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transparentgentlemenmarker · 1 year

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Les 6 continents du monde sont :

L' Afrique

L' Amérique

L' Asie

L' Europe

L' Océanie

L' Antartique.

ILS SONT COMPOSÉS DE PAYS D'ONT VOICI LEURS CAPITALES

1- AFRIQUE

Afrique du Sud: *Pretoria

Algérie: *Alger

Angola: *Luanda

Bénin: *Porto-Novo

Botswana: *Gaborone

Burkina Faso: *Ouagadougou

Burundi: *Bujumbura

Cameroun: *Yaoundé

Cap-Vert: *Praia

Comores: *Moroni

Congo: *Brazzaville

Côte d'Ivoire: *Yamoussoukro

Djibouti: *Djibouti

Egypte: *Le Caire

Erythrée: *Asmara

Ethiopie: *Addis-Abeba

Gabon: *Libreville

Gambie: *Banjul

Ghana: *Accra

Guinée: *Conakry

Guinée équatoriale *Malabo

Guinée-Bissau: *Bissau

Île Maurice: *Port Louis

Kenya: *Nairobi

Lesotho: *Maseru

Liberia: *Monrovia

Libye: *Tripoli

Madagascar: *Antananarivo

Malawi: *Lilongwe

Mali: *Bamako

Maroc: *Rabat

Mauritanie: *Nouakchott

Mozambique: *Maputo

Namibie: *Windhoek

Niger: *Niamey

Nigeria: *Abuja

Ouganda: *Kampala

République Centrafricaine: *Bangui

République Démocratique du Congo: *Kinshasa

Rwanda: *Kigali

São Tomé et Príncipe: *São Tomé

Sénégal: *Dakar

Seychelles: *Victoria

Sierra Leone: *Freetown

Somalie: *Mogadiscio

Soudan: *Khartoum

Soudan du Sud: *Djouba

Swaziland: *Mbabane

Tanzanie: Dodoma

Tchad: *N'Djamena

Togo: *Lomé

Tunisie: *Tunis

Zambie: *Lusaka

Zimbabwe: *Harare

2- AMÉRIQUE

Antigua-et-Barbuda *Saint John's

Argentine *Buenos Aires

Bahamas *Nassau

Barbade *Bridgetown

Belize *Belmopan

Bolivie *Sucre

Brésil *Brasilia

Canada *Ottawa

Chili *Santiago

Colombie *Bogota

Costa Rica *San José

Cuba *La Havane

Dominique *Roseau

Equateur *Quito

Etats-Unis *Washington

Grenade *Saint George's

Guatemala *Guatemala

Guyana *Georgetown

Haïti *Port-au-Prince

Honduras *Tegucigalpa

Jamaïque *Kingston

Mexique *Mexico

Nicaragua *Managua

Panama *Panama

Paraguay *Asunción

Pérou *Lima

République Dominicaine *Saint-Domingue

Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis *Basseterre

Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines *Kingstown

Sainte-Lucie *Castries

Salvador *San Salvador

Suriname *Paramaribo

Trinité-et-Tobago *Port of Spain

Uruguay *Montevideo

Venezuela *Caracas

3- ASIE

Afghanistan *Kaboul

Arabie Saoudite *Riyad

Arménie *Erevan

Azerbaïdjan *Bakou

Bahreïn *Manama

Bangladesh *Dacca

Bhoutan *Thimbu

Birmanie *Naypyidaw

Brunei Bandar Seri *Begawan

Cambodge *Phnom Penh

Chine *Pékin

Corée du Nord *Pyongyang

Corée du Sud *Séoul

Emirats Arabes Unis *Abu Dhabi

Géorgie *Tbilissi

Inde *New Delhi

Indonésie *Jakarta

Irak *Bagdad

Iran *Téhéran

Israël *Jérusalem

Japon *Tokyo

Jordanie *Amman

Kazakhstan *Astana

Kirghizistan *Bichkek

Koweït *Koweït

Laos *Vientiane

Liban *Beyrouth

Malaisie *Kuala Lumpur

Maldives *Malé

Mongolie *Oulan-Bator

Népal *Katmandou

Oman *Mascate

Ouzbékistan *Tachkent

Pakistan *Islamabad

Palestine *Jérusalem-Est

Philippines Manille

Qatar *Doha

Singapour *Singapour

Sri Lanka Sri ayawardenapura

Syrie *Damas

Tadjikistan *Douchanbe

Taïwan *Taipei*

Timor-Oriental *Dili

Thaïlande *Bangkok

Turkménistan *Achgabat

Turquie *Ankara

Viêt Nam *Hanoï

Yémen *Sanaa

Albanie *Tirana

4- EUROPE

Albanie * Tirana

Allemagne *Berlin

Andorre *Andorre-la-Vieille

Autriche *Vienne

Belgique *Bruxelles

Biélorussie *Minsk

Bosnie-Herzégovine *Sarajevo

Bulgarie *Sofia

Chypre *Nicosie

Croatie *Zagreb

Danemark *Copenhague

Espagne *Madrid

Estonie *Tallinn

Finlande *Helsinki

France *Paris

Grèce *Athènes

Hongrie *Budapest

Irlande *Dublin

Islande *Reykjavik

Italie *Rome

Kosovo *Pristina

Lettonie *Riga

Liechtenstein *Vaduz

Lituanie *Vilnius

Luxembourg *Luxembourg

Macédoine *Skopje

Malte *La Valette

Moldavie *Chisinau

Monaco *Monaco

Monténégro *Podgorica

Norvège *Oslo

Pays-Bas *Amsterdam

Pologne *Varsovie

Portugal *Lisbonne

République Tchèque *Prague

Roumanie *Bucarest

Royaume-Uni *Londres

Russie *Moscou

Saint-Marin *Saint-Marin

Serbie *Belgrade

Slovaquie *Bratislava

Slovénie *Ljubljana

Suède *Stockholm

Suisse *Berne

Ukraine *Kiev

Vatican *Vatican

5- OCÉANIE

Australie *Canberra

Fidji *Suva

Kiribati *Tarawa

Marshall *Majuro

Micronésie *Palikir

Nauru *Yaren

Nouvelle-Zélande *Wellington

Palaos *Melekeok

Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée *Port Moresby

Salomon *Honiara

Samoa *Apia

Tonga *Nukualofa

Tuvalu *Fanafuti

Vanuatu *Port-Vila

#capitales des pays #capitale #pays #monde #back to school

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whatdoesshedotothem · 2 years

Text

Friday 28 March 1840

7 ½

1 20/..

slept comfortably on my six chairs – had my dress to brush and from 1 thing or other not ready till breakfast [?] in ½ hour – then from 10 35/.. to now 2 p.m. wrote out the whole of yesterday –

Balbi ii. p. 808 et seq. (2 column pages) Région du Caucase.

vid. p. 159 Géorgie. Mtsketha – left b. of Kour, 10 milles north of Tiflis. 1 of the most ancient cities of Asia – ancient capital of Georgia in A.D. 469. the fortress remains, and the cathedral remarkable for its antique and beautiful sculptures, and the bridge over the Kour attributed to

p. 161 Pompey, and recently restored by the Russians – Gamba says there are 20 families there

Ilisavetpol, formerly capital of the Khanat of Gandjah, quite ruined yet the most populous town in the province after Tiflis – 12,000 inhabitants – immense ruins in the environs, - the stone and “briques liées entre elles avec du Ciment – Persian, Parthian, Sassanide, Greek and Roman médailles found there and 2 villages built some years ago by Colons Allemands a little farther are iron ruines and one of alum the last of excellent quality – lastly the Colonne de

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vid. p. 137 “La Colonne de Chamkhor, qui nous parait être le monument le plus curieux de cette région ; on ne connait pas positivement l’usage auquel il servait primitivement ; les mollahs en out fait usage pour appeler les musulmans à la prière ; on ne connait pas non plus son origine qui parait se perde dans la nuit des temps ; on l’attribue à Alexandre-le-Grand. Un escalier en spirale, assez large pour deux hommes de front, mais très dégradé, conduisait à une galerie régnait extérieurement autour de la colonne ; sa base est carrée, à 15 pieds de largeur à chaque face at 12 pieds de hauteur ; la colonne en a environ autant de diamètre ; tout le monument est construit en briques rouges, posées de la manière la plus régulière par assises, et peut avoir 180 pieds de haut. Des ruines plus on moins considérables l’environnent et l’attestent l’existence d’une population riche et puissante établie jadis dans les solitudes parcourues, pendant l’hiver seulement, par quelques nomades. Dans le Chirvân : Vieux Chamakhi : chief palace of the province and formerly of the Khanat of Chirvân – destroyed by Peter the great, and then abandoned – but from the beauty of its situation and imposing ruins General Yermolof repaired the walls, bazaars, and many of the ancient buildings and it is now...... (a good town again?) partly repeopled by the inhabitants of Nouveau Chamaki that the last Khan had forced to retire to the fortress of Fit-tag.

Salian, petite ville, importante par la riche pêche.

Bakou, petite ville, formerly capital of the Khanat and now of the province of this name importante par la riche pêche de phoques qu’on fait dans ces parages, and by the quantity of silk and safran gathered in its little territory and by its port qui, bien que médiocrement bon, est cependant le plus fréquenté de la mer Caspienne – celeberated puits de napthe and Artech-gah (endroit du feu), un des sanctuaires guèbres les plus anciens et les plus célèbres de l’Asie ; c’est un emplacement assez considérable, entourés de murs crénelés – Au milieu de la cour s’élève un autel, où l’on monte par plusieurs degrés ; à chaque coin on voit une cheminée , qui reproduisent dans ce temple le phénomène qu’offrent dans les Appenins les feux de Pietramala et de Barigazzo. Au centre de l’autel, et presque à fleur de terre, on a établi un foyer dont la flamme sort également sans interruption. Une vingtaine de cellules sont adossées aux murs de cette enceinte sacrée ; quelques-unes sont habitées par des Hindous, les autres par les Paris on descendans des anciens Guebres. Non loin se trouvent des volcans vaseux, semblables à [?] de Macalouba [Macalube] en Sicile, et de Taman dans le

territoire des Cosaques de la mer noire –

Nouchi et Choichi, petite villes, chefs lieues des provinces de leur none.

Morgan, vaste plaine between the Kour and the Caspian couverte d’herbages très hauts et infestée des serpens de 8 à 10 pieds de long, qui, comme au temps de Pompée, rendent sou trajet très difficile.

Dans l’Arménie, Ervian, ville de médiocre étendue, mais importante par sa forte citadelle. 14,000 inhabitants. near is the celebrated convent d’Etchmiadzin (Utch Kilisseh on Trois églises des Turks) ; this ancient chef-lieu de la religion Arménienne suffered much in the last wars between Russia and Persia – probably the patriarch and his priests who took on the Russian territory are returned to their ancient residence.

Nakhtchivan, 1 of the most ancient cities of Armenia formerly large and flourished – now reduced to 1,000 houses

Akhaltsikha (Akiska des Turks) in the part of Georgia formerly Ottomane pachalik de Tchildir, assez grande ville, importante par ses fortifications, et mremarquable par la belle mosqué d’Ahmed, construite sur la modèle de celle de Sainte Sophie, par le collège qui y est annexé et la bibliothèque qui en dépend, regardée comme une des plus belles de l’orient ; les Russes en out enlevés 300 ouvrages pour eurichir leurs collections de St. P- according to Mr. Dupré quoted by Gamba, 40,000 inhabitants – probably not so many –

Dans l’Imerethi, K’houtchaïssi (Kotatis) sur le Rioni, petite ville assez commerçante, formerly capital of the kingdom of Imeretia, and now of the province of that name – near are the ruins of the ancient town, remarkable for the remains of its ancient cathedral and thick walls – the residence of a governor qui étend sa juridiction non-seulement sur tout l’Imerethi, mais sur la Mingrélie, le Ghouria, la Grande-Abasie et toutes les places et les forts où les Russes tiennent garnison.

Oni, petite bourg, mentioned merely to call attention to one of the most curious parts of this region, le district montueux de Ratcha; ce beau pays, presque désert, abonde en mines d’argent, de cuivre et de fer. L’air y est pur et le climat très salubre, chose rare dans la Région du Caucase. Son sol est parsemé des ruines, de forteresses et des tours ; on y trouve fréquentèrent des médailles grecques, Sassanides et quelques-unes en caractères inconnus.

Zoubidi, miserable town where resides the dadian or prince of Mingrelīa. the prince with his court goes from town to town and stays, as long as there is anything to be had “du vin et des poules; quand tout est consommé, il plie baggage et gagne un autre endroit – his court so poor, nobody has money enough to charge un ducat turk de la valour de 8 francs.

Redoutkaleh, little fortified city with the most frequented port on this boast.

Diditsikhe another little city the residence of the prince of Ghouria

Redoute St. Nicolas, Pothi et Anaklia, petite maritime forteresses; celle de

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Pothi commande la navigation du Phase, et a été, avec Anaklia et Anapa un des sujets principaux of the last war between Russia and Turkey

Sokhoum-kaleh, petite ville très déchue – fortifications in the ruin – on the black sea, in Great Abasie, important for its belle baie.

Ruins of ancient fortifications and walls found at Iskouriah, support the opinion des savans qui plaçant dans ces parages le port de Dioscurias une des villes le plus commerçantes de l’antiquité – Pline dit qu’on y voyait des marchands de 300 langues différentes, et que lorsque les Romans y eurent établi leur domination, les affaires s’y traitaient par l’entremise de 130 interprètes. C’est ordinairement dans la rade de Sokhoum-kaléh et quelquefois dans celle de Redout-kaléh que stationne l’escadre Russe qui parcourt la côte de la grande Abasie et de la Mingèrlie to protect the merchant vessels against the Abases and Circassians, pirates from time immemorial, but not très redoutables because they have only bateaux à vames and no canon – their boats are perfectly the same as the Camerae of the ancestors ; 24 rowers y sont placés à leur aise – but at present they do not go far from the coast ; and as in general they ne sortent que par un beau temps, ils ne font plus usage d’un petit toit incliné pour se mettre à l’abri des vagues dans les tempêtes violentes. C’est sur de semblables barques que les Goths, fixés dans le 3me siècle en Crimée débarquèrent en Asie.

Pays des Montagues as called by the Russians and Klaproth and improperly by Hassel and others Circassia – the people in fact independent – the Russians n’y possèdent réellement qu’une petite bande, sur laquelle passe la route militaire qui de Mozòok mène à Tiflis, a trauvers la fameuse gorge de Dariel

Vladiskavkas is the principal fortress and most remarkable place on this route.

Dariel, little fortress, which gives name to the defile anciently Porte Caspienne

Kasbek, residence of a Georgian chief who commands the Ossetes of the valley of the Terek from Dariel to Kaïchaour; il protégé les convois russes contre les attaques des Montagnards, moyennant le paiement d’un somme convenue avec le gouverneur de Vladikavkas – other Ossetes are quite independent and even enemies of the Russians Ce sont, dit M. Klaproth, les descendans des Sarmates-mèdes des anciens et les restes des Alains et des Azes du moyen [?]

Circassia est divided into Great Kabarda situated in the bassin du Kouban, and Little Kabarda in the middle part of the basin of the Terek – the women are reputed the handsomest of the Caucasus and the men are formidable to the Russians by their frequent incursions – ce peuple (Circassien) forme une république aristocratique militaire.

Pays du Mitsdjeghi – the savage inhabitants, especially those named Tchetchentses, are more determined brigands than the Lesghis – it is chiefly on account of these T- that the Russians are obliged to send 150 men and 2 cannon to escort the post from Mozdoz to Vladikawkas – there is less risk from here to Tiflis

Dans le pays des Koumuk qui sont agriculturs et subuit to Russia, is Enderi (Andreïeva) village of 12,000 inhabitants – their chef lieu – a great marché every Friday Les Lesghis inhabitant un vaste pays dans les hautes montagnes to which they give their name – fierce, cruels, and great brigands – for long, Georgia has suffered most from their incursions – they commonly leave the mountains on [?] expeditions at the end of May says Klaproth – they lie hid in old ruins, in bosquets etc. on their return home, they inform the friends of their prisoners what ransom they [?] – those who cannot pay, must serve 10 years in the house of their master –

Khoun-dzakh (in Lesigstan) gros bourg, residence du Khan des Avars, the most powerful prince des hautes montagnes du Caucase-Oriental – he has the title of Nutsahl and can arm 10,000 men – the king of Georgia paid 24,000 francs not to make incursions and the Russians pay 40,000 fr. for which il s’est toujours [?] à cette [?] and also in Lesigistan the cantons of Ounsokoul, Hidat, Bakadalal, Moukrat, Karakh et Tkaserouk

Chahar, great town, residence of the Khan des Kazi-Koumuk who has the title of Sourkhaï – his dominions stretch along the east branch of the Koï-sou he is the enemy of the Russians and can arm 6,000 men.

Akoucha, chief place of their republic of this name – shepherds – famous for making a drap très estimé dans tout le Caucase.

Koubitchi, chief place of the republic of this name – inhabitants celebrated thro’ all the East sous le nom de Zerk-keran (faiseurs de cotte de maille) – ils fabriquent des armes excellentes et du drap (Koubitchi-châl) renowned not only in all the Caucasus, but sent to Persia and beyond the Caspian –

In Daghestan Kouba formerly capital of the Khanat of this name, and one of the most powerful states in Daghestan, now chief place of the provence of Kouba – will probably be abandoned because the Russians to avoid its unhealthy climate have founded a new ville 60 milles (versts?) to the west also called Kouba residence of the Khamoutaï-khan prince who lives in a sort of dependence or Russia tho’ he loves brigandage as well as his neighbour le khadi de Thabasseran.

Antzoug, petite ville, chief place of the republic of this name, situé sur le haute Samoura.

Yarsi or Ersi, residence of the Khadi de Thabasseran 1 of the 3 princes of the same family who divide the sovereignty of Thabasseran, situated to the west of Derbend – the Khadi is paid by Russia and with the 2 others can arm 6,000 men.

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Derbend, grande ville, très ancienne et très déchue – improtant by its fortifications in the time of Nouchirvan on eone of the bulwarks (“boulevards”) of Persia – Klaproth gives it 4,000 families – vid. ses fortes murailles, Armenian church, and principal mosque – In the neighbourhood, the Mausoleum des Kirklar, or 40 Arabian heroes killed in a battle against les infidels, lorsque Derbend fut conquis par les armées du Calife; tous les musulmans et surtout les Lesghis de Koubitchi y viennent en pelerinage. Not far from D- remains of a great wall said to extend over all the chain of mountains of Thabasseran built by Nouchirvan to hinder the incursions of the Khazans – this and others fortifications in the defiles of the Caucasus have given rise to the fable of a great wall extending from the black sea to the Caspian –

Barchly residence of the Khan of Kaïtak who has the title of Ouzmeï – he can arm 7000, and exercises a sort of sovereignity over the Lesghis of Akoucha and Koubitchi mentioned in the Pays des montagnes – the Russians pay him a pension of 8,000 fr.

Tarkou, residence of the Khan of this name who has the title of Chamakhal and his domination reaches over the north part of Daghestan to the banks of the Ouroussaï-boulak which separates it from the Khanat de Kaïtak – he is a vassal of the Russians who pay him about 8,000/. pension the ville de Tarkou anciently Semender is built en terrasses sur 3 montagnes pointues, à environ 3 milles from the Caspian – 10000 inhabitants –

Karaboudakh and Kazanich 2 large towns depending on the Chamkhal – the former 3,000 inhabitants – the latter fabriquent beaucoup de bourki ou manteaux de feutre et exploitent les mines du fer du [?]

Province du Caucase. Stavropol, assez jolie ville, fortified – declared in 1825 chief place of the province – it has a séminaire.

Georghievsk, chef lieu du government du Caucase till 1825, et still the residence of the gouverneur général militaire whose jurisdiction extents over great part of the Caucasus fortified, well built, and situated on the banks of the Petit-Kouma – Dan un rayon de 25 [?]

Pokorivchi, village where generally resides Mengli-Ghireï, khan des Nogaïs

Constantinogorsk, petite ville celebrated thro’ all Russia for its bains sulfureux – the Aix-la-chapelle de la Russia

Piatigorsk (petite ville) lately erected, seat of the administrations and of la cours de justice of the province à l’exception du Tribunal ecclésiastique.

Karass, joli village, at the foot of the Bechtau (the 5 mountains) remarkable par sa colonie compose d’Allemands et d’Ecossais, et un important établissement de missionnaires qui enseignant le Turk et d’autres langues.

Mozdok, ville assez commercante – and 1 of the principal military stations on the ligne du Terek Kizliar [Kizljar], ville et fortresse importante située sur un bras du Terek – inhabitants principally Armenians – 9,000 inhabitants exclusive of military (now 8,000 exclusive of military says our Lieutenant colonel Grauert – between 400 and 500 Cossaks and about 500 soldiers of the line now in the fortress about more than a thousand [?] nearest fortress 80v. off – obliged to go there avec une forte escorte) – « Son commerce Florissant a beaucoup contribute à l’embellir (the town) et à l’agrandir depuis 1818; on y a construit une magnifique église qui a conte 600,000 francs aux Arméniens, c’est sans doute le plus beau temple de toute la Région du Caucase” – the commerce is not good now – the Decline of Astrakhan draws on that of its dependent Kizliar [Kizljar] – embellishment is a wood one should hardly apply to the town after having paced along its muddy narrow streets of smallish wooden houses or low flat roofed mud plastered cottages – but all good enough to be plundered by the Tchetchenstes as happened 10 years ago the commandant would not believe the Cossack sentinel that the people were coming – shut himself up in the fortress, and fired after them when they had recrossed the river with all their plunder – these people come perpetually to pick up what they – often steal the people from the vineyards – stole away several last summer – not safe to walk far without a good escort – “Sur le chemin d’Astrakhan à Mozdok, on trouve près de la Kouma les ruines de l’ancienne ville de Madjari” – our station at Kumskaia (40v. from the Caspian) is close on the Kouma – from here we might have gone to the ruins – vid. the map – apparently 150 or 200 v. off – but how odd! – we never observed the Kouma at Kumskaia, tho’ it is just below the front of the station house – frozen over says colonel G- and we should .:. not observe it – writing from Balbis’ geography when George came to say the colonel would dine at the same time with us at our hour – it was 3 – begged him not to wait longer – sat writing till dinner at 3 ¼ in about ½ hour – soup with fowl in it and patés – boiled tongue cut in slices – mutton cutlets, and some of one of our own birds (moorgame – tolerably good) – Red Kizliar [Kizljar] wine – saw the colonels’ little boy aet. 2 months – nice pretty baby – the colonel explained the Billiard chinois bought at Nijni [Nižnij Novgorod] – nice piece of furniture for Shibden – amusing game – an inclined table 20in. wide 3ft. 6in. long? then shewed useful thread-window bought at Tiflis – A- and I out at 4 50/.. with George and a soldier went to see a vineyard a verst off – A- sketched the hut where the 3 guardians (tartars) live the vines here tied to stakes as in France not on [trullages] as at at Astracan [Astrakhan] and near Meran [Merano] in the Tyrol – saw a wine press like a long canoe – home at 6 ¾ - tea, and the colonel with us – shewed handsome gold inlaid in iron pistols 350R. en argent et sabre 62R. argent Read him the remark in the Dictionary geography de la Russie on the Calmucks – he never observed the petite

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Kisliar [Kizljar]

peau etc. etc. vid. near the ………….. of the eye – had just written to here now at 12 20/.. so long has it taken me to make the extracts from Balbi – fine day but not any sunshine till about 4 p.m. and then not for long – no sun while we were out – but a southern air – impossible to walk in our fur cloaks much longer – Our colonel gave me this evening a bow from the Kabardas made of the horn of the Steinbok (bouquetin?) 2 horns joined together in the middle of the bow – covered (old but good) with red morocco leather inside and black leather outside – not valuable he said – he could easily get another – there is no cord to the bow – (this is made of fibre) – and no arrow – he gave me this morning a paper of the heights of the mountains – a sajène = 7 french feet – the Black sea said to be 600 French feet above the Caspian – but it is a disputed point – levelled by Academicians last summer but such the difficulties from the natives of the high mountains etc. etc. that the results are always widely at variance – and this evening colonel G- gave me some resignemens of our route from here – he owned tonight that if he could not have taken us in, he did not know where we should have gone to – we should have been ½ a day seeking a lodging – the Armenians do not care to trouble themselves about anyone – R13° on my table at one tonight

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