#X.509 certificates

[techdirectarchive]

Install Lets Encrypt Certificate on Windows with Certbot

Install Lets Encrypt Certificate on Windows with Certbot

Install Lets Encrypt Certificate on Windows with Certbot Let’s Encrypt provides free, trusted SSL certificates, widely accepted by many authorities and browsers. The certificates are signed by the Internet Security Research Group (ISRG) Root X1, ensuring a high level of trust. Certbot, a command-line tool developed in Python, makes it easy to request and renew these certificates from Let’s…

[eightyonekilograms]

I'm trying to download some X.509 certificate files which someone has shared on Google Drive, and GDrive keeps trying to convert them into Word documents. There aren't enough faces and palms in the world.

[transport-layer-security]

Transport Layer Security (TLS): The Backbone of a Secure Internet

In today’s digitally connected world, security and privacy are more important than ever. Whether you're accessing your bank account, shopping online, or simply browsing a website, you're likely using Transport Layer Security (TLS) — the cryptographic protocol that protects internet communications.

In this post, we’ll explore:

What TLS is and why it matters

How TLS works under the hood

TLS vs SSL

Real-world use cases

Common threats and how TLS mitigates them

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol that ensures privacy, integrity, and authenticity of data exchanged over a network. It’s widely used to secure:

Web traffic (HTTPS)

Email (SMTP, IMAP, POP)

Messaging (XMPP, SIP)

VPNs and more

TLS operates between the transport layer (e.g., TCP) and the application layer (e.g., HTTP), encrypting the data before it's transmitted over the internet.

 How TLS Works: Step by Step

When a client (e.g., browser) connects to a server over HTTPS, here's what happens:

1. Handshake Initiation

The client sends a ClientHello message:

Supported TLS versions

List of supported cipher suites

Random number (used in key generation)

Optional: SNI (Server Name Indication)

2. Server Response

The server replies with a ServerHello message:

Selected cipher suite

TLS version

Server's digital certificate (usually an X.509 certificate)

Optional: server key exchange

3. Authentication & Key Exchange

The client verifies the server's certificate via a trusted Certificate Authority (CA).

Both parties generate or agree on session keys using techniques like Diffie-Hellman or RSA.

4. Session Key Generation

Once keys are exchanged:

Both client and server compute a shared symmetric session key.

5. Secure Communication

All subsequent data is:

Encrypted using the session key

Authenticated (to detect tampering)

Integrity-protected using MACs (Message Authentication Codes)

 TLS vs SSL: What’s the Difference?

People often say “SSL” when they mean TLS. Here’s the truth:Feature  SSL (Deprecated)TLS (Current)Latest VersionSSL 3.0 (1996)TLS 1.3 (2018)SecurityVulnerableStrongUse TodayNone (shouldn't be used)Everywhere

Modern websites and applications use TLS 1.2 or TLS 1.3, and all versions of SSL are considered insecure.

 TLS Use Cases

HTTPS (TLS over HTTP)

Secure browsing (padlock in browser)

Required for PCI DSS, GDPR compliance

Email Encryption

Secure SMTP (STARTTLS)

IMAP/POP with TLS

VoIP and Messaging

TLS protects SIP, XMPP, and chat services

VPNs

OpenVPN uses TLS for secure tunnels

APIs and Microservices

Internal and external APIs often rely on TLS to secure REST and GraphQL endpoints

Common Threats and TLS ProtectionsThreatTLS DefenseMan-in-the-Middle (MITM)Authentication via certificatesEavesdroppingSymmetric encryption of session dataTampering or Data CorruptionMessage integrity with MACsReplay AttacksRandom values and sequence numbersDowngrade AttacksTLS version enforcement & SCSV mechanism

 Best Practices for TLS Configuration

Use TLS 1.2 or TLS 1.3 only.

Disable SSL and TLS 1.0/1.1 completely.

Use strong cipher suites (e.g., AES-GCM, ChaCha20).

Regularly renew and monitor your TLS certificates.

Enable HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security).

Use tools like SSL Labs, Mozilla Observatory to test your server.

TLS in Action (Example)

When you visit https://sfouresolutions.com:

Your browser initiates a TLS handshake.

The server sends its certificate.

A session key is negotiated.

Your browser encrypts the HTTP request with that key.

The server decrypts it, processes it, and responds securely.

 

All of this happens within milliseconds, seamlessly.

 Final Thoughts

TLS is a foundational technology that quietly protects the internet. As cyber threats grow in sophistication, strong TLS configurations and practices are not optional — they are essential.

Whether you're a developer, sysadmin, or business owner, understanding TLS helps you build safer systems and protect user trust.

[bliiot]

OPC UA Field eXchange (UAFX)

OPC UA Field eXchange (UAFX) is a new generation of field layer communication standard launched by the OPC Foundation, which aims to solve the core pain points of the long-standing coexistence of multiple protocols and poor device interoperability in the field of industrial automation. As an extension of the OPC UA standard, UAFX realizes end-to-end standardized data interaction from the control layer to field devices through a unified information model and communication framework, providing key infrastructure for Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing. Its core value lies in breaking the technical barriers of traditional fieldbuses, enabling devices from different manufacturers to achieve plug-and-play interconnection without relying on dedicated gateways, while meeting the stringent requirements of modern industry for real-time, security and flexibility.

Core Functions and Applications of OPC UAFX

I. Key Features

1. Cross-vendor Interoperability

Enables seamless communication between controllers/devices from different brands through standardized OPC UA information models

Supports three-tier communication architectures: Controller-to-Controller (C2C), Controller-to-Device (C2D), and Device-to-Device (D2D)

2. Real-time Data Exchange

Delivers deterministic communication via Ethernet TSN and 5G networks

Achieves microsecond-level synchronization using UDP/IP (IEEE 802.1AS)

3. Unified Engineering Configuration

Built-in Connection Manager for automatic secure link establishment

Supports integration with standard engineering tools (e.g., FDT/DTM, AML)

4. Advanced Diagnostics

Real-time monitoring of device health (network latency, packet loss, etc.)

Asset Information Model (AIM) for full lifecycle data tracking

5. Secure Communication

Inherits OPC UA's native X.509 certificate authentication and AES-256 encryption

Complies with both functional safety (IEC 61508) and cybersecurity (IEC 62443) standards

II. Industrial Applications

1. Smart Factories

Plug-and-play configuration for PLCs, robots, AGVs, etc.

Use case: Multi-brand robot collaboration in automotive welding lines

2. Process Automation

Eliminates protocol conversion between DCS and field instruments (flow meters/temperature transmitters)

Application: Direct data transmission from smart instruments to MES in petrochemical plants

3. Motion Control

Enables precision synchronization (<1μs jitter) for servo drives and CNC equipment

Typical scenario: Multi-axis synchronization in packaging machinery

4. Energy Management

Standardized monitoring for PV inverters, energy storage PCS, etc.

Implementation: Gateway-free data acquisition for wind farm SCADA systems

III. Technical Advantages

IV. Implementation Benefits

Lower TCO: 30+% reduction in protocol conversion hardware costs

Faster Deployment: 50% shorter engineering configuration time

Higher OEE: Predictive maintenance reduces unplanned downtime

Currently supported by leading automation vendors like ABB and Siemens, UAFX is expected to achieve widespread adoption in discrete manufacturing by 2025. This standard is particularly suited for Industry 4.0 scenarios demanding high real-time performance and multi-vendor device integration.

[govindhtech]

New developments in Access Risk, Cloud Governance And IAM

Google Cloud's mission is to assist you meet shifting policy, regulatory, and commercial goals. It routinely releases new cloud platform security features and controls to strengthen your cloud environment.

Google Cloud Next introduced IAM, Cloud Governance, and Access Risk capabilities. Google Cloud launched numerous new features and security upgrades, including:

Access and Identity Management

Context-Aware Access,

Identity Threat Detection and Response, and VPC Service Controls mitigate access risk.

Using Organisation Policy Service for Cloud Governance and Resource Management

It also introduced new AI technologies to enable cloud operators and developers throughout the application lifecycle. New Gemini Code Assist and Gemini Cloud Assist functionalities provide application-centered AI help throughout the application development lifecycle.

Identity and Access Management updates

Workforce Identity Federation

Workforce Identity Federation extends Google Cloud's identity capabilities with syncless, attribute-based single sign-on. Over 95% of Google Cloud products support Workforce Identity Federation. FedRAMP High government standards were supported to help manage compliance.

Increased non-human identity security

Due to microservices and multicloud deployments, workload and non-human identities are growing faster than human identities. Many large organisations contain 10 to 45 times more non-human identities than human identities, which often have wide rights and privileges.

Google Cloud is announcing two new features to strengthen access control and authorisation to secure non-human identities:

X.509 certificates provide keyless Google Cloud API access, enhancing workload authentication.

Managed Workload Identities allow workload-to-workload communication using SPIFFE-based mutual TLS (mTLS) encryption, secure identification, and authentication.

CIEM for multicloud infrastructure

Google Cloud is fighting excessive and unjustified security permissions. Google Cloud offers comprehensive protection across all tiers and tools to manage permissions to proactively address the permission issue.

Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management (CIEM), its main authorisation solution, is currently available for Azure and broadly available for Google Cloud and AWS.

IAM Admin Centre

It also included IAM Admin Centre, a role-specific single pane of glass for tasks, recommendations, and notifications. Additional services are accessible from the console.

IAM Admin Centre lets organisation and project administrators discover, learn, test, and use IAM functionalities from one place. It provides contextual feature discovery, daily work focus, continuing learning tools, and well designed beginning instructions.

IAM functionality enhancements

Other IAM features expanded and became more robust.

Google Cloud previously unveiled the Principal Access Boundary (PAB) and IAM Deny policies, which are effective resource access limitations. As these important controls gain service coverage and acceptance, planning and visualisation tools are needed.

It previewed Deny, PAB, and troubleshooters to fix this.

Privileged Access Manager (PAM) now has two authorisation levels with several principals. Scope entitlement grants may now be customised to apply just to the relevant resources, roles, projects, and folders.

Updates on Access Risk

Comprehensive security requires ongoing monitoring and control, even with authenticated users and workloads with the necessary privileges and active session participation. Google Cloud's access risk portfolio protects people, workloads, and data with dynamic features.

Improved session and access security

CAA protects Google Cloud access based on user identification, network, location, and corporate-managed devices, among other things.

CAA will soon include Identity Threat Detection and Response (ITDR) capabilities using activity signals like questionable source activity or new geolocations. These features automatically detect problematic conduct and initiate security validations like MFA, re-authentication, or rejections.

Automatic re-authentication sends a request when users change billing accounts or perform other sensitive tasks. Although you may disable it, Google Cloud recommends leaving it on by default.

Increased VPC Service Control coverage

You can protect your data, resources, and designated services using VPC Service Controls. It introduced Violation Analyser and Violation Dashboard to help diagnose and debug access denial events using VPC Service Controls.

Changes to Cloud Governance with Organisation Policy Service Increased Custom Organisation Policy coverage

Google Cloud's Organisation Policy Service allows programmatic, centralised resource management. Organisation policy provides constraints, but you may create custom policies for additional control. With 62 services, custom organisation policy covers more.

Increased Custom Organisation Policy coverage

Google Cloud promises to simplify high-security outcomes. Google Cloud launched its Google Cloud Security Baseline, a stronger set of security settings, as part of this effort. Due to positive response, it is now advertising them to all current consumers. Last year, all new customers received them by default.

Users' consoles have seen Google Cloud Security Baseline implementation recommendations since this year. You may also use a simulator to mimic how these restrictions affect your environment.

Updates on resource management

Resource Manager app capability

The Google Cloud Resource Manager was likewise application-centric. App-enabled folders, presently in preview, simplify administration, organise services and workloads into a single manageable unit, centralise monitoring and management, and show an application-centric perspective.

[learning-code-ficusoft]

Building a Smart IoT Application with AWS IoT Core

The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing industries by enabling real-time data collection, monitoring, and automation. AWS IoT Core provides a robust platform for connecting IoT devices securely to the cloud, processing data, and integrating with other AWS services. In this blog, we’ll explore how to build a smart IoT application using AWS IoT Core.

What is AWS IoT Core?

AWS IoT Core is a fully managed cloud service that allows IoT devices to connect to the cloud, send and receive data, and integrate with AWS services like Lambda, S3, and DynamoDB. It supports MQTT, HTTPS, and WebSockets for device communication and offers built-in security features.

Key Components of AWS IoT Core

To build a smart IoT application, it’s essential to understand AWS IoT Core’s key components:

IoT Things: Represents a virtual device in AWS IoT Core, allowing you to manage, monitor, and interact with physical IoT devices.

Device Gateway: Handles device connectivity via MQTT, WebSockets, or HTTPS.

Message Broker: Enables secure device communication using MQTT-based pub/sub messaging.

Rules Engine: Processes and routes data to AWS services like DynamoDB, Lambda, or S3.

Device Shadows: Maintains the last known state of a device, allowing cloud applications to interact even when a device is offline.

Security and Identity Management: Uses AWS IoT policies and certificates to enforce authentication and authorization.

Steps to Build a Smart IoT Application

1. Setting Up AWS IoT Core

Log into AWS and navigate to AWS IoT Core.

Create an IoT Thing to represent your device.

Generate an X.509 certificate for authentication and attach a policy with the necessary permissions.

2. Connecting an IoT Device

Use an MQTT client (e.g., Mosquitto, AWS IoT SDK) to connect your IoT device.

Install the AWS IoT SDK for Python, JavaScript, or other preferred languages.

Publish and subscribe to topics using the MQTT protocol to send and receive data.

Example Python Code (Using AWS IoT SDK):pythonfrom AWSIoTPythonSDK.MQTTLib import AWSIoTMQTTClient client = AWSIoTMQTTClient("MyIoTDevice") client.configureEndpoint("your-endpoint.iot.amazonaws.com", 8883) client.configureCredentials("root-CA.crt", "private.key", "certificate.pem") def messageCallback(client, userdata, message): print(f"Received message: {message.payload} from topic: {message.topic}") client.subscribe("iot/sensors", 1, messageCallback) client.publish("iot/sensors", "Hello from IoT device", 1)

3. Processing IoT Data Using AWS IoT Rules Engine

Create a Rule in AWS IoT Core to route incoming messages to other AWS services.

Example SQL statement to store IoT data in DynamoDB:

sql

SELECT temperature, humidity FROM 'iot/sensors' INTO AWS::DynamoDB::Table[iot_data_table]

4. Visualizing IoT Data

Use AWS Lambda to process data and send alerts when thresholds are exceeded.

Integrate with Amazon QuickSight or Grafana for real-time IoT data visualization.

5. Enabling Device Shadow for Offline Sync

Create a device shadow to store and retrieve device states.

Example shadow document:

json

{ "state": { "reported": { "temperature": 22, "status": "on" } } }

6. Implementing Security Best Practices

Use AWS IoT Policies and Certificates for authentication.

Enable AWS IoT Device Defender to monitor security metrics and detect anomalies.

Use Case: Smart Home Automation

A smart home IoT system can use AWS IoT Core to:

Monitor temperature and humidity using sensors.

Send alerts when a temperature threshold is exceeded.

Automate home appliances (e.g., turn on AC when it gets too hot).

Store and analyze data in DynamoDB for insights.

Conclusion

AWS IoT Core provides a scalable and secure way to build smart IoT applications. By leveraging its features like MQTT communication, device shadows, and the rules engine, developers can create efficient IoT solutions for various industries.

WEBSITE: https://www.ficusoft.in/aws-training-in-chennai/

[hackernewsrobot]

Bambu Connect's Authentication X.509 Certificate and Private Key Extracted

https://hackaday.com/2025/01/19/bambu-connects-authentication-x-509-certificate-and-private-key-extracted/

[modulesap]

SAP HANA

SAP HANA includes robust security measures to ensure data protection, system integrity, and compliance with industry standards. Here’s a breakdown of the key security features built into SAP HANA:

1. User and Role Management

Authentication: Supports multiple authentication methods, including:Username and passwordKerberosSecurity Assertion Markup Language (SAML)X.509 client certificates

Authorization: Granular role-based access control (RBAC) allows defining permissions at the object and system levels.

User Groups: Logical grouping of users simplifies the management of permissions and roles.

2. Data Encryption

In-Memory Data Encryption: Sensitive data stored in memory is encrypted to prevent unauthorized access.

Data-at-Rest Encryption: SAP HANA encrypts database volumes and backups using AES-256 encryption.

Data-in-Transit Encryption: Uses TLS/SSL to secure communication channels between clients, applications, and the SAP HANA server.

3. Secure Network Communication

Encryption Protocols: TLS/SSL ensures secure communication between SAP HANA and external systems.

Firewall Integration: Network security policies can restrict unauthorized connections.

4. Auditing and Logging

Audit Logging: Tracks user activities, system access, and configuration changes for monitoring and compliance.

Change Logs: Records all changes made to database objects and configurations.

Alert System: Real-time alerts for suspicious activities or anomalies.

5. System and Application Security

Secure Configuration: SAP HANA includes a built-in Security Administration Console to manage system settings and ensure a secure configuration.

Patch Management: Regular updates and patches address vulnerabilities promptly.

Application Privileges: Applications running on SAP HANA are restricted by specific privileges to prevent unauthorized access to system resources.

6. Data Masking and Anonymization

Dynamic Data Masking: Masks sensitive data in queries based on user roles.

Data Anonymization: Ensures compliance with data privacy regulations by anonymizing data for non-authorized users.

7. Multi-Tenant Database Security

Isolation: Each tenant database in a multi-tenant SAP HANA system is securely isolated from others.

Separate Roles and Permissions: Unique administrative and user roles for each tenant.

8. Advanced Security Features

Native Integration with Identity Providers: Integrates with third-party identity management systems like Active Directory or LDAP.

Secure Backup and Recovery: Ensures encrypted backups and controlled recovery processes to maintain data integrity.

Anti-SQL Injection: Built-in query validation to prevent injection attacks.

9. Compliance and Standards

Certifications: SAP HANA complies with industry standards like ISO/IEC 27001, SOC 2, and GDPR.

Data Privacy: Supports features like data anonymization, data masking, and data retention to comply with privacy laws.

Audit Readiness: Provides comprehensive logging and reporting tools to meet audit requirements.

10. Threat Detection and Mitigation

Intrusion Detection: Monitors for unusual activities and potential security breaches.

SAP Enterprise Threat Detection: Works with SAP HANA to provide real-time insights into potential threats.

Sandboxing: Restricts the execution of untrusted code within secure environments.

Summary:

SAP HANA’s security framework is built around comprehensive user access controls, robust encryption mechanisms, and proactive monitoring to safeguard data and systems. These features ensure compliance with global standards and provide a secure environment for enterprise operations.

Anubhav Trainings is an SAP training provider that offers various SAP courses, including SAP UI5 training. Their SAP Ui5 training program covers various topics, including warehouse structure and organization, goods receipt and issue, internal warehouse movements, inventory management, physical inventory, and much more.

Call us on +91-84484 54549

Mail us on contact@anubhavtrainings.com

Website: Anubhav Online Trainings | UI5, Fiori, S/4HANA Trainings

[ashleshashekhawat21]

HANA

SAP HANA incorporates robust security features designed to safeguard data, ensure compliance, and provide a secure operational environment. Key security features include:

Authentication and Single Sign-On (SSO): SAP HANA supports various authentication methods, including username/password, Kerberos, SAML, and X.509 certificates. It enables SSO to streamline access management and reduce password-related vulnerabilities.

Authorization and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Fine-grained access control is implemented using roles and privileges, ensuring that users can only access the data and functionalities necessary for their role.

Data Encryption:In-Transit Encryption: All communication between SAP HANA components is secured using SSL/TLS protocols.At-Rest Encryption: Data volumes and backups are encrypted using strong encryption algorithms to prevent unauthorized access to stored data.

Auditing and Logging: SAP HANA provides detailed auditing capabilities to track user activities, such as data access, configuration changes, and administrative actions, ensuring accountability and compliance.

Data Masking and Anonymization: Sensitive data can be protected using dynamic data masking and anonymization techniques, enabling secure analytics without exposing personal or confidential information.

Secure Configuration and Hardening: SAP HANA includes secure default configurations and guidelines for system hardening, ensuring that the database environment minimizes potential vulnerabilities.

Intrusion Detection and Security Monitoring: Integration with SAP Enterprise Threat Detection and other monitoring tools enables proactive detection and response to potential security threats.

Multi-Tenancy Security: In environments where multiple tenants share a single SAP HANA instance, tenant isolation ensures that one tenant cannot access the data or resources of another.

Compliance with Security Standards: SAP HANA aligns with international security standards such as ISO 27001, SOC 2, and GDPR, providing assurances for regulatory compliance.

Patch Management: Regular updates and patches address security vulnerabilities promptly, ensuring the system remains resilient to emerging threats.

These features collectively provide a secure, reliable foundation for data management and analytics in SAP HANA environments.

Anubhav Trainings is an SAP training provider that offers various SAP courses, including SAP UI5 training. Their SAP Ui5 training program covers various topics, including warehouse structure and organization, goods receipt and issue, internal warehouse movements, inventory management, physical inventory, and much more.

Call us on +91-84484 54549

Mail us on contact@anubhavtrainings.com

Website: Anubhav Online Trainings | UI5, Fiori, S/4HANA Trainings

[filinggst]

What are the formats of digital signatures? - Tax Craft Hub

Digital signatures come in various formats, with the most common being X.509, PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), and XML Digital Signature. The X.509 format is widely used in certificates for SSL/TLS, securing emails, and digital signatures in many applications, including government and business transactions. PGP is popular for securing emails and files, providing a decentralized trust model. XML Digital Signature is used primarily in web services and for signing XML data, making it a key component in securing SOAP messages. Each format serves different use cases, with varying levels of security and implementation complexity.

For More Information About formats of digital signatures

[the-hacker-news]

Industrial Remote Access Tool Ewon Cosy+ Vulnerable to Root Access Attacks

The Hacker News : Security vulnerabilities have been disclosed in the industrial remote access solution Ewon Cosy+ that could be abused to gain root privileges to the devices and stage follow-on attacks. The elevated access could then be weaponized to decrypt encrypted firmware files and encrypted data such as passwords in configuration files, and even get correctly signed X.509 VPN certificates for foreign http://dlvr.it/TBpZlk Posted by : Mohit Kumar ( Hacker )

[cimcondigital]

Data Security with iEdge360 Platform and CIM Cloud

Security in layman’s terms

Anant was browsing the internet when he came across an advertisement for an 80% off branded dress. Anant became enthralled and clicked on the link. He double-checked the dress and its size. He found it to be a good fit and added it to his cart. He then made the payment by entering his credit card information. He was excited because he had obtained a good dress at a significant discount, which he intended to purchase for his friend’s wedding. After a few minutes, he received an alert that a transaction from his card had been processed, which he had not done. He was taken a back and had no idea what was going on. When he checked the same website again, he found that it is an unsecured website. His card information was stolen, but he was able to block his card after being notified of the fraudulent transaction.

Why Security is important for IoT products Anant realised that the same thing could happen at his plant, where multiple IoT devices spread across different units of the plant are connected over the internet, sending machine statistics, plant operational details such as production rate, machine health, and a variety of other information. Some Internet of Things devices could indeed control plant machinery. Certainly, the IoT devices have greatly helped him in maintaining uptime, increasing productivity, and identifying faults in real time so he can’t ignore them. To make matters worse, there was no way for him to determine whether any of the systems had already been hacked or compromised, as he could with his credit card.

He was now convinced that data security is extremely important for any remote monitoring or control system he deploys at his plant.

How security can be achieved in the Internet of Things world? Anant requested the assistance of his IT team to assess data security options. His IT team informed him that there are very few suppliers who provide end-to-end security. End-to-end security means that before an IoT device sends data to a server, it first authenticates the server to ensure that it is communicating with the correct server. The server does the same thing before allowing any IoT device to connect to itself. After both the IoT device and the server have authenticated each other, they can begin exchanging information or data. Again, data cannot be plain data in order for unknown parties or hackers to interpret the information. So the IoT device encrypts the data before sending it to the server, and the server does the same. Data encryption ensures that the recipient does not understand what was communicated between the two ends.

How iEdge 360 accomplishes this in a very intuitive and user-friendly manner

At CIMCON Digital, data security is as important as meeting business requirements. However, data security is a complex topic that requires in-depth knowledge, sometimes even at the end-user level. This is also why end users skip the security step unless IT or management enforces it. Fortunately, it is simple and straightforward for iEdge360 users. CIMCON Digital’s iEgde360 is an IoT Edge gateway platform.

Initially, iEdg360 employs industry-standard security practices, so users do not need to learn anything new, and the credibility of those security standards is already established. iEdg360, for example, uses an X.509 certificate-based MQTT connection with the server. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard X.509 specifies the format of public key certificates. X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, including TLS/SSL, which serves as the foundation for HTTPS, the secure web browsing protocol.

Second, the user simply selects that they want to connect the field device using secured MQTT, and the platform will generate the necessary X.509-based certificates and upload the public key to the endpoint (server). As a result, the end user does not need to worry about creating certificates or uploading keys to the server. The process is so seamless that the end user may not even be aware of this technology and still achieve end-to-end security.

iEdge360 MQTT configuration

Why are CIM devices safe to use? CIM, an IoT Edge gateway from CIMCON Digital, is part of the iEdge360 platform. CIM includes data security out of the box, allowing end users to protect plant and machine data. Only an authorized user can view the data once it has arrived at the server by entering user credentials. CIMCON Digital’s cloud solution, CIM-Cloud, which displays data in a dashboard and performs analytics, also uses two-factor authentication (2FA). Two-factor authentication improves security. After providing valid login credentials, the user is prompted for an authentication code, which is sent to his email address. As a result, even if user credentials are stolen, an anonymous person cannot log in. This function is available in the majority of financial portals but not in IIoT platforms. CIMCON Digital is one of the few platform companies that has implemented Two Factor Authentication(2FA).

Summary Data security is critical for protecting plant and machine data while implementing Digital Transformation in factories. Because implementing data security is difficult and too technical for end users, it is often avoided, and people deploy unsecured IoT devices and gateways. Data security can now be easily implemented with CIMCON Digital’s IoT Edge Gateway and CIM-Cloud, so users no longer need to worry about technology and can have peace of mind knowing that all operational data is in safe hands.

[howtochangecountryinplaystoreusi]

what is shrew soft vpn client

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what is shrew soft vpn client

Shrew Soft VPN Client Overview

The Shrew Soft VPN Client is a popular and versatile VPN client that offers secure and reliable connections for users looking to protect their online privacy and data. This client provides a user-friendly interface and compatibility with various operating systems, making it a suitable choice for both individual users and businesses.

One of the key features of the Shrew Soft VPN Client is its support for multiple VPN protocols, including IPsec, IKEv1, and IKEv2. This flexibility allows users to connect to a wide range of VPN servers and networks, ensuring seamless and secure communication over the internet.

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Additionally, the Shrew Soft VPN Client supports multi-protocol and client-to-client communication, making it suitable for both personal and professional use. Whether you are working remotely, accessing confidential files, or simply browsing the web anonymously, this VPN client has you covered.

In conclusion, the Shrew Soft VPN Client stands out as a reliable and efficient solution for individuals and organizations seeking to enhance their online security and privacy. With its advanced features, compatibility with various systems, and strong encryption protocols, this client is a valuable tool for anyone looking to maintain a secure and private internet connection.

Features of Shrew Soft VPN Client

The Shrew Soft VPN Client is a powerful and versatile VPN software that provides users with a range of features for secure and efficient remote access to networks. One of the key features of the Shrew Soft VPN Client is its compatibility with a wide variety of operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS, making it a flexible solution for users on different platforms.

Another notable feature of the Shrew Soft VPN Client is its support for multiple VPN protocols, including IPsec, IKEv1, and IKEv2, allowing users to choose the most suitable protocol for their specific needs. This ensures that users can establish secure connections with ease and without any compatibility issues.

In addition, the Shrew Soft VPN Client offers strong encryption algorithms to protect user data and communications from potential threats, ensuring that sensitive information remains secure while connected to public or untrusted networks. The software also supports X.509 digital certificates, providing an additional layer of authentication for enhanced security.

Furthermore, the Shrew Soft VPN Client boasts a user-friendly interface that simplifies the configuration process for both novice and advanced users. Its intuitive design allows users to quickly set up and connect to VPN networks without any hassle, making it an ideal choice for individuals and businesses looking for a reliable VPN solution.

Overall, the Shrew Soft VPN Client is a feature-rich and versatile software that offers secure remote access and robust encryption capabilities, making it a valuable tool for ensuring data privacy and security in today's interconnected world.

Installation Guide for Shrew Soft VPN Client

Title: A Comprehensive Installation Guide for Shrew Soft VPN Client

Shrew Soft VPN Client is a versatile and user-friendly VPN solution that enables secure remote access to your network resources. Whether you're a business professional needing to access company files from a remote location or an individual wanting to safeguard your online privacy, installing Shrew Soft VPN Client is a straightforward process. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you get started:

Download the Installer: Begin by navigating to the official Shrew Soft website and locating the download section. Choose the appropriate installer for your operating system, whether it's Windows, Linux, or macOS.

Run the Installer: Once the installer is downloaded, double-click on the file to initiate the installation process. Follow the on-screen prompts to proceed.

Accept the License Agreement: Before proceeding with the installation, you'll need to accept the terms of the license agreement. Read through the agreement and click "I Agree" to continue.

Select Installation Options: During the installation, you may be prompted to select specific components or customization options. Choose the options that best suit your needs and preferences.

Complete the Installation: After selecting the desired options, click "Install" to begin the installation process. Depending on your system specifications, this may take a few moments to complete.

Launch the Client: Once the installation is finished, launch the Shrew Soft VPN Client from your desktop or applications folder. You'll be prompted to configure the client with your VPN settings.

Configure VPN Settings: Enter the necessary information provided by your network administrator or VPN service provider, including the server address, authentication credentials, and any other relevant details.

Connect to the VPN: After configuring the settings, click "Connect" to establish a secure connection to the VPN server. Once connected, you'll be able to access network resources and browse the internet securely.

By following these simple steps, you can quickly and easily install Shrew Soft VPN Client and enjoy secure access to your network resources from anywhere in the world. Whether you're working remotely or simply browsing the web, Shrew Soft VPN Client provides the peace of mind knowing your data is protected.

Compatibility of Shrew Soft VPN Client

Title: Exploring the Compatibility of Shrew Soft VPN Client

In the realm of virtual private networks (VPNs), compatibility stands as a pivotal factor influencing user experience and efficiency. Shrew Soft VPN Client, a popular choice among VPN enthusiasts, boasts an array of features and functionalities. Understanding its compatibility across different platforms and networks is crucial for users seeking seamless connectivity and reliable security measures.

Shrew Soft VPN Client is renowned for its versatility, offering support for various operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and BSD. This broad compatibility ensures users can leverage the VPN client across diverse environments, whether they're utilizing desktops, servers, or embedded systems. Its cross-platform functionality makes it an attractive option for individuals and businesses alike, fostering flexibility and convenience in deployment.

Moreover, Shrew Soft VPN Client extends its compatibility to support multiple VPN protocols, such as IPsec, IKEv1, and IKEv2. This flexibility allows users to connect to a wide range of VPN servers, including those employing industry-standard security protocols. Whether accessing corporate networks or navigating the web securely, users can rely on Shrew Soft VPN Client to establish encrypted connections efficiently.

Furthermore, the compatibility of Shrew Soft VPN Client extends beyond traditional networks to encompass emerging technologies like IPv6. As organizations transition towards IPv6 adoption, having a VPN client that seamlessly integrates with this protocol becomes imperative. Shrew Soft VPN Client addresses this need, ensuring compatibility with IPv6-enabled networks, thus future-proofing users' connectivity requirements.

In conclusion, the compatibility of Shrew Soft VPN Client underscores its significance in the realm of VPN solutions. With support for multiple operating systems, VPN protocols, and emerging technologies, it caters to the diverse needs of users seeking secure and reliable connectivity. Whether for personal privacy or business operations, Shrew Soft VPN Client stands as a formidable choice, offering compatibility without compromise.

Troubleshooting Shrew Soft VPN Client

If you are experiencing issues while using the Shrew Soft VPN Client, fret not, as troubleshooting common problems can help you get back on track quickly. Whether you are facing connectivity problems, authentication issues, or configuration errors, there are several steps you can take to resolve these issues and ensure a smooth VPN experience.

One of the most common issues users encounter is difficulties in establishing a connection with the VPN server. In such cases, double-check your internet connection, firewall settings, and VPN configuration to ensure everything is set up correctly. Try reconnecting to the VPN or connecting to a different server to see if the issue persists.

Authentication problems, such as incorrect username or password, can also prevent you from connecting to the VPN. Make sure that you have entered the correct credentials and that your account is in good standing. Resetting your password or contacting your VPN service provider for assistance may help resolve this issue.

Additionally, configuration errors, such as mismatched settings or outdated software, can cause the VPN client to malfunction. Ensure that you are using the latest version of the Shrew Soft VPN Client and that your settings are configured according to the VPN provider's guidelines.

If these troubleshooting steps do not resolve the issue, consider reinstalling the VPN client or reaching out to customer support for further assistance. By addressing common problems systematically, you can troubleshoot the Shrew Soft VPN Client effectively and enjoy a secure and reliable VPN connection.

[dovpnsgetcopyrightletters]

does openvpn work like vpn

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does openvpn work like vpn

OpenVPN protocol vs VPN

OpenVPN protocol vs VPN

When it comes to online privacy and security, using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a popular choice. However, within the realm of VPNs, there are different protocols available, one of the most renowned being OpenVPN. Let's break down the differences between OpenVPN protocol and VPN.

VPN, in its essence, creates a secure and encrypted connection between your device and a server operated by the VPN service. This connection allows you to browse the internet anonymously and securely. On the other hand, OpenVPN protocol is a specific type of VPN protocol that uses open-source technology to establish this secure connection. It is known for being highly secure, reliable, and versatile due to its ability to work on various ports and protocols.

One of the key differences between OpenVPN protocol and other VPN protocols is its open-source nature. Being open-source means that the code used in OpenVPN is publicly available and can be examined and audited by anyone. This transparency enhances the trustworthiness of the protocol among users concerned about their privacy.

Another factor to consider is the level of security provided by OpenVPN. Its robust encryption and authentication methods make it a top choice for those looking to safeguard their online activities. Additionally, OpenVPN's ability to bypass firewalls and effectively navigate network restrictions adds to its appeal.

In conclusion, while a VPN serves as the overarching technology for creating secure connections, the OpenVPN protocol stands out for its open-source transparency, high level of security, and adaptability. Whether you choose to use OpenVPN or another protocol, prioritizing your online privacy and security is essential in today's digital age.

OpenVPN encryption methods

OpenVPN is a popular and widely-used open-source tool that provides a secure virtual private network (VPN) connection for users. One of the key features of OpenVPN is its robust encryption methods that ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted over the network.

OpenVPN supports various encryption algorithms, including Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Blowfish. Among these, AES is widely considered the most secure and efficient encryption algorithm, offering strong protection against cyber threats and unauthorized access.

When setting up an OpenVPN connection, users can choose the level of encryption they prefer based on their security needs and performance requirements. The encryption method is specified in the configuration files and can be easily customized to suit specific use cases.

In addition to encryption algorithms, OpenVPN also supports various authentication methods to verify the identity of users and ensure secure communication. These include pre-shared keys, X.509 certificates, and username/password authentication, providing flexibility for users to implement the most suitable authentication mechanism for their VPN connection.

Overall, OpenVPN's encryption methods play a crucial role in safeguarding sensitive data and communications over the internet. By utilizing strong encryption algorithms and authentication protocols, OpenVPN enables users to establish secure and private connections while mitigating the risks associated with cyber threats and eavesdropping activities.

OpenVPN functionality

OpenVPN, an open-source virtual private network (VPN) software, offers robust functionality for secure communication over the internet. With its versatility and reliability, OpenVPN has become a popular choice for businesses and individuals seeking to protect their online privacy and data.

One of the key functionalities of OpenVPN is its ability to create encrypted tunnels between devices, ensuring that data transmitted over the network remains secure and confidential. This encryption is achieved using various cryptographic algorithms, providing a high level of protection against unauthorized access and eavesdropping.

OpenVPN supports a wide range of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, and mobile platforms like Android and iOS, making it accessible to users across different devices. This cross-platform compatibility enhances its usability and flexibility, allowing users to connect securely from virtually anywhere.

Another important feature of OpenVPN is its support for both client-server and peer-to-peer configurations. In a client-server setup, users connect to a central server, which manages authentication and routing of traffic. In contrast, peer-to-peer connections allow direct communication between individual devices, useful for scenarios where a centralized server is not available or desirable.

Furthermore, OpenVPN offers advanced networking capabilities, such as support for dynamic IP addresses, multi-protocol tunneling, and the ability to traverse firewalls and NAT devices. These features enable seamless integration into existing network infrastructures and enhance interoperability with other networking technologies.

In addition to its technical capabilities, OpenVPN is highly customizable, with extensive configuration options to tailor its behavior to specific requirements. Users can fine-tune encryption settings, define access control policies, and configure routing rules, providing a tailored VPN solution that meets their unique needs.

Overall, OpenVPN's functionality, combined with its open-source nature and active community support, makes it a versatile and powerful tool for securing communications over the internet. Whether used for remote access, site-to-site connectivity, or safeguarding online privacy, OpenVPN remains a top choice for individuals and organizations alike.

OpenVPN compatibility with VPN services

OpenVPN is an open-source virtual private network (VPN) protocol known for its security and versatility. Many VPN services offer support for OpenVPN due to its robust encryption capabilities and cross-platform compatibility.

One of the key advantages of using OpenVPN with VPN services is the high level of security it provides. OpenVPN uses the OpenSSL library and the SSLv3/TLSv1 protocols to secure data transmission over the internet. This helps protect user data from potential hackers or other malicious actors.

Additionally, OpenVPN is highly customizable, allowing VPN services to easily integrate it into their existing infrastructure. This flexibility makes it easier for VPN providers to offer support for a wide range of devices and operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android.

Furthermore, OpenVPN is known for its stability and reliability, ensuring a seamless and secure connection for users. Its ability to handle network disruptions and reestablish connections quickly makes it an ideal choice for users looking for consistent performance.

In conclusion, OpenVPN compatibility with VPN services offers users a secure, reliable, and customizable solution for protecting their online privacy and security. By choosing a VPN service that supports OpenVPN, users can enjoy the benefits of top-notch encryption and flexibility across various devices and platforms.

OpenVPN advantages and limitations

OpenVPN, a widely-used virtual private network (VPN) technology, offers several advantages along with some limitations. Let's explore both sides to understand its full scope.

Advantages:

Security: OpenVPN employs robust encryption protocols, ensuring data transmitted over the network remains secure and protected from eavesdropping or tampering.

Versatility: It's compatible with various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android, making it accessible across a wide range of devices.

Flexibility: OpenVPN supports both site-to-site and remote access VPN configurations, providing flexibility for different networking needs, whether for businesses or individual users.

Open Source: As an open-source software, OpenVPN benefits from a large community of developers continuously improving its features, security, and performance.

Scalability: It can scale to accommodate growing network requirements, making it suitable for both small businesses and large enterprises.

Limitations:

Complexity: Setting up and configuring OpenVPN can be complex, especially for novice users, requiring a good understanding of networking concepts and technical expertise.

Performance Overhead: The encryption and decryption processes can introduce some performance overhead, potentially slowing down network speeds, especially on lower-powered devices.

Resource Intensive: Running OpenVPN servers may require significant computational resources, particularly in terms of CPU and memory, which could be a limitation for resource-constrained environments.

Dependence on Third-Party Services: While OpenVPN itself is open-source, some implementations may rely on third-party services or software for certain functionalities, which could introduce dependencies and potential vulnerabilities.

In conclusion, while OpenVPN offers strong security features, compatibility, and flexibility, its complexity and resource requirements may pose challenges for some users. However, with proper setup and management, it remains a powerful tool for ensuring secure and private network communication.

[bliiot]

OPC UA Field eXchange (UAFX) is a new generation of field layer communication standard launched by the OPC Foundation, which aims to solve the core pain points of the long-standing coexistence of multiple protocols and poor device interoperability in the field of industrial automation. As an extension of the OPC UA standard, UAFX realizes end-to-end standardized data interaction from the control layer to field devices through a unified information model and communication framework, providing key infrastructure for Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing. Its core value lies in breaking the technical barriers of traditional fieldbuses, enabling devices from different manufacturers to achieve plug-and-play interconnection without relying on dedicated gateways, while meeting the stringent requirements of modern industry for real-time, security and flexibility.

Core Functions and Applications of OPC UAFX

I. Key Features

1. Cross-vendor Interoperability

Enables seamless communication between controllers/devices from different brands through standardized OPC UA information models

Supports three-tier communication architectures: Controller-to-Controller (C2C), Controller-to-Device (C2D), and Device-to-Device (D2D)

2. Real-time Data Exchange

Delivers deterministic communication via Ethernet TSN and 5G networks

Achieves microsecond-level synchronization using UDP/IP (IEEE 802.1AS)

3. Unified Engineering Configuration

Built-in Connection Manager for automatic secure link establishment

Supports integration with standard engineering tools (e.g., FDT/DTM, AML)

4. Advanced Diagnostics

Real-time monitoring of device health (network latency, packet loss, etc.)

Asset Information Model (AIM) for full lifecycle data tracking

5. Secure Communication

Inherits OPC UA's native X.509 certificate authentication and AES-256 encryption

Complies with both functional safety (IEC 61508) and cybersecurity (IEC 62443) standards

II. Industrial Applications

1. Smart Factories

Plug-and-play configuration for PLCs, robots, AGVs, etc.

Use case: Multi-brand robot collaboration in automotive welding lines

2. Process Automation

Eliminates protocol conversion between DCS and field instruments (flow meters/temperature transmitters)

Application: Direct data transmission from smart instruments to MES in petrochemical plants

3. Motion Control

Enables precision synchronization (<1μs jitter) for servo drives and CNC equipment

Typical scenario: Multi-axis synchronization in packaging machinery

4. Energy Management

Standardized monitoring for PV inverters, energy storage PCS, etc.

Implementation: Gateway-free data acquisition for wind farm SCADA systems

III. Technical Advantages

IV. Implementation Benefits

Lower TCO: 30+% reduction in protocol conversion hardware costs

Faster Deployment: 50% shorter engineering configuration time

Higher OEE: Predictive maintenance reduces unplanned downtime

Currently supported by leading automation vendors like ABB and Siemens, UAFX is expected to achieve widespread adoption in discrete manufacturing by 2025. This standard is particularly suited for Industry 4.0 scenarios demanding high real-time performance and multi-vendor device integration.

[kubernetesonline]

Docker Online Training Hyderabad | Visualpath

Kubernetes Authentication and Authorization

Introduction:

Kubernetes authentication and authorization mechanisms play a critical role in safeguarding clusters against unauthorized access and protecting sensitive workloads and data. - Docker and Kubernetes Training

Authentication in Kubernetes:

Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of users or entities attempting to access a Kubernetes cluster. Kubernetes supports various authentication methods, each catering to different use cases and deployment scenarios:

Client Certificates: Kubernetes can authenticate users based on client certificates signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA). This method is commonly used in production environments, where users authenticate using X.509 client certificates issued by the cluster's CA. - Kubernetes Online Training

Static Tokens: Kubernetes allows administrators to create static bearer tokens associated with specific users or service accounts. While convenient for testing and development, static tokens pose security risks if not managed properly and are not recommended for production use.

Service Account Tokens: Kubernetes automatically creates service accounts for pods running within the cluster. Service account tokens, mounted as secrets within pods, enable applications to authenticate with the Kubernetes API server and access cluster resources.

External Identity Providers: Kubernetes can integrate with external identity providers (e.g., LDAP, OAuth, OpenID Connect) for user authentication. This approach enables centralized identity management and single sign-on (SSO) capabilities across multiple Kubernetes clusters. - Docker Online Training

Implementing Authorization Policies:

Authorization, also known as access control, determines the actions users or entities are allowed to perform within a Kubernetes cluster. Kubernetes employs Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) as its primary authorization mechanism, allowing administrators to define granular access policies based on roles and role bindings:

Roles: A role defines a set of permissions (e.g., create, read, update, delete) for a specific set of resources within a Kubernetes namespace. Roles are scoped to a namespace and can be created using YAML manifest files.

Role Bindings: Role bindings associate roles with users, groups, or service accounts, granting them the permissions defined by the corresponding roles. Kubernetes supports both RoleBindings (for assigning roles within a namespace) and ClusterRoleBindings (for assigning roles across the entire cluster). - Kubernetes Training Hyderabad

Cluster Roles: In addition to namespace-scoped roles, Kubernetes supports cluster-wide roles called ClusterRoles. ClusterRoles enable administrators to define global access policies that apply across all namespaces within the cluster.

Best Practices for Kubernetes Authentication and Authorization:

Implement RBAC: Utilize Kubernetes RBAC to define fine-grained access controls based on the principle of least privilege. Regularly review and audit role definitions and role bindings to ensure they align with security policies and least privilege principles.

Leverage Service Accounts: Use Kubernetes service accounts to authenticate and authorize applications and workloads running within the cluster. Avoid using static bearer tokens or overly permissive access controls for service accounts. - Docker and Kubernetes Online Training

Enable Network Policies: Implement Kubernetes Network Policies to control traffic flow between pods and enforce network segmentation. Network policies augment RBAC by restricting network communication based on pod labels, namespaces, and other attributes.

Integrate with Identity Providers: Integrate Kubernetes with external identity providers to enable centralized authentication and SSO across multiple clusters. Leverage standard protocols like OAuth and OpenID Connect for seamless integration with existing identity management systems.

Regularly Rotate Secrets: Rotate client certificates, bearer tokens, and other authentication credentials regularly to mitigate the risk of unauthorized access due to compromised credentials or expired certificates.

Conclusion:

Authentication and authorization are foundational pillars of Kubernetes security, ensuring that only authorized users and workloads can access and interact with cluster resources.

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