#and a cryptoprocessor

[kaeliri]

My latest project is building a combined travel router-firewall and miniserver. It’s based on PC Engines APU2 (specifically apu2d4) embedded platform running either pfsense or OpenWRT. Turns out that there are fewer and fewer miniPCIe form-factor LTE/5G modems, so I’m experimenting with an m.2 to miniPCIe adapter to see if an m.2 cellular modem could be an option. Physically the adapter just fits!

Notes to self: M.2 and miniPCIe carry both PCIe and USB in the same physical connector. The APU2 mPCIe slots 1 and 2 support PCIe 2.0 and USB 2.0. An LTE modem using USB 3.0 data link must be able to fall back to USB 2.0 gracefully or it won’t work. Aside from improved frequency band support, anything beyond LTE Cat 6 card is wasted unless it uses a PCIe data link. It’s possible that PCIe-based LTE/5G modem can work at full speed; possibly worth experimenting if not too expensive.

[allcrypnews]

Hello, everyone. Welcome to the crypto news updates of the week. Some positive news for Bitcoin holders, some negative news for the rest of the market. I will be talking about Bitcoin first since it is the highest-ranked coin. Crypto News Updates for this week The US Federal Reserve, US Treasury Department, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation are planning to release a new set of measures to monitor crypto-assets, Bloomberg reported on Thursday, September 13. According to the article, the institutions are currently working on a report that will provide insight into crypto markets and how the agencies can oversee them. A certain number of crypto exchanges have already agreed to work with US authorities on monitoring their platforms' transactions in order to comply with national security laws. Bloomberg notes that more than 20 exchanges have signed up for this program so far. Recently, South Korea's largest cryptocurrency exchange Bithumb announced that it has joined this initiative as well, but without providing details on what information it is planning to share with US authorities. The official website of Venezuela's Petro (PTR) project has been reportedly hacked by unknown attackers. This week, visitors of petro.gob.ve were redirected towards a fake website asking them to fill out a survey about Venezuelan citizens' cryptocurrency holdings and "misle

[cse6441-blog]

Secure Cryptoprocessors

A secure cryptoprocessor is a dedicated microprocessor for simply cryptographic operations, with multiple physical security measures as a degree of tamper resistance.

Secure cryptoprocessors are used to be the keystone of a security subsystem, thereby eliminating the need for additional security measures.

Smartcards are the most widely deployed form a secure cryptoprocessor. These can be used to several purposes including:

Authentication

Personal Identification

Data Storage

Several comparison leverage this in some form such as Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), TV Set Top Boxes and Military Applications.

Security Features

Tamper-detecting and tamper-evident containment.

Conductive shield layers in the chip that prevent reading of internal signals.

Controlled execution to prevent timing delays from revealing any secret information.

Automatic zeroization of secrets in the event of tampering.

Chain of trust boot-loader which authenticates the operating system before loading it.

Chain of trust operating system which authenticates application software before loading it.

Hardware-based capability registers, implementing a one-way privilege separation model.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor

[public-insecurities]

Homework 3-10: Cryptoprocessors

Finally

Going from ATMs to HSM to now... finally... at the core of it all - cryptoprocessors. It took us a while, but we made it.

What is a cryptoprocessor?

A cryptoprocessor is a processor dedicated to cryptographic operations (as the name suggests). But what does this mean? This means that all the algorithms are done in hardware, since we all know that hardware is faster than software 😏😏😏

Cryptoprocessors are able to accelerate encryption, enhance tamper and intrustion detection, enhance data and key protection, enhance security on memory access and I/O*.

Advantages of cryptoprocessors

Strong IP protection

Better protection of key data compared to simple storage encryption

Offers protection against vulnerability exploits, accomplished by layering software protection on top of hardware

Can be integrated into ASICs and FPGAs

Types of cryptoprocessors

There are several types of cryptoprocessors (thanks Quora.

Smartcards - input program instructions in encrypted form, decrypt the instructions to plain instructions which are then executed within the same cryptoprocessor chip where the decrypted instructions are inaccessibly stored such that the decrypted instructions are never revealed.

Trusted platform module (TPM) - specialized chip on an endpoint device that stores RSA encryption keys specific to the host system for hardware authentication

Hardware security module (HSM) - which is covered more in depth in the previous blogpost.

[shmacktus-blog]

Cryptoprocessors, and hardware security modules

Secure cyrptoprocessors are dedicated microprocessors for carrying out cryptographic operations, they usually have some form of embedding to make any manipulation tamper-evident.

Hardware security modules contain one or more cryptoprocessors.

The trusted platform module is an international standard for a secure cyrptoprocessor

Cryptoprocessors are cool because they don't reveal keys or executable instructions on a bus, their purpose is to act as the keystone of a security sub-system, eliminating the need to protect the rest of the sub-system with physical security measures.

The goal is the cryptoprocessor recieves instructions in an encrypted form, decrypts them inside its perimiter to plain instructions, which it then executes within the perimiter. By never revealing the program instructions it prevents tampering of programs by technicians who may have legitimate access to the bus.

Cryptoprocessors have a number of pretty sweet features that ensure their security: * Tamper evidence * Conductive shield layers that prevent reading of internal signals * Hardware based registers that implement a one-way privilege sepeartion model * Automatically zeros out secrets in the even of tampering. * Chain of trust boot-loader which authenticates the operating system, before loading. * Chain of trust operating system with authenticates software before loading. * Internal battery

It provides you with some cool stuff like a random number generator, the ability to securely generate cryptographic keys, remote attestation which creates a nearly unforgeable hash summary of the hardware, and software configuration. Helping to verify that software has not been changed. We can also use it to ensure platform integrity, enable full disk-encryption and digital rights management.

The most common secure cryptoprocessor you know of is going to be a smart card. A piece of plastic the size of a credit card with an embedded integrated circuit.

How safe are they though? The IBM 4758 was attacked by a team at the University of Cambridge. Who found a flaw in the software loaded by the cryptoprocessor, making all the hardware features redundant!

[tsoyuzhu]

Job Proposal: Analytic

Throughout the semester I have been working on technical challenges and extending my knowledge through videos watching videos. 

Research

I kept an eye out for potential vulnerabilities in everyday scenarios and blogged about them.

Security Everywhere 1

Security Everywhere 2

Security Everywhere 3 

Security Everywhere 4 

Security Everywhere 5 

I conducted research for homework activities and broadened my understanding of course content outside what was provided in lectures: 

The Life Expectancy of a Computer

Some Type 1 and Type 2 Errors

Homework Secure Cryptoprocessors and Hardware

ATM Attacks

Outside of course content, I watched some videos of security talks in order to broaden my technical understanding. In particular:

Weaknesses in assembly code 

Psychological defence against reverse engineers

Reflection

Here are some times where I reflected on cases we studied in class and other things security related. 

Deep Water Horizon Week 1 Reflection Week 4 Case Study Week 4 Human Weakness A Sad Reflection Tutorial 7 Reflection

Application Most of my application of theory came through my something awesome where i tested different implementations of rootkits. You can read about it in my reports below.  Something Awesome Progress Report 1

Something Awesome Progress Report 2

Something Awesome Progress Report 3 

Something Awesome Progress Report 4 

Something Awesome Progress Report 5

Something Awesome Progress Report 6  

Reverse engineering was my other main form of application. I applied my knowledge through crackme challenges through the SecSoc Term 2 CTF reverse engineering challenges which you can read about later.  Crackme 0x03

Ciphers were an easy way to apply theory into practice. Lack of entropy is something which allows us to break defences much faster than brute force. Documented here are times i applied this to substitution ciphers. Unfortunately i did not document my work on transposition ciphers. Solving Jazz’s Cipher 

Mid-semester Exam Practice 

[tenderfootsecurityblog]

Hardware Secure module and Secure cyptoprocessor

A hardware secure module is a physical computing device that safeguards and manages digital keys for strong authentication and provides crypto processing. These are typically a plug-in card / external device that attaches directly to a computer of network server

These also have features that provide tamper evidence such as visible signs of tampering. The vast majority of existing HSMs are mainly to manage secret keys and have a system to securely back up the keys they handle.

Secure cryptoprocessor: 

This is a dedicated computer on a chip carrying out cryptographic operations and has a degree of tamper resistance. This does not output decrypted data onto a bus in a secure environment (recall 1521). The purpose of one of these bad boys is to act as the keystone of a security subsystem. Whats that? It is something that protects the subsystem eliminating the need to protect with physical security measures.

[comp6841]

Secure processing & storage

Cryptoprocessors

In a post last week, I discussed some of the issues associated with system integrity and security associated with side channel attacks - you could potentially reverse engineer the keys used in the calculations. This is where cryptoprocessors come in to the equation - basically they are dedicated processors which are utilised when handling encrypted data. The idea is that unlike traditional processors which output decrypted data onto a bus, a cryptoprocessor doesn’t output this data. Instead it will perform all the operations and checks required of it within the unit itself and output the result - this means the security of the key isn’t reliant on that of the entire system, but just this individual unit.

This essentially means we have a smaller attack surface - from here we can apply a number of defensive measures:

Shielding to prevent external reading of electromagnetic signals

Uniform timing execution of certain operations to prevent ‘timing attacks’

Validation of chain of trust modules for both OS and application software in case either is hijacked

Implementation of a unidirectional privilege escalation model

Tamper detection and wiping of registers in case of tamper

In the majority of cases the security that these measures provide is fairly good, however some of these protections are heavily reliant on the fact that an attacker doesn’t have physical access to the machine

Hardware Security Modules

These modules are essentially responsible for generation, processing and storage of keys; they often contain a number of cryptoprocessors. They are designed in such a way that the only means to obtain data from the module is through physical access, however they will often provide multiple visible signs of tampering if this occurs. One of their main uses is in public key infrastructure - for example in the generation and usage of asymmetric key pairs used by certification authorities.

High stakes operations such as banks often use them when handling user data such as pins, magnetic stripe cards and the key sets used in smart cards. Hardware wallets used with cryptocurrencies are another useful example - they store the keys associated with a particular wallet address. If the wallet is sent the template of a transaction, it can sign it internally within the module and provide it back to the source system for upload to the blockchain. At no point outside the module is the private key exposed.

[businessdaily05]

AMD confirms that TPM is a problem for some PCs running Windows 11

AMD confirms that TPM is a problem for some PCs running Windows 11

It looks like Windows 11 users with AMD Ryzen processors, and affected by an issue on their hardware that is causing “temporary pauses in system interactivity or responsiveness”, will have to wait until May for a BIOS fix. from the chipmaker. The issue affects Windows 10 and Windows 11 systems with Firmware Trusted Platform Module (fTPM) enabled. The TPM cryptoprocessor handles cryptographic…

[alexa-mk]

AMD confirms that TPM is a problem for some PCs running Windows 11

AMD confirms that TPM is a problem for some PCs running Windows 11

It looks like Windows 11 users with AMD Ryzen processors, and affected by an issue on their hardware that is causing “temporary pauses in system interactivity or responsiveness”, will have to wait until May for a BIOS fix. from the chipmaker. The issue affects Windows 10 and Windows 11 systems with Firmware Trusted Platform Module (fTPM) enabled. The TPM cryptoprocessor handles cryptographic…

[knowasiak]

HPE iLO5 Firmware Security – Go Home Cryptoprocessor, You're Drunk

HPE iLO5 Firmware Security – Go Home Cryptoprocessor, You’re Drunk

Copyright © Informa PLC. Informa PLC is registered in England and Wales with company number 8860726 whose registered and head office is 5 Howick Place, London, SW1P 1WG. Join the Read the full story – https://www.knowasiak.com/hpe-ilo5-firmware-security-go-home-cryptoprocessor-youre-drunk/ Signup on KC.inc to make your day easy reading world-class articles – https://www.knowasiak.com/register/

[public-insecurities]

Homework 3-9: HSM - High School Musical?

Prank'd

HSM as in hardware security module, not high school musical #baited xd

What's a Hardware Security Module?

A hardware security module (HSM) is a physical crypto-processor which manages, processes and stores keys. Its encasing is tamper-resistant and tamper-evident so that you are able to find out if someone has tried to attack it. HSMs usually come in the form of a plug-in card or an external devices which attaches to a computer or network server.

Why use one?

Hardware security modules aim to protect transactions, identities, and applications, such as in the case of ATMs. They secure cryptographic keys and provisioning encryption, decryption, authentication and digital signing.

Breakdown of what it does

Cryptographic key generation

Cryptographic key storage

Key management

Use of cryptographic and sensitive data material eg. encryption or digital signature functions

Offloading application servers for complete asymmetric and symmetric cryptography

securing a full software stack from logical or physical attacks

^ (Thanks Wikipedia)

Relevant Standards

Due to the important role of HSMs and the havoc it would cause if they were to be successfully hacked, there are international standards in place, such as the Common Criteria or Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS140). The highest level of FIPS140 accreditation available is Security Level 4, to which only one HSM has been able to obtain. When used to secure financial payments, the HSM must also be validated by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council.

There are four levels of security:

Components must be production grade and various egregious kinds of insecurity must be absent.

Requires physical tamper-evidence and role-based authentication.

Requires physical tamper-resistance and and identity-based authentication.

Makes the physical security requirements more stringent, and requires robustness against environmental attacks

(^ Thanks again Wikipedia)

Note...

It seems that I have made a mistake in the order of my blogging. I've completed a post on ATM attacks/defence, I've just finished looking up what a hardware module is and now I'm about to start looking up what cryptoprocessors are. I've done it the wrong way around!

[nodehunter228]

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[tiblog158]

Sequence Diagram For Atm Machine

Design A Sequence Diagram For Bank Atm Machine

Atm Class Diagram

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are essential part of any banking system. ATMs are used to perform various transactions and account related functionalities at bank. The ATM system can be represented as object-oriented model to show the flow of data within the system, such as following.

ATM-FR-4 A menu is displayed to the user with following options: Withdraw, Deposit, Pay bill, Account update and Exit. ATM-FR-5 The cash Dispenser has the ability to dispense cash. ATM-FR-6 A transaction record can be printed upon demand. ATM-FR-7 The card is ejected when the session is completed.

This sequence diagram example shows a simple scenario for the use of an automatic teller machine. In this scenario, the system rejects the card. For the customer this transaction is simple: he inserts the card and the card is rejected. For the system, several actions are necessary. A constraint specifies 10 seconds as the maximum.

We have Bank, ATM, Debit Card, Customer, Account, ATM Transaction, Saving Account, Checking Account, Withdrawal Transaction and Transfer Transaction classes in the system.

Sequence diagram for ATM systems An ATM allows patrons to access their bank accounts through a completely automated process. You can examine the steps of this process in a manageable way by drawing or viewing a sequence diagram. The example below outlines the sequential order of the interactions in the ATM system.

Design A Sequence Diagram For Bank Atm Machine

Although there can be more classes and this whole system can be a lot bigger than what it looks like, we are limiting the scope for the sake of this discussion.

Each class in this diagram is very much self-explanatory. Bank class is the information about banks and various metadata about it.

Customer class keep information about customer, customer can have Account which can be either Checking or Savings. Customer can make transactions which can be Either Withdrawal Transaction or Transfer Transaction using Debit Card.

The use-cases of ATM Machine can be described in the following diagram, which helps identify and clarifying user-interactions with ATM.

This use-case diagram shows customer interaction with bank using ATM machine. Customer can login to ATM using Debit Card, logout, check balance, print transaction receipt and deposit checks etc. All these activities ultimately tied to his or her bank account. These interactions between customer and bank can be translated into sequence diagram such as following.

The above sequence diagram shows the sequence of interaction between customer and bank in the context of timing of these events in sequential way one after another.

This show what sequence of events happens when customer interact with ATM and make transactions. Another comprehensive way to show these interactions is finite-state machine diagram, such as following.

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This finite state machine diagram roughly shows the same behavior as sequence diagram but little more elaborated ways that customer is going to use and see various situation based on usage.

The state-machine represents the scenarios how user is going to use in real-world. When user comes to ATM, and insert Debit Card, ATM asks for PIN number. User enters PIN, in case of wrong PIN, ATM shows error message and asks again. There are only few failed attempts allowed to prevent fraud, if user fails on all attempts card is locked by ATM.

If user enters correct PIN, ATM show screen for making transactions, and various other options such as print receipt etc. When user enter transaction amount more than availed balance he or she sees appropriate error message. Once user is done with transactions, he or she can end the session, and terminate the session.

UML Diagram Examples

Here we provide several UML diagrams of different types, all part of a Bank ATM model.

Bank ATM UML use case diagram examples

Purpose: Describe use cases that an automated teller machine (ATM) or the automatic banking machine (ABM) provides to the bank customers. Fl studio version 12.4.2.

Summary: Customer uses a bank ATM to check balances of his/her bank accounts, deposit funds, withdraw cash and/or transfer funds (use cases). ATM Technician provides maintenance and repairs to the ATM.

Bank account UML class diagram example

Purpose: Domain model describing common types of bank accounts.

Summary: This example shows several subtypes of Bank Account using UML generalization sets. Bank accounts could be grouped into UML generalization sets based on different criteria. Example diagram shows bank accounts topology with two orthogonal dimensions and with corresponding power types Liability Type and Account Type.

Bank ATM UML composite structure diagram example

Purpose: Show internal structure of a bank ATM and relationships between different parts of the ATM.

Summary: Bank ATM is typically made up of several devices such as central processor unit (CPU), cryptoprocessor, memory, customer display, function key buttons (usually located near the display), magnetic and/or smartchip card reader, encrypting PIN Pad, customer receipt printer, vault, modem.

Bank ATM behavioral state machine UML diagram example

Atm Class Diagram

Purpose Where to find your ip address. : An example of UML behavioral state machine diagram describing Bank Automated Teller Machine (ATM) top level state machine.

Summary: ATM is initially turned off. After the power is turned on, ATM performs startup action and enters Self Test state. If the test fails, ATM goes into Out of Service state, otherwise there is triggerless transition to the Idle state. In this state ATM waits for customer interaction.

[raptoritnetwork]

This PC can't run Windows 11: How to fix the problem with TPM and Secure Boot

We've found four ways to get around the Windows 11 installation error.

If you saw that your PC is not compatible with Windows 11, it may be because your system doesn't have two security settings turned on, Secure Boot and TPM 2.0. Here's how to do it.Sarah Tew/CNET New system requirements for the recently announced Windows 11 may create a range of problems for people looking to upgrade to Microsoft's new operating system on their current PC (here's how to download Windows 11). If you've tried installing Windows 11 Insider Preview or using the now-disabled Microsoft PC Health Checker app, and were greeted with an error message reading "This PC can't run Windows 11," it may be because your system doesn't have two security settings turned on, Secure Boot and TPM 2.0. Both these features have been built into many modern computers and processing chips from Intel and AMD, and are now required for all machines running Windows 11.  If your machine is new enough to support both, enabling TPM (short for Trusted Platform Module) and Secure Boot is often quite easy. No special skills are needed, and you'll just be clicking through menus. If you've never heard the words "BIOS menu" you might feel out of your element, but don't be intimidated. With a little patience, any first-timer can do this.   Here's what you need to know. CNET WINDOWS REPORT

What are TPM and Secure Boot? 

TPM microchips are small devices known as secure cryptoprocessors. Some TPMs are virtual or firmware varieties but, as a chip, a TPM is attached to your motherboard during the build and designed to enhance hardware security during computer startup. A TPM has been a mandatory piece of tech on Windows machines since 2016, so machines older than this may not have the necessary hardware or firmware. Previously, Microsoft required original equipment manufacturers of all models built to run Windows 10 to ensure that the machines were TPM 1.2-capable. TPM 2.0 is the most recent version required. TPMs are controversial among security specialists and governments. An updated and enabled TPM is a strong preventative against firmware attacks, which have risen steadily and drawn Microsoft's attention. However, it also allows remote attestation (authorized parties can see when you make certain changes to your computer) and may restrict the kinds of software your machine is allowed to run. TPM-equipped machines generally aren't shipped in countries where western encryption is banned. China uses its state-regulated alternative, TCM. In Russia, TPM use is only allowed with permission from the government.  Secure Boot is a feature in your computer's software that controls which operating systems are allowed to be active on the machine. It's both a good and bad thing for a Windows machine. On the one hand, it can prevent certain classes of invasive malware from taking over your machine and is a core defense against ransomware.  On the other hand, it can prevent you from being able to install a second operating system on your machine, giving you two to choose from when you first start up your computer. So, if you wanted to experiment with Linux operating systems, for instance, Secure Boot could stop you. Secure Boot also plays a part in preventing Windows pirating. 

TPM and Secure Boot could be the key to getting your device to run Windows 11.Microsoft

A few words of caution 

Now that you know about the secure technologies you'll be using, there are a few things you should keep in mind before you dive into fixing the issue on your own.  - Microsoft confirmed there are four types of problems that might have given you a "This PC can't run Windows 11" error message if you used its PC Health Check tool (as of Monday, the tool has been temporarily disabled so Microsoft can build in more specific feedback as to why your machine is not compatible). If you were able to use the tool before it went offline and saw that you were missing the hardware or firmware necessary for Windows 11, the instructions below won't help -- you'll need to buy a new device to run the OS. - Keep in mind that these instructions are written as broadly as possible. That's because Windows machines vary so much that it's not feasible to cover all the possible ways to enable TPM and Secure Boot across every device. For the most part, though, the process is similar enough across machines that you should be able to use the instructions as a guide and, where your computer differs, still identify the equivalent menu or label in your own system. - If your machine is still covered by a warranty, always speak with the manufacturer first before doing anything that could potentially void it. If your machine is owned and maintained by your company or school, it may have a unique security configuration that your IT staff will need to handle. It's also a good idea to get in contact with your local PC repair shop; having a qualified professional on standby is the best way to get back on track if you get turned around or encounter roadblocks. - Always back up your important files before making any big changes to your computer. Always. Just do it. You'll thank us later. - If this is your first time working in a BIOS menu, stick close to the instructions and don't veer too far from the beaten path. We're on a very simple mission here, and nothing I recommend below will do any damage to your machine or data, but changing firmware settings in your BIOS menu can have a wide-ranging impact. There are few guardrails here, and you can lose a lot of important data very fast. Some mistakes can be permanent and, in most cases, there won't be any polite pop-ups gently asking whether you're sure you want to make those mistakes. You should definitely look around, explore your options and familiarize yourself with what's under the hood, but avoid changing any settings or saving any of those changes unless you know specifically what's going to happen when you do. 

New Windows 11 features include Microsoft Teams integration.Microsoft/Screenshot by Sarah Tew/CNET

Is my device capable of TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot? 

If the PC Health Checker suggested that TPM isn't enabled, you should first find out whether that's an accurate diagnosis. Here's how.  1. From your desktop, press the Windows key next to the spacebar + R. This will bring up a dialog box.  2. In the text field of the box, type tpm.msc and hit Enter. This should bring up a new window labelled "TPM Management on Local Computer."  3. Click Status. If you see a message that says "The TPM is ready for use" then the PC Health Checker has misdiagnosed you, and the steps below won't help. At this point, there are several reasons you might be receiving the wrong error message from Microsoft, so your best bet is to get a professional to take a look at your machine. If you don't see that message, and instead see "Compatible TPM cannot be found" or another message indicating the TPM may be disabled, follow the next steps. 

How do I enable TPM 2.0? 

You're going to need to get to your BIOS menu so you can get to your TPM switch, and there are two ways to do that. We'll cover both here. The first is for much newer PCs, the second method for those a few years older. Regardless of which you choose, though, you're going to need to restart your machine. So save any work and close any open windows or programs before proceeding.  From Windows 10's Start menu If you have a newer machine running Windows 10, your boot time may be too fast for you to try the traditional method of hitting a particular key to get to your BIOS menu before Windows can fully load. Here's how to get to it from inside your normal desktop. 

Brett Pearce/CNET 1. Start your computer normally and open the Start menu by clicking on that Windows button on the far left bottom of your screen. Click on the gear-shaped Settings icon on the left side of the menu.  2. Within the Settings window that appears, click Update & Security. On the left-side pane that appears, click Recovery. Under the Advanced startup header, click Restart now.  Your computer will immediately restart, and instead of restarting and bringing you to your normal desktop screen, you'll be brought to a blue screen with a few options.  3. Click Troubleshoot, followed by Advanced options, followed by UEFI Firmware Settings.  Your device will restart again.  From here, go to Step 2 in the section below and follow the remaining steps.  From start-up You're going to need to move very quickly for Step 1. You'll only have a few seconds to get into the BIOS before your operating system loads. If you miss your window, no harm done, you'll just have to restart the computer and try again. After Step 1, though, feel free to take your sweet time. 1. Restart your computer, and as it's booting up you should see a message telling you to press a certain key to enter the BIOS, whether it uses that word or another. On most Dells, for instance, you should see "Press F2 to enter Setup." Other messages might be "Setup = Del" (meaning Delete) or "System Configuration: F2." Press whatever key the prompt tells you to and enter the Setup menu. Depending on what kind of computer you have, a different key may be needed to enter your Setup menu. It could be F1, F8, F10, F11, Delete or another key. If there's no message on the screen with instructions, the general rule is to hit the key when you see the manufacturer's logo but before Windows loads. To find out which key will get you in, search online for your laptop's make and model along with the phrase "BIOS key."  2. In the BIOS or UEFI menu, there should be at least one option or tab labelled Security. Using your keyboard, navigate to it and hit Enter. On some systems, you might need to use the + key to expand a submenu instead.  3. Once you're inside the Security section, you're going to be looking for the TPM settings. This might be clearly labeled "TPM Device," "TPM Security" or some variation. On Intel machines, it will sometimes be labeled "PTT" or "Intel Trusted Platform Technology." It might also appear as "AMD fTPM Switch."  Warning: Stay alert here. Within most TPM settings menus, you generally have an option to clear your TPM, update it or restore it to factory default. Do not do that right now. Clearing the TPM will cause you to lose all data encrypted by the TPM and all keys to the encryption. This action can not be undone or reversed.  4. From inside the TPM settings menu, you're on one mission only: Find the switch that turns on the TPM. You're not touching anything else. Look through the options inside this menu for one that shows some form of toggle or switch beside the word "Enable" or "Unavailable" or even just "Off." Use your arrow keys to flip that toggle or switch.    5. Once you've kicked on the TPM, look around the screen for Save. Once you've saved this setting, restart the computer. 

Microsoft

How do I enable Secure Boot? 

You'll save yourself a headache if you keep one thing in mind about enabling Secure Boot. Sometimes after you enable Secure Boot on a machine that's running software incompatible with Secure Boot, the machine will refuse to load Windows properly on restart. If that happens, don't panic. You didn't break anything.  No matter which method you've used to get to the boot menu to begin with -- either via Windows 10's Start menu, or by the traditional method of hitting a specific key during start-up -- you can still use the traditional method to get back to the boot menu and disable Secure Boot again.  From Windows 10's Start menu Follow the steps above to access the UEFI Firmware Settings.  1. Once you're in the UEFI, you're going to be looking for the Secure Boot setting. There are a few possible places this could be -- check under any tabs labelled Boot, Security or Authentication.  2. Once you've checked the tabs and found the Secure Boot setting, toggle the switch beside it to turn it on or enable it.  3. Find your Save feature and, after you've saved your changes and exited the menu, your computer should reboot and bring you back to a normal Windows desktop.  There are some PCs on which you may not be able to readily find the Secure Boot setting. Some computers will load Secure Boot keys under a Custom tab. Some computers won't allow you to enable Secure Boot until certain factory settings are restored. If you're unable to access Secure Boot, or get roadblocked here, it's best to get help from a professional rather than take chances.  From start-up If you're not working with UEFI, then you should be able to just enable Secure Boot in BIOS.  1. Just as you did when enabling your TPM, hit F2 (or whichever key your manufacturer specifies) as your computer is booting up and enter the BIOS menu.   2. Go to the tab or option that says BIOS Setup, and then select Advanced.  3. Next, select Boot Options and a list of them should appear.  4. In that list, find Secure Boot. Enable it.  5. Hit Save, exit the menu system, and restart your computer if it does not restart automatically. 

What if I don't have a TPM chip? 

As noted by CNET sister publication ZDNet back in 2017, motherboard manufacturers sometimes skimp on installing the actual TPM chip and instead send the boards out with only the part that allows the chip to connect to the board. If you find out that you were shorted on your TPM chip when you bought your PC, and you don't have a virtual or firmware TPM version, you still have a few options.  Your first option is to try to return your machine via your manufacturer warranty. That is, of course, assuming your machine's manufacturer is willing to install the chip it already sold you, or replace your model with one that has a chip. Your second, and most expensive, option is to simply buy a newer machine after verifying that it does, indeed, have an actual TPM 2.0-capable chip.  If your warranty is already voided, your third option -- less expensive, but perhaps more difficult -- is to buy a whole new motherboard with a TPM 2.0 chip installed, then either swap out the boards yourself or have your local aftermarket repair shop handle the job. Be warned, however, that the ongoing global chip shortage has squeezed the world's supply of motherboards, making them more difficult to find and pushing prices to upward of $300 to $400 dollars for some brands. That's another place your local repair shop may be able to help.  Finally, either you or your repair shop can try your fourth option: hunting down a TPM chip with the right specifications for your motherboard and installing it. Depending on the type you go with and where you get it from, a TPM 2.0-capable chip can run you anywhere from $70 up. Luckily, the basic structures of the boards and chips are similar enough that -- if you'd like to get your hands dirty under the hood -- it's possible to install a TPM chip yourself. ZDNet has step-by-step instructions (with a helpful gallery of pictures to guide you). Whichever route you go, we strongly advise you to first consult either your manufacturer or a device repair specialist before you try to take apart your machine. Spending a few moments with a knowledgeable professional could be all it takes to turn your upgrade nightmare into a quick fix, and spare you excessive replacement costs.   For more, check out how to download Windows 11, and the best new Windows 11 features and how to use them.  Original article written by: Rae Hodge | CNET Read the full article

[andmaybegayer]

I mean yeah, Java Card is an entirely sensible and good solution to the design challenge here, and that's why it's used. My problems with Java are mostly personal, I simply Do Not Vibe With It and having wasted several years hating programming because everyone I knew suggested learning Java, I have some resentment that is mostly unearned.

The Java language itself does have some very real annoying design choices but they annoy me more than they annoy most people (although even good Java programmers tend to hate Java, which is why they invented Kotlin and, to a lesser extent, Scala.)

Insofar as I have reasonable criticism of Java the language, its slavish adherence to object orientation principles means that you always have to work in that metaphor: many otherwise simple tasks you would do in imperative languages become an arduous task of constructing a precarious pile of correctly configured objects that coincide to achieve your goals, where an imperative solution would have been easier and almost always more readable.

Java as a language is well designed for big complicated projects spread out over a huge rotating team of developers who may not touch segments of the codebase for months. It is extremely verbose and the use of classes makes a lot of behaviour fairly predictable if you know the state of the objects. If you maintain your documentation and follow good style, Java allows you to make changes to segments of a large project without having to understand much more than the part you are currently concerned with.

This is unfortunately exactly what makes it so frustrating for small solo projects: Java wants you to always do it right the first time, so quick hacks you can pull off while failing fast and learning in C/++ or Python or Javascript aren't as easy. It's a frustrating language to learn and it's difficult to experiment with until you're already quite experienced. Getting a Java project off the ground usually involves a lot of time in front of a whiteboard doing architecture design, even if it's something small.

This "Do it right the first time" behaviour is what makes Java well suited to secure cryptoprocessors: A working Java program is much less likely to have any major vulnerabilities, both because it encourages the use of particular techniques and because as a virtual machine based language, the final say for a lot of security against things like memory buffer overflows is actually the much more heavily scrutinized Java Virtual Machine, not the code itself.

As for competitors to Java Card? Well, there's nothing saying you have to make your cryptoprocessor run the Java Virtual Machine. It could run anything. Any good cryptoprocessor will include design hardening like oversized transistors, shielding, and x-ray armour, so you can do that to anything, and program it like any other microcontroller.

The most likely alternative is C. C is a very simple language because it has to compile to a wide array of hardware but doesn't have the luxuries of a VM, and it was designed to do that a long time ago, relatively speaking. C is very easy to mess up, as they say, it gives you enough rope to shoot yourself in the foot. As a result, you would need to be constantly vigilant and maintain the utmost code cleanliness in order to avoid memory leaks and the like. As a result, you wouldn't want to do this unless you had to. If for some reason you need to whip up a secure cryptoprocessor on totally unknown hardware, it's probably easier to write a C compiler for it than it is to port the entire Java Virtual Machine across.

I mentioned BasicCard, which runs a variant of Ye Olde Basic. It's never been in serious production, but it's an example of something that could conceivably measure up to javacard. In general, you'd want some language that is constrained to avoid any kind of memory management and to mostly take care of I/O for you with known good methods, since then you can guarantee sane memory management and credential access in your backing VM or silicon.

There's also no doubt some custom proprietary bases used on secure processors by other companies. I don't know what's running on RSA SecurID fobs but I don't think it's Java. Yubikey has a special Javacard enabled key, so presumably that means the other Yubikeys aren't, but they could just be locked down Java Cards. Companies are understandably secretive about this.

There's not really a lot of alternatives that are meaningfully present: Java Card is very effective and extensively tested, which are both appealing features in security. So it's pretty much the only show in town.

The Java Ring is a ring-mounted iButton with a Java virtual machine that is compatible with the Java Card 2.0 specification. These were given to attendees of the 1998 JavaOne conference.

Java Runs On 9 Billion Devices Because Of Bullshit Like This