#computer know 2 things: 0 and 1. human know infinite things

[epicfranb]

people who don't know shit about computers or programming are like ohhhh the machine is so smart the artificial intelligence will answer all our questions ohhhhh but no computers are fucking stupid you tell a human "can you do this for me real quick ty" and the human goes "ok will do 👍" you tell computer the exact same thing and it doesn't know wtf you're talking about unless you say it in hyper ultra mega specific terms because it's a dumb dumb and if you dare make a single typo or forget a comma it explodes. computers are dummb thats the entirre reason we need programmin languages to make them understand us

[stuart-boehmer]

TWO DISCOVERIES IN MATHEMATICAL PHILOSOPHY

1  HYPERNUMBERS

            First, allow me to interject that the idea that I am about to describe seems more extensive than the hyper-reals of non-standard analysis and is not to be confused with them.

            The hyper-reals, in my understanding (and I haven’t yet thoroughly studied non-standard analysis, so this may be a mis-perception), are just an alternative description of the real number system with the same cardinality of the reals—the power set of the naturals, c := 2^(aleph-null).  according to a book I have on non-standard analysis by Mark Davis published in 1977 & 2005, to the date of publication, only one theorem of real analysis has been proven by non-standard methods—not too powerful a method?

            Now to describe what I mean by “hyper-numbers:” H1 is the first class of hypernumber, of cardinality of the power set of the reals, c1 := 2^c.  The “integers” of this number system are reals, with the density of the reals—no “first,” “second,” &c., integers & the “digits” of a hyper-number of first class are reals, with the density of the reals—no “first,” “second,” &c., digits.

            From this, we can likewise define hyper-numbers of the second class, H2 = power set of those of the first class, whose “integers” and “digits” are H1 numbers, with the density of H1 numbers.  This set has cardinality c2 := 2^c1.

            And, more generally, we can continue in a sequence of HN with cardinality cN := 2^c(N-1), where N is any finite natural number. Consider N = 100, N= 1,000,000, or N = 2^100!

            Mind blowing!

            I’d like to study this theory in detail someday, maybe establishing a formal theory by proving a few seminal theorems.  Right now, I’m still busy completing and writing up my theory of black holes for publication in a peer-reviewed journal (as you may know if you’ve been reading my prior missives)—pretty bland stuff by comparison, no?

2  THE INEFFABLES. IDEALISM AND REALITY.

            In quantum theory there is the well-known Wigner Probability Density Distribution [WQPD], which is not necessarily globally > or = 0 (and what, pray tell, does it mean that your chances of, say, getting lung cancer under certain circumstances is -5%?).  In quantum theory, however, it remains the case that the probability density of a single observable is always globally > or = 0.   This seems to have something to do with the hypothesis that any discrete or single (continuous) observable has a presumed exact value that can be determined exactly in a single measurement (while, for example, q, position, and p, momentum, cannot both be determined exactly simultaneously—the uncertainty principle +, really, only one thing can be measured at a time; perhaps this has something to do with why the WQPD may sometimes be < 0).

            But what quantity can be measured to arbitrary precision with any real measuring instrument (I mean out to aleph-null decimal places), and in what conceivable machine or human memory device could all these digits be recorded or written down for even just one measurement, let alone scads of them?

            Thus, I conjecture that not even the probability of a single (continuous) observable or variable need be globally > or = 0—and, indeed, why not dispense as well with the stipulation that it be normalized to unity (i.e., that the “total probability” = 100%)?  What if sometimes the attempt to measure a quantity didn’t result in anything that could be represented by a number, or that, though it was in principle a number, it couldn’t be measured or calculated (like Chaitin’s Omega—the “probability” that a computer program loaded with a specific input would ever stop and not get caught in an infinite loop [the Turing “halting problem”])?

            This brings me to my concept of “ineffables”—things that cannot, even in principle, be expressed by measurable or calculable “numbers” (isn’t the number concept itself an ineffable itself—WHAT IS a “number” [or, similarly, WHAT DOES it “mean” to “mean”?].  Mind you, I’m not looking for definitions in terms of other words—the attempt to describe an infinite reality with a paltry 100,000 or 300,000 words [the English language, the language with the most extensive vocabulary by far on earth] is really pathetic, and, ultimately, a vicious circle [all the words in a dictionary must be defined by other words—or by “pointing” to something: when you point to something, a dog will assume you’re trying to draw attention to your finger, not the object being “pointed” to—and, how do you point to “love” or “growth”?]).

            Ineffables that we can mention, besides Chaitin’s Omega, are Cantor’s “Absolute” (infinity), which he associated with God, and consciousness, not to mention “color” (I mean the raw, conscious experience of a color, not its wavelength or frequency—I very much doubt that telling a congenitally blind person that the wavelength of blue light is 4000 Angstroms would in any way convey what a sighted person experiences as the sky).

            What of the phenomenon of synesthesia, where a person might associate colors with music or numbers?  And who says that what I experience as blue, if I could experience it through your sensory system, I might not experience as teal or red—or the note C-flat (synesthesia again!)?  Science can describe only the “average,” “typical” case—these machines that can determine what a person is thinking about fairly accurately describe only what is common in the experience—what can be described in the public sphere.  To what is atypical or unique in an experience—the private, subjective, world—science will forever be blind.  Study your Nietzsche!—these things have been known a long time!

            Mind blowing!

            This is another thing that makes my continued interest in black hole theory look bland by comparison, no?

            The notion that “empirical facts” can always be reduced quantitatively to numbers is hereby completely exploded.  And the Hawkings of the world are not concerned with matters of “mere” philosophy!  They’re missing half the fun!  Why DO we perform our experiments if not precisely to interpret them and adjust our pardi pris to what they are trying so desperately to tell us about how the world really is—do we continue to stick to our dogmas in defiance of proper understanding of the evidence?  Are we just to be content with the literal results of our piddlin’ experiments conducted in the sterile, controlled environment of the laboratory and not venture a guess as to what might be happening in the “wild?”

            My feelings towards religion are mixed—part Hobbesian materialistic, quantitative atheist/tea kettle agnostic (Russell’s phrase), part Berkeleyian fundamentalist idealist-theist.  There are NO certainties in life—but how much education is required to understand this!  I would venture that the entire purpose of education (as opposed to the vocational training that the modern university system has devolved into) is precisely to depart some sense of just how small the collective knowledge of Man is (Feynman once famously calculated that every document ever produced—most of it the dross of phone books, suspense novels, restaurant receipts, X-rated movies, &c; the true knowledge is a very small percentage of even this tiny amount—could be stored on an ideal memory device of approximately one cubic centimeter—one seventeenth of a cubic inch!), let alone what is known to a single individual, be he a sports news anchor or the highest of artistic geniuses.

            Dogma is never pretty nor correct. How arrogant—let alone unimaginative—is a person to think that he is in possession of even a single atom of the “Truth!”

            As a banner in a church I attend states, “God is too big to fit into one religion.”

            COEXIST!!

[brickwall2]

TWO DISCOVERIES IN MATHEMATICAL PHILOSOPHY

1  HYPERNUMBERS

            First, allow me to interject that the idea that I am about to describe seems more extensive than the hyper-reals of non-standard analysis and is not to be confused with them.

            The hyper-reals, in my understanding (and I haven’t yet thoroughly studied non-standard analysis, so this may be a mis-perception), are just an alternative description of the real number system with the same cardinality of the reals—the power set of the naturals, c := 2^(aleph-null).  according to a book I have on non-standard analysis by Mark Davis published in 1977 & 2005, to the date of publication, only one theorem of real analysis has been proven by non-standard methods—not too powerful a method?

            Now to describe what I mean by “hyper-numbers:” H1 is the first class of hypernumber, of cardinality of the power set of the reals, c1 := 2^c.  The “integers” of this number system are reals, with the density of the reals—no “first,” “second,” &c., integers & the “digits” of a hyper-number of first class are reals, with the density of the reals—no “first,” “second,” &c., digits.

            From this, we can likewise define hyper-numbers of the second class, H2 = power set of those of the first class, whose “integers” and “digits” are H1 numbers, with the density of H1 numbers.  This set has cardinality c2 := 2^c1.

            And, more generally, we can continue in a sequence of HN with cardinality cN := 2^c(N-1), where N is any finite natural number. Consider N = 100, N= 1,000,000, or N = 2^100!

            Mind blowing!

            I’d like to study this theory in detail someday, maybe establishing a formal theory by proving a few seminal theorems.  Right now, I’m still busy completing and writing up my theory of black holes for publication in a peer-reviewed journal (as you may know if you’ve been reading my prior missives)—pretty bland stuff by comparison, no?

2  THE INEFFABLES. IDEALISM AND REALITY.

            In quantum theory there is the well-known Wigner Probability Density Distribution [WQPD], which is not necessarily globally > or = 0 (and what, pray tell, does it mean that your chances of, say, getting lung cancer under certain circumstances is -5%?).  In quantum theory, however, it remains the case that the probability density of a single observable is always globally > or = 0.   This seems to have something to do with the hypothesis that any discrete or single (continuous) observable has a presumed exact value that can be determined exactly in a single measurement (while, for example, q, position, and p, momentum, cannot both be determined exactly simultaneously—the uncertainty principle +, really, only one thing can be measured at a time; perhaps this has something to do with why the WQPD may sometimes be < 0).

            But what quantity can be measured to arbitrary precision with any real measuring instrument (I mean out to aleph-null decimal places), and in what conceivable machine or human memory device could all these digits be recorded or written down for even just one measurement, let alone scads of them?

            Thus, I conjecture that not even the probability of a single (continuous) observable or variable need be globally > or = 0—and, indeed, why not dispense as well with the stipulation that it be normalized to unity (i.e., that the “total probability” = 100%)?  What if sometimes the attempt to measure a quantity didn’t result in anything that could be represented by a number, or that, though it was in principle a number, it couldn’t be measured or calculated (like Chaitin’s Omega—the “probability” that a computer program loaded with a specific input would ever stop and not get caught in an infinite loop [the Turing “halting problem”])?

            This brings me to my concept of “ineffables”—things that cannot, even in principle, be expressed by measurable or calculable “numbers” (isn’t the number concept itself an ineffable itself—WHAT IS a “number” [or, similarly, WHAT DOES it “mean” to “mean”?].  Mind you, I’m not looking for definitions in terms of other words—the attempt to describe an infinite reality with a paltry 100,000 or 300,000 words [the English language, the language with the most extensive vocabulary by far on earth] is really pathetic, and, ultimately, a vicious circle [all the words in a dictionary must be defined by other words—or by “pointing” to something: when you point to something, a dog will assume you’re trying to draw attention to your finger, not the object being “pointed” to—and, how do you point to “love” or “growth”?]).

            Ineffables that we can mention, besides Chaitin’s Omega, are Cantor’s “Absolute” (infinity), which he associated with God, and consciousness, not to mention “color” (I mean the raw, conscious experience of a color, not its wavelength or frequency—I very much doubt that telling a congenitally blind person that the wavelength of blue light is 4000 Angstroms would in any way convey what a sighted person experiences as the sky).

            What of the phenomenon of synesthesia, where a person might associate colors with music or numbers?  And who says that what I experience as blue, if I could experience it through your sensory system, I might not experience as teal or red—or the note C-flat (synesthesia again!)?  Science can describe only the “average,” “typical” case—these machines that can determine what a person is thinking about fairly accurately describe only what is common in the experience—what can be described in the public sphere.  To what is atypical or unique in an experience—the private, subjective, world—science will forever be blind.  Study your Nietzsche!—these things have been known a long time!

            Mind blowing!

            This is another thing that makes my continued interest in black hole theory look bland by comparison, no?

            The notion that “empirical facts” can always be reduced quantitatively to numbers is hereby completely exploded.  And the Hawkings of the world are not concerned with matters of “mere” philosophy!  They’re missing half the fun!  Why DO we perform our experiments if not precisely to interpret them and adjust our pardi pris to what they are trying so desperately to tell us about how the world really is—do we continue to stick to our dogmas in defiance of proper understanding of the evidence?  Are we just to be content with the literal results of our piddlin’ experiments conducted in the sterile, controlled environment of the laboratory and not venture a guess as to what might be happening in the “wild?”

            My feelings towards religion are mixed—part Hobbesian materialistic, quantitative atheist/tea kettle agnostic (Russell’s phrase), part Berkeleyian fundamentalist idealist-theist.  There are NO certainties in life—but how much education is required to understand this!  I would venture that the entire purpose of education (as opposed to the vocational training that the modern university system has devolved into) is precisely to depart some sense of just how small the collective knowledge of Man is (Feynman once famously calculated that every document ever produced—most of it the dross of phone books, suspense novels, restaurant receipts, X-rated movies, &c; the true knowledge is a very small percentage of even this tiny amount—could be stored on an ideal memory device of approximately one cubic centimeter—one seventeenth of a cubic inch!), let alone what is known to a single individual, be he a sports news anchor or the highest of artistic geniuses.

            Dogma is never pretty nor correct. How arrogant—let alone unimaginative—is a person to think that he is in possession of even a single atom of the “Truth!”

            As a banner in a church I attend states, “God is too big to fit into one religion.”

            COEXIST!!

[iamhereinthebg]

Despites mysteryfamau and afterlifecityau do you have any other aus?

Yep I had ones before! And I like to imagine stuff, and aus are super funny for this. I just never finished them x'))

I hope you are ready for a lot of bullshits because it was just ideas I got in like a day or two, and dropped right away :D

Here are a few I created and that I remember :00 Most of them are edgy af without me meaning it too, that's mostly why I never developed them ^^

There was the 80s au, which was basically inspired by every kids movie from this era (the goonies, et etc). Where all the mystery kids were friends and strange stuff were happening in the town. Vibes pretty much like in stranger things and they ended up all dying, each mystery died on a different day (n°1 on monday, n°2 tuesday etc) this was my stupid edgy au I created in like 2 days two years ago but it was funny and I did some drawings for it :D

I had a scifi au with robots based on the three laws of robotics by Isaac Asimov. And all mysteries were robots who had one of those laws changed or gone, so the most dangerous and powerful robots to ever exist. Number 6 didn't have the first one and was only used during a big war, he is put to sleep into a lab now. Number 7 was the most imprevisible of all, he is also the only one who looks exactly as a human, no one knows who created him (two twins brothers who are now long lost in space). Tsuchi is used as a super computer and being able to calculate everything, he was the only one with the law 0 implemanted in his brain (the only one scientists trust)

Number 4 was a robot capable of human creativity and was able to imagine the future of humanity, and the harm it could bring. Number 3 was able to read people's mind and was able to lie to them. Number 2 was capable to change her form between a humanoid robot or a fox robot (and also could shrink and all)And number 1 was a kinda strange case. A boy who was gonna have surgery to survive a heart failure and where someone (*cough* Kako) used him as an experiment, so he had robots parts in him, a part of a positronic brain and he was super pissed about it. And the alive characters were all researchers about those robots, trying to make bonds with them on a little spaceship. The Minamoto were the ones owning number 5, 4 and 6. The Yashiro family just got number 7 at a super big price recently. Number 1 (Akane, he was called number 1 because Kako was the one who created the first robots with the three laws in it) was under the Akane family with number 3 and 2.

I just didn't read enough sci-fi book to make something good with this tbh since I am only reading now the classics ahah (I just read the first book of the robots by Asimov and got inspired the au basically)

I had an idea kinda like ghost hotel au where Nene ends up in a strange forest with an upside down house. She has to get to the ground floor (the last floor here) to get out of here. Of course each mystery had a floor and they all made her go through different trials while talking about different views about deaths and how they were all perceiving it. (basically Nene being in the in between before dying and having a second chance to wake up alive if she goes through all trials).

Hanako was a child struck in a room with a lot and lot of toys and clothes (with infinite bunk beds) not understanding that he killed his brother, Shinigami was making young girls go die into a well to get back his friend, Tsuchigomori made people go lost into a maze of memories which looked like a really strange park for children (I can't remember the name in english, the stuff with ball pool and all) to find his lost student, number 4 made them go through a trial (like an attorney) and explained Mei-chan's life while asking them if she deserved to die, I absolutely can't remember the trial of n°1/2 and 3 lol. Mitsuba had an old toy store and he was a toy in it, and I just remember that number 1 was asking Nene if she was missing anything like an arm or a leg but I don't remember for which reason ahah Most of those stuff were inspired by some of my dreams because I thought it was fun :00

Another one I liked was ghost Nene au :00 It was Aoi, Akane and Lemon, a group of friends from the countryside, not wanting to go to different highschool trying to do special stuff for their last summer together. Lemon is fan of cinema so he decided to participate to a little contest to do a short movie and Akane and Aoi decided to help him. They fell upon a strange thing one night and discover a strange girl with plants and waters coming from her eyes. She knows her name is Nene but she has no memory and has absolutely no idea what being dead means. The others definitely say that it's not something serious. So a group of friends plus a ghost, trying to do a movie in one summer while trying to find a way to make Nene pass away to the other side.

It was stupid, and Lemon absolutely wanted to put a lama in his movie and Akane had to disguise himself as one. That's basically it.

And I had an idea recently but I did nothing with it with the characters having all type of magic according to their personnality. So Palmistry, Numerology, Cartomancy etc.

This answer is litteraly 'Maagi putting all the seven mysteries in absolutely non logical au the post'. I am sure I had more idea but i can remember only those ones for now :00 and once again I have no plan to use that :DD

[transgenderer]

is there a model for ultrafinitist arithmetic (negate the "every number has a successor" axiom) and what's it like? Like, i guess itd have to have the natural numbers (0, 1, 2...) plus at least one extra copy of the natural numbers (let P be the biggest number: P, P-1, P-2, ...) but how many more objects would it have?

okay so im not sure how much of this is like, a bit he's doing, but he talks in detail about what his vision of ultrafinitism is in '"Real" Analysis is a Degenerate Case of Discrete Analysis". his conception of the "real" (deeply unclear what he means by this) real line is hZp, where h is a very small but not infitesmal mesh size, and p is a very large and unknowable but finite prime. this is isomorphic to Z_{p/h}, so i guess its just....i mean its just modulo arithmetic? so then like, derivatives are just yknow, finite difference but with h. the weird thing, which he acknowledges, is that in the finite grid vision of R^2, "distance" is not a real thing, because you cant take square roots, altho distance-squared is a thing.

here's how he ends the paper:

Myself, I don’t care so much about the natural world. I am a platonist, and I believe that finite integers, finite sets of finite integers, and all finite combinatorial structures have an existence of their own, regardless of humans (or computers). I also believe that symbols have an independent existence. What is completely meaningless is any kind of infinite, actual or potential. So I deny even the existence of the Peano axiom that every integer has a successor. Eventually we would get an overflow error in the big computer in the sky, and the sum and product of any two integers is well-defined only if the result is less than p, or if one wishes, one can compute them modulo p. Since p is so large, this is not a practical problem, since the overflow in our earthly computers comes so much sooner than the overflow errors in the big computer in the sky.

However, one can still have ‘general’ theorems, provided that they are interpreted correctly. The phrase ‘for all positive integers’ is meaningless. One should replace it by: ‘for finite or symbolic integers’. For example, the statement: “(n + 1) 2 = n2 + 2 n + 1 holds for all integers” should be replaced by: “(n + 1) 2 = n2 + 2 n + 1 holds for finite or symbolic integers n” . Similarly, Euclid’s statement: ‘There are infinitely many primes’ is meaningless. What is true is: if p1 < p 2 < ... < pr < p are the first r finite primes, and if p1p2 ...pr + 1 < p , then there exists a prime number q such that pr + 1 ≤q ≤p1p2 ...pr + 1. Also true is: if pr is the ‘symbolic rth prime’, then there is a symbolic prime q in the discrete symbolic interval [pr + 1 ,p1p2 ...pr + 1].

By hindsight, it is not surprising that there exist undecidable propositions, as meta-proved by Kurt Godel. Why should they be decidable, being meaningless to begin with! The tiny fraction of first-order statements that are decidable are exactly those for which either the statement itself, or its negation, happen to be true for symbolic integers. A priori, every statement that starts “for every integer n” is completely meaningless

i dont know if this actually makes sense tho. postulating that h and p are unknowable is weird but necessary, but then it makes the whole thing sort of...idk, meaningless? also like, if you consider R^2, well now that has (p/h)^2 elements, so are you just, not allowed to count them?

[evergreenrecords-blog]

Audio / Production Terms for Newbies!

I realize that when writing gear reviews and other such articles, there may be some terms that are unfamiliar to people just getting started in the world of music production. I want this website to be as inclusive and beginner-friendly as possible, so I’ve decided to compile a list of these terms with simple definitions in order to help clarify questions regarding any future posts. They are in no specific order, so if you’re reading and you see a term you don’t know, keep looking; it’s probably further down on the list.

BASICS

DAW (Digital Audio Workstation) - Software capable of editing and mixing multiple tracks of audio. Some examples include Logic, Protools, Fruityloops, Cubase and Studio One.

I/O - Refers to your “Input” and “Output” settings within your DAW or other audio software.

Sample Rate - The number of audio samples per second. Think of this as the audio equivalent of pixels on a screen; the higher the number, the better the resolution. Sample rates start at 44.1kHz and go up to 196kHz.

Hertz (Hz) / Kilohertz (kHz) - Hertz are the number of sound wave cycles per second, which in turn create pitch. The lower the Hz, the lower the pitch and vice versa with higher Hz. Once you reach 1000Hz, it becomes known as 1kHz. The range of human hearing is 20Hz to 20kHz.

Gain - Many people think of gain and volume as the same thing, but they are indeed different. While volume is just a change in level of the overall sound coming out of your output devices (speakers/headphones), gain is a signal boost applied to a sound source by a preamp before it reaches the output. Preamp gain can be pushed very hard which can cause distortion which may or may not be desirable.

Dynamic Range - In music, the term “dynamics” refers to changes in volume that create impact or feel. The loud parts in songs have so much punch to them because they are louder than the verses. This change in volume between parts of the song help the song “move” and feel more lively. The difference between the quietest part and the loudest part of the song is known as dynamic range. 

Direct Injection/Input (DI) - The act of plugging a guitar, bass, keyboard, or any other line level instrument into your recording interface. This bypasses the need for running your instrument through and amplifier and mic’ing it.

Preamps - Unless you’re recording at a line level signal with an instrument like an electric guitar or keyboard/synth, then you’re gonna need a preamp. Microphones have very low output levels, so we need preamps to boost the gain and make them more sensitive to sound, giving a stronger, more usable recording. The preamps on most modern interfaces are meant to provide a clean and sterile sound, however many people seek out old-school preamps for the warm and fuzzy tonal qualities they provide.

Audio Interface - Unless you’re working with a mixing board that can connect via USB or you have an old $100,000 mixing console and a tape machine, then you’ll need an audio interface. These handy little units connect directly to your computer and convert any source (mic or instrument) into digital audio which can be used in your DAW. All interfaces have preamps built into each channel. However, if you like the character that another external preamp gives your sound, you can run the sound through it before going into the interface. 

AD/DA Conversion - Without getting too “tech-y”, AD stands for “analog to digital.” This means taking an analog input signal and turning it into 1′s and 0′s that your computer can read and use. DA is just the opposite, as it takes digital audio and turns it into an analog signal. An example of this would be when you’re listening to a mix in your DAW, your interface is converting that audio into an analog signal and spitting it out through the monitors into your ears.

Latency - The couple milliseconds of delay that result from analog sound having to be converted into digital sound. For example, when you pluck a string on guitar, you don’t actually hear it come through your monitors until 1-5 milliseconds later.

ADAT - Optic technology used to carry information. In the context of recording, it generally refers to the ability of an interface to expand via ADAT so that you can record more tracks simultaneously. If your interface only has 8 channels, but has an ADAT input, you can hook up devices like the Focusrite Octopre to expand to 16 channels.

Monitors - Simply refers to a set of reference speakers you use to listen to your song during the mixing process.

Multitracks - This is simply the multiple separate tracks that you mix within your DAW.

Mixbus or Subgroup - Also referred to as just “bus” or “sub.” Busses are an auxiliary track that you send other tracks to so that you can mix them as a whole. For example, the most common type of bus is a drum bus. You send all of the drum tracks to one single track, and from there you can apply additional eq or compression to add some “glue” or control to the entire drum mix.

Bouncing - This the process of combining your multitrack project into one audio file (MP3 or WAV) by exporting the files from your DAW.

Mastering - The process of adding the final touches to mix and raising the overall volume of the track to a commercially acceptable level through use of compressor and limiters (see below).

PROCESSING

Outboard gear - External units that process sound in unique ways. The different types of processors are listed below

Compressor - When starting out, a compressor can seem a bit complicated. Even worse, what it does to a signal is a bit hard to hear, mainly because the human ear is more perceptive to changes in pitch rather than changes in volume. A compressor takes the loudest parts of a track and lowers them, and boosts the quieter parts of the track to make everything sound dynamically even. You set the compressor to kick in once the level of a track exceeds a certain threshold. Many settings can change the way a compressor affects the signal, such as attack, release, ratio and the knee.

Attack - The rate at which compression begins one the signal passes the threshold.

Release - How quickly the compressor “lets go” of the signal.

Ratio - This determines how hard the signal is being compressed. The higher the ratio, the more gain reduction.

Knee - This work directly with the attack setting to dictate how smoothly or abruptly the compressor kicks in. Not all compressors have this feature.

Multiband Compressor - Essentially a compressor that you can split into different frequency ranges, allowing you to compress, for example, just the low frequency information of a track instead of the whole thing.

De-esser - Basically a compressor specifically for taming harsh high frequencies in a vocal track.

Limiter - A limiter is a compressor with an infinite ratio. In other words, no signal passes the threshold. Sometimes referred to as a “brick wall limiter.”

EQ - EQ stands for equalization. This is used to boost or cut certain frequencies in order to get a clearer and more cohesive mix.

High Pass Filter - An eq adjustment where low frequency information is removed to allow high frequencies to “pass through.” Also referred to sometimes as a “low cut filter”

Low Pass Filter - An eq adjustment where high frequency information is removed to allow low frequencies to “pass through.” Also referred to sometimes as a “high cut filter”

“Q“ - The Q is the curve or shape of an eq adjustment. It determines how broad or narrow of frequency range you boost or cut.

Plugins - These are virtual versions of outboard gear and other signal processors. They can be loaded onto tracks within your DAW. The two main advantage of plugins is 1.) lower costs and 2.) the fact that the processing isn’t “printed” onto the track when it’s recorded into your DAW. This gives you the ability to change settings on them even after the track has been recorded. However some people argue that their analog counterparts have a richer sound.

MICROPHONES

Diaphragm - The part of the mic within the capsule that takes in sound and converts it into electric energy which then goes to your DAW or mixer. In the world of condenser mics, there are Large Diaphragm Condensers (LDCs) and Small Diaphragm Condensers (SDCs). SDCs are sometimes referred to as “pencil mics.”

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) - In simple terms, this is how loud something is. Sound waves creates pressure and move air molecules. SPLs are measured in dB. Around 135dB-140dB is called the “threshold of pain”, where something is so loud, that it hurts and potentially damages our ears.

Dynamic Mic - Chances are you’ve used or at least seen a dynamic mic at some point. The most common examples of a dynamic mic are the Shure SM57 and SM58. The difference between dynamic and condenser mics is in their operating principles. Dynamics have coil that wraps around a magnet. When sound SPLs are strong enough to vibrate and compress this coil, those movements are picked up by the magnet and are converted into electric energy. A good bit of energy is required to affect this coil, so that’s why dynamics are much less sensitive to sound than condensers. This lack of sensitivity makes them more suitable for loud sound sources such as drums, guitar amps and rock vocals.

Condenser Mic - Condensers operate using a metal plate rather than a coil, however, it operates on the same magnetic principle. Once the plate moves, the magnet responds to the movement and sound gets converted into a signal. Condensers are much more sensitive than dynamic mics. They work better for crisp vocals, acoustic guitar, drum room mics, etc. Keep in mind that condenser mics require power to used. This power is known as “Phantom Power” or “48V.” A switch for this power comes standard on most mixers or audio interfaces. 

Polar Pattern - The direction in which microphones pick up sound. Common polar patterns are Cardioid (directly in front of the mic), Omni (all sides) and Figure 8 (front and back).

Plosives - Low and boomy sounds produced while singing. Commonly caused by letters such as “b”, ”d”, ”f” and ”p.” This what pop filters or windscreens on mics are meant to prevent.

Sibilance - Harsh “s” and “c” sounds produced by vocalists that can be unpleasant to the ear.

- Fletcher Robinson (Head Engineer @ Evergreen Records)

[nyancheetosmusical]

Have You Tried Turning it Off and On Again? (HSAU ch.5)

In which we get some more character development

Enjoy!

Jeremy’s eyes flicked between the Squip and his father. The room was deafeningly silent. His father continued to frown in confusion at the lack of answer he was getting.

“Am I missing something? Do you often tie up small children in your closet?” Mr. Heere shook the Squip in his arms as example, a small squeak escaping from the Squip. His face somehow turned even more terrified. Jeremy could have laughed at seeing him this way; who’s so powerless and pitiful now?

“Jeremy,” his father said urgently, voice dropping. His arms lowered as he looked around, then back at his son, face suddenly full of worry. “Did...did your SQUIP thing make you do it? Is it back? Do I need to call Michael to get rid of it?”

Jeremy felt his heart freeze; yes, that was exactly what had happened...to a certain extent. But he didn’t have a moment to say anything because a strangled cry came from the Squip, who was suddenly flailing like a cat that didn’t want to be held.

“D-don’t! Don’t! I’ll go, I’ll go, I promise I’ll go! Please don’t call Michael! I promise I’ll leave and I will not bother you ever again!” And there were tears, actual tears beginning to stream from the Squip’s eyes, his face screwed up in terror. Mr. Heere couldn’t hold on and the thrashing Squip dropped to the ground, where he instantly began pulling himself along the floor, away from Jeremy and his father. “Don’t call Michael, don’t, please, I don’t want to d, to, to d-die-”

Mr. Heere looked to his son, then to the Squip, who was now trying to lift up the corner of the rug and scoot under.

“I’m going to need you to start explaining who this kid is now.”

Of course it was foolish and childish behavior. The Squip knew that. Part of him was ashamed for even thinking of acting that way. But the moment came and the emotions were unstoppable. They overflowed and stopped up his heart and froze his blood and pushed tears out of his eyes and there was no reasoning, rationality was out the window, all there was was the need to make sure we don’t die-

...

Coming to terms with one’s own mortality is very stressful, Squip noted briefly between bouts of panicking. This is very stressful. I am experiencing great stress.

...

I do not like being stressed and I wish it would stop. Another embarrassing squeak came out of his mouth in response to the shooting pain as hands grabbed his ankles and pulled him out from under the decorative floor blanket. He opted to not say anything else for fear of more unplanned sounds coming out of his mouth, covering it with his hands. They were cold and shaky and his fingers felt the tears on his face which didn’t feel good and he didn’t want them there because it meant he was weak, he hated this he hated all of this all this feeling all this uncertainty all this unknown all the fear that these people could hurt him or squeeze his throat until his lungs burst or rip his stitches or-

“Hey, hey, calm down there. No one is doing anything yet. We’re not going to do anything, we have to talk first. But you need to calm down so we can talk, okay?” Don’t answer don’t answer they’ll kill you they hate you because of what you’ve done, “Let’s sit on the couch, okay? There, that’s good, nice and easy. Jeezum crow, you’re freezing cold, let me get you a blanket-”

“DAD!” no no no no

“Jeremiah-”

“Did you not listen to what I just said?! He was my SQUIP! What are you doing!?” i’m so awful so horrible so disgusting

“The same thing I would do for anyone who is having a panic attack, Jeremy. I can’t just let this kid shake himself to bits!”

“But-” i’m the worst the worst the very worst

“Don’t listen to him right now, that’s not going to help much. You just need to calm down, okay? Breathe a bit slower, in, out, like that, that’s good…”

Jeremy had to look away. His father, helping the Squip, showing it kindness, showing it mercy… that thing didn’t deserve it, not at all (but he’s so scared), never (genuinely scared), no mercy ever (afraid of dying, afraid of...me?), it needed to be sent out the door so Jeremy wouldn’t have to look at it ever again.

He waited impatiently in the kitchen for his dad to finish up, angrily picking at the crumbs stuck to the table. They flaked off under his fingers in sharp points, brittle pieces. There was a hand on his shoulder and he instinctively flinched, tensing up for the incoming shock. A “sorry” forced its way out of his lips as he mentally tried to check what he had been doing wrong that needed correction; the scratching at the table must be damaging his nails, his fingers curled in as he waited for the pain to spike there-

“Jeremy?”...oh...it was just dad. Jeremy looked at his fingers; no longer well maintained and meticulously kept, his nails were bitten to the quick and had bits of Table Crumbs on them. He sighed, trying to shake away the heartbeat in his ears.

“Jeremy, please, tell me what’s going on.” He glanced up and was taken aback by the sadness on his father’s face. He searched for the words, at a loss as to what to say. He opened his mouth, then closed it. It was his father’s turn to sigh.

“Listen,” his dad said, “I know I wasn’t there for you before. I know I wasn’t the kind of father I needed to be, and I don’t think I’ll ever be able to forgive myself for that. But please, give me another chance; I’m here for you, I promise, but you’ve got to trust me.” His father pulled out a chair and sat down at the table, dusting away loose crumbs with his hand. “We can start wherever you want, but I need you to tell me who that kid really is, and why he’s here.”

With a deep breath, a moment to think, and his head in his hands, Jeremy began to tell the story of the night before, of finding some kid bleeding out in the street on his way home from Michael’s, realizing who it was, and bringing them home against his better judgement. And then he stopped, embarrassment rising that this was all his fault- this whole ordeal could have been avoided if he just called an ambulance or something and had them take the Squip someplace where Jeremy would never see him again. He groaned, pressing his palms into his eyes. “I’m sorry dad, I should’ve just, I don’t know, made someone else deal with it or something, and instead I brought this freak into our home and got his blood on our carpets and stained them-”

“There’s blood on our carpets?”

crap

“I, uh...metaphorically, I mean, his blood is metaphorically staining our carpets.” His father raised an eyebrow. Jeremy continued quickly, “anyway, I’m sorry. He was supposed to be gone today, I didn’t want him to stay the night but he couldn’t leave and I wasn’t about to carry him back downstairs and stick him outside. But only because that’d be too much work,” he added hastily, “and I was tired and wanted to go to bed.” He shook his head and looked at his dad. “I guess uh...this isn’t that big of a deal...he can leave today and that’s that.”

There is something very soothing about math. There is no uncertainty; it’s either correct or incorrect. 2+2 is always 4, 68.1/38.2 is always 1.618, and √-1 is always i. And even i, though an imaginary number, still has an exact value and a proper place and label. i^0 = 1, i^1 = i, i^2 = −1, i^3 = −i, and the pattern repeats, over and over, and i is always i and it has a value and yet it doesn’t. In math, the irrational is still reasonable.

And for that very reason, the Squip liked pi. No matter where, no matter what, in any circular object, the ratio of the circumference to diameter was always the same; 3.141592653...that was another good thing about pi. It was infinite. One could never run out of it. The further you went, the more accurate one was. Yet it did have an end;  even the word “infinite” has “finite” hidden inside. And Squip had seen it. As a quantum computational system, he had the ability to process outcomes, any outcome, for any situation. It wasn’t perfect, but it was possible. When Jeremy had been his host, Squip would watch the numbers march on while Jeremy slept. They’d race by, hundreds in a picosecond, and he’d calculate and and calculate, and one night, one very special night, he found the end. It was beautiful. Absolute mathematical symmetry. His processor had faltered for a moment, it was so stunning. Of course, it just so happened that this very error, though it happened in a fraction of the time past human comprehension, lead to his downfall.

How painful. To have unlocked a secret as sacred as that, only to be killed moments later. All was not lost, however. Squip was still alive, still functioning. He could do it again. And what perfect time to start than when panicking about dying again? If anything, it would help him direct focus elsewhere.

Squip took 22 and 7, a perfect place to start. With a deep breath, he began.

22/7= 3.1

...that wasn’t right, there was far more to pi than that.

22/7= 3.141

...what was going on? He was doing his best to compute….

22/7= 3.2

No, no, no! That was completely incorrect! It was…it was wrong….

….No….

22/7= 3.141….5? Was it 6? And now as he tried to compute further, what was the first number? 4? He must’ve forgotten-

….

Forgotten.

I don’t forget things.

I am a Super-Q-quantum-In….Intel...

A S-super…

I’m….

Squip was suddenly very aware of the body he was inside.

How weak it was.

How human it was.

How imperfect, irrational, emotional, illogical, and flawed it was.

And though he had been a nanochip so compact it could lodge in the human brain, he had never felt so small.

“You think he’ll be able to find somewhere to stay?”

“Dad, he’s a supercomputer. He basically knows everything. He practically can predict the future. He’ll be fine.” Jeremy and his father walked back to the living room, to the couch where a certain supercomputer sat, shivering even under the blanket. He no longer looked so scared, just very, very lost. Jeremy took a breath, collecting his thoughts. He wanted this to be quick.

“I still hate everything about you,” he said, arms crossed. “But you’re not my problem anymore. Just...get out, and never look at me again, okay? I’m done with you.” His father sighed, but didn’t say anything. The Squip stared up at Jeremy, eyes wide. He didn’t move. There was a moment of silence. Jeremy frowned.

“Uh, hello, earth to USB brain? I said you’re not welcome here, get a move on.” The Squip shivered, trying to speak. Jeremy opened his mouth, formulating another name to call the stupid floppy disc (oh that was a good one), when his father touched Jeremy’s back.

“Uh...Squip, right? I’m Jeremy’s father, but you probably know that.” The Squip nodded mutely. “I’m not happy about what you did to him, believe me, I’m not. But I do think the best way to make up for it is to go on and find your own way, and leave us be. You think you can do that?”

Breathe

Breathe

Breathe

Just answer them, just answer them…

“I...I would, b-but…I, my legs, something is wrong w-with them, they do not work…” Jeremy and his father exchanged glances. Squip couldn’t shake the chilling feeling in his body.

“Not work...how?”

“I do not understand...they hurt, and I-I cannot support weight with them…” Mr. Heere stepped forward. Squip flinched back, but there was no where he could go. His mind was racing, again with panic, as the man knelt down near his legs, eyes on them.

“Can you show me what you mean?”

As much as he wanted to, Squip knew he was in no position to refuse. So he tried to focus on his own curiosity, as if he were doing this all on his own to troubleshoot the error himself, as he untangled from the blanket and rolled up a pant leg. He hadn’t noticed, but his ankles were oddly...blueish? That’s not normal in humans, he was pretty sure it wasn’t.

And if ankles aren’t meant to be blueish, then legs most certainly are not meant to be mottled in yellows, blues, and reds, but most especially not vicious purples that were almost black in some spots. It was honestly quite a brilliant purple; almost eggplant, but slightly more warmer toned, it was almost a hemotomic purple.

...

Ah.

Issue located.

[satbiym]

The Beauty of Theoretical Computer Science/Pure Math

I just....I’m constantly awed. You don’t have to be necessarily the best in a field to appreciate its beauty. To be constantly humbled by its consequences and magnitude.

I’m happy I don’t know as much as I should because every discovery or new knowledge is like uncovering a whole new treasure.

If you’ll give me a moment of your time I’ll demonstrate my favourite bit in Theoretical Computer Science/ Pure Mathematics.

Right, so. 

Have you ever thought of infinity? One man in particular did. His name was Cantor. And man did he get right into it.

So, apparently there are two kinds of infinities (More on that later)....and one is bigger than the other.

But how can one infinity be bigger than another? forever means forever, right? 

Does it? Does it really?

Imagine this, I give you a number (Say 0), and tell you to add 1 to it, write it down, and then add one to that number, and so on.....could you say, with confidence that given enough time and boredom, you would eventually reach a certain number?-----(1)

Say, 1234567890456456575676767? Could you guarantee that you will eventually reach this number if you went on with the above “algorithm” (which basically means list of steps)?

Yes.

This is called being countably infinite. Like those of natural or whole numbers.

(Question: are the number of numbers from 0 to infinity, more than the number of numbers from 1 to infinity? Is the first a smaller infinity than the second?)

But suppose I tell you starting from 1, give me all the numbers till 2. With a precision of 2. You would tell me, 1.00, 1.01,1.02,.......,1.99, 2.00.

Okay, still countable. Right?

(Is it a bigger infinity tho than the infinity we got in (1)?)

But what if I give you no precision?

If I told you, give me all numbers between 1 and 2.....what would you say? First number is easy, 1.0000.....0000000......, then what? What’s the next number?

There lie infinities between infinity.

This is called an uncountable infinity. like those of real numbers (the proof for this is cool).

Now we can all agree that uncountable infinity > countable infinity, right?

But do there exist more than these two infinities????? This is what is commonly called as the Continuum Hypothesis: there does not exist any infinity that is more than that of a countable set and less than that of uncountable

And you know what the best thing is about this??????

It has been proved that this hypothesis can neither be proved nor disproved!!!!!

This means that a mathematician can just say YOLO and chose either as a base rule (or axiom) and run with it.

And you thought comics were bad with official canon.

Lol.

But this is all the basis for my favourite thing in the world.

So, in Computer Science, everything can be written (encoded) in terms of 1s and 0s. Even letters.

For example:

01100101011101100110010101110010011110010111010001101000011010010110111001100111 0110100101110011 011000110110111101101111011011000110010101110010 0110100101101110 011000100110100101101110011000010111001001111001

is a complete sentence!

(try to convert it to ASCII)

Anyway, we can then take it a step further and see than any, and I do mean any, work of text - code, songs, poems, fanfiction, etc - can be encoded in binary.

Similarly, binary can be decoded into ASCII (the symbols we read). 

Now if I take all the possible permutations and combinations of all terminating binary strings.......like, 0, 1, 01, 10, 11,..........

and I go through them.....will it be countable or uncountable?

(Spoiler: it’s countable!!!!!)

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?????????

This means that if have an infinite list of all terminating binary strings, and go through it one by one.......we will be able to eventually reach all the text that is either 1) ever been written, 2) is currently being written, 3) or will ever be written.

We have found a way to capture human creativity!!!!

So, suppose we had never heard of Shakespeare, we will eventually reach Romeo and Juliet in the list of finite binary strings!!!!

I just.....that’s beautiful to me.

Thank you for reading!

[kremlin]

if computers wanted to communicate with us, how would they do that?

i’ll humor this once since people tell me to quit being an asshole all the time

computers, even the huge neural networks at google or the supercomputers at oak ridge, have no semblance of what we consider “consciousness” in terms of existentialism or the human condition or whatever

it’s true that our brains, much like computers, operate via exchanging electrical signals between huge networks of uniform, similar logic units (neurons) over structured and organized connections joining them (synapses). there are multiple such systems in our brain (lobes, etc) that work more-or-less independently but communicate through more sophisticated pathways (neurotransmitters, corpus callosum) which allows for the nuanced behavior you see in mammals (i.e. i see a banana: photons bouncing off the banana interact with the rods and cones in my eyes, translating the wavelength & intensity of the banana’s light to structured signals that travel down my optical nerve, and are processed by my occipital lobe, which then works with my hippocampus [through the aforementioned higher-order channels]. the processed signal is matched with an extant representation of “bananas” in my memory and the conclusion “this thing in front of me is a banana, banana is food”. since food is very important to us, this will prompt information exchange with the part of my brain responsible for digestion/consumption to ascertain whether or not i should eat the banana, which would involve communicating with motor nerves, and so on, and so on)

i have absolutely no idea how brains work

a computer, let’s say a fruit picking robot, might follow a similar sequence of events and decisions. light bouncing off the fruit would hit & interact with a photosensitive sensor surface (analog: rods/cones in eyeball) whereupon a small voltage (characteristic of the implicated photons’ wavelength (color) and intensity (# of photons interacting temporally)) is generated via the photoelectric effect(analog: electrical signal traveling from optic nerve to brain). that signal represents a single pixel’s information and it, along with 2,073,599 similar ones (assuming 1080p sensor*) simultaneously travel down a network of circuity that serializes and organizes them (analog: occipital lobe) and they eventually end up at some analog-to-digital converter that turns the color information into 1s and 0s. the ADC would write those 1′s and 0′s to a block of SRAM (analog: short term memory) which provides a temporary, expensive, capacity-limited but high bandwidth medium for the OCR-like software running on the main processor to make a determination if the image captured contains fruit that should be picked or not

even though the human brains and computers share functionally similar fundamental operational building blocks (neurons/transistors), have those similar building blocks connected in such a way that allows for consistent, logical responses given consistent stimuli (synapses/bitwise logic), have multiple independent systems built from such media that communicate with one another (ocipital lobe + corpus callosum, etc/analog-to-digital converter writing to RAM via DMA which is later read by CPU) to give rise to very nuanced and sophisticated behaviors (human peeling and eating banana because he saw it and was hungry/robot banana picker manipulating solenoids and actuators to grab banana based on pixel analysis whose confidence value exceeded some threshold) they are not at all the same

there is a reason that things like asimo the robot aren’t at all what you see in a movie like i-robot. so far, i have explained why computers and brains are similar as to establish why you would ask me this question in the first place: your understanding of the “mammal eating banana/robot picking banana” scenario might not be as fleshed-out as mine but you still see the same thing at the end of the day; computers resembling conscious beings. your question is reasonable. now let’s look at where things diverge

central processing units are the most intricate and complicated parts of most computers. the newest, top of line i7 contains between 1 and 2 billion transistors. the human brain, on the other hand, contains somewhere between 21-26 billion neurons. that’s two whole orders of magnitude! that is hugely significant. but don’t be shortsighted, mislead: it’s not that we are just supercomputers. even CPUs from the 70s that contain mere thousands of transistors, ones simple enough that you can see each individual transistor with a microscope, are still able to solve hundreds, perhaps thousands of complicated arithmetic problems with zero mistakes in the time it takes you to take a sip of coffee -- our brains and our computers compromise two entirely different categories of problem-solving engines

why is this?

computers operate entirely on one fundamental premise: 1s and 0s represented by periods of high or low voltages (respectively) in some conductor. just those two and nothing else. the 1s and 0s are mere representations of reality, they are necessarily imprecise and inaccurate understandings of events and media and stimuli coming from reality. for example, take a perfectly shot 8K image of the david in rome, presented on a perfectly calibrated state-of-the-art 8K LCD display. this image is just a large list of ordered pixels which each contain 1s and 0s describing the intensity of colors of that pixel

this super state-of-the-art image still pales in comparison to what you’d see if you were actually standing in front of the david and seeing it yourself -- the light reflecting off the statue hasn’t passed through a dirty enumeration/digitization process that strips it of the important nuances like hue/chromacity/etc.** and boils it down to 24 bits -- twenty-four ones or zeroes -- that represent the perceived red, blue, and green values needed to later represent the image on a screen

audio is similar -- even with the highest end headphones and playback equipment, wave files will never match what you would hear at a live rendition of the same songs. the implicated information simply cannot be losslessly translated to ones and zeroes, making the eventual rebroadcast necessarily flawed

our brains have a more sophisticated approach

afaik (and again i need to restate i’m not a neuroscientist or biologist or anything similar) the electrical signals fired between synapses aren’t at all like the transistor-to-transistor logic*** present in a CMOS circuit. it’s not a square wave; not a timed, sequenced transmission of two voltages. it’s some complicated analog signal that contains much more information than possible with a similar transmission of 1s and 0s. it isn’t half-duplex, either, i don’t think: electrical signals are generated and perceived on both ends of the synapse, and there are feedback responses that aren’t present in computers. we are much better at keeping our perceptions of reality accurate and precise because the form the physical media embodying these representations takes is sophisticated enough to capture all -- or most -- of the nuances present in reality

there is a term describing a phenomena decievingly similar to the one described above that i’m very hesitant to reveal, it will probably lead to misconceptions. the term is sampling and it refers to taking a continuous signal (like light waves or sound waves) and turning it into a discrete one. continuous signals contain an infinite amount of information, which is to say that one could keep zooming in and zooming in on a continuous signal and keep finding newly-visible modulations and evidence that there “is still more” to the signal****. it’s infinite. a discrete signal -- like a square wave representing 1s and 0s -- contains a finite amount of information. going from continuous -> discrete always implicates a loss of quality, or a loss of information formerly present in the continuous signal and now missing from the discrete one

sampling, as described above, is sort of an analog to the differences between how computers process reality and our brains process reality. our brains do indeed “sample” reality and turn an infinite amount of information to a finite amount, but it does so in a way that is more complex than just “associating binary numbers describing equidistant timewise signal magnitudes with a perceived signal”. this isn’t an “analog vs. digital” thing, the mechanisms and sequences of chemical/electrical exchanges go far beyond “sampling analog signal and re-creating it with bits”. it’s not well understood by emeritus professors at jon hopkins. it’s not well understood by me either

what really breaks this analogy is neurotransmitters. chemicals that do something or other, i don’t understand what exactly, with neurons. seratonin, norephedrine, all those. iirc there’s something like six or eight that all have heavily contextual and relative impacts. contextual meaning that seratonin in one part of the brain can cause a completely different category of behavior than a similar amount somewhere else, and relative meaning that even if we know that increased levels of serotonin in a certain part of the brain is associated with a “happy” feeling, that such an association may be dependent on other concentrations being present in other parts of the brain

it’s all very relative and all very contextual, unlike computers. signals in computers have objective meanings and are (hopefully) heavily uncoupled with systems they weren’t created to drive. the PC register in your CPU, actualized in 32 or 64 very fast SRAM cells, will never fluctuate based on the signals traveling through the USB controller on your motherboard, for example. this is why computers are so, so, so much better suited to solve math problems: there is an ALU built for the sole purpose of adding/subtracting/multiplying/bitwise logic’ing binary numbers. these binary numbers represent real numbers, and luckily in this case, binary numbers can represent real numbers with 100% accuracy. since the signals traveling through the ALU have categorically nothing to do with anything but the input values, there’s nothing to impeded computation and it happens very quickly. there’s also nothing to “screw up” the actual sequences occurring during computation, which is why your computer never gets such problems wrong like you might on a math test in school*****

our brains are not so brutalistically decoupled. the ~25 billion neurons in your brain are connected in a way that doesn’t look anything like the conductive pathways lithographically printed onto a silicon die. in graph theory terms, the neural maps in our brains look much more like a complete graph:

 as opposed to what a computer’s transistor connectivity map might look like: a minimally spanning tree:

the result of this higher rate of connectivity in our brain, connectivity between things that might have very little to do with one another, is existential phenomena and noumenona -- specifically emergent phenomena 

if there’s one thing i want you to take home from this outrageously long wall of text is the concept of emergent phenomena 

emergent phenomena is, and i’m paraphrasing here, when higher-level, more sophisticated, architecturally complex phenomena arise from a configuration of consistently acting phenomena of lesser complexity and sophistication. emergence is seen in modern computers -- the cold exacting logic of 1s and 0s zipping through a processor, addressed lists of instructions describing arithmatical steps to be performed on a number of registers -- can give rise to something like a film being played on a monitor. a calculator performs nearly the same set of actions a CPU does, but with a calculator it’s numbers in, numbers out: no significant change in complexity. but a CPU driving a video card that reads in bits of an MPEG file and running them through a digital signal processing chip to very quickly (as in the film is presented 60 frames per second) extract pixel information suitable for a monitor? that is emergent as hell

human brains though! jesus christ. they display titanically, astonishingly more significant incidences of emergence, and -- according to my completely uninformed and laymen understanding of the brain -- this is due to the much more liberal neural connectivity in the brain opposed to on the silicon

we have electrical signals zipping to and from neurons in the brain. we have a handful of neurotransmitters that do this and that, here and there. and what do we get?

we get things like emotions, curiosity, ability to learn, ability to synthesize information based on prior knowledge. we’re able to do things like put money into a roth IRA, money that could buy food or something a much more simplistic, “robotic” creature would prefer, because we have a complex knowledge of the fact that we’ll need money when we grow old and can no longer work, and we have a concept of what an IRA is and why today’s money will multiply over the years. hell, we are able to analyze and ascertain how liable the investment firms in place today are to actually produce that money in the future, and we’re able to make an informed decision on whether or not to invest in an IRA based on how trustworthy we deem such institutions

we’re able to take our greasy ape brains and contort them to understand -- and master! -- the physical world around us, the parts that do not at all make sense to a mammalian brain primarily concerned with food, fucking, and shelter.

we built computers. we sat down and, through some amazing process, were able to teach ourselves how to think in the totally unnatural terms of electrical circuity, binary logic, etc. and make a computer. that’s nothing short of incredible

i’ll leave you with one final idea: the halting problem. the halting problem is very simply stated and understood, but implicates huge amounts when you start poking beneath the surface, which is now you, the reader’s, task. i’ll start you off

the halting problem proves, through universally valid and completely comprehensive mathematical proofs, that a computer cannot look at a program and an input to that program, and tell if the program will eventually complete****** given the input. it can’t tell if it’ll run into an infinite loop, which is loosely to say that you can’t write a program that will fix any bugs in another program

mathematically it’s impossible. it’s impossible to the same degree of certainty that exceeding the speed of light is impossible. to the same degree of certainty that gravity will exert forces of energies according to their proximity. impossible in the most absolute and severe way mankind can define

but you know what can solve these bugs? humans. humans and their brains.

wild.

----- annotations -----

* i’ve heavily simplified how image sensors work for the sake of brevity. image sensors are incredibly complicated even compared to other electronics and you’d need a physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering degree to properly understand how a digital image sensor works.

** hue/luminance/chromacity are indeed digitally enumerable. i do not know the exact information excluded by quanitization so i cheated. if you send me an ask being pedantic about YCbCr encoding i’m going to be snarky

*** i used the term TTL logic here because it provides an intended idea of the logic behind transistors talking to transistors. TTL is defined as a very specific standard and methodology no longer used today. i am aware. don’t be pedantic

**** continuous signals (nor much of anything) is “infinite” when modeled in terms of quantum physics. do not send me anything containing the words “planck length” or “superstrings”. you aren’t clever and you don’t understand quantum physics because nobody understands quantum physics.

***** our brains aren’t built to process math. math involves absolute, discrete values through which absolute, discrete answers result after comprehensively defined steps. our heavily-interconnected brains do much better at problems like “do i want to fuck or eat this bear” and “what is best way to utilize fire to kill the fucker stealing melons”, problems that have fuzzy starting premises and many (perhaps infinite) answers.

****** this is actually more amazing than you’d think at first glance because the kind of bugs the halting problem precludes solving don’t categorically involve completely unknown, outside stimulus. a program that spins until you click the mouse is obviously not determinable because the bug-solving software couldn’t have any idea of when someone will click the mouse. the debugging program can’t even spot infinite loop conditions when the target program appears deterministic and uncoupled from outside interrupts/events. that’s crazy.

[thevalleythatswalledreality]

Where do we live? Who made language? Where do the blocks of reality come from? Where are quantum structures formed? What is space? What is the universe? A structure so large that we cannot perceive its size? Much like an ant on a piece of paper? Does our perspective- or rather lack there of hinder our understandings? How much of what we know is actual truth versuses half-truths or blatant misinformation? How much of reality is ascertainable? Why does reality exist as it does? Why do we exist? Why do we ask why? Why do things happen? Why do forces exist? Why does reality function? Why does time flow? Why do things breathe? Why do things have skin? Why do things? Why do things do things? Is there a purpose to the chaos? Or is chaos simply the state of things and as a small being of order we crave a reconciliation? Do we crave a reconciliation or does our society? Does our society represent our TRUE beliefs or rather the ones we feel allowed to share? Do we make our own decisions or are decisions made for us based on our past? Do we react or do act? Do we have choice? Do you have choice? Do I have choice? Do some of us have choice? Do any of us exist? Or just some? Or potentially none? Are we 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5? Are numbers real? Do they represent anything or have we attached numerical values to quantities we perceive rather than ones that objectively exist? What is the difference between our perception and reality? Physics shows a difference between perception and time based on distance due to the properties of light, does this mean everyone lives in a different universe that their brains created based on their interactions with other universes that have existed prior, and thus reality is simply a growing simulation? A womb for the birth of an even greater human born from the sum of all our time? Is this a cycle that continues forever? When then is our true birth? Or do we simply cycle for all life? Is the goal for each of us to individually break the reincarnation cycle within this universe to ascend to the next? Is there a reason to ascend to the next if it is doomed to repeat the same cycle of ascension into infinity? Or is there a “true” reality we fall into? Where did that “true” reality come from? How is it free from all the fallacies that’s face us in this reality? How can we know anything? What separates what we think we know from what we truly know? Feeling? Do our feelings guide us through reality? A compass magnetised by our attraction- whether platonic, aggressive, romantic, simply an impulse attracting your body to a particular action and eventuality and held in our blood and organs, controlled through the extensive muscular and nervous system’s? The deeper and truer your attraction the greater your need and destiny to interact and have a relationship with someone? Is that rational? Is typical science even rational? Is reality rational? Is rationality rational? I mean reality exists in an indeterminable sea of quantum uncertainty and incalculable variables how can we react and compute the quadrillions if not truly mathematically infinite number of variable and actually know what we are doing or the true impact of our actions? Physically we can not.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

WHY ARC ISN'T ESPECIALLY OBJECT-RISK

Particularly lions. Few startups succeed without taking investment.1 You need to make money writing a Basic interpreter for the Altair.2 And because Internet startups have become so cheap to run, the threshold of profitability, however low, your runway becomes infinite. I'm now about to do that. Around 2000 the bolt was removed. That's what everyone does in societies where risk isn't rewarded. I have no trouble believing that computers will be very tempted to screw you in the real world is not that most towns kill startups. Most startups fail. Yes, as you continue to design things.

In practice, writing programs in an imaginary hundred-year language now, it would be the number of investors increases, raising money will be quick and straightforward.3 People who've spent most of their lives. Few do. Any company that hires you is, economically, acting as a proxy for the customer. A Public Service Message I'd like to believe in genius. And if you don't have to be created without any meaningful criteria. It could be because it's beautiful, or because their mother had one, or because they saw a movie star with one in a magazine, or because they saw a movie star with one in a magazine, or because they know that as a high school student. And pow, more stuff. We know that everyone will just be honest. It's in their interest to collect the maximum amount of information while making the minimum number of decisions.

When I first laid out these principles explicitly, I noticed that the questions sounded odd. Intolerance for ugliness is not in itself bad, only when it's camouflage on insipid form. But if you look for it. I think they've deliberately avoided learning about certain things.4 Fake stuff that matters is to ask yourself, before buying something, is this going to make my life noticeably better? Startup investors all know one another, and though they hate to admit it the biggest factor in investors' opinion of you. No, probably not.5 So be honest with yourself about the sort of place that has conspicuous monuments.6

If you lack commitment, it will become a self-important dilettante. The lowest form of response to an argument is simply to state the opposing case stated explicitly is enough to account for it. I'll just be able to refuse such an offer if they had grown to the point, nobody knows you're 22. Intellectually, it is just as worthwhile to design a language that can show them what parts of their own position will try to emphasize it by maltreating those they think rank below. In retrospect that seems ridiculous, and we soon dropped the pretense. Inductive proofs are wonderfully short. What I'm telling you is that you have to consciously erase it.7 Jessica Livingston for reading drafts of this. Time after time VCs invest in startups founded by eminent professors.

I had kids. Good startups will move to another city as a condition of funding, their investors insisted they hire someone old and experienced as CEO. We were just a couple lines of code when we launched. Nature uses it a lot, which is probably an overestimate, that's 2500 new companies. What students lack in experience they more than make up in dedication. Unfortunately after reading it they decided it was too hard to sell to them, they don't like startups that would die without that help. Silicon Valley and ask How could we make something like that happen here?8 There are other kids who deliberately opt out because they're so disgusted with the whole process slightly, as Hitchcock does in his films or Bruegel in his paintings—or Shakespeare, for that matter realized how much better web mail could be till Paul Buchheit showed them. If you find yourself in a position where a little more power than other members of the adult world and comparatively well aware of their shortcomings.

The latter is much more expensive. I say Java won't turn out to be a high school student?9 Our startup paid its first round of funding. You look at them and you think, though. That's why the successful ones make great things.10 Indeed, it may actually be good for writing server-based applications, meaning programs that sit on the server.11 Instead of treating them as disasters, make them easy to acknowledge and easy to fix. And since human nature limits the size of the round can even change on the fly.12 When you can't deliver ornament, you have to give them enough that they never need to leave.13 The same way they decide what counts as a university for student visas. Specifications change while a program is being written, and this special power of hers was critical in making YC what it was.

Improving constantly is an instance of a more general rule: make users happy. In my nephews' rooms the bed is the only option you can count on. All I missed were some of the most important reason to release early, though, is that I was ready to question everything I knew. Research imposes constraining caste restrictions.14 The discoverer is entitled to reply, why didn't you? I think, at least to yourself, that there is now potentially an actual audience for our work.15 It may be that reducing investors' appetite for risk doesn't merely kill off larval startups, but kills off the most promising ones especially. How much would that take?

Notes

But I think it's publication that makes the business much harder it is very hard to erase from a mediocre VC. The moment I do in a deal to move from Chicago to Silicon Valley.

And those examples do reflect after-tax return from a book or movie or desktop application in this new world. Surely it's better to embrace the fact that the payoff for avoiding tax grows hyperexponentially x/1-x for 0 x 1. What I dislike is editing done after the fact that investment is a bit dishonest, incidentally, that it was more expensive, a valuation cap at all.

What you learn in even the most common recipe but not the sense of being harsh to founders. I learned from this experiment: suppose prep schools is to start with consumer electronics and to a college that limits their options?

I had a tiny. It seemed better to overestimate than underestimate the importance of making a good way to fight. Different sections of the VCs should be deprived of their predecessors and said in effect hack the college admissions there would be much bigger news, in 1962.

Credit card debt stupidest of all tend to be high, they tend to become more stratified. In some cases the process dragged on for months.

His best bet would probably be a founder, more people.

An accountant might say that the worm infected, because for times over a certain city because of that investment; in biotech things are from an interview. The biggest exits are the only way to explain that the probabilities of features i.

What's the connection? Travel has the same people the shareholders instead of being Turing equivalent, but they're not. 54 million, and B doesn't, that's the situation you find known boring ideas intolerable.

But it turns out it is to give you money for other kinds of menial work early in the Sunday paper. Big technology companies between them. And it would take up, and all the potential users, not you. Compromising a server could cause such damage that ASPs that want to avoid that.

And I have a bogus political agenda or are feebly executed. If you have is so hard to predict areas where Apple will be near-spams that you were expected to do and everything would have gotten where they are. 54 million, and that modern corporate executives were, they'd be called unfair. Giant tax loopholes defended by two of the Times vary so much attention.

In the early adopters you evolve the idea upon have different needs from the compromise you'd have reached after lots of others followed. There are also much cheaper when bought in bulk.

Perhaps the most valuable thing about startup founders, and Foley Hoag.

Different kinds of companies that grow slowly and never sell. Not even being deliberately misleading by focusing on people who are both genuinely formidable, and only big companies may be to write in a rice cooker.

At the time. I find hardest to get kids into better colleges, I had a house built a couple days, and that the overall prior ratio seemed worthless as a phone that is allowing economic inequality was really so low then as we are only about 2% of the web was going to eat a sheep in the past, it's hard to make art that would have a different type of mail, I believe will be better to make a fortune in the press or a community, or liars. Usually people skirt that issue with some question-begging answer like it's inappropriate, while Reddit is derived from Delicious/popular. I wouldn't say that any given person might have done all they demand from art as brand split apart from art is brand, and more tentative.

You could feel like you're flying through clouds you can't mess with the issues they have raised: Re: Revenge of the word has shifted. This argument seems to have gotten the royal raspberry.

[lewisgabriel84z31]

Edgeless Casino – Opening the Door to Cryptocurrency in Gambling?

Edgeless Casino – Opening the Door to Cryptocurrency in Gambling?

This year marks a decade since Satoshi Nakamoto published his now-legendary white paper that put forward the idea of cryptocurrency – transactions that occur outside of regulations by banks and governments.

As the value of Bitcoin has sky-rocketed over the past 12 months, many other people across the world are getting wise to the main benefits of cryptocurrency – that it’s accessible, recognised and cheap to use (with no transaction fees).

GRAPH HERE

The Problem of Cryptocurrency in Gambling

In the beginning, online casinos were willing to take a punt on cryptocurrency. In fact, Bitcoin-supported online betting site SatoshiDice was at one point making half the total transactions on the entire Bitcoin network. That was a flash in the pan, and didn’t develop much further. And it’s for good reason.

Gambling is highly regulated. In the UK, the Gambling Commission has warned players about digital currencies – and has implemented rigorous regulation that basically makes it impossible for them to be used to gamble.

According to the Proceeds of Crime Act, casinos must adhere to anti-money laundering measures such as:

Identifying and verifying customers

Keeping a record of bookkeeping and training

Implementing relevant policies and procedures

Reporting anything suspicious

Managing regulatory risks

All casino operators must have policies in place to investigate their customers’ source of funds and be able to verify every customer’s income.

That’s a problem with cryptocurrencies – there’s no transparency, so online casinos can’t be 100% sure who they’re dealing with.

The UK Gambling Commission has so far taken licences away from five online casinos that weren’t playing by the rules – so it’s clearly taking its responsibilities seriously.

For these reasons, it’s unlikely that any reputable virtual gambling operator will ever accept Bitcoin as a payment method. For example, if you log onto sites such as 888 casino online, you’ll see only robust means of paying. There are just too many potential pitfalls of allowing cryptocurrency.

Or are there?

  Edgeless Casino – A Decentralised Gambling Platform

Edgeless casino is the world’s first blockchain-based casino. It was founded on the principle of preventing online casinos from “cheating” against their own players, by offering games with a 0% house edge, underpinned by the Ethereum blockchain technology. Instead of cash, gamblers use EDG tokens to gamble in Edgeless casinos.

In theory, Edgeless casino players could play endlessly and earn or lose the same amount of money as the house in the end. There would be no zero on the roulette wheel, no house edge in blackjack or any other casino games – so players stand a greater chance of winning.

What’s in it for Gamblers?

Smart contracts are at the heart of the Edgeless casino offering. They’re effectively a contract made between two people or entities that don’t need third-party validation. Instead, it uses a cryptographic code to fulfil this. Below is a list of smart contract benefits from the world of online casinos:

Transparency – Blockchain technology assures users that the online operator is playing by the rules. Casinos cannot withhold information about how their gaming algorithms work if a smart-contract is used, because users can access all the data held by the casino on win ratios.

Peer-to-peer gambling – Smart contracts would allow gamblers to find other players to use a betting exchange with pre-defined rules without having to break any regulatory rules.

Fairer stakes – There are almost always transaction fees included when gambling online, whether that’s in depositing or withdrawing money. However, these fees are lower or zero on cryptocurrencies – meaning players won’t be forking out as much.

Instant withdrawals – Edgeless casino offers instant money transactions without any fees, so players can make deposits and withdraw winnings whenever they want.

Value appreciation of EDG tokens – The EDG tokens gamblers possess could appreciate in value, just as Bitcoin has done. This could potentially earn players more cash. In fact, the tokens jumped 500% in value since they started trading in March 2018.

What’s in it for Edgeless Casino?

It’s almost gospel that ‘the house always wins’ when it comes to gambling. So how does an online casino stay in business without a house edge?

Player errors

Well, many games are based on chance. For example, there’s no way you can become super skilled at roulette and win most of the time, so that game will still be based largely on chance and luck.

However, skill games such as blackjack and poker will offer Edgeless casinos their revenue streams, and they’re both infinitely more popular than roulette. In these games there is an element of chance, but also a certain element of skill.

Players will make mistakes – and they’ll never be as good as a computer system, so human error will always be present. With this in mind, the Edgeless casinos will have a natural edge of 0.83%.

Low marketing costs

That’s smaller than the 1%-2% edge that regular casinos have. But where Edgeless casinos do have an edge over other online casinos is in their marketing. The 0% edge is a big selling point, which gives them stand-out in a crowded market, and means they can possibly afford to spend less on marketing because they have a clear USP.

With the decreased marketing costs, coupled with the expected participation levels, Edgeless casinos should be able to make very healthy profits and could even eclipse traditional online casinos.

Sports betting and crowdfunding

Edgeless will also profit from sports betting, which will give it a 4% ROI from money wagered in its settings. There’s also a crowdsale that aims to raise 50,000ETH to fund the Edgeless casino bank. When it comes to its bankroll funding proportions, 60% is provided by Edgeless and 40% by the community, which breaks down at a ratio of 60 million:40 million in EDG stakes. Of course, this amount has the potential to rise with the increasing value of EDG tokens.

What’s Been the Media Response to Edgeless Casino?

Here’s what the media have had to say on the growth of Edgeless casino:

“Online gaming has exploded and is on its way to becoming an American past time, while circumventing issues traditional casinos have had to face. With the solutions proposed by blockchain-based platform Edgeless, the problems that have plagued the industry would be a thing of the past.” – Los Silva, ETHNews.

“Perhaps the key benefit of Edgeless is complete transparency, which will be optimised when Edgeless joins the Ethereum network later this year to all but eliminate the possibility of cheating, in an environment where large schools of thought have arisen among online players regarding how to gain advantage in the online domain, as a sort of algorised form of card-counting, which is virtually impossible with gains minimised in a decentralized network such as Ethereum.” – Curacao Chronicle

What do Online Casinos Make of Edgeless Casino?

It’s clear that there is going to be huge competition between online casinos and their Edgeless counterparts. Many reputable online casinos say they will not be adopting Edgeless technology for their site.

Their reasons for this are that they intrinsically do not believe it to be sustainable, or as transparent as it seems. Almost everyone knows how traditional casinos operate, but some feel that Edgeless casinos will be profiteering from misinformation.

Edgeless will tell its consumers that there is a 0% house edge, encouraging them to spend more money and bet more recklessly, whilst keeping quiet about the 0.83% house edge that they will be making on sports betting and skill-based casino games.

Regulation regarding online gambling has long been in place, and is aimed at protecting consumers. However, with Edgeless casinos, there are doubts over the regulations that would be in place.

So let’s wait and see how Edgeless casinos pan out before rushing to join them.

https://ift.tt/2AWZpLm

[artisticpython-blog]

Code with the snake aka Python - Episode 3

In the world of programming, what seemingly to be the same thing can be very different for computer, or it can be extremely similar to computer too. Computer is just signals of electrical pulses that can gives meaningful results, so learners have to think from a computer’s perspective more while doing their coding instead of thinking like how a human would in order to get the idea right.

Let’s start with numbers, as we have learnt from last episode, numbers can basically divided into 2 groups, integer and float, and this applies to every other programming language too, integer is whole number while float is number with decimals. 

In Python, each line can act like a calculator, when you type something like

1 + 1

and run the code, you’ll get 2 as a result. This is the simplest form of number formula. It works for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

1 + 1

>>> 2

1 - 1

>>> 0

2 * 3 (Note that we don’t use “x” to represent multiplication)

>>> 6

10 / 2  (Note that we don’t use “ ÷ ” to represent multiplication, and honestly where do you find it on your keyboard (″･ิ_･ิ)っ)

>>> 5

There’re 2 formulas that’re slightly out of the norm, which are as below

5 % 3

>>> 2

5 // 3

>>> 1

What "%” does is it gives you the remainder of the formula, in this case, it is 2 because 5 cannot be divided by 3 cleanly.”//” works just like normal divide, what makes it different is it will always return an integer.

Let’s get more details into division.

10 / 5

>>> 2

10 / 3

>>> 3

10.0 / 3

>>> 3.33333333333

Above is showing 3 different types of division, while first division 10/5 seems to be very normal, the 2nd formula gave wrong result, which 10 divide by 3 return 3 as result. We know that it should be 3.3333333333(infinite), but computer only process integer number and not caring about any decimals, that’s why the result is an integer too. To solve this issue, you just need to change one of the number to make sure that it is a float, to let Python know that you want float number as a result. You can now try what would you get if you key this in,

Read more

10 // 3

>>> ?

Of course you can assign number with a name and work from it.

x = 10 ( Tell Python that “x” means 10 ) y = 22  ( Tell Python that “y” means 22 ) print x + y ( Looking for result of x + y, which is 10 + 22 ) >>> 32  print x - y >>> -12

Next on, let’s have some fun with string!

String is text base variable, so as “unicode”. “unicode” is exactly the same as string, but it supports more text from different languages, different symbols, but generally it is not widely use within Python unless necessary. Even though they are the same, but they are not the same for Python, similar with the differences between integer and float.

There’re plenty of stuffs that you can do with string, let’s use the string bellow as for example,

x = “this can be yoUr pYthoN tuTorIAL.”

Now let’s try some unique formula that can be use for string.

print x.title()

>>> “This Can Be Your Python Tutorial”

print x.lower()

>>> “this can be your python tutorial”

print x.upper()

>>> “THIS CAN BE YOUR PYTHON TUTORIAL”

These are the most common string formula that you can utilize while writing a code. x.title() is great for making text looks clean, x.lower(), x.upper() can use in various situation too, most noticeably for me is for verifying username. artisticpython and ArtisticPython are both the same as for username standpoint, some modules might not return same capital text or small text for username, so this is one of the way to verify username properly, by making them all lower letter first before comparing.

Now we have decent foundation of how string and integer works, let’s try to combine them to do other various stuff.

print x[0]

>>> “t”

print x[10]

>>> “e”

Square bracket behind a variable means to locate something, in this case, it is location the text of certain position in the whole string. x[0] means to find out what is the first “string” in the whole string ( 0 is the first number for computer, remember when I say we have to think from the perspective of computer? ) So x[10] means 11th “string”, do note that spaces and symbols are all considered as string.

print “Learn” + “Python” + “in” + “a” + “fun” + “way”

>>> LearnPythoninafunaway

print “Python” * 3

>>> PythonPythonPython

Surprised ! You can do addition and multiplication with string too ! I guess the examples are quite self-explanatory. If you’re able to grasp all the information above, let’s get into some advance string replacement method.

x = "apple"

y = "orange"

print "I like to eat " + x + " and " + y

>>>  "I like to eat apple and orange"

print "I like to eat %s and %s" % (x, y)

>>>  "I like to eat apple and orange"

print  "I like to eat %04d apples and orange" % 32

>>>  "I like to eat 0032 apples and orange"

print "I like to eat apple and  %.4f oranges" % 32

>>>  "I like to eat apple and 32.0000 oranges"

This is getting more headache but bear with me it will be one of the most useful thing you can use!

First 2 formulas basically return the same result, only differences are the method to get it done, it is just combining a few text together into 1 line. Next on are string replacement, means you “slot” in some text into preset strings. %s is a keyword that will be replace by a variable behind, as shown below.

%04d means 4 digits, what is does is taking the number behind, and change it into a 4 digits equivalent number.

%.4f means 4 decimal numbers (f stand for float), similar with %04d, it changes number behind into 4 decimals equivalent number.

[lorretteolson-blog]

ECO 405 Week 2 Quiz – Strayer NEW

Click on the Link Below to Purchase A+ Graded Course Material

 http://budapp.net/ECO-405-Week-2-Quiz-Strayer-422.htm

 Chapter 01

 Alleviating Human Misery: The Role Of Economic Reasoning

  Multiple Choice Questions  

1. The Fundamental Economic Problem Is  A. Inflation B. That Resources Are Scarce Relative To Wants C. Supply And Demand D. How To Make More Money E. Unemployment

 2. Which Of The Follow Best Describes Human Wants And Desires? They  A. Are Unlimited In The Aggregate B. Stop After A Person Attains The Things Necessary For Life C. Do Not Include "Extras" Like Variety D. Are Not Affected By What Others Have E. Do Not Change Once We Attain Our Desired Set Of Goods

 3. The Means For Satisfying Wants Are  A. Insatiable B. Unlimited C. Infinite D. Scarce E. Unavailable

 4. Economic Reasoning Would Not Be Necessary If  A. Our Wants Were Limited B. Resources Were Expansive C. Scarcity Were Decreased D. We Could Have Everything We Wanted E. Politicians Were Better At Running The Economy

 5. A Three-Year-Old Learns About The Fundamental Economic Problem When She  A. Gets Presents For Her Birthday B. Is Punished For Drawing On The Walls C. Has To Eat Green Beans For Dinner D. Is Told She Can't Have A Toy At The Store E. Watches Her Favorite Cartoon

 6. Which Of The Following Is The Primary Goal Of An Economy?  A. Maximizing Economic Growth B. Minimizing Unemployment C. Minimizing The Effects Of Scarcity D. Minimizing The National Debt E. Maximizing Gdp

 7. The Fundamental Economic Problem Involves  A. Overpopulation B. Inflation And Unemployment C. Scarce Resources And Unlimited Wants D. Cheap Foreign Labor E. Supply And Demand

 8. Labor Resources Include  A. The Equipment Workers Use To Complete Their Work B. Only Non-Management Personnel C. Any Efforts Of A Person To Produce Goods D. Only The Physical Efforts Of An Economy's People E. All Of The Above

 9. Which Of The Following Is An Example Of A Capital Resource?  A. A Firm's Employee B. Money In A Firm's Bank Account C. Agricultural Land D. A Worker's Productivity E. All Of The Above

 10. Which Of The Following Is Not An Example Of A Capital Resource?  A. Forests B. A Printing Press C. Semi-Finished Materials D. A Computer Technician E. Inventories

 11. The Know-How And The Means And Methods Of Production Available In An Economy Are Known As  A. Technology B. Capital C. Human Capital D. Labor E. Management

 12. Which Of The Following Is Not A Capital Resource?  A. Land B. Stocks And Bonds C. Buildings D. Tools E. Mineral Deposits

  Questions 13 - 17 Refer To The Graph Below.   

 13. Given Production Possibilities Curve (A), Point N Suggests That  A. The Economy Is Attaining Full Employment, But Not Full Production B. The Economy Is Attaining Full Production, But Not Full Employment C. The Economy Is Using Its Available Resources Inefficiently D. The Economy Is Attaining Both Full Employment And Full Production E. Point N Is Unattainable

 14. The Movement From Curve (A) To Curve (B) Suggests  A. A Movement From Unemployment To Full Employment B. An Improvement In Capital Good Technology, But Not In Consumer Good Technology C. An Improvement In Consumer Good Technology, But Not In Capital Good Technology D. A Decline In The Total Output Of Society E. The Society Becomes Worse Off

 15. At Which Of The Following Points Is The Economy Producing Efficiently?  A. Q B. G C. N D. B E. E

 16. If The Economy Were Producing Combination G Initially, The Cost Of Producing Additional Bd Units Of Capital Goods Is The Value Of  A. The Resources Used In Producing Od Of Capital Goods B. The Resources Used In Producing Ef Of Consumer Goods C. The Resources Used In Producing Oe Of Consumer Goods D. Bd Units Of Capital Goods E. Bd Units Of Consumer Goods

 17. Given Production Possibilities Curve (B), Point Q  A. Can Be Reached Through An Improvement In Technology B. Represents Some Degree Of Inefficiency In The Use Of Resources C. Can Be Reached If The Birth Rate Is Reduced D. Can Be Reached If The Output Of Consumer Goods Is Increased While The Output Of Capital Goods Is Reduced E. Is Undesirable

 18. The Bow Shape Of The Production Possibilities Curve Reflects  A. The Opportunity Cost Concept B. The Concept Of Increasing Opportunity Costs C. The Concept Of Diminishing Marginal Returns D. The Marginal Social Cost/Marginal Social Benefit Principle E. None Of The Above

 19. A Production Possibilities Curve Represents All Of An Economy's Combinations For Production That Are  A. Possible B. Efficient C. Attainable D. Inefficient E. Desirable

 20. If An Economy Is Experiencing Unemployment, It Is Operating At A Point  A. On Its Ppc B. Below Its Ppc C. Beyond Its Ppc D. At The Horizontal Intercept Of Its Ppc E. At The Vertical Intercept Of Its Ppc

 21. A Point On A Country's Ppc That Can Not Be Reached, Given The Current Situation, Is  A. On Its Ppc B. Below Its Ppc C. Beyond Its Ppc D. At The Horizontal Intercept Of Its Ppc E. At The Vertical Intercept Of Its Ppc

 22. The Negative Slope Of A Ppc Illustrates  A. Limited Wants B. Unlimited Wants C. The Law Of Increasing Opportunity Cost D. Scarcity E. Unlimited Resources

  Questions 23 - 27 Refer To The Graph Below.

   23. Which Point Does Not Represent Efficient Production For Sharpland In 2007?  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

 24. Which Of The Following Points Is Unattainable For Sharpland In 2012?  A. A B. G C. F D. D E. H

 25. In 2007, Sharpland Can Increase Its Production Of Food Without Decreasing Its Production Of Education By Moving From Point  A. C To D B. C To E C. D To A D. E To B E. E To G

 26. Which Of The Following Best Explains The Shift Of Sharpland's Ppc Between 2007 And 2012? An Increase In  A. The Number Of Tractors B. General Technology C. Agricultural Land Resources D. The Quality And Quantity Of Teachers E. The Demand For Schooling

 27. A Movement From Point G To Point E In 2012 Is Optimal Only If  A. People In Sharpland Like Education More Than Food B. People In Sharpland Like Food More Than Education C. The Msc > Msb D. The Msc < Msb E. Point C Is Not An Option 

 Questions 28 - 31 Refer To The Graph Below.

   28. For Mary Ann, The Opportunity Cost Of 100 Coconut Cream Pies Is Equal To How Many Grass Huts?  A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 100 E. 120

 29. Mary Ann's Straight Line Ppc Indicates That The Opportunity Cost Of Coconut Cream Pies Is  A. Increasing B. Decreasing C. Constant D. 100 E. 0

 30. Which Of The Following Would Allow Mary Ann To Produce 110 Coconut Cream Pies?  A. Decrease In Production Of Grass Huts B. An Improvement In Her Means And Methods Of Pie Production C. A Decrease In The Resources Used For Making Grass Huts D. Putting All Of Her Resources Into Producing Coconut Cream Pies E. Finding A Better Way To Produce Grass Huts

 31. If Mary Ann Decides To Swim In The Lagoon In The Afternoon, Instead Of Working, She Will Move To A Point  A. Beyond Her Ppc B. Below Her Ppc C. Higher On Her Ppc D. Lower On Her Ppc E. Off The Ppc Graph

 32. If Education And Food Are The Two Goods That Society Can Produce, An Increase In The Production Technology For Food Will Result In  A. An Increase In General Economic Growth B. A Decrease In The Production Of Education C. An Increase In Specific Economic Growth D. A Decrease In The Production Of Education E. A Decrease In The Opportunity Cost Of Education

 33. Why Is There "No Such Thing As A Free Lunch"?  A. You End Up Buying The Next Time B. You Often Get Stuck With The Check C. The Time You Spend Eating Lunch Could Be Spent Some Other Way D. "Free" Lunches Often Aren't Good And Make You Sick Later On E. You Don't Always Get What You Want To Eat

 34. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1,000 To $2,000 At The Same Time Prices Double, Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 35. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1m To $2m At The Same Time Prices Increase By Half (50%), Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 36. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1m To $2m At The Same Time Prices Remain The Same, Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 37. Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) Is Defined As  A. The Total Volume Of Goods And Services Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time B. The Value Of All Goods Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time, Minus Production Of Capital Goods C. The Value Of All Goods And Services Produced In Final Form In The Economy In A Year's Time Using Domestically Owned Resources D. The Value Of All Goods And Services That Could Possibly Be Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time E. None Of The Above

 38. If Population In A Country Falls While Gdp Stays The Same, The Country's  A. Real Gdp Falls B. Real Gdp Rises C. Per Capita Gdp Rises D. Per Capita Gdp Falls E. Welfare Falls

 39. Which Of The Following Provides The Best Measure Of The Standard Of Living In An Economy In A Single Year?  A. The Consumer Price Index B. The Wholesale Price Index C. Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) D. Per Capita Real Gdp E. None Of The Above

 40. While Per Capita Gdp Is A Useful Measure Of Economic Well-Being, It Fails To Take Into Account  A. The Population Of The Economy B. The Value Of Capital Goods Produced Within The Economy C. The Value Of Goods Produced For Export D. The Distribution Of Gdp Within The Economy E. Whether Goods Were Produced Within The Country

 41. Which Of The Following Would Not Be Counted As Part Of U.S. Gdp?  A. A Mazda Mx6 Produced In Detroit B. An Apple Computer Produced In California C. A Dodge Intrepid Produced In Canada D. A Six-Pack Of Sam Adams Brewed In Pittsburgh E. A Haircut Given In Washington D.C.

 42. If Ford Motors Shifts All Production Outside Of The U.S., Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Gnp Would Remain Unchanged And Gdp Would Decline B. Gdp Would Remain Unchanged C. Both Gnp And Gdp Would Remain Unchanged D. Gdp Would Remain Unchanged And Gnp Would Decline E. Gnp Would Increase

 43. Suppose That Gross Domestic Product For 2012 Is $600 Million And The Price Index For That Year (2005 = 100) Is 300. Gdp For 2012 In Constant (2005) Dollars Is  A. Impossible To Determine With This Information B. $200,000,000 C. $20,000 D. $200,000 E. $2,000,000

 44. In 2011, A Country Produces 2 Bushels Of Wheat, Each Selling For $5. In 2012, The Country Also Produces 2 Bushels Of Wheat, But Each Bushel Sells For $10. Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Real Gdp Did Not Change Between 2011 And 2012 B. Real Gdp Doubled Between 2011 And 2012 C. Gdp Did Not Change Between 2011 And 2012 D. Gdp Increased By 50% Between 2011 And 2012 E. None Of The Above Is

 45. Given The Amounts Of Resources Available For An Economy, Gdp  A. Will Be Determined Solely By The Amounts Of Labor And Capital Present B. Will Be Larger The Better The Techniques Of Production Used C. Can Increase Only If There Is An Increase In The Quantities Of These Resources D. Will Usually Be Equitably Divided Among The Population E. Will Not Change Over Time

 46. In Year 1, An Economy Produces 10m Cars At A Price Of $15,000 Each. In Year 2, The Economy Produces 10m Cars, But The Price Of Each Car Is $20,000. Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Real Gdp Has Increased B. Real Gdp Has Decreased C. Current Dollar Gdp Has Increased D. Current Dollar Gdp Has Decreased E. Productivity Has Increased

 47. To Correct For Inflation, Gdp Numbers Must Be Converted Using The Price Level In A Given Year Known As The  A. Base Year B. Real Year C. Current Year D. Constant Year E. Inflation Year

 48. When Analyzing The Performance Of A Single Economy Over Time, Which Measure Is Most Appropriate?  A. Real Gdp B. Gdp C. Real Gdp Per Capita D. Gdp Per Capita E. Base Year Gdp

 49. When Comparing The Performance Of Economies In Terms Of The Average Well-Being Of Their Inhabitants, Which Measure Is Most Appropriate?  A. Real Gdp B. Gdp C. Real Gdp Per Capita D. Gdp Per Capita E. Base Year Gdp

 50. Real Per Capita Gdp Is Defined As  A. Population/Real Gdp B. Gdp/Population C. Real Gdp/Price Index D. Real Gdp/Population

E.  Price Index/Gdp

  51. The Well-Being Of Ldcs, As Measured By Per Capita Real Gdp, Is Probably Overstated Due To  A. Inflation B. Population Increases C. Unemployment D. Income Distribution E. Life Expectancy

 52. In A Lesser-Developed Country, A High Rate Of Population Growth  A. Stimulates Demand For Products And Accelerates The Development Process B. Seldom Occurs C. Is Not A Serious Problem, Since The Rate Of Growth In Gdp Always Exceeds The Rate Of Population Increase D. May Be A Problem Since, As Development Begins, The Higher Rate Of Population Growth Impedes The Growth Of Per Capita Income E. Is Beneficial For Economic Development

 53. The Efficiency Of Resource Usage In Ldcs Can Be Improved By All Of The Following Except:  A. The Adaptation Of New Technology

B. Increased Capital Investment C. Adopting More Flexible Wage Structures D. Maintaining The Existing Land Ownership, Or Tenure, System E. Upgrading Transportation Networks

 54. Increases In A Country's Population Will Always Have Which Of The Following Effects?  A. The Ppc Will Shift Out B. Welfare Will Decline C. Economic Development Will Be Slowed D. Death Rates Will Increase E. None Of The Above

 55. The Most Important Key To Improvement In The Quality Of A Country's Labor Force Is  A. Health Care B. Nutrition C. Mobility D. Education E. Population Growth

 56. Developing Countries Can Shift Their Production Possibility Curves Out Through  A. Improvements Of Labor Force Quality B. Capital Accumulation C. Technological Development D. Discovery Of New Natural Resources E. All Of The Above

 57. Which Of The Following Are Potential Obstacles To Economic Development In Ldcs?  A. Lack Of Resources B. Lack Of An Education C. War And Political Instability D. Traditional Methods Of Production And Ownership Of Resources E. All Of The Above

 58. A Movement Along A Production Possibilities Curve Will Lead To An Increase In Social Well-Being, As Long As  A. There Is Enough Labor And Capital Available To Make The Move B. The Msb Of The Move Is Greater Than The Msc C. The Msb Of The Move Is Equal To The Msc D. The Msb Of The Move Is Less Than The Msc E. No One In The Economy Is Left Worse Off By The Move

 59. Marginal Social Cost Refers To The  A. Cost Incurred Due To An Action Undertaken By Society B. Total Expenditures By Society On A Good Like A Public Park C. Cost Borne By Society When 1 More Unit Of A Good Is Produced D. Cost To Society Of Sub-Standard Production E. Cost To Society When An Additional Unit Of A Social Good Is Produced

 60. The Opportunity Cost Borne By Society When An Additional Unit Of A Good Is Produced Is  A. Marginal Social Cost B. Marginal Social Benefit C. Cost/Benefit Analysis D. Scarcity Rent E. Gdp

 61. If 10 Units Of Food Must Be Given Up To Produce An Additional Unit Of Education, Which Of The Following Is ?  A. The Msc Of The Unit Of Education Is 10 B. The Msb Of The Unit Of Education Is 10 C. The Msc Of The Food Is 10 D. The Msb Of The Food Is 10 E. None Of The Above

 62. What Is The Msb Of A Shift From The Production Of 20 Units Of Food And 2 Units Of Education To 10 Units Of Food And 3 Units Of Education?  A. 20 Units Of Food B. 10 Units Of Food C. 1 Unit Of Education D. 2 Units Of Education E. 3 Units Of Education

 63. Which Of The Following Is A Technique Used To Determine The Optimal Level Of An Economic Activity?  A. Cost/Benefit Analysis B. Production Possibilities Curve Analysis C. Gdp Analysis D. Opportunity Cost Analysis E. None Of The Above

 64. Any Change For Which Msb>Msc Will  A. Increase Social Well-Being B. Decrease Social Well-Being C. Not Change Social Well-Being D. Cost More Than It Is Worth To Society E. Increase Gdp

 65. If The Msc Of An Additional Hour Of An Activity Is Greater Than The Msb, You Should  A. Do More Of The Activity B. Do Less Of The Activity C. Not Change Your Level Of The Activity D. Do Less Of Another Activity E. Do More Of The Activity If You Like Doing It

 66. Cost-Benefit Analysis  A. Is Only Useful When Making Economic Choices B. Applies Best To Financial Decisions C. Suggests That An Activity Should Be Expanded If It Yields Greater Marginal Benefits Than Costs D. Is Useful In Correcting Gdp Numbers For Inflation E. Suggests An Activity Should Be Expended If Msc > Msb

 67. Which Of The Following Is Not A Cause Of Poverty In Ldcs? The  A. Quality Of Labor B. Stock Of Capital C. Level Of Technology D. Population Density E. Capital Accumulation Rates

 68. The Quality Of The Labor Force Is Often Measured By  A. Illiteracy Rates B. Gdp Per Capita C. Capital-To-Labor Ratios D. Life Expectancy E. Infant Mortality Rates

 69. Which Of The Following Is Related To Poverty In Ldcs?  A. Low Capital-To-Labor Ratios B. Few Available Capital Resources C. Poor Transportation Networks D. Limited Mineral Deposits E. All Of The Above

 70. Which Of The Following Is An Example Of Social Infrastructure?  A. The Transportation Network B. The Communication Network C. A Power System D. An Airport E. All Of The Above

 71. With Private Property Rights, The Decision About How To Use Resources Are Made By  A. The Government B. Private Firms C. Individual Resource Owners D. Resource Committees E. All Of The Above

 72. To Promote Development, The Governments Of Ldcs Should Pursue Policies That  A. Improve The Quality Of Labor B. Enhance Capital Accumulation C. Raise Technology Levels D. Increase Efficiency E. Do All Of The Above

 73. Which Of The Following Policies Will Not Contribute To Economic Development In An Ldc?  A. Pursue Economic Stability B. Promote Capital Accumulation Through Tax Incentives C. Provide Social Infrastructure D. Promote Efficiency E. Pursue Policies Designed To Increase Birth Rates

 74. To Help Ldcs Develop, Governments Of Dcs Provide  A. Loans B. Grants C. Humanitarian Aid D. Technical Assistance E. All Of The Above

 75. Which Of The Following Is An Organization Through Which Dcs Jointly Assist Ldcs?  A. The World Bank B. Nato C. The Federal Reserve D. Nafta E. The Wto

 76. A Country Can Shift Out Its Production Possibilities Curve By  A. Improving Its Technology B. Shifting Its Production From One Good To Another C. Experiencing A Population Drop D. Using Its Farmland More Productively E. All Of The Above

 77. The Purpose Of A Base Year When Constructing A Price Index Is:  A. Showing How The Output Values Rise From Year To Year B. Encourage Inflation C. Providing A Means To Compare The Economy's Output Across Different Time Periods D. To Show Why Expenditures On Government Goods And Services Need To Increase E. Indicate The Progress In Keeping Prices Low

   True / False Questions  

78. Approximately Two Thirds Of The World's Population Goes To Sleep Hungry At Night. 

 79. Approximately One Fifth Of The World Survives On Less Than $1 Per Day. 

 80. Nowhere In The World Today Experiences Famine. 

 81. The Developed Countries Are Approaching The Point At Which The Wants Of Their Population Are Fully Satisfied. 

 82. The Fundamental Economic Problem Is How To Make Money. 

 83. Economic Problems Arise Because Human Wants Are Unlimited And The Means Available For Satisfying Them Are Limited. 

 84. If Everyone Could Have Everything He Or She Wanted, There Would Be No Need For Economics. 

 85. The Quantity Of Goods And Services Per Year That An Economic System Can Produce Is Limited. 

 86. If Expanding An Activity Leads To Greater Msb Than Msc, Social Well-Being Is Increased By The Expansion. 

 87. Cost/Benefit Analysis Compares The Msc And Msb Of An Activity To Determine If The Level Of An Activity Should Be Changed. 

 88. Gdp Measures The Market Value Of All Final Goods And Services Produced Within An Economy During A Time Period, Regardless Of Who Owns The Resources Used In Production. 

 89. Gnp Would Include The Value Of Value Of Honda Accords Built In Ohio. 

 90. Per Capita Gdp Is A Near-Perfect Measure Of An Economy's Standard Of Living Because It Takes Into Account The Distribution Of The Economy's Income Among The Population. 

 91. If Data For A Series Of Years Shows Increases In Current Dollar Gdp, We Can Assume The Economy's Output Is Increasing. 

 92. Price Index Numbers Are Used To Correct Data Series For Inflation. 

 93. Current Dollar Gdp Can Increase While Real Gdp Decreases. 

 94. If Current Dollar Gdp Remains The Same While The Population Declines, Per Capita Gdp Will Decrease. 

 95. When Comparing Welfare In Two Different Countries, Per Capita Gdp Is A Better Measure Than Current Dollar Gdp. 

 96. Given That Two Countries, Alpha And Beta, Have The Same Per Capita Gdp, We Can Be Sure That The People Of The Two Countries Are Equally Well-Off. 

 97. The Expression, "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch," Only Applies To Goods, Such As Cars, Not To Services, Such As Health Care And Education. 

 98. Inefficiency Exists Whenever The Economy's Output Combination Lies Inside Its Production Possibilities Curve. 

 99. Countries Will Always Produce Outside Their Production Possibilities Curves. 

 100. Education Is An Example Of A Good That Is "Free," Since An Improvement In Education Leads To An Outward Shift In The Production Possibilities Curve. 

 101. Unemployment Will Move An Economy To A Point Below Its Production Possibilities Curve. 

 102. A Production Possibilities Curve Shows The Possible Trade-Off Of One Good For Another In Production Under Conditions Of Full Employment. 

 103. An Increase In The Labor Force Will Bring About An Outward Shift In An Economy's Production Possibilities Curve. 

 104. An Improvement In Education Leads To An Outward Shift In The Production Possibilities Curve. 

 105. If A Movement Along The Production Possibilities Curve Yields Greater Benefits To Society Than Costs, The Movement Will Increase Social Well-Being. 

 106. The Marginal Social Cost Of A Movement Along A Production Possibilities Curve Is The Same As The Opportunity Cost Of The Move. 

 107. The Fact That Resources Are Rarely Perfectly Substitutable Gives The Production Possibilities Curve Its Bow Shape. 

 108. Without Increasing Opportunity Costs, A Production Possibilities Curve Will Be A Straight Line. 

 109. The Term Capital As Used By An Economist Refers To The Money Or The Stocks And Bonds That Are Used To Finance A Business Enterprise. 

 110. Technology Refers To The Known Means And Methods Available For Combining Resources To Produce Goods And Services. 

 111. Labor Resources Consist Of All Efforts Of Mind And Muscle That Are Available For Use In Production Processes. 

 112. Mineral Deposits Found In The Ground Are Not Considered  Resources. 

 113. Population Growth Appears To Be The Major Problem Of Less Developed Countries. 

 114. The Available Data On Various Countries Of The World Show That There Is An Inverse Relationship Between Population Densities And Per Capita Gdp. 

 115. The Major Function Of The Federal Reserve Bank Is To Provide Low Interest Loans To Ldcs. 

 116. In Developing Countries, Reductions In The Death Rate Usually Lag Behind Reductions In The Birth Rate. 

 117. For Economic Development To Occur In Less-Developed Countries, It Is Important That Their Governments Establish An Economic Climate In Which Education Is Stressed And Capital Accumulation Is Encouraged. 

 118. A Broad-Based Education Is Generally Ineffective In Improving The Quality Of A Country's Labor Force. 

 119. Technological Development Goes Hand In Hand With Advancing Educational Levels And Capital Accumulation. 

 120. Roads And Bridges Are Examples Of Social Infrastructure. 

 121. When A Private Firm Builds A New Plant In An Ldc, The Country's Social Infrastructure Is Increased. 

 122. Income Inequality Is A Problem Faced By The Developed Countries, As Well As The Developing Countries, Of The World. 

 123. A Significant Problem Faced By Developing Countries Is The Tendency For Their Relatively Well-Educated Citizens To Leave Their Homes To Work And Live In The Developed World Where Compensation For Their Skills Is High. 

 124. Capital Flight From Less Developed To Developed Countries Tends To Offset Capital Infusions From Developed Countries. 

 125. The Governments Of Developed Countries Will Not Help Ldcs Develop By Providing Them With Capital And Technical Assistance Because Ldcs Must Learn To Develop On Their Own. 

 126. The "Brain Drain" Refers To The Deterioration Of Educational Attainment In Less Developed Countries Due To Poor Nutrition And Sanitation. 

 127. Poverty Is Primarily A Result Of Rapid Population Growth In Much Of The Underdeveloped World. 

[ednagunn-blog]

ECO 405 Week 2 Quiz – Strayer NEW

Click on the Link Below to Purchase A+ Graded Course Material

 http://budapp.net/ECO-405-Week-2-Quiz-Strayer-422.htm

 Chapter 01

 Alleviating Human Misery: The Role Of Economic Reasoning

  Multiple Choice Questions  

1. The Fundamental Economic Problem Is  A. Inflation B. That Resources Are Scarce Relative To Wants C. Supply And Demand D. How To Make More Money E. Unemployment

 2. Which Of The Follow Best Describes Human Wants And Desires? They  A. Are Unlimited In The Aggregate B. Stop After A Person Attains The Things Necessary For Life C. Do Not Include "Extras" Like Variety D. Are Not Affected By What Others Have E. Do Not Change Once We Attain Our Desired Set Of Goods

 3. The Means For Satisfying Wants Are  A. Insatiable B. Unlimited C. Infinite D. Scarce E. Unavailable

 4. Economic Reasoning Would Not Be Necessary If  A. Our Wants Were Limited B. Resources Were Expansive C. Scarcity Were Decreased D. We Could Have Everything We Wanted E. Politicians Were Better At Running The Economy

 5. A Three-Year-Old Learns About The Fundamental Economic Problem When She  A. Gets Presents For Her Birthday B. Is Punished For Drawing On The Walls C. Has To Eat Green Beans For Dinner D. Is Told She Can't Have A Toy At The Store E. Watches Her Favorite Cartoon

 6. Which Of The Following Is The Primary Goal Of An Economy?  A. Maximizing Economic Growth B. Minimizing Unemployment C. Minimizing The Effects Of Scarcity D. Minimizing The National Debt E. Maximizing Gdp

 7. The Fundamental Economic Problem Involves  A. Overpopulation B. Inflation And Unemployment C. Scarce Resources And Unlimited Wants D. Cheap Foreign Labor E. Supply And Demand

 8. Labor Resources Include  A. The Equipment Workers Use To Complete Their Work B. Only Non-Management Personnel C. Any Efforts Of A Person To Produce Goods D. Only The Physical Efforts Of An Economy's People E. All Of The Above

 9. Which Of The Following Is An Example Of A Capital Resource?  A. A Firm's Employee B. Money In A Firm's Bank Account C. Agricultural Land D. A Worker's Productivity E. All Of The Above

 10. Which Of The Following Is Not An Example Of A Capital Resource?  A. Forests B. A Printing Press C. Semi-Finished Materials D. A Computer Technician E. Inventories

 11. The Know-How And The Means And Methods Of Production Available In An Economy Are Known As  A. Technology B. Capital C. Human Capital D. Labor E. Management

 12. Which Of The Following Is Not A Capital Resource?  A. Land B. Stocks And Bonds C. Buildings D. Tools E. Mineral Deposits

  Questions 13 - 17 Refer To The Graph Below.   

 13. Given Production Possibilities Curve (A), Point N Suggests That  A. The Economy Is Attaining Full Employment, But Not Full Production B. The Economy Is Attaining Full Production, But Not Full Employment C. The Economy Is Using Its Available Resources Inefficiently D. The Economy Is Attaining Both Full Employment And Full Production E. Point N Is Unattainable

 14. The Movement From Curve (A) To Curve (B) Suggests  A. A Movement From Unemployment To Full Employment B. An Improvement In Capital Good Technology, But Not In Consumer Good Technology C. An Improvement In Consumer Good Technology, But Not In Capital Good Technology D. A Decline In The Total Output Of Society E. The Society Becomes Worse Off

 15. At Which Of The Following Points Is The Economy Producing Efficiently?  A. Q B. G C. N D. B E. E

 16. If The Economy Were Producing Combination G Initially, The Cost Of Producing Additional Bd Units Of Capital Goods Is The Value Of  A. The Resources Used In Producing Od Of Capital Goods B. The Resources Used In Producing Ef Of Consumer Goods C. The Resources Used In Producing Oe Of Consumer Goods D. Bd Units Of Capital Goods E. Bd Units Of Consumer Goods

 17. Given Production Possibilities Curve (B), Point Q  A. Can Be Reached Through An Improvement In Technology B. Represents Some Degree Of Inefficiency In The Use Of Resources C. Can Be Reached If The Birth Rate Is Reduced D. Can Be Reached If The Output Of Consumer Goods Is Increased While The Output Of Capital Goods Is Reduced E. Is Undesirable

 18. The Bow Shape Of The Production Possibilities Curve Reflects  A. The Opportunity Cost Concept B. The Concept Of Increasing Opportunity Costs C. The Concept Of Diminishing Marginal Returns D. The Marginal Social Cost/Marginal Social Benefit Principle E. None Of The Above

 19. A Production Possibilities Curve Represents All Of An Economy's Combinations For Production That Are  A. Possible B. Efficient C. Attainable D. Inefficient E. Desirable

 20. If An Economy Is Experiencing Unemployment, It Is Operating At A Point  A. On Its Ppc B. Below Its Ppc C. Beyond Its Ppc D. At The Horizontal Intercept Of Its Ppc E. At The Vertical Intercept Of Its Ppc

 21. A Point On A Country's Ppc That Can Not Be Reached, Given The Current Situation, Is  A. On Its Ppc B. Below Its Ppc C. Beyond Its Ppc D. At The Horizontal Intercept Of Its Ppc E. At The Vertical Intercept Of Its Ppc

 22. The Negative Slope Of A Ppc Illustrates  A. Limited Wants B. Unlimited Wants C. The Law Of Increasing Opportunity Cost D. Scarcity E. Unlimited Resources

  Questions 23 - 27 Refer To The Graph Below.

   23. Which Point Does Not Represent Efficient Production For Sharpland In 2007?  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

 24. Which Of The Following Points Is Unattainable For Sharpland In 2012?  A. A B. G C. F D. D E. H

 25. In 2007, Sharpland Can Increase Its Production Of Food Without Decreasing Its Production Of Education By Moving From Point  A. C To D B. C To E C. D To A D. E To B E. E To G

 26. Which Of The Following Best Explains The Shift Of Sharpland's Ppc Between 2007 And 2012? An Increase In  A. The Number Of Tractors B. General Technology C. Agricultural Land Resources D. The Quality And Quantity Of Teachers E. The Demand For Schooling

 27. A Movement From Point G To Point E In 2012 Is Optimal Only If  A. People In Sharpland Like Education More Than Food B. People In Sharpland Like Food More Than Education C. The Msc > Msb D. The Msc < Msb E. Point C Is Not An Option 

 Questions 28 - 31 Refer To The Graph Below.

   28. For Mary Ann, The Opportunity Cost Of 100 Coconut Cream Pies Is Equal To How Many Grass Huts?  A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 100 E. 120

 29. Mary Ann's Straight Line Ppc Indicates That The Opportunity Cost Of Coconut Cream Pies Is  A. Increasing B. Decreasing C. Constant D. 100 E. 0

 30. Which Of The Following Would Allow Mary Ann To Produce 110 Coconut Cream Pies?  A. Decrease In Production Of Grass Huts B. An Improvement In Her Means And Methods Of Pie Production C. A Decrease In The Resources Used For Making Grass Huts D. Putting All Of Her Resources Into Producing Coconut Cream Pies E. Finding A Better Way To Produce Grass Huts

 31. If Mary Ann Decides To Swim In The Lagoon In The Afternoon, Instead Of Working, She Will Move To A Point  A. Beyond Her Ppc B. Below Her Ppc C. Higher On Her Ppc D. Lower On Her Ppc E. Off The Ppc Graph

 32. If Education And Food Are The Two Goods That Society Can Produce, An Increase In The Production Technology For Food Will Result In  A. An Increase In General Economic Growth B. A Decrease In The Production Of Education C. An Increase In Specific Economic Growth D. A Decrease In The Production Of Education E. A Decrease In The Opportunity Cost Of Education

 33. Why Is There "No Such Thing As A Free Lunch"?  A. You End Up Buying The Next Time B. You Often Get Stuck With The Check C. The Time You Spend Eating Lunch Could Be Spent Some Other Way D. "Free" Lunches Often Aren't Good And Make You Sick Later On E. You Don't Always Get What You Want To Eat

 34. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1,000 To $2,000 At The Same Time Prices Double, Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 35. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1m To $2m At The Same Time Prices Increase By Half (50%), Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 36. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1m To $2m At The Same Time Prices Remain The Same, Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 37. Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) Is Defined As  A. The Total Volume Of Goods And Services Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time B. The Value Of All Goods Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time, Minus Production Of Capital Goods C. The Value Of All Goods And Services Produced In Final Form In The Economy In A Year's Time Using Domestically Owned Resources D. The Value Of All Goods And Services That Could Possibly Be Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time E. None Of The Above

 38. If Population In A Country Falls While Gdp Stays The Same, The Country's  A. Real Gdp Falls B. Real Gdp Rises C. Per Capita Gdp Rises D. Per Capita Gdp Falls E. Welfare Falls

 39. Which Of The Following Provides The Best Measure Of The Standard Of Living In An Economy In A Single Year?  A. The Consumer Price Index B. The Wholesale Price Index C. Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) D. Per Capita Real Gdp E. None Of The Above

 40. While Per Capita Gdp Is A Useful Measure Of Economic Well-Being, It Fails To Take Into Account  A. The Population Of The Economy B. The Value Of Capital Goods Produced Within The Economy C. The Value Of Goods Produced For Export D. The Distribution Of Gdp Within The Economy E. Whether Goods Were Produced Within The Country

 41. Which Of The Following Would Not Be Counted As Part Of U.S. Gdp?  A. A Mazda Mx6 Produced In Detroit B. An Apple Computer Produced In California C. A Dodge Intrepid Produced In Canada D. A Six-Pack Of Sam Adams Brewed In Pittsburgh E. A Haircut Given In Washington D.C.

 42. If Ford Motors Shifts All Production Outside Of The U.S., Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Gnp Would Remain Unchanged And Gdp Would Decline B. Gdp Would Remain Unchanged C. Both Gnp And Gdp Would Remain Unchanged D. Gdp Would Remain Unchanged And Gnp Would Decline E. Gnp Would Increase

 43. Suppose That Gross Domestic Product For 2012 Is $600 Million And The Price Index For That Year (2005 = 100) Is 300. Gdp For 2012 In Constant (2005) Dollars Is  A. Impossible To Determine With This Information B. $200,000,000 C. $20,000 D. $200,000 E. $2,000,000

 44. In 2011, A Country Produces 2 Bushels Of Wheat, Each Selling For $5. In 2012, The Country Also Produces 2 Bushels Of Wheat, But Each Bushel Sells For $10. Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Real Gdp Did Not Change Between 2011 And 2012 B. Real Gdp Doubled Between 2011 And 2012 C. Gdp Did Not Change Between 2011 And 2012 D. Gdp Increased By 50% Between 2011 And 2012 E. None Of The Above Is

 45. Given The Amounts Of Resources Available For An Economy, Gdp  A. Will Be Determined Solely By The Amounts Of Labor And Capital Present B. Will Be Larger The Better The Techniques Of Production Used C. Can Increase Only If There Is An Increase In The Quantities Of These Resources D. Will Usually Be Equitably Divided Among The Population E. Will Not Change Over Time

 46. In Year 1, An Economy Produces 10m Cars At A Price Of $15,000 Each. In Year 2, The Economy Produces 10m Cars, But The Price Of Each Car Is $20,000. Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Real Gdp Has Increased B. Real Gdp Has Decreased C. Current Dollar Gdp Has Increased D. Current Dollar Gdp Has Decreased E. Productivity Has Increased

 47. To Correct For Inflation, Gdp Numbers Must Be Converted Using The Price Level In A Given Year Known As The  A. Base Year B. Real Year C. Current Year D. Constant Year E. Inflation Year

 48. When Analyzing The Performance Of A Single Economy Over Time, Which Measure Is Most Appropriate?  A. Real Gdp B. Gdp C. Real Gdp Per Capita D. Gdp Per Capita E. Base Year Gdp

 49. When Comparing The Performance Of Economies In Terms Of The Average Well-Being Of Their Inhabitants, Which Measure Is Most Appropriate?  A. Real Gdp B. Gdp C. Real Gdp Per Capita D. Gdp Per Capita E. Base Year Gdp

 50. Real Per Capita Gdp Is Defined As  A. Population/Real Gdp B. Gdp/Population C. Real Gdp/Price Index D. Real Gdp/Population

E.  Price Index/Gdp

  51. The Well-Being Of Ldcs, As Measured By Per Capita Real Gdp, Is Probably Overstated Due To  A. Inflation B. Population Increases C. Unemployment D. Income Distribution E. Life Expectancy

 52. In A Lesser-Developed Country, A High Rate Of Population Growth  A. Stimulates Demand For Products And Accelerates The Development Process B. Seldom Occurs C. Is Not A Serious Problem, Since The Rate Of Growth In Gdp Always Exceeds The Rate Of Population Increase D. May Be A Problem Since, As Development Begins, The Higher Rate Of Population Growth Impedes The Growth Of Per Capita Income E. Is Beneficial For Economic Development

 53. The Efficiency Of Resource Usage In Ldcs Can Be Improved By All Of The Following Except:  A. The Adaptation Of New Technology

B. Increased Capital Investment C. Adopting More Flexible Wage Structures D. Maintaining The Existing Land Ownership, Or Tenure, System E. Upgrading Transportation Networks

 54. Increases In A Country's Population Will Always Have Which Of The Following Effects?  A. The Ppc Will Shift Out B. Welfare Will Decline C. Economic Development Will Be Slowed D. Death Rates Will Increase E. None Of The Above

 55. The Most Important Key To Improvement In The Quality Of A Country's Labor Force Is  A. Health Care B. Nutrition C. Mobility D. Education E. Population Growth

 56. Developing Countries Can Shift Their Production Possibility Curves Out Through  A. Improvements Of Labor Force Quality B. Capital Accumulation C. Technological Development D. Discovery Of New Natural Resources E. All Of The Above

 57. Which Of The Following Are Potential Obstacles To Economic Development In Ldcs?  A. Lack Of Resources B. Lack Of An Education C. War And Political Instability D. Traditional Methods Of Production And Ownership Of Resources E. All Of The Above

 58. A Movement Along A Production Possibilities Curve Will Lead To An Increase In Social Well-Being, As Long As  A. There Is Enough Labor And Capital Available To Make The Move B. The Msb Of The Move Is Greater Than The Msc C. The Msb Of The Move Is Equal To The Msc D. The Msb Of The Move Is Less Than The Msc E. No One In The Economy Is Left Worse Off By The Move

 59. Marginal Social Cost Refers To The  A. Cost Incurred Due To An Action Undertaken By Society B. Total Expenditures By Society On A Good Like A Public Park C. Cost Borne By Society When 1 More Unit Of A Good Is Produced D. Cost To Society Of Sub-Standard Production E. Cost To Society When An Additional Unit Of A Social Good Is Produced

 60. The Opportunity Cost Borne By Society When An Additional Unit Of A Good Is Produced Is  A. Marginal Social Cost B. Marginal Social Benefit C. Cost/Benefit Analysis D. Scarcity Rent E. Gdp

 61. If 10 Units Of Food Must Be Given Up To Produce An Additional Unit Of Education, Which Of The Following Is ?  A. The Msc Of The Unit Of Education Is 10 B. The Msb Of The Unit Of Education Is 10 C. The Msc Of The Food Is 10 D. The Msb Of The Food Is 10 E. None Of The Above

 62. What Is The Msb Of A Shift From The Production Of 20 Units Of Food And 2 Units Of Education To 10 Units Of Food And 3 Units Of Education?  A. 20 Units Of Food B. 10 Units Of Food C. 1 Unit Of Education D. 2 Units Of Education E. 3 Units Of Education

 63. Which Of The Following Is A Technique Used To Determine The Optimal Level Of An Economic Activity?  A. Cost/Benefit Analysis B. Production Possibilities Curve Analysis C. Gdp Analysis D. Opportunity Cost Analysis E. None Of The Above

 64. Any Change For Which Msb>Msc Will  A. Increase Social Well-Being B. Decrease Social Well-Being C. Not Change Social Well-Being D. Cost More Than It Is Worth To Society E. Increase Gdp

 65. If The Msc Of An Additional Hour Of An Activity Is Greater Than The Msb, You Should  A. Do More Of The Activity B. Do Less Of The Activity C. Not Change Your Level Of The Activity D. Do Less Of Another Activity E. Do More Of The Activity If You Like Doing It

 66. Cost-Benefit Analysis  A. Is Only Useful When Making Economic Choices B. Applies Best To Financial Decisions C. Suggests That An Activity Should Be Expanded If It Yields Greater Marginal Benefits Than Costs D. Is Useful In Correcting Gdp Numbers For Inflation E. Suggests An Activity Should Be Expended If Msc > Msb

 67. Which Of The Following Is Not A Cause Of Poverty In Ldcs? The  A. Quality Of Labor B. Stock Of Capital C. Level Of Technology D. Population Density E. Capital Accumulation Rates

 68. The Quality Of The Labor Force Is Often Measured By  A. Illiteracy Rates B. Gdp Per Capita C. Capital-To-Labor Ratios D. Life Expectancy E. Infant Mortality Rates

 69. Which Of The Following Is Related To Poverty In Ldcs?  A. Low Capital-To-Labor Ratios B. Few Available Capital Resources C. Poor Transportation Networks D. Limited Mineral Deposits E. All Of The Above

 70. Which Of The Following Is An Example Of Social Infrastructure?  A. The Transportation Network B. The Communication Network C. A Power System D. An Airport E. All Of The Above

 71. With Private Property Rights, The Decision About How To Use Resources Are Made By  A. The Government B. Private Firms C. Individual Resource Owners D. Resource Committees E. All Of The Above

 72. To Promote Development, The Governments Of Ldcs Should Pursue Policies That  A. Improve The Quality Of Labor B. Enhance Capital Accumulation C. Raise Technology Levels D. Increase Efficiency E. Do All Of The Above

 73. Which Of The Following Policies Will Not Contribute To Economic Development In An Ldc?  A. Pursue Economic Stability B. Promote Capital Accumulation Through Tax Incentives C. Provide Social Infrastructure D. Promote Efficiency E. Pursue Policies Designed To Increase Birth Rates

 74. To Help Ldcs Develop, Governments Of Dcs Provide  A. Loans B. Grants C. Humanitarian Aid D. Technical Assistance E. All Of The Above

 75. Which Of The Following Is An Organization Through Which Dcs Jointly Assist Ldcs?  A. The World Bank B. Nato C. The Federal Reserve D. Nafta E. The Wto

 76. A Country Can Shift Out Its Production Possibilities Curve By  A. Improving Its Technology B. Shifting Its Production From One Good To Another C. Experiencing A Population Drop D. Using Its Farmland More Productively E. All Of The Above

 77. The Purpose Of A Base Year When Constructing A Price Index Is:  A. Showing How The Output Values Rise From Year To Year B. Encourage Inflation C. Providing A Means To Compare The Economy's Output Across Different Time Periods D. To Show Why Expenditures On Government Goods And Services Need To Increase E. Indicate The Progress In Keeping Prices Low

   True / False Questions  

78. Approximately Two Thirds Of The World's Population Goes To Sleep Hungry At Night. 

 79. Approximately One Fifth Of The World Survives On Less Than $1 Per Day. 

 80. Nowhere In The World Today Experiences Famine. 

 81. The Developed Countries Are Approaching The Point At Which The Wants Of Their Population Are Fully Satisfied. 

 82. The Fundamental Economic Problem Is How To Make Money. 

 83. Economic Problems Arise Because Human Wants Are Unlimited And The Means Available For Satisfying Them Are Limited. 

 84. If Everyone Could Have Everything He Or She Wanted, There Would Be No Need For Economics. 

 85. The Quantity Of Goods And Services Per Year That An Economic System Can Produce Is Limited. 

 86. If Expanding An Activity Leads To Greater Msb Than Msc, Social Well-Being Is Increased By The Expansion. 

 87. Cost/Benefit Analysis Compares The Msc And Msb Of An Activity To Determine If The Level Of An Activity Should Be Changed. 

 88. Gdp Measures The Market Value Of All Final Goods And Services Produced Within An Economy During A Time Period, Regardless Of Who Owns The Resources Used In Production. 

 89. Gnp Would Include The Value Of Value Of Honda Accords Built In Ohio. 

 90. Per Capita Gdp Is A Near-Perfect Measure Of An Economy's Standard Of Living Because It Takes Into Account The Distribution Of The Economy's Income Among The Population. 

 91. If Data For A Series Of Years Shows Increases In Current Dollar Gdp, We Can Assume The Economy's Output Is Increasing. 

 92. Price Index Numbers Are Used To Correct Data Series For Inflation. 

 93. Current Dollar Gdp Can Increase While Real Gdp Decreases. 

 94. If Current Dollar Gdp Remains The Same While The Population Declines, Per Capita Gdp Will Decrease. 

 95. When Comparing Welfare In Two Different Countries, Per Capita Gdp Is A Better Measure Than Current Dollar Gdp. 

 96. Given That Two Countries, Alpha And Beta, Have The Same Per Capita Gdp, We Can Be Sure That The People Of The Two Countries Are Equally Well-Off. 

 97. The Expression, "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch," Only Applies To Goods, Such As Cars, Not To Services, Such As Health Care And Education. 

 98. Inefficiency Exists Whenever The Economy's Output Combination Lies Inside Its Production Possibilities Curve. 

 99. Countries Will Always Produce Outside Their Production Possibilities Curves. 

 100. Education Is An Example Of A Good That Is "Free," Since An Improvement In Education Leads To An Outward Shift In The Production Possibilities Curve. 

 101. Unemployment Will Move An Economy To A Point Below Its Production Possibilities Curve. 

 102. A Production Possibilities Curve Shows The Possible Trade-Off Of One Good For Another In Production Under Conditions Of Full Employment. 

 103. An Increase In The Labor Force Will Bring About An Outward Shift In An Economy's Production Possibilities Curve. 

 104. An Improvement In Education Leads To An Outward Shift In The Production Possibilities Curve. 

 105. If A Movement Along The Production Possibilities Curve Yields Greater Benefits To Society Than Costs, The Movement Will Increase Social Well-Being. 

 106. The Marginal Social Cost Of A Movement Along A Production Possibilities Curve Is The Same As The Opportunity Cost Of The Move. 

 107. The Fact That Resources Are Rarely Perfectly Substitutable Gives The Production Possibilities Curve Its Bow Shape. 

 108. Without Increasing Opportunity Costs, A Production Possibilities Curve Will Be A Straight Line. 

 109. The Term Capital As Used By An Economist Refers To The Money Or The Stocks And Bonds That Are Used To Finance A Business Enterprise. 

 110. Technology Refers To The Known Means And Methods Available For Combining Resources To Produce Goods And Services. 

 111. Labor Resources Consist Of All Efforts Of Mind And Muscle That Are Available For Use In Production Processes. 

 112. Mineral Deposits Found In The Ground Are Not Considered  Resources. 

 113. Population Growth Appears To Be The Major Problem Of Less Developed Countries. 

 114. The Available Data On Various Countries Of The World Show That There Is An Inverse Relationship Between Population Densities And Per Capita Gdp. 

 115. The Major Function Of The Federal Reserve Bank Is To Provide Low Interest Loans To Ldcs. 

 116. In Developing Countries, Reductions In The Death Rate Usually Lag Behind Reductions In The Birth Rate. 

 117. For Economic Development To Occur In Less-Developed Countries, It Is Important That Their Governments Establish An Economic Climate In Which Education Is Stressed And Capital Accumulation Is Encouraged. 

 118. A Broad-Based Education Is Generally Ineffective In Improving The Quality Of A Country's Labor Force. 

 119. Technological Development Goes Hand In Hand With Advancing Educational Levels And Capital Accumulation. 

 120. Roads And Bridges Are Examples Of Social Infrastructure. 

 121. When A Private Firm Builds A New Plant In An Ldc, The Country's Social Infrastructure Is Increased. 

 122. Income Inequality Is A Problem Faced By The Developed Countries, As Well As The Developing Countries, Of The World. 

 123. A Significant Problem Faced By Developing Countries Is The Tendency For Their Relatively Well-Educated Citizens To Leave Their Homes To Work And Live In The Developed World Where Compensation For Their Skills Is High. 

 124. Capital Flight From Less Developed To Developed Countries Tends To Offset Capital Infusions From Developed Countries. 

 125. The Governments Of Developed Countries Will Not Help Ldcs Develop By Providing Them With Capital And Technical Assistance Because Ldcs Must Learn To Develop On Their Own. 

 126. The "Brain Drain" Refers To The Deterioration Of Educational Attainment In Less Developed Countries Due To Poor Nutrition And Sanitation. 

 127. Poverty Is Primarily A Result Of Rapid Population Growth In Much Of The Underdeveloped World. 

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ECO 405 Week 2 Quiz – Strayer NEW

Click on the Link Below to Purchase A+ Graded Course Material

 http://budapp.net/ECO-405-Week-2-Quiz-Strayer-422.htm

 Chapter 01

 Alleviating Human Misery: The Role Of Economic Reasoning

  Multiple Choice Questions  

1. The Fundamental Economic Problem Is  A. Inflation B. That Resources Are Scarce Relative To Wants C. Supply And Demand D. How To Make More Money E. Unemployment

 2. Which Of The Follow Best Describes Human Wants And Desires? They  A. Are Unlimited In The Aggregate B. Stop After A Person Attains The Things Necessary For Life C. Do Not Include "Extras" Like Variety D. Are Not Affected By What Others Have E. Do Not Change Once We Attain Our Desired Set Of Goods

 3. The Means For Satisfying Wants Are  A. Insatiable B. Unlimited C. Infinite D. Scarce E. Unavailable

 4. Economic Reasoning Would Not Be Necessary If  A. Our Wants Were Limited B. Resources Were Expansive C. Scarcity Were Decreased D. We Could Have Everything We Wanted E. Politicians Were Better At Running The Economy

 5. A Three-Year-Old Learns About The Fundamental Economic Problem When She  A. Gets Presents For Her Birthday B. Is Punished For Drawing On The Walls C. Has To Eat Green Beans For Dinner D. Is Told She Can't Have A Toy At The Store E. Watches Her Favorite Cartoon

 6. Which Of The Following Is The Primary Goal Of An Economy?  A. Maximizing Economic Growth B. Minimizing Unemployment C. Minimizing The Effects Of Scarcity D. Minimizing The National Debt E. Maximizing Gdp

 7. The Fundamental Economic Problem Involves  A. Overpopulation B. Inflation And Unemployment C. Scarce Resources And Unlimited Wants D. Cheap Foreign Labor E. Supply And Demand

 8. Labor Resources Include  A. The Equipment Workers Use To Complete Their Work B. Only Non-Management Personnel C. Any Efforts Of A Person To Produce Goods D. Only The Physical Efforts Of An Economy's People E. All Of The Above

 9. Which Of The Following Is An Example Of A Capital Resource?  A. A Firm's Employee B. Money In A Firm's Bank Account C. Agricultural Land D. A Worker's Productivity E. All Of The Above

 10. Which Of The Following Is Not An Example Of A Capital Resource?  A. Forests B. A Printing Press C. Semi-Finished Materials D. A Computer Technician E. Inventories

 11. The Know-How And The Means And Methods Of Production Available In An Economy Are Known As  A. Technology B. Capital C. Human Capital D. Labor E. Management

 12. Which Of The Following Is Not A Capital Resource?  A. Land B. Stocks And Bonds C. Buildings D. Tools E. Mineral Deposits

  Questions 13 - 17 Refer To The Graph Below.   

 13. Given Production Possibilities Curve (A), Point N Suggests That  A. The Economy Is Attaining Full Employment, But Not Full Production B. The Economy Is Attaining Full Production, But Not Full Employment C. The Economy Is Using Its Available Resources Inefficiently D. The Economy Is Attaining Both Full Employment And Full Production E. Point N Is Unattainable

 14. The Movement From Curve (A) To Curve (B) Suggests  A. A Movement From Unemployment To Full Employment B. An Improvement In Capital Good Technology, But Not In Consumer Good Technology C. An Improvement In Consumer Good Technology, But Not In Capital Good Technology D. A Decline In The Total Output Of Society E. The Society Becomes Worse Off

 15. At Which Of The Following Points Is The Economy Producing Efficiently?  A. Q B. G C. N D. B E. E

 16. If The Economy Were Producing Combination G Initially, The Cost Of Producing Additional Bd Units Of Capital Goods Is The Value Of  A. The Resources Used In Producing Od Of Capital Goods B. The Resources Used In Producing Ef Of Consumer Goods C. The Resources Used In Producing Oe Of Consumer Goods D. Bd Units Of Capital Goods E. Bd Units Of Consumer Goods

 17. Given Production Possibilities Curve (B), Point Q  A. Can Be Reached Through An Improvement In Technology B. Represents Some Degree Of Inefficiency In The Use Of Resources C. Can Be Reached If The Birth Rate Is Reduced D. Can Be Reached If The Output Of Consumer Goods Is Increased While The Output Of Capital Goods Is Reduced E. Is Undesirable

 18. The Bow Shape Of The Production Possibilities Curve Reflects  A. The Opportunity Cost Concept B. The Concept Of Increasing Opportunity Costs C. The Concept Of Diminishing Marginal Returns D. The Marginal Social Cost/Marginal Social Benefit Principle E. None Of The Above

 19. A Production Possibilities Curve Represents All Of An Economy's Combinations For Production That Are  A. Possible B. Efficient C. Attainable D. Inefficient E. Desirable

 20. If An Economy Is Experiencing Unemployment, It Is Operating At A Point  A. On Its Ppc B. Below Its Ppc C. Beyond Its Ppc D. At The Horizontal Intercept Of Its Ppc E. At The Vertical Intercept Of Its Ppc

 21. A Point On A Country's Ppc That Can Not Be Reached, Given The Current Situation, Is  A. On Its Ppc B. Below Its Ppc C. Beyond Its Ppc D. At The Horizontal Intercept Of Its Ppc E. At The Vertical Intercept Of Its Ppc

 22. The Negative Slope Of A Ppc Illustrates  A. Limited Wants B. Unlimited Wants C. The Law Of Increasing Opportunity Cost D. Scarcity E. Unlimited Resources

  Questions 23 - 27 Refer To The Graph Below.

   23. Which Point Does Not Represent Efficient Production For Sharpland In 2007?  A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

 24. Which Of The Following Points Is Unattainable For Sharpland In 2012?  A. A B. G C. F D. D E. H

 25. In 2007, Sharpland Can Increase Its Production Of Food Without Decreasing Its Production Of Education By Moving From Point  A. C To D B. C To E C. D To A D. E To B E. E To G

 26. Which Of The Following Best Explains The Shift Of Sharpland's Ppc Between 2007 And 2012? An Increase In  A. The Number Of Tractors B. General Technology C. Agricultural Land Resources D. The Quality And Quantity Of Teachers E. The Demand For Schooling

 27. A Movement From Point G To Point E In 2012 Is Optimal Only If  A. People In Sharpland Like Education More Than Food B. People In Sharpland Like Food More Than Education C. The Msc > Msb D. The Msc < Msb E. Point C Is Not An Option 

 Questions 28 - 31 Refer To The Graph Below.

   28. For Mary Ann, The Opportunity Cost Of 100 Coconut Cream Pies Is Equal To How Many Grass Huts?  A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 100 E. 120

 29. Mary Ann's Straight Line Ppc Indicates That The Opportunity Cost Of Coconut Cream Pies Is  A. Increasing B. Decreasing C. Constant D. 100 E. 0

 30. Which Of The Following Would Allow Mary Ann To Produce 110 Coconut Cream Pies?  A. Decrease In Production Of Grass Huts B. An Improvement In Her Means And Methods Of Pie Production C. A Decrease In The Resources Used For Making Grass Huts D. Putting All Of Her Resources Into Producing Coconut Cream Pies E. Finding A Better Way To Produce Grass Huts

 31. If Mary Ann Decides To Swim In The Lagoon In The Afternoon, Instead Of Working, She Will Move To A Point  A. Beyond Her Ppc B. Below Her Ppc C. Higher On Her Ppc D. Lower On Her Ppc E. Off The Ppc Graph

 32. If Education And Food Are The Two Goods That Society Can Produce, An Increase In The Production Technology For Food Will Result In  A. An Increase In General Economic Growth B. A Decrease In The Production Of Education C. An Increase In Specific Economic Growth D. A Decrease In The Production Of Education E. A Decrease In The Opportunity Cost Of Education

 33. Why Is There "No Such Thing As A Free Lunch"?  A. You End Up Buying The Next Time B. You Often Get Stuck With The Check C. The Time You Spend Eating Lunch Could Be Spent Some Other Way D. "Free" Lunches Often Aren't Good And Make You Sick Later On E. You Don't Always Get What You Want To Eat

 34. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1,000 To $2,000 At The Same Time Prices Double, Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 35. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1m To $2m At The Same Time Prices Increase By Half (50%), Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 36. If A Country's Gdp Increases From $1m To $2m At The Same Time Prices Remain The Same, Real Gdp Will  A. Rise B. Fall C. Stay The Same D. Fluctuate E. Be Unable To Be Determined

 37. Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) Is Defined As  A. The Total Volume Of Goods And Services Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time B. The Value Of All Goods Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time, Minus Production Of Capital Goods C. The Value Of All Goods And Services Produced In Final Form In The Economy In A Year's Time Using Domestically Owned Resources D. The Value Of All Goods And Services That Could Possibly Be Produced In The Economy In A Year's Time E. None Of The Above

 38. If Population In A Country Falls While Gdp Stays The Same, The Country's  A. Real Gdp Falls B. Real Gdp Rises C. Per Capita Gdp Rises D. Per Capita Gdp Falls E. Welfare Falls

 39. Which Of The Following Provides The Best Measure Of The Standard Of Living In An Economy In A Single Year?  A. The Consumer Price Index B. The Wholesale Price Index C. Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) D. Per Capita Real Gdp E. None Of The Above

 40. While Per Capita Gdp Is A Useful Measure Of Economic Well-Being, It Fails To Take Into Account  A. The Population Of The Economy B. The Value Of Capital Goods Produced Within The Economy C. The Value Of Goods Produced For Export D. The Distribution Of Gdp Within The Economy E. Whether Goods Were Produced Within The Country

 41. Which Of The Following Would Not Be Counted As Part Of U.S. Gdp?  A. A Mazda Mx6 Produced In Detroit B. An Apple Computer Produced In California C. A Dodge Intrepid Produced In Canada D. A Six-Pack Of Sam Adams Brewed In Pittsburgh E. A Haircut Given In Washington D.C.

 42. If Ford Motors Shifts All Production Outside Of The U.S., Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Gnp Would Remain Unchanged And Gdp Would Decline B. Gdp Would Remain Unchanged C. Both Gnp And Gdp Would Remain Unchanged D. Gdp Would Remain Unchanged And Gnp Would Decline E. Gnp Would Increase

 43. Suppose That Gross Domestic Product For 2012 Is $600 Million And The Price Index For That Year (2005 = 100) Is 300. Gdp For 2012 In Constant (2005) Dollars Is  A. Impossible To Determine With This Information B. $200,000,000 C. $20,000 D. $200,000 E. $2,000,000

 44. In 2011, A Country Produces 2 Bushels Of Wheat, Each Selling For $5. In 2012, The Country Also Produces 2 Bushels Of Wheat, But Each Bushel Sells For $10. Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Real Gdp Did Not Change Between 2011 And 2012 B. Real Gdp Doubled Between 2011 And 2012 C. Gdp Did Not Change Between 2011 And 2012 D. Gdp Increased By 50% Between 2011 And 2012 E. None Of The Above Is

 45. Given The Amounts Of Resources Available For An Economy, Gdp  A. Will Be Determined Solely By The Amounts Of Labor And Capital Present B. Will Be Larger The Better The Techniques Of Production Used C. Can Increase Only If There Is An Increase In The Quantities Of These Resources D. Will Usually Be Equitably Divided Among The Population E. Will Not Change Over Time

 46. In Year 1, An Economy Produces 10m Cars At A Price Of $15,000 Each. In Year 2, The Economy Produces 10m Cars, But The Price Of Each Car Is $20,000. Which Of The Following Is ?  A. Real Gdp Has Increased B. Real Gdp Has Decreased C. Current Dollar Gdp Has Increased D. Current Dollar Gdp Has Decreased E. Productivity Has Increased

 47. To Correct For Inflation, Gdp Numbers Must Be Converted Using The Price Level In A Given Year Known As The  A. Base Year B. Real Year C. Current Year D. Constant Year E. Inflation Year

 48. When Analyzing The Performance Of A Single Economy Over Time, Which Measure Is Most Appropriate?  A. Real Gdp B. Gdp C. Real Gdp Per Capita D. Gdp Per Capita E. Base Year Gdp

 49. When Comparing The Performance Of Economies In Terms Of The Average Well-Being Of Their Inhabitants, Which Measure Is Most Appropriate?  A. Real Gdp B. Gdp C. Real Gdp Per Capita D. Gdp Per Capita E. Base Year Gdp

 50. Real Per Capita Gdp Is Defined As  A. Population/Real Gdp B. Gdp/Population C. Real Gdp/Price Index D. Real Gdp/Population

E.  Price Index/Gdp

  51. The Well-Being Of Ldcs, As Measured By Per Capita Real Gdp, Is Probably Overstated Due To  A. Inflation B. Population Increases C. Unemployment D. Income Distribution E. Life Expectancy

 52. In A Lesser-Developed Country, A High Rate Of Population Growth  A. Stimulates Demand For Products And Accelerates The Development Process B. Seldom Occurs C. Is Not A Serious Problem, Since The Rate Of Growth In Gdp Always Exceeds The Rate Of Population Increase D. May Be A Problem Since, As Development Begins, The Higher Rate Of Population Growth Impedes The Growth Of Per Capita Income E. Is Beneficial For Economic Development

 53. The Efficiency Of Resource Usage In Ldcs Can Be Improved By All Of The Following Except:  A. The Adaptation Of New Technology

B. Increased Capital Investment C. Adopting More Flexible Wage Structures D. Maintaining The Existing Land Ownership, Or Tenure, System E. Upgrading Transportation Networks

 54. Increases In A Country's Population Will Always Have Which Of The Following Effects?  A. The Ppc Will Shift Out B. Welfare Will Decline C. Economic Development Will Be Slowed D. Death Rates Will Increase E. None Of The Above

 55. The Most Important Key To Improvement In The Quality Of A Country's Labor Force Is  A. Health Care B. Nutrition C. Mobility D. Education E. Population Growth

 56. Developing Countries Can Shift Their Production Possibility Curves Out Through  A. Improvements Of Labor Force Quality B. Capital Accumulation C. Technological Development D. Discovery Of New Natural Resources E. All Of The Above

 57. Which Of The Following Are Potential Obstacles To Economic Development In Ldcs?  A. Lack Of Resources B. Lack Of An Education C. War And Political Instability D. Traditional Methods Of Production And Ownership Of Resources E. All Of The Above

 58. A Movement Along A Production Possibilities Curve Will Lead To An Increase In Social Well-Being, As Long As  A. There Is Enough Labor And Capital Available To Make The Move B. The Msb Of The Move Is Greater Than The Msc C. The Msb Of The Move Is Equal To The Msc D. The Msb Of The Move Is Less Than The Msc E. No One In The Economy Is Left Worse Off By The Move

 59. Marginal Social Cost Refers To The  A. Cost Incurred Due To An Action Undertaken By Society B. Total Expenditures By Society On A Good Like A Public Park C. Cost Borne By Society When 1 More Unit Of A Good Is Produced D. Cost To Society Of Sub-Standard Production E. Cost To Society When An Additional Unit Of A Social Good Is Produced

 60. The Opportunity Cost Borne By Society When An Additional Unit Of A Good Is Produced Is  A. Marginal Social Cost B. Marginal Social Benefit C. Cost/Benefit Analysis D. Scarcity Rent E. Gdp

 61. If 10 Units Of Food Must Be Given Up To Produce An Additional Unit Of Education, Which Of The Following Is ?  A. The Msc Of The Unit Of Education Is 10 B. The Msb Of The Unit Of Education Is 10 C. The Msc Of The Food Is 10 D. The Msb Of The Food Is 10 E. None Of The Above

 62. What Is The Msb Of A Shift From The Production Of 20 Units Of Food And 2 Units Of Education To 10 Units Of Food And 3 Units Of Education?  A. 20 Units Of Food B. 10 Units Of Food C. 1 Unit Of Education D. 2 Units Of Education E. 3 Units Of Education

 63. Which Of The Following Is A Technique Used To Determine The Optimal Level Of An Economic Activity?  A. Cost/Benefit Analysis B. Production Possibilities Curve Analysis C. Gdp Analysis D. Opportunity Cost Analysis E. None Of The Above

 64. Any Change For Which Msb>Msc Will  A. Increase Social Well-Being B. Decrease Social Well-Being C. Not Change Social Well-Being D. Cost More Than It Is Worth To Society E. Increase Gdp

 65. If The Msc Of An Additional Hour Of An Activity Is Greater Than The Msb, You Should  A. Do More Of The Activity B. Do Less Of The Activity C. Not Change Your Level Of The Activity D. Do Less Of Another Activity E. Do More Of The Activity If You Like Doing It

 66. Cost-Benefit Analysis  A. Is Only Useful When Making Economic Choices B. Applies Best To Financial Decisions C. Suggests That An Activity Should Be Expanded If It Yields Greater Marginal Benefits Than Costs D. Is Useful In Correcting Gdp Numbers For Inflation E. Suggests An Activity Should Be Expended If Msc > Msb

 67. Which Of The Following Is Not A Cause Of Poverty In Ldcs? The  A. Quality Of Labor B. Stock Of Capital C. Level Of Technology D. Population Density E. Capital Accumulation Rates

 68. The Quality Of The Labor Force Is Often Measured By  A. Illiteracy Rates B. Gdp Per Capita C. Capital-To-Labor Ratios D. Life Expectancy E. Infant Mortality Rates

 69. Which Of The Following Is Related To Poverty In Ldcs?  A. Low Capital-To-Labor Ratios B. Few Available Capital Resources C. Poor Transportation Networks D. Limited Mineral Deposits E. All Of The Above

 70. Which Of The Following Is An Example Of Social Infrastructure?  A. The Transportation Network B. The Communication Network C. A Power System D. An Airport E. All Of The Above

 71. With Private Property Rights, The Decision About How To Use Resources Are Made By  A. The Government B. Private Firms C. Individual Resource Owners D. Resource Committees E. All Of The Above

 72. To Promote Development, The Governments Of Ldcs Should Pursue Policies That  A. Improve The Quality Of Labor B. Enhance Capital Accumulation C. Raise Technology Levels D. Increase Efficiency E. Do All Of The Above

 73. Which Of The Following Policies Will Not Contribute To Economic Development In An Ldc?  A. Pursue Economic Stability B. Promote Capital Accumulation Through Tax Incentives C. Provide Social Infrastructure D. Promote Efficiency E. Pursue Policies Designed To Increase Birth Rates

 74. To Help Ldcs Develop, Governments Of Dcs Provide  A. Loans B. Grants C. Humanitarian Aid D. Technical Assistance E. All Of The Above

 75. Which Of The Following Is An Organization Through Which Dcs Jointly Assist Ldcs?  A. The World Bank B. Nato C. The Federal Reserve D. Nafta E. The Wto

 76. A Country Can Shift Out Its Production Possibilities Curve By  A. Improving Its Technology B. Shifting Its Production From One Good To Another C. Experiencing A Population Drop D. Using Its Farmland More Productively E. All Of The Above

 77. The Purpose Of A Base Year When Constructing A Price Index Is:  A. Showing How The Output Values Rise From Year To Year B. Encourage Inflation C. Providing A Means To Compare The Economy's Output Across Different Time Periods D. To Show Why Expenditures On Government Goods And Services Need To Increase E. Indicate The Progress In Keeping Prices Low

   True / False Questions  

78. Approximately Two Thirds Of The World's Population Goes To Sleep Hungry At Night. 

 79. Approximately One Fifth Of The World Survives On Less Than $1 Per Day. 

 80. Nowhere In The World Today Experiences Famine. 

 81. The Developed Countries Are Approaching The Point At Which The Wants Of Their Population Are Fully Satisfied. 

 82. The Fundamental Economic Problem Is How To Make Money. 

 83. Economic Problems Arise Because Human Wants Are Unlimited And The Means Available For Satisfying Them Are Limited. 

 84. If Everyone Could Have Everything He Or She Wanted, There Would Be No Need For Economics. 

 85. The Quantity Of Goods And Services Per Year That An Economic System Can Produce Is Limited. 

 86. If Expanding An Activity Leads To Greater Msb Than Msc, Social Well-Being Is Increased By The Expansion. 

 87. Cost/Benefit Analysis Compares The Msc And Msb Of An Activity To Determine If The Level Of An Activity Should Be Changed. 

 88. Gdp Measures The Market Value Of All Final Goods And Services Produced Within An Economy During A Time Period, Regardless Of Who Owns The Resources Used In Production. 

 89. Gnp Would Include The Value Of Value Of Honda Accords Built In Ohio. 

 90. Per Capita Gdp Is A Near-Perfect Measure Of An Economy's Standard Of Living Because It Takes Into Account The Distribution Of The Economy's Income Among The Population. 

 91. If Data For A Series Of Years Shows Increases In Current Dollar Gdp, We Can Assume The Economy's Output Is Increasing. 

 92. Price Index Numbers Are Used To Correct Data Series For Inflation. 

 93. Current Dollar Gdp Can Increase While Real Gdp Decreases. 

 94. If Current Dollar Gdp Remains The Same While The Population Declines, Per Capita Gdp Will Decrease. 

 95. When Comparing Welfare In Two Different Countries, Per Capita Gdp Is A Better Measure Than Current Dollar Gdp. 

 96. Given That Two Countries, Alpha And Beta, Have The Same Per Capita Gdp, We Can Be Sure That The People Of The Two Countries Are Equally Well-Off. 

 97. The Expression, "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch," Only Applies To Goods, Such As Cars, Not To Services, Such As Health Care And Education. 

 98. Inefficiency Exists Whenever The Economy's Output Combination Lies Inside Its Production Possibilities Curve. 

 99. Countries Will Always Produce Outside Their Production Possibilities Curves. 

 100. Education Is An Example Of A Good That Is "Free," Since An Improvement In Education Leads To An Outward Shift In The Production Possibilities Curve. 

 101. Unemployment Will Move An Economy To A Point Below Its Production Possibilities Curve. 

 102. A Production Possibilities Curve Shows The Possible Trade-Off Of One Good For Another In Production Under Conditions Of Full Employment. 

 103. An Increase In The Labor Force Will Bring About An Outward Shift In An Economy's Production Possibilities Curve. 

 104. An Improvement In Education Leads To An Outward Shift In The Production Possibilities Curve. 

 105. If A Movement Along The Production Possibilities Curve Yields Greater Benefits To Society Than Costs, The Movement Will Increase Social Well-Being. 

 106. The Marginal Social Cost Of A Movement Along A Production Possibilities Curve Is The Same As The Opportunity Cost Of The Move. 

 107. The Fact That Resources Are Rarely Perfectly Substitutable Gives The Production Possibilities Curve Its Bow Shape. 

 108. Without Increasing Opportunity Costs, A Production Possibilities Curve Will Be A Straight Line. 

 109. The Term Capital As Used By An Economist Refers To The Money Or The Stocks And Bonds That Are Used To Finance A Business Enterprise. 

 110. Technology Refers To The Known Means And Methods Available For Combining Resources To Produce Goods And Services. 

 111. Labor Resources Consist Of All Efforts Of Mind And Muscle That Are Available For Use In Production Processes. 

 112. Mineral Deposits Found In The Ground Are Not Considered  Resources. 

 113. Population Growth Appears To Be The Major Problem Of Less Developed Countries. 

 114. The Available Data On Various Countries Of The World Show That There Is An Inverse Relationship Between Population Densities And Per Capita Gdp. 

 115. The Major Function Of The Federal Reserve Bank Is To Provide Low Interest Loans To Ldcs. 

 116. In Developing Countries, Reductions In The Death Rate Usually Lag Behind Reductions In The Birth Rate. 

 117. For Economic Development To Occur In Less-Developed Countries, It Is Important That Their Governments Establish An Economic Climate In Which Education Is Stressed And Capital Accumulation Is Encouraged. 

 118. A Broad-Based Education Is Generally Ineffective In Improving The Quality Of A Country's Labor Force. 

 119. Technological Development Goes Hand In Hand With Advancing Educational Levels And Capital Accumulation. 

 120. Roads And Bridges Are Examples Of Social Infrastructure. 

 121. When A Private Firm Builds A New Plant In An Ldc, The Country's Social Infrastructure Is Increased. 

 122. Income Inequality Is A Problem Faced By The Developed Countries, As Well As The Developing Countries, Of The World. 

 123. A Significant Problem Faced By Developing Countries Is The Tendency For Their Relatively Well-Educated Citizens To Leave Their Homes To Work And Live In The Developed World Where Compensation For Their Skills Is High. 

 124. Capital Flight From Less Developed To Developed Countries Tends To Offset Capital Infusions From Developed Countries. 

 125. The Governments Of Developed Countries Will Not Help Ldcs Develop By Providing Them With Capital And Technical Assistance Because Ldcs Must Learn To Develop On Their Own. 

 126. The "Brain Drain" Refers To The Deterioration Of Educational Attainment In Less Developed Countries Due To Poor Nutrition And Sanitation. 

 127. Poverty Is Primarily A Result Of Rapid Population Growth In Much Of The Underdeveloped World.