#a CRISPR substitute

[mia-studyhaus]

Article Review - DNA Repair

Here are three points summarizing my reflection on this article from The Conversation:

1. I like the analogy of using recipe books for DNA. It makes understanding the different types of mutations (Insertion, Deletion, Substitution) and their impacts simpler.

2. The personal story of the writer’s family having muscular dystrophy makes understanding hereditary diseases much easier. The difference between dominant and recessive gene diseases was also made clear.

3. The process of prime editing and the role of Cas9 and the rewriting protein attached to a model strand were well elaborated on so as to explain the challenges in employing them in treatment. The visual aids used here were good.

I think this is a great article for beginners in biology to learn more about DNA repair and for students interested in molecular medicine to view CRISPR as a possible focus for their work.

Disclaimer: This is purely a concise reflection on the points presented in the article. These are not my opinions at all. I am only posting knowledge.

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[health-views-updates]

Tissue Engineering Market Supply Chain, Industry Demand and Global Future Predictions 2024-2032

The global tissue engineering market is forecasted to experience significant growth over the coming years, with market valuation expected to increase from USD 16.8 billion in 2023 to USD 56.2 billion by 2032. This represents a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.3% over the forecast period from 2024 to 2032. The substantial rise is attributed to advancements in regenerative medicine, growing demand for organ transplants, and innovative developments in biomaterials and stem cell research.

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles of biology, engineering, and material science to create biological substitutes capable of repairing, replacing, or regenerating damaged tissues and organs. It holds immense potential in addressing the growing gap between the demand for organ transplants and available donors, as well as in treating chronic diseases, injuries, and degenerative conditions.

Market Growth Drivers

Increasing Demand for Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplantation: One of the primary drivers of growth in the tissue engineering market is the increasing need for organ transplantation and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering techniques are gaining traction as potential solutions to meet the demand for organ replacements and to address issues related to donor shortages. As populations age and chronic conditions rise, the need for tissue and organ regeneration is becoming more critical.The ability to regenerate tissues through engineered constructs has revolutionized treatment options for conditions such as cardiovascular disease, liver failure, diabetes, and neurological disorders. This has attracted significant investments from the medical and biotechnology sectors, further propelling market growth.

Advances in Biomaterials and Stem Cell Research: Continuous advancements in biomaterials, including biodegradable scaffolds and 3D bioprinting, are revolutionizing the tissue engineering landscape. Biomaterials, in conjunction with stem cells and growth factors, provide structural frameworks that facilitate the growth of new tissue. These innovations allow for the development of complex, functional tissue constructs, opening new avenues for treating a range of medical conditions.Stem cell therapies are another key component driving market expansion. Stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, which can be used to regenerate damaged tissues and treat degenerative diseases. As research in this area advances, the application of stem cell-based tissue engineering is expected to grow significantly.

Technological Innovations: The market is also benefiting from the rapid development of technologies such as 3D bioprinting, gene editing (e.g., CRISPR), and nanotechnology. These innovations allow researchers to precisely control the architecture of engineered tissues, optimize the regenerative process, and create highly customized tissue constructs. For example, 3D bioprinting enables the fabrication of intricate tissue structures layer by layer, closely mimicking the natural tissue environment.These advancements are particularly significant in the development of personalized medicine, where tissue engineering plays a pivotal role in creating patient-specific solutions, thereby enhancing treatment outcomes.

Rising Healthcare Expenditure and Government Initiatives: Increasing healthcare expenditure, coupled with growing government support for research and development in regenerative medicine, is contributing to the expansion of the tissue engineering market. Governments and regulatory bodies are increasingly funding research initiatives aimed at developing advanced medical solutions, particularly in developed economies. These initiatives are paving the way for greater adoption of tissue engineering technologies across the healthcare industry.

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Challenges and Opportunities

While the tissue engineering market shows enormous potential, several challenges persist. High development costs, stringent regulatory approval processes, and the complexity of tissue regeneration pose hurdles for market participants. However, continuous investments in research and the commercialization of emerging technologies are expected to mitigate these challenges.

Moreover, the growing interest in personalized medicine and patient-specific tissue regeneration presents significant opportunities for innovation and expansion. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in tissue engineering research is also expected to accelerate the discovery of new techniques and materials, driving future market growth.

Regional Insights

North America holds the largest share of the tissue engineering market, driven by well-established healthcare infrastructure, advanced research facilities, and high healthcare expenditure. The U.S. remains at the forefront of innovation, with numerous biotechnology companies and research institutions contributing to the market’s growth.

Europe follows closely, with a focus on advancing regenerative medicine and biomaterials research. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth during the forecast period, driven by increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure, growing medical tourism, and rising awareness of regenerative medicine’s potential.

Future Outlook

The tissue engineering market is poised for exponential growth as advancements in biomaterials, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine continue to unfold. With the increasing demand for innovative solutions to address organ shortages, chronic diseases, and tissue damage, the market is expected to witness widespread adoption of engineered tissue constructs.

By 2032, the market is anticipated to reach USD 56.2 billion, fueled by a CAGR of 14.3%, marking a transformative era in healthcare and medical treatments that rely on tissue regeneration and advanced biotechnologies.

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[downincmi]

Genetically Modified Seeds Market Trends: A Growing Agricultural Revolution

The genetically modified seeds market has revolutionized agricultural practices through the development of crop varieties that exhibit superior traits like herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. Genetically engineered seeds help farmers produce higher crop yields through traits that enhance stress tolerance, increase nutritional value, and prolong shelf life. Global demand for food isprojected to increase substantially due to the rising global population, which is estimated to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050. This growing global food demand can only be met through sustainable intensification of agricultural production with the help of GM seeds that boost productivity per acre of land. The Global genetically modified seeds market is estimated to be valued at US$ 20.34 Bn in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 10% over the forecast period of 2023 to 2030. Genetically modified seeds find widespread application in cultivating major crops like soybean, maize, cotton, canola and others. They help reduce dependence on pesticides and herbicides while maximizing agricultural output. The ability of GM seeds to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors makes them an indispensable tool for ensuring global food security. Key Takeaways

Key players operating in the genetically modified seeds market are Bayer CropScience, BASF SE, Syngenta, and JR Simplot Co. These leading seed companies are investing heavily in R&D to develop novel seed traits and capture greater market share. Growing global population coupled with changing dietary preferences is fueling the demand for food grains worldwide. Genetically modified seeds with traits like herbicide tolerance and insect resistance help boost agricultural productivity to meet this rising food demand. Several countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa are increasing their adoption of biotech crops due to the yield advantages offered by GM seeds. Global seed companies are also expanding to emerging nations to tap the vast growth opportunities in these markets. Market Key Trends

One of the major trends in the genetically modified seeds market is the development of drought-resistant and heat-tolerant seeds. With climate change leading to unpredictable weather patterns, GM seeds that can withstand extreme temperatures and water scarcity are gaining traction. Leading companies like Bayer are engaged in modifying crop genomes to produce varieties suited to arid conditions. Another prominent trend is the engineering of seeds that enhance nutrition. Biofortified seeds enriched with vitamins, minerals and nutrients can help address global micronutrient deficiencies. Meanwhile, gene-editing technologies like CRISPR are allowing for more precise genetic modifications without transgene integration. This is expanding the toolkit for breeders to develop proprietary biotech traits.

Porter's Analysis

Threat of new entrants: The high costs associated with R&D make it difficult for new companies to enter this market. Bargaining power of buyers: Large buyers like crop producers can negotiate lower prices due to high demand for GM seeds. Bargaining power of suppliers: A few large suppliers like Bayer and Syngenta dominate the GM seed supply chain which limits options for buyers. Threat of new substitutes: Alternatives such as organic seeds are still limited. Intensive R&D protects GM seeds from new substitutes. Competitive rivalry: Intense competition exists between major players to capture more market share through new product innovations and acquisitions. Geographical Regions North America accounts for the largest share of the GM seeds market currently due to widespread adoption in major crops like corn and soybean. The USA alone accounts for over 50% of global GM crop production. Asia Pacific is projected to grow at the fastest pace during the forecast period driven by population growth and rising demand for food. Countries like India and China are encouraging GM crop farming to boost agricultural yields to feed their large populations. Adoption of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant cotton seeds has been highest in India.

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Gene Editing Revolutionizing Animal Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market: Exploring CRISPR-Cas9 and Its Potential Applications

Introduction:

In recent years, gene editing has emerged as a revolutionary tool in the field of animal health, offering unprecedented precision in treating genetic diseases. Among the various gene editing technologies, CRISPR-Cas9 stands out for its efficiency, versatility, and potential applications in correcting genetic anomalies in animals. In this comprehensive article, we delve into the latest advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 technology and its transformative impact on animal therapeutics.

According to the study by Next Move Strategy Consulting, the global Animal Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market size is predicted to reach USD 59.21 billion with a CAGR of 5.5% by 2030.

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Understanding CRISPR-Cas9:

CRISPR-Cas9, short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9, is a genome editing tool derived from a bacterial defense mechanism. It enables scientists to precisely modify DNA sequences within the genome of an organism. The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key components: a guide RNA (gRNA) that directs the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA sequence, and the Cas9 enzyme itself, which acts as molecular scissors to cut the DNA at the specified location.

Advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 Technology:

Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and versatility of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Initially discovered in bacteria as a defense mechanism against viral infections, CRISPR-Cas9 has been adapted for use in a wide range of organisms, including animals. One of the primary challenges in early CRISPR-Cas9 applications was off-target effects, where the Cas9 enzyme could inadvertently cleave DNA sequences similar to the target site, leading to unintended genetic alterations. However, researchers have developed novel strategies to improve the specificity of Cas9, reducing off-target effects and minimizing the risk of unintended mutations.

Several approaches have been employed to enhance the precision of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, including the engineering of Cas9 variants with altered DNA-binding properties, the optimization of gRNA design algorithms to improve target specificity, and the development of bioinformatics tools for predicting off-target cleavage sites. Additionally, the implementation of stringent quality control measures and validation protocols has contributed to the reliability and reproducibility of CRISPR-Cas9 experiments.

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Furthermore, the development of base editing and prime editing techniques has expanded the scope of CRISPR-Cas9 applications, allowing for precise nucleotide substitutions and targeted insertions or deletions without double-strand breaks. Base editing involves the direct conversion of one DNA base pair into another, enabling the correction of point mutations associated with genetic diseases. Prime editing, on the other hand, combines CRISPR-Cas9 with a reverse transcriptase enzyme to precisely edit DNA sequences with single-base precision, offering greater flexibility and efficiency in genome engineering.

Potential Applications in Treating Genetic Diseases:

One of the most promising applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in animal health is the treatment of genetic diseases. Inherited disorders, such as muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia, can be debilitating for animals and pose significant challenges for traditional therapeutic approaches. CRISPR-Cas9 offers a targeted solution by enabling precise corrections of disease-causing mutations at the genetic level.

For example, in a groundbreaking study published in 2017, researchers used CRISPR-Cas9 to correct a genetic mutation responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in dogs. By delivering the CRISPR components directly into the muscles of affected dogs, the scientists were able to restore dystrophin expression and improve muscle function, offering hope for future therapeutic interventions in human patients with DMD.

Beyond monogenic disorders, CRISPR-Cas9 holds promise for addressing complex polygenic traits and susceptibility to infectious diseases in animals. By editing key genes involved in disease resistance or immune response pathways, researchers aim to develop animals with enhanced resilience to pathogens and reduced susceptibility to common illnesses.

In addition to therapeutic applications, CRISPR-Cas9 can also be utilized for disease modeling and drug discovery in animals. By generating animal models with precise genetic modifications that mimic human diseases, researchers can gain insights into disease mechanisms, identify potential drug targets, and evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics in preclinical studies.

Challenges and Considerations:

While the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in animal therapeutics is immense, several challenges and ethical considerations must be addressed. Off-target effects, unintended genetic modifications, and the potential for germline transmission of edited traits raise concerns about safety and unintended consequences. Although significant progress has been made in improving the specificity and efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, the risk of off-target effects remains a persistent challenge that requires ongoing research and optimization.

Furthermore, the long-term effects of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic modifications on animal health and welfare are still not fully understood. Ethical considerations surrounding the use of gene editing in animals, particularly in the context of agricultural applications and livestock breeding, necessitate careful deliberation and stakeholder engagement. Regulatory frameworks governing the use of gene editing in animals vary across jurisdictions, ranging from strict prohibitions to permissive regulations with stringent oversight requirements.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, CRISPR-Cas9 represents a paradigm shift in the field of animal health, offering unprecedented opportunities for the treatment of genetic diseases and the enhancement of desirable traits in animals. With continued advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 technology and ongoing research efforts, the future holds great promise for harnessing the power of gene editing to improve the health and well-being of animals worldwide. However, it is essential to proceed with caution, ensuring responsible use and thoughtful consideration of the ethical implications associated with gene editing in animals.

Through this comprehensive article, we have explored the latest advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 technology and its potential applications in treating genetic diseases in animals. As researchers continue to push the boundaries of gene editing capabilities, the possibilities for transformative interventions in animal health are limitless. By addressing the challenges and ethical considerations surrounding CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we can pave the way for safer, more effective, and ethically sound applications of this groundbreaking technology in veterinary medicine.

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Scientists develop a rapid gene-editing screen to find effects of cancer mutations

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/scientists-develop-a-rapid-gene-editing-screen-to-find-effects-of-cancer-mutations/

Scientists develop a rapid gene-editing screen to find effects of cancer mutations

Tumors can carry mutations in hundreds of different genes, and each of those genes may be mutated in different ways — some mutations simply replace one DNA nucleotide with another, while others insert or delete larger sections of DNA.

Until now, there has been no way to quickly and easily screen each of those mutations in their natural setting to see what role they may play in the development, progression, and treatment response of a tumor. Using a variant of CRISPR genome-editing known as prime editing, MIT researchers have now come up with a way to screen those mutations much more easily.

The researchers demonstrated their technique by screening cells with more than 1,000 different mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53, all of which have been seen in cancer patients. This method, which is easier and faster than any existing approach, and edits the genome rather than introducing an artificial version of the mutant gene, revealed that some p53 mutations are more harmful than previously thought.

This technique could also be applied to many other cancer genes, the researchers say, and could eventually be used for precision medicine, to determine how an individual patient’s tumor will respond to a particular treatment.

“In one experiment, you can generate thousands of genotypes that are seen in cancer patients, and immediately test whether one or more of those genotypes are sensitive or resistant to any type of therapy that you’re interested in using,” says Francisco Sanchez-Rivera, an MIT assistant professor of biology, a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and the senior author of the study.

MIT graduate student Samuel Gould is the lead author of the paper, which appears today in Nature Biotechnology.

Editing cells

The new technique builds on research that Sanchez-Rivera began 10 years ago as an MIT graduate student. At that time, working with Tyler Jacks, the David H. Koch Professor of Biology, and then-postdoc Thales Papagiannakopoulos, Sanchez-Rivera developed a way to use CRISPR genome-editing to introduce into mice genetic mutations linked to lung cancer.

In that study, the researchers showed that they could delete genes that are often lost in lung tumor cells, and the resulting tumors were similar to naturally arising tumors with those mutations. However, this technique did not allow for the creation of point mutations (substitutions of one nucleotide for another) or insertions.

“While some cancer patients have deletions in certain genes, the vast majority of mutations that cancer patients have in their tumors also include point mutations or small insertions,” Sanchez-Rivera says.

Since then, David Liu, a professor in the Harvard University Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and a core institute member of the Broad Institute, has developed new CRISPR-based genome editing technologies that can generate additional types of mutations more easily. With base editing, developed in 2016, researchers can engineer point mutations, but not all possible point mutations. In 2019, Liu, who is also an author of the Nature Biotechnology study, developed a technique called prime editing, which enables any kind of point mutation to be introduced, as well as insertions and deletions.

“Prime editing in theory solves one of the major challenges with earlier forms of CRISPR-based editing, which is that it allows you to engineer virtually any type of mutation,” Sanchez-Rivera says.

When they began working on this project, Sanchez-Rivera and Gould calculated that if performed successfully, prime editing could be used to generate more than 99 percent of all small mutations seen in cancer patients.

However, to achieve that, they needed to find a way to optimize the editing efficiency of the CRISPR-based system. The prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) used to direct CRISPR enzymes to cut the genome in certain spots have varying levels of efficiency, which leads to “noise” in the data from pegRNAs that simply aren’t generating the correct target mutation. The MIT team devised a way to reduce that noise by using synthetic target sites to help them calculate how efficiently each guide RNA that they tested was working.

“We can design multiple prime-editing guide RNAs with different design properties, and then we get an empirical measurement of how efficient each of those pegRNAs is. It tells us what percentage of the time each pegRNA is actually introducing the correct edit,” Gould says.

Analyzing mutations

The researchers demonstrated their technique using p53, a gene that is mutated in more than half of all cancer patients. From a dataset that includes sequencing information from more than 40,000 patients, the researchers identified more than 1,000 different mutations that can occur in p53.

“We wanted to focus on p53 because it’s the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers, but only the most frequent variants in p53 have really been deeply studied. There are many variants in p53 that remain understudied,” Gould says.

Using their new method, the researchers introduced p53 mutations in human lung adenocarcinoma cells, then measured the survival rates of these cells, allowing them to determine each mutation’s effect on cell fitness.

Among their findings, they showed that some p53 mutations promoted cell growth more than had been previously thought. These mutations, which prevent the p53 protein from forming a tetramer — an assembly of four p53 proteins — had been studied before, using a technique that involves inserting artificial copies of a mutated p53 gene into a cell.

Those studies found that these mutations did not confer any survival advantage to cancer cells. However, when the MIT team introduced those same mutations using the new prime editing technique, they found that the mutation prevented the tetramer from forming, allowing the cells to survive. Based on the studies done using overexpression of artificial p53 DNA, those mutations would have been classified as benign, while the new work shows that under more natural circumstances, they are not.

“This is a case where you could only observe these variant-induced phenotypes if you’re engineering the variants in their natural context and not with these more artificial systems,” Gould says. “This is just one example, but it speaks to a broader principle that we’re going to be able to access novel biology using these new genome-editing technologies.”

Because it is difficult to reactivate tumor suppressor genes, there are few drugs that target p53, but the researchers now plan to investigate mutations found in other cancer-linked genes, in hopes of discovering potential cancer therapies that could target those mutations. They also hope that the technique could one day enable personalized approaches to treating tumors.

“With the advent of sequencing technologies in the clinic, we’ll be able to use this genetic information to tailor therapies for patients suffering from tumors that have a defined genetic makeup,” Sanchez-Rivera says. “This approach based on prime editing has the potential to change everything.”

The research was funded, in part, by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, an MIT School of Science Fellowship in Cancer Research, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Hanna Gray Fellowship, the V Foundation for Cancer Research, a National Cancer Institute Cancer Center Support Grant, the Ludwig Center at MIT, a Koch Institute Frontier Award, the MIT Research Support Committee, and the Koch Institute Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute.

[jcmarchi]

Scientists develop a rapid gene-editing screen to find effects of cancer mutations

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/scientists-develop-a-rapid-gene-editing-screen-to-find-effects-of-cancer-mutations/

Scientists develop a rapid gene-editing screen to find effects of cancer mutations

Tumors can carry mutations in hundreds of different genes, and each of those genes may be mutated in different ways — some mutations simply replace one DNA nucleotide with another, while others insert or delete larger sections of DNA.

Until now, there has been no way to quickly and easily screen each of those mutations in their natural setting to see what role they may play in the development, progression, and treatment response of a tumor. Using a variant of CRISPR genome-editing known as prime editing, MIT researchers have now come up with a way to screen those mutations much more easily.

The researchers demonstrated their technique by screening cells with more than 1,000 different mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53, all of which have been seen in cancer patients. This method, which is easier and faster than any existing approach, and edits the genome rather than introducing an artificial version of the mutant gene, revealed that some p53 mutations are more harmful than previously thought.

This technique could also be applied to many other cancer genes, the researchers say, and could eventually be used for precision medicine, to determine how an individual patient’s tumor will respond to a particular treatment.

“In one experiment, you can generate thousands of genotypes that are seen in cancer patients, and immediately test whether one or more of those genotypes are sensitive or resistant to any type of therapy that you’re interested in using,” says Francisco Sanchez-Rivera, an MIT assistant professor of biology, a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and the senior author of the study.

MIT graduate student Samuel Gould is the lead author of the paper, which appears today in Nature Biotechnology.

Editing cells

The new technique builds on research that Sanchez-Rivera began 10 years ago as an MIT graduate student. At that time, working with Tyler Jacks, the David H. Koch Professor of Biology, and then-postdoc Thales Papagiannakopoulos, Sanchez-Rivera developed a way to use CRISPR genome-editing to introduce into mice genetic mutations linked to lung cancer.

In that study, the researchers showed that they could delete genes that are often lost in lung tumor cells, and the resulting tumors were similar to naturally arising tumors with those mutations. However, this technique did not allow for the creation of point mutations (substitutions of one nucleotide for another) or insertions.

“While some cancer patients have deletions in certain genes, the vast majority of mutations that cancer patients have in their tumors also include point mutations or small insertions,” Sanchez-Rivera says.

Since then, David Liu, a professor in the Harvard University Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and a core institute member of the Broad Institute, has developed new CRISPR-based genome editing technologies that can generate additional types of mutations more easily. With base editing, developed in 2016, researchers can engineer point mutations, but not all possible point mutations. In 2019, Liu, who is also an author of the Nature Biotechnology study, developed a technique called prime editing, which enables any kind of point mutation to be introduced, as well as insertions and deletions.

“Prime editing in theory solves one of the major challenges with earlier forms of CRISPR-based editing, which is that it allows you to engineer virtually any type of mutation,” Sanchez-Rivera says.

When they began working on this project, Sanchez-Rivera and Gould calculated that if performed successfully, prime editing could be used to generate more than 99 percent of all small mutations seen in cancer patients.

However, to achieve that, they needed to find a way to optimize the editing efficiency of the CRISPR-based system. The prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) used to direct CRISPR enzymes to cut the genome in certain spots have varying levels of efficiency, which leads to “noise” in the data from pegRNAs that simply aren’t generating the correct target mutation. The MIT team devised a way to reduce that noise by using synthetic target sites to help them calculate how efficiently each guide RNA that they tested was working.

“We can design multiple prime-editing guide RNAs with different design properties, and then we get an empirical measurement of how efficient each of those pegRNAs is. It tells us what percentage of the time each pegRNA is actually introducing the correct edit,” Gould says.

Analyzing mutations

The researchers demonstrated their technique using p53, a gene that is mutated in more than half of all cancer patients. From a dataset that includes sequencing information from more than 40,000 patients, the researchers identified more than 1,000 different mutations that can occur in p53.

“We wanted to focus on p53 because it’s the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers, but only the most frequent variants in p53 have really been deeply studied. There are many variants in p53 that remain understudied,” Gould says.

Using their new method, the researchers introduced p53 mutations in human lung adenocarcinoma cells, then measured the survival rates of these cells, allowing them to determine each mutation’s effect on cell fitness.

Among their findings, they showed that some p53 mutations promoted cell growth more than had been previously thought. These mutations, which prevent the p53 protein from forming a tetramer — an assembly of four p53 proteins — had been studied before, using a technique that involves inserting artificial copies of a mutated p53 gene into a cell.

Those studies found that these mutations did not confer any survival advantage to cancer cells. However, when the MIT team introduced those same mutations using the new prime editing technique, they found that the mutation prevented the tetramer from forming, allowing the cells to survive. Based on the studies done using overexpression of artificial p53 DNA, those mutations would have been classified as benign, while the new work shows that under more natural circumstances, they are not.

“This is a case where you could only observe these variant-induced phenotypes if you’re engineering the variants in their natural context and not with these more artificial systems,” Gould says. “This is just one example, but it speaks to a broader principle that we’re going to be able to access novel biology using these new genome-editing technologies.”

Because it is difficult to reactivate tumor suppressor genes, there are few drugs that target p53, but the researchers now plan to investigate mutations found in other cancer-linked genes, in hopes of discovering potential cancer therapies that could target those mutations. They also hope that the technique could one day enable personalized approaches to treating tumors.

“With the advent of sequencing technologies in the clinic, we’ll be able to use this genetic information to tailor therapies for patients suffering from tumors that have a defined genetic makeup,” Sanchez-Rivera says. “This approach based on prime editing has the potential to change everything.”

The research was funded, in part, by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, an MIT School of Science Fellowship in Cancer Research, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Hanna Gray Fellowship, the V Foundation for Cancer Research, a National Cancer Institute Cancer Center Support Grant, the Ludwig Center at MIT, a Koch Institute Frontier Award, the MIT Research Support Committee, and the Koch Institute Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute.

[petnews2day]

Junk DNA in birds may hold key to safe, efficient gene therapy

New Post has been published on https://petn.ws/3sfEr

Junk DNA in birds may hold key to safe, efficient gene therapy

The recent approval of a CRISPR-Cas9 therapy for sickle cell disease demonstrates that gene editing tools can do a superb job knocking out genes to cure hereditary disease. But it’s still not possible to insert whole genes into the human genome to substitute for defective or deleterious genes. A new technique that employs a retrotransposon […]

See full article at https://petn.ws/3sfEr #BirdNews

[gauricmi]

DNA Synthesizer Market: Transforming the Future of Genetic Research

Market Overview: The global DNA Synthesizer Market is estimated to be valued at US$4.30 billion in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a remarkable CAGR of 20.2% over the forecast period of 2023-2030, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights. The market offers an advanced and innovative solution for synthesizing DNA, playing a crucial role in various applications such as genomics, pharmaceuticals, life sciences, and synthetic biology. DNA synthesizers provide researchers with the ability to create tailored DNA sequences, revolutionizing genetic research and analysis. Market Key Trends: Advancements in DNA synthesizer technologies are driving the market's growth and adoption. One key trend is the development of high-throughput and cost-effective DNA synthesizers. These systems enable researchers to synthesize multiple DNA sequences simultaneously, significantly reducing time and costs associated with traditional methods. For instance, Thermo Fisher Scientific has launched the Ion Torrent Genexus System, which integrates sample preparation, sequencing, and data analysis into a single workflow, allowing for quick and accurate DNA synthesis. Porter's Analysis: Threat of New Entrants: The Global DNA Synthesizer Market requires substantial investment in research and development. Established players with their extensive knowledge base and strong intellectual property rights pose a significant entry barrier for new players. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Buyers in the DNA synthesizer market have significant bargaining power due to the presence of multiple suppliers and intense market competition. This results in competitive pricing and innovation, benefiting the buyers. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Suppliers in the market, such as Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck KGaA, and Agilent Technologies, have a strong position due to their technological expertise and wide product portfolios. This gives them moderate bargaining power. Threat of New Substitutes: Although there are no direct substitutes for DNA synthesizers, advancements in gene editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 have the potential to disrupt the market by altering DNA sequences instead of synthesizing them. Competitive Rivalry: The DNA synthesizer market is highly competitive, with key players like Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck KGaA, and Agilent Technologies dominating the market. Intense competition among these players drives innovation and pushes the boundaries of DNA synthesis technologies. Key Takeaways: 1. The global DNA synthesizer market is expected to witness high growth, exhibiting a CAGR of 20.2% over the forecast period, due to increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective DNA synthesis solutions. The ability to customize DNA sequences offers immense potential in various industries, including healthcare and agriculture. 2. North America is anticipated to dominate the DNA synthesizer market, owing to the presence of key market players, advanced research infrastructure, and significant investments in genetic research. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth due to increasing government initiatives and rising adoption of advanced biotechnologies. 3. Key players operating in the global DNA Synthesizer Market include Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck KGaA, Agilent Technologies, and Danaher Corporation, among others. These players focus on strategic partnerships, product innovations, and acquisitions to expand their market presence and cater to the evolving needs of researchers and scientists worldwide. In conclusion, the DNA synthesizer market holds immense potential for revolutionizing genetic research and analysis. The advancements in technology, coupled with increasing demand for personalized medicine and genetic engineering, make DNA synthesizers a key component of the future of healthcare and scientific discovery.

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Cutting-Edge Solutions Shaping the Future: A Technological Odyssey

Introduction

In the fast-paced world of technology, innovation knows no bounds. From artificial intelligence and robotics to renewable energy and biotechnology, cutting-edge solutions are shaping the future in ways that were once only dreamed of. This article explores some of the most exciting advancements that are revolutionizing industries, solving complex problems, and improving lives across the globe.

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning

AI and machine learning have emerged as the driving forces behind countless transformative applications. From smart assistants like Siri and Alexa to self-driving cars and personalized marketing algorithms, AI is reshaping industries and making processes more efficient. AI's ability to analyze vast amounts of data, learn from patterns, and adapt to evolving circumstances opens doors to endless possibilities.

In healthcare, AI-powered diagnosis systems are enhancing accuracy and efficiency, while in agriculture, AI-driven precision farming optimizes resources and maximizes crop yields. Moreover, AI is playing a vital role in sustainability initiatives, allowing cities to monitor and manage their energy consumption and waste more effectively.

2. Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things has connected the physical and digital worlds, creating a seamless network of devices and systems that communicate and share data. From smart homes and wearables to industrial IoT applications, this interconnectedness enables remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and real-time data-driven decision-making.

In smart cities, IoT is revolutionizing urban planning and infrastructure management. Traffic sensors, waste management systems, and energy-efficient lighting are just a few examples of how IoT is transforming urban life. Moreover, IoT is empowering industries with unprecedented insights, leading to greater productivity and resource optimization.

3. Renewable Energy Solutions

The urgent need to combat climate change has driven the development of innovative renewable energy solutions. Solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power sources are increasingly being integrated into the energy grid, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Energy storage technologies like advanced batteries and grid-scale systems are overcoming the intermittent nature of renewable sources, making them more reliable and viable alternatives to traditional energy sources. Additionally, energy-efficient buildings and sustainable urban planning are playing a crucial role in promoting a greener and more sustainable future.

4. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

The field of biotechnology is witnessing groundbreaking discoveries that are transforming healthcare, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Advancements in genetic engineering have led to gene-editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, offering unprecedented potential for treating genetic diseases and improving crop yields.

Biotechnology is also revolutionizing the production of alternative proteins, such as plant-based meat substitutes and lab-grown meat, which have significant implications for food security and environmental sustainability. Additionally, biodegradable materials and bio-based plastics are reducing the environmental impact of traditional single-use plastics.

5. Quantum Computing

Quantum computing represents the next frontier in computational power, promising to revolutionize various fields, including cryptography, drug discovery, weather forecasting, and optimization problems. Unlike classical computers that process information using bits (0s and 1s), quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously.

The potential of quantum computing lies in its ability to solve complex problems at an exponentially faster rate than classical computers. As the technology continues to advance, we can expect quantum computing to address challenges that were previously insurmountable.

Conclusion

The cutting-edge solutions discussed in this article are just a glimpse of the technological wonders that await us in the future. These advancements have the potential to reshape societies, economies, and industries, solving some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. Embracing and responsibly deploying these innovations will be crucial in realizing a sustainable and prosperous future for all. As we continue on this technological odyssey, it is essential to balance progress with ethical considerations, ensuring that these innovations benefit society as a whole while minimizing potential risks. https://theforexwebsites.com/

[myfeeds]

Gene variation makes apple trees weep improving orchards

Plant geneticists have identified a mutation in a gene that causes the “weeping” architecture — branches growing downwards — in apple trees, a finding that could improve orchard fruit production. For more than a century, growers have tied down apple branches when trees are young, in order to improve crop productivity. More research is needed to understand the mechanism for why branch bending improves yields, but studies have shown that the practice helps apple trees allocate more resources such as carbon and other nutrients toward reproductive growth (flowering and fruiting) than toward vegetative growth (branches and leaves). In rare cases, trees are known to naturally grow downwards. The new study, published early release on July 3 in the journal Plant Physiology, identified a variation, or allele, of MdLAZY1A — a gene that largely controls weeping growth in apple. “The findings presented in this paper could be used to make existing apple cultivars grow somewhat downwards and/or with more spreading branches, so they can be more productive, and it can save on labor costs of tying branches down,” said senior author Kenong Xu, associate professor in the School of Integrative Plant Science Horticulture Section at Cornell AgriTech in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The mutation is rare, occurring in less than 1% of trees. Now that the mutation — a single nucleotide substitution to the MdLAZY1A gene — has been identified, plant geneticists might use CRISPR/Cas-9 gene editing technology to develop cultivars with weeping-like growth, Xu said. advertisement “We confirmed it through multiple transgenic studies,” Xu said. “We put that allele in a standard royal gala apple cultivar and the tree grew downward.” To identify the gene, the researchers used a “forward genetics” approach, where they looked at the observable traits in more than 1,000 offspring of weeping cultivars, and separated those that exhibited weeping vs. normal growth. They then used advanced genetic sequencing techniques to compare the two populations to locate the genetic determinant. Laura Dougherty, Ph.D. ’19, a former postdoctoral researcher at Cornell and currently a research geneticist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, is the paper’s first author. Co-authors include Susan Brown, professor in the School of Integrative Plant Science (SIPS) Horticulture Section at Cornell AgriTech, and Miguel Piñeros, adjunct associate professor in SIPS’ Plant Biology Section. The study was funded by the National Science Foundation Plant Genome Research Program.

[thomasbrutnell]

A Beginner’s Guide to Plant Genome Engineering

Thomas “Tom” Brutnell studied at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, graduating with a doctorate of philosophy in biology in 1995. In August 2018, Thomas Brutnell has founded Viridis Genomics Consulting in Chesterfield, Missouri. He advises industry and academic scientists on strategies to advance plant breeding objectives, including genome editing technologies.

Plant genome engineering is a rapidly evolving field that uses various tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, TALENs, and zinc finger nucleases, to engineer genomes. These tools alter DNA sequences to achieve distinct effects. The introduction of these changes includes removing, adding, or substituting components at specified locations in the DNA strand. This technique has many applications in the biotechnology and agricultural sciences, such as plant breeding and improving crop yields.

CRISPR-Cas9 is one of the most widely used techniques for plant genome engineering. It uses a guide RNA molecule that binds to a specific region on the DNA sequence. Upon binding, the Cas9 enzyme will cut both DNA strands at this location, producing double-stranded breaks (DSBs). Several cellular processes, such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR), can fix these double-strand breaks. In NHEJ repairs, random insertions or deletions occur, resulting in small mutations called indels. Meanwhile, the HDR mechanism allows adding specific sequences to the genome.

TALEN technology (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) is also an effective tool. Like the CRISPR-Cas9 system, it produces DSBs in targeted regions. The difference is that it utilizes enzymes known as TALEs instead of Cas proteins. Restriction enzymes are also used for gene editing applications. They precisely cut specific targets within genes or operons, making them ideal candidates for targeted gene editing or deletion purposes.

In conclusion, genome engineering has revolutionized how we look at genetic modification processes within plants, allowing scientists to effectively modify target areas without harmfully affecting other segments of its genetics. With these tools, scientists have been able to modify plants with greater precision, providing further insights for understanding the complex biological processes underlying plants' growth patterns. This has revolutionized crop yield and protective measures for crops from climate change reactions.

[agape-philo-sophia]

➝ Transhumanism 🚨

This has been the bane of many cultures in the universe. The quest to remain the gods of the Material Plane. Substituting Ego for Spirit, not realising one has become an Intellectual Animal. On Earth, this is an ongoing blight. For millennia, those with the “power” have dumbed down society and kept most knowledge for themselves.

We have entered a time where information is not as hidden as it once was. Those who seek power still wish to be the gods of humanity. They now look to technology to control knowledge and therefore, the people. The most focused research just now is in studying our traits, thoughts and behaviours. Most is done using the Internet.

The ultimate goal for those who oversee governments, businesses and the overall society is to change the nature of humanity to that of a subservient and totally mind controlled slaves. An autocratic command system where there is no free thought, a one-way form of communication like an ant colony. A terminal point for all humanity.

Body Augmentation will persuade people to adopt tech which is like having a smart phone imbedded into the brain. This may take video, translate languages, and even operate an exoskeleton. These will be connected by microprocessors on the brain. A combination of IVK technology and the CRISPR gene editing will then be introduced.

Thought Augmentation will be when these microprocessors become brain machine interfaces, such as Neuralink. Communication will change from audio to thoughts, like telepathy. This will speed up person to person communication along with a full sensory and emotion sensation. This will be adapted to all external devices as well.

Behaviour Augmentation is when people become joined with Artificial Intelligence. It will at first be a reward or punishment system before developing into one where the choice has been removed altogether. Governments have funded this research most. As governments are phased out, all control will belong to one small group of people.

The fundamental basis of the Transhumanism concept is the A.I. downloaded into the scientific human mind from the Negative Aliens and Satanic Forces, in their quest to survive and achieve immortality by hijacking human consciousness and ultimately possessing the human host body. They do not have flesh and bone bodies and covet ours. Most academics are filled with a variety of mind control and alien implants to be a cog in the wheel to steadily enforce alien control systems.

Most early transhumanism concepts were developed by geneticists interested in eugenics and sustaining life forms in synthetic environments. (Like the eugenic experiments similar to those of the Black Sun Nazis). A common feature of promoting transhumanism is the future vision of creating a new intelligent species, into which humanity will evolve and eventually, either supplement it or supersede it. This distraction on the surface is a scheme, while the underlying motivation is intending species extinction of what we know as humans today.

Transhumanism stresses the evolutionary perspective, yet it completely ignores the electromagnetic function of human DNA and the consciousness reality of the multidimensional human soul-spirit. They claim to want to stop human suffering but have no idea of the alien machinery and mind control implants used to imprison human consciousness. They know nothing about the afterlife, what happens during the death of the body or even how the human body or Universe really works, yet they want to control every aspect of the human body with artificial technology.

A primary goal of many transhumanists is to convince the public that embracing radical technology and science is in the human species best interest. With the False God Alien Religions used to spread the rhetoric of fear and mindless obedience on one end, and the primarily atheistic science used to mock all things religious without any comprehension of true spiritual understanding on the other, they have the bases covered. Consciousness and spiritual groups are quickly labeled Conspiracy theorists by scientists to intimidate, discredit and shut us up.

Obviously, until people have personal consciousness experiences outside of their body, have the ability to communicate with assorted lifeforms, such as deceased humans and travel to other dimensions, they have zero information about consciousness and are totally uninformed and ignorant about the nature of reality. None of these transhumanist people, are remotely qualified to be put in charge of scientifically directing the future evolution of the human species. Propping up egomaniacs and Psychopaths, and giving them power and control over world affairs and influence over public perception is the game of the NAA Controllers.

The traumatized are vulnerable to become pawns in further spreading Sexual Misery programing, especially into the younger generation. Transgender ideology is a specific psychological warfare tactic being run by the Controllers, in tandem with Transhumanism, to counter and prevent spiritual Ascension. These satanic agendas are designed to condition people to reject their own bodies, and to generate delusions that can have them mentally identify with anything else but actually being a human and unconditionally loving toward their own natural body.

[fumpkins]

Is LEAPER a Safer Substitute to CRISPR?

The researchers from Peking University have developed a new gene-editing technique that they say could have profound effects on the treatment of certain diseases.

The scientists believe that it is a CRISPR alternate for fighting human diseases. They call it LEAPER. According to a research paper published on Monday in the journal Nature Biotechnology, this new tech, LEAPER, which stands for “leveraging endogenous ADAR for programmable editing of RNA,” is said to prevent several of the drawbacks of CRISPR- Cas13.

Similar to Cas13, LEAPER aims strands of RNA– molecules in cells that like DNA carry hereditary information, but also is a significant player in its replication.  The technique uses engineered strands of RNA which employ another type of enzyme, ADAR, to exchange one compound found in RNA for another. This, in turn, avoids some of the problems of existing gene-editing techniques, which include immune responses and unwanted side-effects. According to the researchers, this technique is efficient, rarely misses its targets, and can be used on several different cell types.

“There are clear prospects for using this new technology in disease treatment,” said Zhou Zhuo of Peking University’s School of Life Sciences, one of the lead authors of the paper. He noted that LEAPER has the ability to precisely switch adenosine — one of the molecules that make up RNA — for one which is similar to another molecule called guanosine. That is important because almost half of the known hereditary disorders can be corrected by swapping adenosine and guanosine, Zhou told Caixin Global.

The technique has proved effective for Hurler Syndrome — a rare and devastating genetic disorder. When tested on cells taken from people with the same disease, it showed good results suggesting at its potential use in gene therapy. “[The scientists] show that in human Hurler syndrome skin cells they can correct sufficient amounts of the mutated form of RNA to restore the defective enzyme activity that causes this disease,” informed professor Ernst Wolvetang, a geneticist from the University of Queensland in Australia who was not involved in the research.

The technique seems to have “substantial potential,” and is a breakthrough toward the treatment of genetic diseases.

Dr. Wolvetang, who leads a team at the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, said the way LEAPER technology works means it might not be effective on some types of cells, and that it didn’t eliminate unwanted genetic changes. He added that the technique has not been tested on animals yet. But he said LEAPER was plainer than existing gene-editing techniques because it uses only a single component — an arRNA — while the CRISPR-Cas method uses both a Cas-enzyme and guide RNA. For this reason, it is “more easily deliverable, and less likely to result in unwanted cellular immune responses.”

Many Chinese researchers have repeatedly claimed to provide alternate to CRISPR techniques. Previously,  a paper in Natural journal was published about a different pair of genetic scissors known as NgAgo, which was initially publicized as an alternative to CRISPR. However, the paper was later withdrawn after several failed attempts to replicate its findings.

Research in gene editing has invited a lot of criticism especially after a  Shenzhen based scientist He Jiankui announced in November that he had used CRISPR technology to edit the genomes of 2 girls who were born the previous month.

This led the Chinese government to introduce a draft regulation in May, specifying that those who manipulate genes in embryos or human adults will be held legally responsible for the effects of their work.

  New post published on: https://www.livescience.tech/2019/08/23/is-leaper-a-safer-substitute-to-crispr/

[jenroses]

So, my birthday is the 15th, 48 years old, worth doing an update. The two dominating factors in my life right now are anticoagulation and diabetes.  This is actually kind of a surprise as the usual dominant theme is rheumatoid arthritis.

But in the past 18 months I’ve gone from “Blood sugar is fine if I take some metformin every day” to “I need to increase metformin if I’m on steroids” to “I need long acting insulin on steroids” to “I do not tolerate carbohydrates in any form, regardless of steroid dose.” At first glance, medical professionals have assumed for YEARS that because I am obese, I must have full blown type 2 diabetes. 

But I do not have metabolic syndrome per se. My blood pressure is fine. My lipids are very good, better than they were 20 years ago. 

What I do have are multiple autoimmune issues. 

When I say I don’t tolerate carbohydrates, I mean that if I manage to wake up with a blood sugar of 100, and then proceed to eat <10 grams of carbohydrates, my blood sugar will be high within an hour or two. 

For comparison’s sake, when I was 8 months pregnant with my son, I ate a large dinner involving mashed potatoes and birthday cake and an hour later was at 125, and that’s the highest blood sugar I’d ever had documented to date. That was like 8 years ago. 

I am currently taking metformin, lantus and humalog because things changed so fast I didn’t want to mess around with more oral meds. 

So I’m going to be asking for blood testing for autoimmune diabetes. Because it’s taking a lot of insulin to keep me stable, despite a REALLY tight control on carb intake. 

And a month-ish ago, we figured out that I’m allergic to xarelto, which was a dead easy way not to clot for me, worked great, very little side effects, super easy. But it has been causing me joint pain and rashes and keeping my inflammation level up which is probably responsible for the drug failures I’ve had for RA. Finding a substitute has not been easy. I’m on lovenox now, but have been having to override my doctor’s desire to see me bleed out my ears. 4 syringes of .8 ml of stuff that makes me bruise is apparently way too much. 2 syringes of it is probably too much. My belly looks like someone walked on it in spiky combat boots. If you’re keeping track, if I followed doctor’s instructions and ate 20-40 grams of carbs with every meal and 160 mg twice a day of anticoagulant plus testing blood sugar, I’d be injecting 9 syringes into my belly every day and 4 finger pokes. As it is, I manage to keep the insulin to 3 shots per day most days, 4 if needed, 2 shots of anticoagulant, all 4 and sometimes 5 finger pricks... it’s so, so much, but at least I can clot off the injection sites? If I get what I’ve asked for, this will drop significantly to 1 anticoagulant per day, continuous glucose monitor and 3-4 insulin per day by March, and if I’m right about the autoimmune diabetes, I’ll be asking for an insulin pump. Which would put me at 1-2 injections per day, which is fine. The insulin doesn’t bother me much. And my goal right now is to maintain and not die until they figure out the following: 1. Create stem cells edited by Crispr to eliminate the worst genetic vulnerabilities. 2. Turn off immune system in some way that wipes the memory. 3. Stem cells + NHIG until immune system back at capacity.  By my estimation, done properly, that could fix the rheumatoid arthritis, thyroiditis, diabetes and POSSIBLY the basic coagulation issue (if bone marrow genetics can be addressed to fix the two genetic thrombophilias I have.)