work on it. Even experienced mechanics have often found that the complexities of the petrol engine and drive train have tricked them ... when they were 100% confident. If as an amateur you aren't confident, it makes much more sense to take it to someone that can be.

Mobile mechanics will often provide fixed quote prices - so even if they make one of these mistakes, they are still bound to honour the price they gave you before beginning work.

7. You haven't done the repair yourself before

Online forums and guides are certainly handy, but there is a reason that automotive mechanic apprenticeships last for a long four years! A wealth of hands-on experience in what to do when things go slightly wrong, if a bolt is too tight or another part is blocking your way, and the order in which to complete tasks, belongs to qualified mechanics. There simply isn't enough space on the net to explain all this is a forum.

8. The time it will take you to perform the repair is more valuable to you spent doing other things

It may take a qualified car repair-person 1 hour to replace your brake pads and check over the braking system. It might take you 3 hours without the proper tools, knowledge of sensors etc. Sure, you didn't pay for those hours - but unless you truly enjoy working on and learning about cars, you are prepared to deal with any mistakes you might make and are performing only repairs that are non safety-critical on an old car - in most cases they aren't worth it.

[carpostnet]

Company Fitted CNG vs Aftermarket CNG

CNG vehicles have grow to be immensely common these days. Considering the rising gasoline costs, we’ve seen a shift in shopper preferences. CNG vehicles are doing nice available in the market contemplating the good effectivity they ship. CNG vehicles are fuel-efficient and due to this fact, show to be extraordinarily reasonably priced. In this text, we’ll put the manufacturing unit fitted CNG towards the aftermarket CNG fitment and can come to a conclusion after contemplating all of the facets. Make certain you don’t skip any level!

Before diving straight into the competitors, let’s reply a popularly requested query

How many forms of CNG kits are there?

There are primarily 2 forms of CNG kits

Venturi CNG Kit

Venturi CNG Kit Setup | Minda

Digging deep, we are able to say that the venturi CNG equipment is the easy model of the bi-fuel system which doesn’t use any sensors and even the ECU! This system dumps a certain quantity of gasoline into the consumption manifold which is utilized by the engine. The quantity of gasoline dumped into the manifold completely relies upon upon the throttle enter.

Sequential CNG Kit

This is the trendy CNG system. The sequential CNG equipment has bought all the trendy age sensors and the ECU. The gasoline injectors are coupled with the already present gasoline injectors within the consumption manifold. Gas movement is monitored and adjusted electronically by a separate ECU for CNG, similar to how the petrol ECU controls petrol movement.

Tomasetto Achille Sequential CNG Kit Components

You have to learn additional to get to the actual speak of firm fitted CNG vs aftermarket CNG that’s put in within the vehicles.

Whoa! Maruti Suzuki S-Presso CNG BS6 In Development

What is the distinction between regular CNG equipment and sequential CNG equipment?

This can be a popularly requested query. We’ve found out the distinction between a standard CNG equipment and a sequential CNG equipment. Read on to seek out out!

The principal distinction between the 2 kits is the supply of the sensors and the ECU.

The quantity of CNG flowing into your engine is managed by the ECU which supplies an edge to the sequential system over the venturi CNG equipment. 

A standard CNG equipment is a primary setup the place there isn’t a laptop or ECU to regulate the movement of gasoline into the engine.

A Sequential CNG equipment, however, will be put in on the autos having an electronically managed gasoline injection system solely.

Is CNG dangerous for engines?

Absolutely not! CNG is by no means dangerous to your car’s engine. CNG lets you run your car at a a lot economical worth. Major manufacturers in India like Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai are offering firm fitted CNG of their vehicles. We have additionally seen from the sale stats that the corporate fitted CNG vehicles are offered in a lot increased numbers than the petrol or diesel vehicles. Yes, the preferences have shifted. The app-based cab services have given the CNG vehicles a significant push.

Not solely Maruti Suzuki or Hyundai, however Honda has additionally provide you with a factory-fitted model of their largest promoting mannequin, the City. All the automakers incorporating the bi-fuel know-how is a transparent indication that CNG is by no means dangerous to your car’s engine!

Know this! CNG Car Maintenance: Top Tips You Really Need To Know

Is company-fitted CNG higher? Company fitted CNG vs Aftermarket CNG!

This is the preferred query among the many plenty who’re about to purchase a brand new car and on the lookout for CNG as a gasoline choice. Maruti Suzuki at the moment markets its CNG by the identify of S-CNG! They declare that this method is a smart-CNG system that may make your car run easily and steadily.

Here we’ve a video for you. This video has in contrast Maruti Suzuki’s S-CNG to an aftermarket sequential CNG equipment. Make certain you watch it until the top for the detailed comparability.

So we see that Maruti’s S-CNG is nothing however a standard CNG equipment. Maruti Suzuki sources these readymade kits from a producer and suits them of their lineup. If you go for a sequential equipment in your car which has an electronically managed injection system, you’ll expertise the identical efficiency as you’ll do in case of the corporate fitted CNG car. 

Further, if we speak in regards to the prices, the identical car mannequin with an organization fitted CNG choice comes at a worth that’s Rs. 60-70,000 greater than its petrol counterpart. On the opposite hand, the aftermarket sequential CNG kits price about INR 40-50,000. The solely dangerous half about aftermarket CNG is that your car’s guarantee will get void as quickly as you put in the CNG equipment. Yes, that is the last word weapon which the producer may use and so they have, in fact, do it!

Does CNG enhance mileage?

CNG will increase the effectivity of the car. We can count on 1kg of CNG to ship 40% greater than what 1 Litre of petrol does.CNG undoubtedly will increase the mileage of your car and can be cheaper than petrol so that you don’t must bear the heavy bills too!

Is CNG Dangerous?

Another query that most individuals ask about CNG is about security. Just to let you realize, CNG is completely protected! The burning temperature for CNG is about 649 levels Celsius. On the opposite hand, petrol burns at 315 levels Celsius. Yes, shocking however true! Petrol burns at a temperature that’s half as in comparison with the burning temperature of CNG. So in case, there’s a leakage within the gasoline passage, petrol vehicles are extra harmful than these working on CNG!

Is CNG car price shopping for?

Definitely sure! If you’ve got a every day working of 70-80 km which is kind of frequent these days, then CNG is the gasoline it is best to go for. 

Spending the vast majority of your revenue on gasoline is just not a clever choice clearly.

Moreover, CNG can be useful for the surroundings. It is a inexperienced gasoline that doesn’t have an effect on the surroundings in any method. So if you happen to discover going electrical as an costly various, you possibly can undoubtedly go CNG!

If the conflict of firm fitted CNG vs aftermarket CNG has nonetheless bought you in bother, you are able to do your a part of analysis on-line earlier than deciding.

Read Toyota Working On CNG Cars?

Company fitted CNG vs aftermarket CNG, the competitors lies nowhere as a result of each of them are equally good choices offered you go for a acknowledged model. All the acknowledged CNG producers like Lovato, Tomasetto Achille, BRC present guarantee on their CNG kits. You can avail of the guarantee and proceed to make use of CNG kits with none trouble. Though many individuals nonetheless belief firm fitted CNG solely however simply to let you realize, the aftermarket CNG can be gaining reputation very quick attributable to its extremely aggressive worth and equally viable advantages.

2

Source link

The post Company Fitted CNG vs Aftermarket CNG appeared first on Carpost.

from Carpost https://www.carpost.net/company-fitted-cng-vs-aftermarket-cng/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=company-fitted-cng-vs-aftermarket-cng

[olivereliott]

An old-school Moto Guzzi NTX from Officine Rossopuro

The launch of the V85 TT has boosted interest in dual-sport Moto Guzzis lately. And it’s about time: the competent Stelvio was killed off around three years ago, due to low sales and the cost of meeting Euro 4 emissions.

If the new V85 TT is a little beyond your budget, one option is to find a Tutto Terreno or Nuova Tipo Cross (NTX) from the 80s. And if you’re handy with the spanners, do a little work on it, as Filippo Barbacane of Officine Rossopuro has done here—including a major engine swap.

“It’s been a long time since I made an off-road bike just for myself,” says Filippo. “Finding time for personal projects is very difficult.”


He’s called the Guzzi Levante, which means ‘rising’—as in the sun rising at the start of an exciting day, which perhaps involves a journey …

The story of this bike started many years ago, when Filippo bought an old mid-80s, military-spec NTX 350 that had been supplied to the Italian police. “It had been laid up for a while, but about three years ago I decided to work on it in my spare time,” he says. 


“The base was good, but I wanted a bike with a little more horsepower—and with longer gears.” That’s understandable, because the 350 version of the NTX produced around 35 hp. And although the bike only weighed around 400 pounds wet, it was no ball of fire.

Filippo wanted to be able to use his NTX off-road, but also travel long distances to reach beautiful landscapes. “Often the off-road specials are excellent when doing enduro, but they have poor riding comfort—or engine displacements that are too small.”

Buying a second-hand enduro bike would have been the simplest solution, but Filippo doesn’t like simple things. “And it wouldn’t be a Guzzi, and that’s a big problem for me.
 I love all the bikes in the world, but if when comes to putting my buttocks on one, it must be a Moto Guzzi!”

Filippo wanted a style that was a cross between a 1970s enduro and a regolarità bike, which meant building everything from scratch.
 He’s fitted new, lightweight aluminum bodywork to the NTX, and built two fuel tanks: the one shown in these images, and a bigger one for long journeys. It can be mounted in a few seconds using the leather bands and two quick connections on the petrol taps.

The biggest change is the drivetrain. Although the NTX came with a 650 engine option, Filippo has shoehorned in a 750 small block engine—as used in the current fuel injected Guzzis.

To maximize reliability he’s eliminated all the electronics, and mounted carburetors, a simplified electronic injection system, and other improvements such as an upgraded alternator and a regulator that works well with a lithium battery.

“The gearbox is derived from the 750 too, with longer gears than the 350,” he says.
”I then built exhaust headers designed to sit as close as possible to the engine, passing inside the chassis on the right.”

The material is stainless steel: “Titanium would have weighed less, but welding it in an emergency would have been difficult.” The muffler was custom-made by MASS Moto, and is EU approved. The airbox, the oil vapor recovery tank and many other subtle details have been reproduced in aluminum and improved.

“The engine runs perfectly, with torque coming in very low, and is beautiful for off-road excursions. But it’s also good for long on-road sections of up to 300 km without problems, with very low fuel consumption.”

The chassis of the NTX is sound: it’s basically the same as most small-block Guzzi frames, but set higher for off-road use.
Filippo has reinforced it in some areas and lightened it in others, to allow a weight saving without compromising reliability.

The original forks have been refurbished and upgraded with new cartridges, and adjustable Bitubo shocks installed at the back.
The stock 21” front wheel has been swapped out for a 19” spoked aluminum rim, and Filippo has fitted a new Brembo brake system with a 320 mm Gold Series disc. The tires are Continental TKC80.

The lighting sums up the ethos of this machine: it’s conventional rather than LED. “I didn’t want to use LED lights because, in my opinion, they’re out of place on such an old bike,” he explains. “And they’re not repairable or easily replaceable like a light bulb.” 


The NTX might be no-frills, but it’s comfortable and practical. There’s a plush custom saddle—easily removable to reveal a storage compartment—and tough custom hand guards. And Filippo’s also fitted a Legend bag from SW Motech, “just to be able to take the minimum with me on long and solitary journeys.”

Filippo is very well acquainted with the new V85 TT, and he’s a fan. But he’s using the NTX more than any other bike in his stable right now. “Its versatility is incredible,” he enthuses. “The weight of a motorcycle is becoming the most important thing for me, more than horsepower—which often cannot be exploited on the road.”


The next step is to take the NTX on long distance journeys, and Filippo has Morocco and Iceland in mind.

We have a feeling this is one of those bikes where there’s not a lot to go wrong…but a helluva lot to go right.

Officine Rossopuro | Facebook | Instagram