#consuming any online content its like. ok i can see that this is entirely based upon your looks with a small amount of work around that

[wetslug]

i cant lie anymore im tired of seeing hot ppl in media and online content . yea all of em

[beautybranding22]

Eighty One Beauty Branding Design

But greater than that, it revealed emerging beauty branding which are threatening the incumbents. Google has so nicely established its model identification, that its very name has become a verb meaning “to search.” Though its options have advanced and expanded, its focus has remained primarily unchanged. It organizes international info and had made it accessible and helpful to everyone.

If you select to manufacture at house, you’ll clearly have to ensure your workspace is completely sterile. While the zits vanished, some mild scarring remained, so I investigated more natural fixes and eventually landed on tamanu oil. Also boasting antibacterial and hydrating properties, this oil has been utilized by girls in Polynesia for generations to help not just with zits, but additionally scars.

The more you build a rapport with customers, the extra they trust you, and the more they’ll look to you when they’re able to spend. This focus on diversity has continued for the explanation that launch in a way that feels natural and unforced. Rather than adding a mannequin of colour to their materials after years of using white fashions, they began off using models of all skin tones and by no means stopped. Their website at all times features a number of fashions to get throughout that their products are made for, and look good on, everyone.

The company likes to put memes on Twitter and bounce onto social developments. Since their target demographic is younger, this media performs well with their customers. And not being afraid to jump on a pop-culture moment gives Fenty a noncorporate feel; at times, their Shorty Award-nominated social presence is extra like a friend’s account than a brand’s. Rather than coming off as unprofessional, this video is a really deliberate choice.

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A large seventy p.c of Glossier’s on-line sales come from peer referrals. They anticipate a seamless transition between net and device-native purposes through colour, circulate, and overall quality. Unattractive and attractive packaging result in less exercise in areas of the mind answerable for reflective thought than impartial packaging. Glossieris an excellent instance of a brand that’s taken buyer input and turned it into a aggressive benefit. Design considering feels like it’s meant solely for creative thinkers, but anyone can take advantage of its straightforward process. Rich in natural Vitamin C to encourage your skin to provide natural Collagen.

For example, if you’re launching an all-natural line of products, you would possibly want to incorporate green, which individuals affiliate with nature. If you’re launching a line of prestige merchandise, you would possibly work purple into your shade palette, which is often associated with luxurious or royalty. Think of the mission assertion as the “why” behind your small business. For instance, possibly you’re decided to boost the standard for eco-conscious manufacturing and packaging within the cosmetics trade with your line of all-natural products. Funkhaus is a digital inventive company working at the intersection of design, content, programming, and technique.

The very first thing that the majority girls need when they go looking for beauty merchandise is a sense of magnificence and allure. They purchase make-up, perfume, and other beauty objects as a outcome of they want to be ok with the method in which they look. In some instances, they could even be involved about issues like natural elements, or playfulness and enjoyable. You need any influencer partnerships to push your brand forward—and a lot of that has to do with schooling.

With a mix of name strategy, visible identification, inventive and artwork path, we concentrate on holistic design solutions for magnificence that pinpoint the emotional narrative and craft compelling visible varieties. I’m forty two so I know my customers will recognize every product from Onoxa that I plan to launch March 1st! I had many companies to select from to start my skincare line however I’m so glad that I selected Onoxa to associate with. The Perfect 10 Oil Cleanser it removes makeup without leaving pores and skin dry and without moisture. Love the customer service shown by the Florida team and love that I’m able to create my own label.

A consulting retainer allows us to precisely pick up the place you and your team have left off. These are only a few concepts that may allow you to benefit from your content marketing. Beauty merchandise are massive enterprise, however you possibly can afford to be playful and private along with your advertising. 3) Create a detailed buyer personal that can assist you formulate a advertising technique. Marketing a beauty company requires some cautious planning and ingenuity.

Though they usually have smaller follower counts, their audiences are more hyper-focused and focused. Your branding is how you shape and bring your model to life. Your brand is the perception of your company that exists on the earth. If shoppers are buying based on their morals, make certain they know what your brand values are. Don’t cover them on a webpage no one visits; use them to underscore your advertising, your website copy, and everything else that comes from your model, implicitly and explicitly. On their other social platforms, Fenty speaks the language of their customers.

Once, the services or products that a company produced was the sole focus of consideration when it got here to competitors for finest model identity. But on this age of digital branding, it is shopper expertise that’s the primary battleground for winning buyer loyalty. MSLK, a design company for beauty manufacturers, understands the significance of a brand’s picture and its capability to build consumer loyalty and achieve business recognition. Our agency has experience in working with every aspect of the sweetness business from preliminary product growth, to strategic branding, to distribution, to retail and sales.

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The brand leverages social media influencers to build engagement. It has shifted extra of its media spending to online channels lately. L’Oréal has had nice success on Twitter with its #POWERON marketing campaign, an omnichannel women’s empowerment marketing campaign.

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MSLK works with magnificence brands of all styles and sizes. Over the previous 20 years we've helped manufacturers grow from the bottom up, launch line extensions, rediscover their voice in a crowded market, and create totally new product categories. 3) Offer a free giveaway of a new product on your social media accounts. You can create a fun video or infographic and get people to share it in return for an entry in the contest. A magnificence firm emblem should attraction to a woman’s sense of shallowness. You should use it in all your branded material, including your website.

[ingayderzim]

not to be that person who asks a googleable question but wtf is hazbin hotel bc i googled it and the only “critical” thing i could find was a typo-ridden article of someone saying it has good animation and its haters are stupid. i was able to glean what it is/what it’s about but idk about the discourse lmao

Im actually so glad u asked this. Here's the lowdown, this is my definitive answer to hazbin shit from here on out, unless new info comes about of course.

Hazbin hotel is an independent cartoon by vivziepop. Most people (that ive seen) have agreed that the pilot of the show really isnt that great but the reason it has so many fans is bc of the entertaining livestreams, massive amounts of canon content produced (she has had these characters for years), unique art style, and the characters. (Ass ugly but unique.)

Its haters are totally justified bc of some of the "controversial" (read: bad) things vivziepop has done. Here's the conclusion that my friends and classmates (several of whom are Black, one Hispanic woman, and one trans woman...nellie if ur reading this i 💜 u) and i came to after discussing this stuff. I am NOT saying "well my black/trans friend said it's ok so i dont have to think about it!" this is based on a few different conversations that my friends and i have had about this topic so what im saying is that my opinion was formed by talking about this situation with multiple people affected by the controversy.

One controversial thing is a drawing u can easily find on google (called beastiality.jpg i believe?) It's a cropped (chest and up, but hes obv naked) drawing of vivziepops character, drawn by vivziepop, moaning, with a snake around him. The character is 17. Many people have interpreted this as child porn. I dont think this image is pornographic, i think it's a stupid joke (it was even tagged as a joke iirc) and completely inappropriate but since it's 8 years old on top of not being porn, i think it's just an example of a dumb drawing. That being said, i would NEVER argue that someone who is uncomfortable w the drawing (im uncomfortable with it! It's gross just not porn) or considers it porn is wrong. They are entitled to that opinion and i would never expose them to vivziepops work or talk about her stuff around them if they expressed to me that they disliked the image.

Another thing is that she drew a doodle of two racist TERFs. This is the one where my friends of color, my friends who are black, and my friends who are trans women took the lead. I sat back for this part and here's their and my opinion on this after talking about it and verbally going through this whole situation.

She was following these women (who had done blackface and stuff) and drew art of them. The art was a "quick doodle" that she did apologize for and she said she didn't realize the extent of their beliefs. She knew they werent great but hadnt consumed much of their content in depth. I believe her bc while ive never followed anyone as bad, ive certainly followed some pieces of shit and didnt notice for months simply bc im not online all the time and bc of the volume of people i follow, combined with the non chronological algorithms lately.

At the risk of screwing myself, im going to admit that there was about a year or so of my life where i enjoyed The Amazing Atheist. I was even subbed to him. I was a nonbinary lesbian (2 things he cant stand lmaoo) in catholic school and therefore i strictly watched his videos about theological stuff since thats what was frustrating me at the time. I had no clue the type of evil racist, transphobic, homophobic (yes ik hes bi), misogynistic things he thought, said, and did, bc i didnt watch those videos. I literally only watched select theological ones that could be of use to me while edgily debating my teachers (sorry mrs macdougal but u had it coming). I was about 15 at the time and im 19 now. Im sorry to everyone i hurt by ever having supported him. I had one of his quotes written in the inside of my religion notebook in high school. I regretted it and ripped the page out the moment i discovered the truth about him. I cant stress enough how much I HATE HIM. Thats an example of what i think happened here tho.

One of my friends who is a trans woman said (paraphrasing) "i think the worst thing shes done is that terf art but i believe the apology especially bc it was a quick drawing."

That being said, i would NEVER argue with someone who wanted nothing to do w vivziepop bc of this. That's their right. 100%. I would never expose them to her work after that.

The last thing i remember is something about a pedophilic couple in a comic but i heard it was a 17 year old and a 19 year old. Im 19 and if one of my peers did that i wouldnt say pedophile but id say ur a fucking weirdo, BUT, the kids were fake and being written by an adult so i can totally see her thinking that age gap is much less of a big deal than it really is. Like she forgot what it's like at this age. Idk how true any of that part is tho, i heard that info entirely secondhand.

Another thing to do with racism is that there's a joke within the show where one character says to the other

"don't get your taco in a twist"

"Was that supposed to be racist or sexist?"

"Whichever one pisses you off more"

I thought that was gross but one of my friends pointed out that vivziepop is of el salvadorian descent so that's her business. Like if i made a lesbian joke of equal or greater offensiveness than that and someone tried to call me lesbophobic over it id be like "that's literally my territory."

Oh speaking of which that character's name is vaggie and shes a lesbian but it's not pronounced w the same G you'd hear in "vagina." Vivziepop seems to name characters weirdly (like how in helluva boss theres a guy named blitzo and the o is silent) so maybe it's a pussy joke but i have no idea.

The animation was.................better than i could do, i wanna say the faces and gestures were good but god i remember there was a part with a car and my gf had to pause so i could laugh my ass off at it. I wouldn't describe the animation as a highlight but i liked the style in motion i thought it was a fun change. Vivziepops style is not appealing imo but i appreciate it as an art student and as someone whose friends all like she ra and steven universe where every character looks the goddamn motherfucking same, and while its chaotic and i dont care for it, the style actually works way better in motion than you'd think.

A good rule that i def use is to assume hazbin fans are guilty until proven innocent. If someone says they dont care about the discourse surrounding it and like it no matter what, RUN! They would support the show even if the creator was in fact a pedophile, or had done the blackface/was a terf herself! They probably support some horrible ppl and are probably "anti antis." A lot of them are minors tho so i'd say block and move on.

So, do i like it or not? Im an art student and all my friends like it so while i didnt think it was funny, i do fuck with it. At the convention this weekend my friends and i had a convo that led to me drawing an ahego hoodie where the faces were angel dust (a character's) face. It was a joke that i could make a killing by selling that in a booth at a con.

Theres really nothing compelling about the show but my friends like it so i join in on their conversations, and i do have a soft spot for angel dust bc he's like a worse, less amazing and gorgeous version of one of my characters, Candy, the love of my life.

A lot of people say the show was edgy/offensive and maybe im just desensitized but besides the taco thing i didnt pick up on that whatsoever??? The Archer episode "Swiss Miss" is worse than helluva boss and hazbin combined and even archer isn't offensive.

Im probably not aware of all the "discourse" (aka people being reasonably uncomfortable by weird and bad shit this random woman has done, and other ppl saying their opinions are wrong when it's literally just an opinion about a show) so if anything she's done isnt included in here it's not to defend vivziepop, this is genuinely all i know. I wouldnt describe myself as a fan of hers.

[freedom-of-fanfic]

a comprehensive guide to mlm shipping habits in transformative fandom

anonymous said:

Ok, this is going to be a controversial one, but her me out: do you think it's a bit weird that so many women in the fandom (most of them straight or bi) only show interest in mlm ships? I know on a personal level everybody has their reasons and I don't think there's anything wrong with liking mlm in any sense, but for so many women to only relate to relationships where they aren't represented is a bit... weird. Not to mention knee-jerk reactions to any mlf pairing 🤔

This is far from a controversial question. People have been mystified that transformative fandom - primarily made up of women* - is ‘only’ interested in mlm for as long as transformative fandom has been a recognized phenomenon.

A caveat for the terminology in this post: as society at large tends to forget/ignore/reject the gender spectrum and transgender people, ‘male/men’ = characters referred to with male pronouns in canon and ‘female/women’ = characters referred to with female pronouns. (NB/agender/genderqueer people don’t come up, unfortunately.)

So first let me point out that transformative fandom is not only on AO3/tumblr. AO3 stats in particular give a very skewed idea of what fandom focuses on. Both ff.net and wattpad - fanfic archives which dwarf AO3 - have far higher ratios of m/f (to m/m) fic than mlm-focused AO3: ff.net is about 50/50 and has more genfic (no pairings) while wattpad features lots of m/f fic, often in the form of (male)character/(female)reader stories.

In other words, Fanworks are NOT mostly mlm; it’s just likely that we tend to notice m/m more than m/f because m/f is the ‘default’ - unmarked, and thus overlooked.

secondly, while you’ve lumped straight and bisexual women together in your ask, if you separate straight and bisexual fandom participants you get an interesting picture in regards to the typical ‘straight women are the biggest m/m fans’ common wisdom:

In a 2013 survey of AO3 users*, heterosexual female respondents were slightly less likely to be both readers and creators of M/M works - 87% were readers, compared to 90% overall, and 32-33% were creators, compared to 40% overall.

according to a variety of smaller, previous polls on various sites, the majority of m/m (and f/f) fans identify as queer (and based on a thorough dissertation pending, the stats are about 50/50 ‘mostly straight’/’mostly non-straight’).

Now with those caveats out of the way ... why is mlm popular in a space that is primarily dominated by women**? I honestly don’t think this can be truly quantified. the reasons vary from person to person too greatly. But there’s a lot of theories and a lot of anecdotal evidence for those theories. Here’s some of them, in no particular order:

it’s male privilege (sexism/misogyny). 

Male privilege: Male societal privilege and and bias feeds into media bias. media is heavily male-dominated (more male characters, usually played by cis men where actors are called for, with more central/leading roles and more screentime). Even conversations between female characters tend to focus on the male characters. The media bias then itself contributes back to societal bias - and fandom bias - towards seeing men/male characters as more interesting, more dynamic, and more varied than women/female characters.

Flip side: societal bias towards men leads directly to a relative lack of interest in women/female characters. they have less screentime, less interaction with one another, and are less centralized by the plot. Their stories are more likely to revolve around a male character in the cast. And when they do get the same treatment as male characters, audiences are very hard on them.

it’s simply a function of statistics. the overrepresentation of male characters compared to female characters has a natural consequence. If you do the math, that exponentially increases the odds of a mlm ship being fanned over compared to an m/f or wlw ship.

it’s also an observable phenomenon across multiple character demographics.

in addition to having more roles, relationships between masc characters are often where the emotional heart of a story lies. people tend to ping on that in and create fan content for it.

it’s because fanworks are a function of wish fulfillment, taking various forms:

straight women, being sexually attracted to men, consume mlm (nsfw) fanworks for the same reason straight men might consume wlw porn: double the eye candy. (the fact that straight women are actually less likely to consume or create mlm fanfic than non-straight women suggests this may not be as prevalent as often assumed.)

non-straight characters are still incredibly uncommon in mass media; transformative fandom, which is mostly non-straight, creates their own representation (perhaps with bias towards the characters with more emotional connection in canon.)

non-straight relationships are even less common than non-straight characters, and are unlikely to get much canon focus if they do exist. fandom fills this gap. (conversely, m/f pairings are far more likely to receive canon fulfillment and canon focus, so there’s less need to create fan content for it.)

(white cis) male bodies are both more common in (western) mass media and ‘unmarked’. like m/f pairings, white cis males are perceived as ‘default’ due to white/cis/male privilege. If racism, transphobia, and sexism weren’t enough on their own to increase content about pairings between characters of that description, that privilege also means that fictional characters of this description are the least likely to be seen as needing protection by policing elements in fandom, increasing the free rein on content creation. thus: fandom produces more mlm fanworks despite being fannish over m/f and f/f ships as well, which increases content obscurity, which increases free rein, which increases content creation, etc.

relatedly: women’s stories/sexuality is too fraught. male privilege/internalized misogyny leads directly to women’s stories and afab bodies being politicized.   some afab people have hangups about fictional representations of themselves in nsfw content, being uncomfortable with portrayals of people like themselves in fiction, and even sickened by depictions of pleasure experienced by bodies with vaginas (particularly in f/f works). mlm stories create enough distance for women to enjoy it without distraction by concerns of misogyny or fear of something hitting too close to home in the experience (and cis mlm nsfw content in particular provides a safe space for afab people who are bothered by depictions of afab pleasure for whatever reason). 

it’s an outlet for afab people discovering they are not straight or not cis. they may still identify as a ‘cishet woman’, but they are consuming mlm works because it resonates with a part of them that they haven’t consciously recognized.

In conclusion: at first glance it might seem weird that fandom seems to spend a lot of time on mlm, but this is both not entirely true and (where it is true) there are many, many reasons for it.

I’ve spent 8 hours compiling links and piecing together this post now so that you can have a comprehensive guide to the reasons that parts of fandom seem to be dominated by mlm stories, so I’m going to wrap up now. For more fanwork statistics, try these links:

AO3 Ship Stats Masterpost by @centrumlumina​

ToastyStats tag on @destinationtoast​

For more analysis on why mlm is popular (and wlw not so much), try these links:

Why is there so much slash on AO3?

Why mlm? (and some of the responses)

Femslash and Fandom

Femslash Can Save the World if We Let it

and this essay briefly sums up the migration of online transformative fandom over the last 15 years or so, giving context to AO3 fic stats.

One final note: the comparative prevalence of mlm to wlw would suggest that male privilege and bias is primary motivation for its popularity, but wlw was not always so scarce as it seems to be now. Just as you might expect, shows with a mostly-female cast had massive amounts of wlw content: sailor moon, utena, etc. But there’s reason to believe that purity culture has stifled wlw popularity, and that’s a damn shame.

*The largest fandom demographic survey from a reputable source (that I am aware of) was based on AO3 users, advertised primarily via Tumblr, and analyzed by @centrumlumina​ in 2013. I’m pulling my stats from this survey, but be aware it has significant limitations.

**in my personal experience, many of those in fandom who identify as women are cis women, but also many of those in fandom who do not identify as women are afab/were socialized as a woman before identifying differently. However, I don’t currently have survey data to back this up.

[trentteti]

Your July 2019 LSAT Instant Reaction

Over nine months ago, LSAC announced that the LSAT would officially join the twenty-first century, becoming a digital, tablet-based exam. And today, that finally happened with the July LSAT.

Well, for only about half of all test takers. The exam will finally go digital for all test takers on September 21st. For the July exam, however, LSAC administered the traditional paper-and-pencil test in half of the test centers and then gave the same test in its new digital format to the other centers, in order to compare the results from both formats. This is known as “best testing practices” to the test administrators and “a total pain in the butt” to test takers.

To better understand the new digital LSAT, I came out of test retirement and signed up to take the July exam. Spoiler: I did not receive the digital version of the test. They say 50% of success is just showing up, but since I had a 50% chance of showing up to the location that was administering the digital exam, I suppose this plan had only a … checking my math … 25% chance of success.

But, fortunately, Blueprint’s crack team of LSAT-obsessed employees have been monitoring the experiences of as many people who took the digital exam as possible. With thousands of students to call upon, we were in a unique experience to get some second-hand report about the digital test, even if your faithful correspondent couldn’t provide that first-hand report.

The Digital Experience

So, how did the very first digital LSAT go? In all, relatively smoothly. But it was definitely not without incident. The main complaint is how long it took these test centers to finally get the tablets operational. We’ve heard reports that some proctors had trouble getting the tablets connected to the proctor-controlled motherboard that was used to start and stop each section, which meant that some had to wait almost two hours before the test finally commenced. Some test centers were given tablets that were already circling the drain battery-wise, which led to more wait times as proctors figured out how to charge those tablets. With a completely new format, it’s not exactly surprising that the roll-out wasn’t flawless. Hopefully, by September, proctors will be better equipped to administer the test quickly and seamlessly.

There were also reported issues with the styluses … or is it styli? At any rate, at multiple test locations, test takers were not even given the promised stylus. Someone just forgot about those. Oops. So test takers had to use their sweaty, shaky fingers to highlight and underline the text — which is not ideal, especially when one test taker reported having to use his knuckle to highlight, since his finger was too sweaty to do so.

Others report that the provided stylus wasn’t very good at underlining or highlighting the text — that it would rarely underline just one word, but instead would underline multiple surrounding words. Rather than balling out with the Microsoft-certified stylus made specifically for the Surface Go tablet LSAC is using, LSAC allegedly provided the kind of generic stylus you might get at a work conference or something. Test takers were allowed to keep their apparently not-entirely-effective stylus, though.

There were also reports that glare affected some test takers’ ability to see the screen. Allegedly, the adjustable tablet stand LSAC provided wasn’t quite adjustable enough, and the lighting interfered with test takers ability to see their screens.

Most concerning of all were the reports that at least two test locations had to cancel the LSAT altogether. Apparently, the recalcitrant tablets at these locations refused to work, and after much fussing, the test takers were dismissed without ever taking the exam. I suppose that means they never even got the opportunity to become test takers. Which is a huge bummer for them. Hopefully LSAC allows them to take the test soon, for free, with the option to cancel their score after seeing it, and will maybe wave some law school admission fees for good measure. It will not shock you to learn that both of these test centers were in Florida, incidentally.

And, finally, if you want to get really picayune, Logical Reasoning question stems on the traditional paper version of the LSAT often refer to the “information above,” since that’s where the main text of the question is. On the digital version of the exam, the question still said “information above,” even though the main text is now to the left of the question stem. Maybe that gets corrected in September, when the test is written specifically for the digital version of the test.

OK, you’re probably thinking that I initially said things went “relatively smoothly” but then spent six paragraphs outlining all the ways the test went demonstrably “not smoothly.” That’s a fair observation, but it’s important to remember that people for whom the test goes “not smoothly” are the people most likely to report their experiences. People who felt the digital test went fine wouldn’t need to vent their frustrations, and are hopefully on their third or fourth post-exam elixir at this point. And we heard many reports that the digital exam went well — where test takers had a decent enough time getting through the test, armed with apparently bountiful reams of scratch paper, some commonplace delays notwithstanding.

The July Test

So, with all the reports of the digital exam out of the way, what was the actual content of the test like? This I can provide with first-hand knowledge — this was a hard test! I can also relay some second-hand reports — nearly everyone we’ve heard from shares my sentiment!

Interestingly enough, everyone seems to have gotten a third Logical Reasoning section as their experimental section. Which is annoying, because it make it very difficult to figuring out which two Logical Reasoning were the real, scored sections and which were experimental sections. That said, that’s only a minor annoyance. The only reason you should bother trying to determine which sections were experimental is to figure out whether you should cancel your score. But that’s a moot point for the July 2019 exam. Test takers on this test have the option to cancel their score after seeing it, so there’s no pressing need to make that decision right now. Especially because it’ll take about three fortnights to get your score back.

The three Logical Reasoning questions on my sections included many dense, confusing questions that required you to identify formal aspects of an argument. These sections were also rife with many challenging questions that asked you to change an argument in some way — which has been the case for basically every recent exam. So, you know, normal Monday afternoon reading material.

The Logic Games section was fairly difficult — maybe the most difficult since the notorious-in-LSAT-nerd-circles-at-least December 2017 test. None of the games were totally leftfield, but they were all fairly complicated. The first game looked pretty straightforward — you just had to determine how different departments got arranged in a building — but ended up being quite time-consuming. The second game was one of those games that required a not-in-any-way-obvious deduction to crack things open. Games are never easy, but overall they’ve been more straightforward than these on recent exams. So this section was a bit of an unwelcome surprise.

Not as surprising, but perhaps just as unwelcome, was the difficulty of the Reading Comp section. The second, comparative passage was considered to be one of the most difficult passages here … at least among the top four, according to most.

The Curve Prediction

There’s no reason why you should fret about the curve on a test, especially on a nondisclosed test like July that will not publish the curve. But if fret you must, here’s my take: this exam really reminded me of the December 2017 exam. Except for the Logical Reasoning, which may have been slightly easier than that exam (though it’s admittedly hard to determine that, since we don’t know which section was experimental). I think that the curve of this exam will be forgiving, but not quite as forgiving as that one. Here’s my guess at what the curve will look like:

170: -12 165: -19 160: -27 155: -37 150: -46

(These all reflect how many questions you could miss and earn that score)

Conclusion

First things first, it’s time to accept that the Digital LSAT is here to stay. So, you will need to “digitize” your prep. We don’t expect you to run out and buy a Microsoft Go tablet, but you should be taking digital practice tests. If you don’t know where to find one, get a free tablet LSAT practice test here, or sign-up for a free trial of our Online Anytime course (sidenote: all BP students get access to digital practice tests).

Now, this is the point in these Instant Reaction posts where we talk about whether you should cancel your score, and we, in so many words, say you almost certainly shouldn’t cancel your score. However, for this July exam, you don’t have to worry about that decision now. You don’t have to worry about that decision for a long time, in fact — you’ll get your score back Wednesday, August 28, and you can decide then. So we won’t go through the formality of discussing score cancellation.

Instead, let’s end with a discussion of “difficult” tests like this one. When a test is more difficult than usual, it’s easy to feel utterly defeated. To feel resigned to receiving an underwhelming score. But it’s important to remember that our impressions of our exam performance are frequently unreliable. After an exam, it’s very easy to fixate on what didn’t go well; we rarely, however, remember what did go well. The dark thoughts have a tendency to crowd out the positive ones. And most test takers possess at least a modicum of social grace, so they don’t go around talking about how well they did on the test or how easy parts of it seemed. We overemphasize, both to ourselves and to others, the bad parts of the exam. So our impressions naturally incline us to worry about the worst-case scenario.

With the July exam, you’re going to have to wait a long time to get your score back. You’re going to be left with your thoughts and your LSAT-related conversations for a while — way longer than the usual three weeks. I encourage you to try, as hard as you can, to focus on what went well. Try to crowd out the negative thoughts by concentrating on all the parts of the test that you aced. And, hey, even if your score isn’t quite what you hoped, there’s going to be that voucher to retake the LSAT for free, waiting for you with a press of that “Cancel” button on August 28th. So, don’t wallow on the bad, try to focus on the good.

Or … you know … maybe try to forget about it entirely, perhaps aided by your post-exam beverage of choice. Congratulations, my fellow test takers.

Your July 2019 LSAT Instant Reaction was originally published on Blueprint LSAT Blog

[ageloire]

The Beginner's Guide to Structured Data for Organizing & Optimizing Your Website

It’s Friday afternoon, and your team is jonesing for Happy Hour.

For the last few weeks, you’ve been going to the same ol’ bar by your office, so you decide it’s time to try something new. What do you do? Step outside and walk around until you find a new spot? No, you hop on Google and let it conduct the search for you.

Your ideal post-work pub is nearby, open right after work, and offers a few gluten-free options so your entire team can partake. You plug these criteria into Google, and you’ve got three viable options at your fingertips — in a handy map format to boot.

Pause. Have you ever wondered how Google can whip up such accurate, precise answers in so little time … and present them in such an easy-to-read way? Moreover, what are those restaurants doing do get featured so dominantly on Google’s search engine results pages (SERPs)?

Heck, I’d love my business to pop up when consumers search for criteria relevant to me … wouldn’t you?

No one knows exactly how Google’s algorithm works, but there are a few ways to organize and optimize your website content so Google knows what content to feature on the SERPs for the various searches people conduct to find you. This is where structured data comes in. 

Not sure what structured data is? That’s OK. By the end of this guide, you’ll be a structured data wizard — and your website will reap the benefits.

We know that what searchers see online is much different than what search engines see.

While searchers see this …

Source

… search engines see this.

View the source code for any website by going to View > Developer > View Source.

This behind-the-scenes code tells browsers how information should be organized on the website (as part of its website development) and tells web crawlers what’s on the page.

Structured data is also at play here. Embedded tags of code (a.k.a. “markup”) throughout the HTML of a webpage tell Google and other search engines what information to display in the SERPs and what this information represents. It also helps social media platforms synthesize your social media posts into snippets that preview the content using Open Graph Protocol (which we touch on later). 

This markup is important. It educates search engines on what specific content is on the page, thus creating more relevant, informed searches and making the site a candidate for enhanced results like featured snippets, rich snippets, image and video carousels, knowledge boxes, and more. (We touch on this later, too.)

Structured vs. Unstructured Data

Structured data is organized based on a specific formula, arrangement, or language. In the case of SEO, that language is a specific HTML markup called schema. Unstructured data is data that isn’t sorted any particular way or marked up in a specific coding language. Unstructured data also refers to those elements that can't easily be structured, like photos, graphics, videos, PowerPoint presentations, wikis, and word processing documents.

Here’s a simple example: In college, I used to take class notes very haphazardly. I’d literally scribble information down as my professors lectured … with little to no regard about its organization or legibility. (Well, I could read it, but no one else probably could.)

Me, in class

When it came time to study for an exam, I’d pull out those chaotic notes and type them up to create organized, structured study guides, sorted by the various questions and subject matters I knew I’d be tested on. 

Therefore, I turned my unstructured data into structured data per my specific study system. 

In the case of SEO, embedding markup and coded tags that characterize each written element would be how to structure that data — much like I did with my class notes.

How does structured data work?

At this point, you might be asking: How can there exist a language (markup) that is consistently recognized by search engines and people alike?  

In order for this markup to be accurately and universally understood, there are standardized formats and vocabularies that should be used. 

Let’s go back to basics for a minute. When conveying information, whether you’re communicating with a human or a computer, you need two main things: vocabulary (a set of words with known meanings) and grammar (a set of rules on how to use those words to convey meaning).

Most terminology surrounding structured data markup can be organized into these two concepts: vocabularies and grammars, and webmasters can combine whichever two they need to structure their data (with the exception of Microformats).

Vocabularies Grammars Schema.org Microdata DCMI JSON-LD FOAF RDFa

Okay … that’s enough of the fancy developer speak. What should you be using for your structured data?

Schema.org is the accepted universal vocabulary standard for structured data. It was founded by and is currently sponsored by Google, Bing, Yahoo, and Yandex. It’s flexible, open-sourced, and constantly updated and improved. Note: Schema is called such because it features markup for a wide variety of schemas — or data models — for different types of content.

Here’s an example of Schema Markup language (which is good for SEO) pulled from my latest article on branding.

"@context" : "http://schema.org",

"@type" : "Article",

"name" : "The Ultimate Guide to Branding in 2019"

"author" : {

"@type" : "Person",

"name" : "Allie Decker"

},

"datePublished" : "2019-04-02",

"image" : "https://blog.hubspot.com/hubfs/branding-2.jpg",

"url" : "https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/branding",

"publisher" : {

"@type" : "Organization",

"name" : "HubSpot"

As for grammar, there’s no correct answer. Google recommends JSON-LD (and defaults to that grammar when using its Structured Data Markup Helper — as you see above), but it also recognizes Microdata and RDFa. It comes down to what your developers and webmasters are most comfortable with.

Structured data affects mobile a little differently — through Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP). Accelerated Mobile Pages is a Google-backed, open source project to help all mobile pages load quickly regardless of device. Pages with AMP markup appear within Google’s special SERP features, such as Top Stories and News Carousels.

👉🏼Here’s how to create an AMP HTML page.

Source

Structured data markup works a little differently for social platforms. This requires Open Graph Protocol and similar languages that ensure your website and blog content appear in an easy-to-read way when you promote this content on a social network. Two common social media features that use Open Graph Protocol are Pinterest Rich Pins and Twitter cards. We talk more about how to do this below. 

Here’s an example of Open Graph Protocol language (which is good for social media) using the same source.

<meta property=”og:title” content=”The Ultimate Guide to Branding in 2019”/>

<meta property=”og:type” content=”article”/>

<meta property=”og:URL” content=”https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/branding”

<meta property=”og:image” content=”https://blog.hubspot.com/hubfs/branding-2.jpg”

<meta property=”og:admins” content=”Allie Decker”

<meta property=”og:site_name” content=”HubSpot”

<meta property=”og:description” content=”Discover how to create and manage a brand that helps your business become known, loved, and preferred”

Why is structured data important for SEO?

Structured data is important for SEO because it helps search engines find and understand your content and website. It’s also an important way to prepare for the future of search, as Google and other engines continue to personalize the user experience and answer questions directly on their SERPs. Additionally, structured data can make your organization more visible to potential customers and increase your click-through rate by up to 30%.

Google’s SERPs weren’t always as easy on the eye as they are today. Don’t remember? Check out this Google result for “pool tables” from 2008.

Source

 Let’s compare. Here’s the same result from today in 2019.

  Wow. That’s a world of difference. Not only are these results easier to read, but the extra features make for a much more informative, intelligent searching — and shopping — experience. Between the sponsored content and live map (plus the product carousel, question snippets, and related searches not shown in the screenshot), Google shows me pretty much all I need to know about pool tables.

Heck, sometimes I search for something and find the answer right on the SERP — I don’t even have to click on a result. Does that ever happen to you? If it has, you can thank structured data.

Note: Unfortunately, structured data doesn’t impact your organic search ranking (besides helping you grab a spot in a knowledge panel or Featured Snippet at the top of the list). It also doesn’t change how your content looks or behaves on your website — it only affects how and where it might appear on SERPs.

Examples of Structured Data

To the average internet user, structured data can’t be seen. It’s hidden among the code that makes up our favorite websites and online platforms. So, how does structured data affect what we (and our customers) see? What does it look like to the “naked” eye?

When webmasters adhere to structured data standards, search engines like Google and Bing reward their websites and organizations by featuring their content in a variety of SERP features (another reason to use structured data). 

Let’s talk about those features — specifically on Google. Google SERPs display a wide variety of information, but the ones we talk about below are specifically influenced by structured data. There are also a couple of ways that structured data can benefit your non-SERP marketing efforts on social media and email marketing.

Source

First, it’s important to note that structured data can manifest on SERPs in two main ways: through content features (which appear as separate search results) and enriched result features (which enhance the search results themselves).

Content Features

Carousels

Carousels show up as images with captions related to a search, such as movie actors, cars, or news articles. Searchers can click through these images to access a separate SERP for that search. 

👉🏼Here’s how to use structured data to show up on Carousels.

Featured Snippets

Featured Snippets display information relevant to a query — and link to a third-party website (which sets them apart from Answer Boxes and Knowledge Panels, which draw from public domain databases). They don’t count as one of the ten organic results on a SERP, so if you “win” the snippet, your website shows up twice. Featured Snippets can also be displayed as quotes, tables, jobs, rich cards (for movies and recipes), or the question section titled “People may ask”. 

👉🏼Here’s how to optimize your content for Google’s featured snippet box.

Knowledge Panels (a.k.a. Knowledge Graph Cards)

Knowledge Panels pull together the most relevant information from a search and display it as a separate panel on the right side of a SERP. They typically include images, dates, and category-specific information, such as stock prices for companies or birthdays for celebrities. You can use a structured data markup like Schema to tag your content with all of these categories, but there’s no guarantee that Google will reward you with your own knowledge panel. In fact, structured data doesn't promise anything, it only makes it easier for search engines and social networks to interpret your content. 

Also, Knowledge Panels aim to answer queries without requiring a click-through … good news for searchers, and bad news for businesses.

👉🏼Here’s how to make your site easier for bots to crawl (to increase your chances of showing up in a Knowledge Panel).

Enriched Search Features (a.k.a. Rich Search Results or Rich Snippets)

Breadcrumbs

Breadcrumbs “indicate a page's position in the site hierarchy,” according to Google. Breadcrumbs only appear on mobile devices, in place of a URL, and help searchers understand a page’s relationship to the rest of a website. 

👉🏼Here’s how to use structured data to display Breadcrumbs in your results.

Sitelinks and Sitelinks Searchbox

Sitelinks are additional links displayed beneath a search result that navigate to different parts of a website. Google pulls them into a SERP when it thinks additional results would benefit a searcher. Websites with intelligent anchor text and alt text that’s informative, compact, and avoids repetition have a good chance of displaying a result with Sitelinks.

Sitelinks Searchbox is like Sitelinks with a search bar directly featured in the result. That search box uses Google — not the featured website — which creates a brand new SERP. Sitelinks Searchboxes only show up in branded searches.

👉🏼Here’s how to get a Sitelinks Searchbox for your website.

Non-SERP Features

Social Cards

Social-specific markup doesn’t have a big impact on SEO, but it’s still important for marketers to understand. Not only does this markup enhance your social posts and ad efforts, but it can also be read by search engines — which could contribute to any SEO changes in the future.

Social cards display images and rich text when links are shared on social media. Any organization who uses social media to share content should be using proper social markup, such as Open Graph Protocol.

👉🏼Here’s how you ensure your social content displays social cards:

Open Graph Protocol (for Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram)

Facebook Validation Tool

Twitter Cards

Twitter Validation Tool

Pinterest Rich Pins

Pinterest Validation Tool

Email Marketing

Have you recently booked a flight or ordered something online? If you have Gmail, you might’ve seen your reservation or order details summarized at the top of the confirmation email. This is due to email markup. If you send emails for orders, reservations, confirmations, or bookings, consider using email markup to make your email recipients’ lives easier.

👉🏼Here’s how to get started with email markup in Gmail.

How to Implement Structured Data by Using Google's Structured Data Markup Helper Tool

Open Google’s Structured Data Markup Helper

Select your data type and enter the URL

Highlight page elements and assign data tags

Create the HTML

Add the schema markup to your page

Test your markup with Google’s Structured Data Testing Tool

Diagnose and fix any detected issues

Be patient

The concept of structured data might seem confusing, but its implementation isn’t nearly as complicated. In fact, there are a number of structured data tools that can help you along the way, namely Google’s Structured Data Markup Helper and Testing tools. Sure, you can implement structured data by hand, but Google’s tool ensures accuracy — and makes your life easier.

It’s important to note that adding structured data markup on your website doesn’t guarantee a Featured Snippet or Sitelinks Sitebox. Google can take weeks to crawl your new HTML markup, and sometimes, the information doesn’t show up at all.

However, taking the steps to implement structured data is critical. Google might be smart, but it can’t (yet) understand everything on its own. It might seem like a lot of extra work, but using the correct structured data markup will ensure Google can make sense of your content and can help you potentially increase your click-through rates and visibility.

Here’s how to implement structured data by using Google’s Structured Data Markup Helper tool.

1. Open Google’s Structured Data Markup Helper

Open up Google’s Structured Data Markup Helper tool.

2. Select your data type and enter the URL

Make sure the Website tab is open. Choose the type of data to which you’d like to add the HTML markup. Plug the web page URL (or the HTML code) at the bottom , and click Start Tagging.

  3. Highlight page elements and assign data tags

When the tool loads, you should see your web page on the left side and data items on the right. Highlight different components of your web page to assign data tags such as name, author, and date published. (The tool will suggest different data tags for different types of data, i.e. Events or Book Reviews.)

As you select and assign data tags, you’ll see the information pop up under My Data Tags on the right panel. You can also add any missing tags that might not be visible on the web page; just click Add missing tags.

4. Create the HTML

When you’re finished tagging and assigning data items, click Create HTML in the upper right-hand corner.

5. Add the schema markup to your page

On the next screen, you should see your structured data markup on the right side. The tool automatically produces the script as JSON-LD markup, but you can change it to Microdata by clicking the JSON-LD drop-down menu in the top menu.

Click Download to download the script as an HTML file. To read more about adding structured data to your article (or any other data type), click Articles in the right corner above the markup.

To “publish” your markup, copy and paste the new HTML markup into your CMS or source code of your web page. Lastly, click Finish in the top right corner to check out Google’s recommended Next Steps … one of which will bring you to this next one.

6. Test your markup with Google’s Structured Data Testing Tool

Open up Google’s Structured Data Testing Tool. You can enter any URL of a web page you’d like to test, or you can enter HTML code. (In the example below, I’m analyzing the code previously produced by Google’s Structured Data Markup Helper Tool.) Click Run Test to begin.

7. Diagnose and fix any detected issues

The tool will show you your HTML markup on the left side and the markup analysis on the right. Note any red errors or warnings. Click on any data row to highlight the corresponding markup on the left.

If necessary, you can edit any errors in the HTML directly in the tool panel before “publishing” your tested HTML markup.

8. Be patient

This last step is simple but arguably the hardest — to sit back and wait. Google can take weeks to re-crawl new HTML, and even then, your content isn’t guaranteed to show up in rich snippets or other SERP features.

As long as you follow the correct structured data standards and markup, give Google all the information it needs to know, and be patient, your website and business can benefit greatly from structured data and enhanced SEO.

Conclusion

Google and other search engines continuously improve how they aggregate and present information. They offer enhanced, intelligent search experiences with the customer in mind. It’s up to you as a business to keep up, and you can do so through structured data. 

Structured data benefits businesses — through increased visibility — and consumers — through better usability. Use this guide, tools, and resources to optimize and organize your website and make your customers' lives easier. 

from Marketing https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/structured-data

[rachelgoldsmithblog]

Is Tumblr a blog or a social network site? The Great Debate

Blog numero uno 

Since the website ‘Tumblr’ burst onto the World Wide Web in 2007, it has been heavily debated whether it is a blogging or social network site due to structure of how the program is built and the features it offers.

Today I strive to answer this age-old question, by looking deeper into blogging sites and social media sites, dissecting them, investigating, understand, and sharing my findings with you, my curious readers.  

A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website displaying information in the reverse chronological order, with latest posts appearing first. It is a platform where a writer or even a group of writers share their views on an individual subject. (Djuraskovic, Ogi 2018) 

Tumblr is unlike any blogging platform that has ever come before it.

And without going into too much detail, here’s the entire history of blogging to get you up to speed:

1994:College undergrad Justin Hall creates links.net to be able to share his writing online

You can heck out what it looked like in 1994 here (http://links.net/vita/web/original.html)

1997:The term weblog was created, after previous online posts were called ‘online diaries or personal pages

1998:Open Diary launches. This site was the first blogging post that allowed members of the community to leave posts on each other’s blogs.

2003:Word Press & Type Pad are born. These sites saw the beginning of people trying to turn bluffing into a career.

2004-2006:In 2004 blogger Steve Garfield decided to hook his camera up to his laptop and upload short clips to his personal site. 2

After the launch of the Huffington post in 2005, bloggers began to cover news, culture and sporting events-thereby creating the title “cyber journalist”

2006:Twitter is created-offering a different term of blogging (microblogging) where it was encouraged to post small blogs. Currently users are limited to 280 characters per post (Twitter, 2018)  

2007: Tumblr is created

(Blogging.com, 2017) 

Tumblr is extremely diverse in the way it was constructed, as it allows users to do much more than simply post a blog to a page and let users read it. To begin to understand the idea behind Tumblr, its best to go straight to the source. Tumblr themselves explain the site by stating  ‘Join millions of people in millions of communities across millions of #tags. See something you love? Reblog it to your Tumblr and start a conversation. Or just lurk, if you’re feeling shy. No big deal.’ 

Tumblr allows you to create and personalise your very own page, where you can share posts, images, videos, blogs and gifs. The site not only allows you to post your own original content but also share other users content as well. 

What makes Tumblr special to other blogging websites is that it gives you the choice to be ‘alone’ or connect with other users. Tumblr has incorporated a large social media aspect into their site, with the ability to follow other users, repost posts, like posts, comment and direct message other users -  just like you can on Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter & Instagram. 

Fun Fact: Tumblr currently has 463.2 million blogs and 171.4 billions posts to their site (Tumblr.com, April 2019) 

Ok so that’s blogging & Tumblr, but what is social media & how is it different? 

In simple terms, social media is defined as ‘web-based communication tools that enable people to interact with each other by both sharing and consuming information.’ (Nations, Daniel 2019.) 

The social media landscape is evolving so rapidly, with more features being introduced quicker than we can say 

Most of us will be able to identify a wide range of social media platforms, especially the very popular ones such as Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter & Instagram. After all, 3.4 billion of us are actively using social media (Hootsuite, January 2019) 

What else is interesting is that the average American internet user has 7.1 social media accounts (Global Web Index, 2019). 

If Tumblr isn’t social media, then why is Twitter? 

Twitter was introduced as a microblogging site, where time poor users could share and read posts quickly and efficiently 

Users were also able to find microblogs, or ‘tweets’ on topics that interested them via hashtags. Hashtags are not only a way to find tweets, but enabled users to create communities of like-minded people or even to engage with and create online debates and enemies. 

Just quickly: Microblogging is “an online broadcast medium that exists as a specific form of blogging. A microblog differs from a traditional blog in that its content is typically smaller in both actual and aggregated file size” (Wikipedia) 

Twitter quickly became almost a world wide conversation between users, and because of its speed, community and structure has been labeled as a social media website. 

Twitter and Tumblr have a lot of similarities in the way users can operate the site .  Although it has been said over and over that it is a lot harder to create a large following on Tumblr than it is on Twitter, ultimately the same goals can be achieved on either site, whether that be a large amount of people seeing your posts, or gaining a lot of followers. 

So, Is Tumblr a blog or social media site?

Generally speaking, social media sites allow users to follow other uses, view each others content, re-post and share content such as images & videos, and like/react to content. - Sounds very similar to what Tumblr does, hey? 

Tumblr has incorporated aspects from nearly each and every social media platform, whilst keeping a strong hold on blogging, which leads me to believe Tumblr is a hybrid of both blogging and social media. There are sites out there just for blogging, and their are sites for just social networking, but both, thats Tumblr. 

Kind regards, 

Rach xx

Referencing:

‘What is Social Media’, Lifewire,  26th March 2019, Viewed April 4th 2019 https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-social-media-explaining-the-big-trend-3486616

[simplemlmsponsoring]

New Post has been published on http://simplemlmsponsoring.com/attraction-marketing-formula/copywriting/is-influencer-marketing-right-for-your-industry/

Is influencer marketing right for your industry?

Somehow we live in a world where you can read studies from the likes of Linqia claiming “92 per cent of marketers who use influencer marketing find it successful”, followed, on the same day, by a half-dozen recent articles about influencer marketing being dead.

Given this rollercoaster of information, it’s hard to know if influencer marketing is right for you and your industry. Some people still swear by it, while others have sworn off it.

So is your industry rife with influencer opportunities? In this article we’ll aim to find out by looking at:

Whether influencer marketing will work in your industry. How to tell if you should be using it. Alternatives if you reckon it’s not right.

Part 1: Which industries is influencer marketing right for?

The short answer: Any.

The long answer: Seriously. Any. It really doesn’t matter what industry you’re in! Influencer marketing is all about leveraging the power of personalities who have the power to sway other people’s opinions on a topic. Because the internet is for anyone and everyone, the actual industry vertical is almost irrelevant, as every industry has its influencers.

Yes some of these personalities have larger followings than others, but because influence is about influence, not just follower count, you can talk to personalities with small, niche followings and still get excellent engagement compared to those whose brands are followed by myriad disinterested casual fans.

Here’s a little proof: A HelloSociety study found that micro-influencers could be as much as 6.7 times more efficient at engagement than influencers with large followings.

Key takeaway: It may appear that you need to be a game developer, beauty product manufacturer or Silicon Valley tech giant to find good influencers, but this simply isn’t true. Every industry has its influencers – after all, everyone needs guests to speak at their annual conferences, right?

Part 2: How to tell if influencer marketing is right for you

So we know that it doesn’t matter what your industry is. Property, automotive, heck even custom wooden office desks – there’s somebody out there who will be qualified to promote your product. What’s next for you, then, is not the question ‘is my industry right?’ but ‘are my business goals right?’.

Influencer marketing has caused controversy in some circles because it has at times proven ineffective. That’s because it isn’t a magic wand that makes you famous. It’s a tool like any other, with correct and incorrect applications.

Getting those applications right starts with knowing your marketing goals, which we’ll discuss more now.

Influencer marketing isn’t a magic wand – it has correct and incorrect applications.

How to use influencer marketing

Use influencer marketing for: Reach and awareness at the top of the marketing funnel, with some crossover to the mid-funnel depending on the influencer. Build long-term campaigns, as ongoing relationships with your influencers and their audience is key to success.

When influencers create content with your product, they are speaking to a large number of relevant audience members. This is going to introduce a large number of people to your business for the first time. As we know from the marketing funnel, this is a user base that isn’t ready to buy yet, but now knows your name for future consideration.

Some influencers, for example product reviewers, introduce new users into the middle of the funnel instead.

Don’t use influencer marketing for: Short-term campaigns where you need fast results, Conversions can be a tricky goal to achieve via influencers.

Influencer marketing is a long-term marketing tool. It gets more effective over time as you build relationships with influencers and learn who is and isn’t effective.

Any campaign where you need big, fast results might not be appropriate for influencer marketing. The reason being that it can take time to find the right influencers and build relationships with them – although their actual act of posting about you can generate quick results once this has occurred.

Additionally, as influencer activity is notoriously tricky to measure – “determining the ROI” of influencer campaigns was the top challenge of 2018 in this area, according to the Linqia study linked earlier – you might have difficulty determining whether or not this new audience converted.

Influencer marketing has positively exploded in the age of #socialmedia – so will this new avenue for reaching a younger audience survive the new year? https://t.co/3A5e1cZU9G pic.twitter.com/rc2aiNEtzE

— Castleford Media (@castlefordmedia) December 18, 2018

Wait, so I can’t use influencers in the lower funnel?

You absolutely can, but it’s a little trickier than those top-funnel goals as you need more than just a simple shout out or mention.

Micro-influencers with highly engaged followings are considered best by many marketing pros for bottom-funnel business goals. That’s because they have more engaged followings, and remember that engagement is key to influence, not follower count.

These are some tactics that other businesses have used successfully for BoFu influencer marketing, particularly with niche influencers:

1. Collaborating: A basic shout out won’t do it, but actually collaborating with an influencer could. For example, US business Lord & Taylor got 50 fashion Instagrammers to each wear the same dress from their latest line. The ‘grammers then did what they do best – posted a high-quality fashion photo, in this case wearing the dress. The product wasn’t just mentioned, it informed the entire substance of the content. The dress sold out the following weekend.

2. Affiliate marketing: Affiliate marketing is where you sell something via someone else (in this case, an influencer). The affiliate then gets a cut of the sale, which is their incentive to take part. Influencers are adept at weaving affiliate marketing deals into their content – some use unique discount codes, some use links, but both have the same intention. They add it into their content, and you as the business can track users coming via those unique links.

To summarise

Is influencer marketing right for you?

You’ll need to understand what your business goals are, and what you hope to achieve. Influencer marketing can be used effectively at the top of the marketing funnel and in some ways at the bottom, but in all cases it typically requires a high degree of relationship building.

While it is cost effective, it can be time consuming. If you have the time and suitable goals, it sounds like you’re onto a winner. If you don’t, we have some alternatives for you…

Part 3: Alternatives to influencer marketing

Yeah OK, obviously all types of marketing are technically alternatives to influencer marketing. Don’t go getting smart. We’re focusing on digital strategies that are similar in nature to influencer marketing, but don’t require influencer involvement.

We’ll cover:

Paid advertising Event hosting Your own social media User generated content Creating an influencer of your own

1. Paid advertising

You may recall we mentioned that influencer marketing wasn’t ideal for fast solutions. Well, paid advertising is. Whether you choose Facebook, Google Ads or another platform more relevant to your users, paid advertising is one of the quickest ways to get your content in front of more users online.

That said, as soon as the money stops rolling in, so too do the customers. Paid advertising used by itself gets costly over time. We recommend you pair it with a long-term solution like SEO content or influencer marketing,

So you have a solution that starts slow and gets better in addition to a solution that starts quickly but can be turned off later.

Paid advertising is only as effective as the amount of budget you feed it.

2. Event marketing

Event marketing is where you host an event specifically to promote a product, service or your brand in general. It doesn’t have to just be a product roll out, but could be educational (like a Hubspot conference, for example). In either, the event heavily features your brand.

Event marketing has a number of key benefits, but the big ones are:

It promotes brand awareness. It’s a chance to network with key people in your industry. It can generate leads, as attendees offer their emails on sign up. It can drive sales.

If you invite influencers to speak at your event, that’s a double-whammy!

3. Your own social media

Social media marketing isn’t just for influencers. Are you posting regularly on your various profiles? Do you even have various profiles?

If not, you need to get serious about social. It’s a direct link to your audience, where you can chat with them, answer questions, post content and pay for advertising on platforms with millions, if not billions, of users.

To get started on revamping your social presence, check out our infographic “Clean up your social media pages with this checklist”.

4. User generated content

User generated content is when people create content for your brand without being paid to do so – they simply want to.

In its most basic form, this could be asking people to include certain hashtags in their social posts – hashtags that are linked to your business, of course. Every time someone uses these tags, it promotes your brand’s campaign.

Another example would be when businesses repost user content, thus encouraging more creators to make content to be reposted. Software giant Adobe uses this regularly, asking users to submit creative work using certain hashtags, which it then posts to its own page (this is an awesome relationship between a brand and creators that use its products).

View this post on Instagram

Swipe

to see our theme for the month. Hint: it’s going to be peachy.

⁣ ⁣ To kick off 2019, we’re taking a closer look at the Color of The Year. Submit your creative work using #Adobe_LivingCoral for a chance to be featured.

: @AdobeStock contributor @eyeemphoto

A post shared by Adobe (@adobe) on Jan 1, 2019 at 9:46pm PST

Other examples of user generated content include product reviews, unboxing videos, tutorials and general blog posts about a topic.

5. Your own influencer

If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em right? There’s no reason you can’t try to create your own influencer to then help promote your brand. Maybe that future influencer is you!

So how does one create such a magnificent beast?

Well, it’s time consuming. But it could have serious long-term benefits that are even more cost effective than paying outside influencers.

How?

Build your expertise: Create your own high-level content, network in your industry, speak at events and become a part of the conversation. The more you do this, the more ‘expert’ your persona will become.

Leverage other influencers: Other influencers can help you become an influencer yourself. Create conversations and relationships with relevant parties on a personal level, not a brand level. Sharing their content and engaging with their content (i.e. commenting) is a good way to start this.

Look after your followers: Followers aren’t sheeple that will follow you no matter what. If you don’t respect the relationship, they’ll move on. Engage with your community, answer questions, have conversations and make it a two-way street.

For a more detailed look at this topic, check out our article “How to build your brand influence online”.

Conclusion

Is influencer marketing right for your industry? Yes! And it doesn’t matter which one you’re in. It might take longer to find relevant influencers if you’re in a very niche space, but chances are they are out there somewhere.

Is influencer marketing right for your brand? That depends more on what you want to achieve, how quickly you want to achieve it, and how much energy you can dedicate to the attempt. Influencer marketing is not a magic make-me-famous wand, but it does work when used well.

The post Is influencer marketing right for your industry? appeared first on Castleford Media.

Read more: castleford.com.au

[nowhere-hunch]

I watched ‘Hamilton’ on Disney+

I’m not really a fandom person, but I would say I hang out online in a lot of “fandom-adjacent” spaces. Maybe a better word would be “lurker”. So although I was separated from it by many degrees, I’m aware of some of the insane stuff that came out of the Hamilton fandom during its heyday. Which makes me a teensy bit nervous about posting this on Tumblr - “the room where it happened” you could say (yes, I’m very funny, I know). But I’m hoping I have my blog settings right to make it hard for people to find and I won’t use any tags, so I should be fine, right? To be clear, I like Hamilton and this whole thing is positive toward it. It did get pretty long though.

First of all, I’m a little surprised that there’s a Hamilton fandom at all. Theatrical shows aren’t really the most accessible medium, especially for the demographics that we associate with fandom. The stage shows that I see with fandoms usually have other media associated with them as well, either that was based on them or that they were based on. For example, Les Mis has the book and multiple movies. That said, I’m not necessarily surprised that inaccessibility itself didn’t prevent the formation of a fandom. These days there’s plenty of ways to pirate things, plus you could argue that the cast CD of the musical that was released counts as an alternative media — since most of the dialogue is in fact part of a song.

But, being an inaccessible medium for so long has had an effect on the stories that are created for it. The demographics of people who are watching Broadway shows are probably different than those of people watching primetime TV. The historic events and people in Hamilton aren’t given much if any explanation or backstory. Several times a character is introduced that the audience is supposed to be excited about just because we already know the name: Alexander Hamilton or George Washington or Thomas Jefferson or whatever. For those specific examples, it kind of makes sense. Just by living in the U.S. you tend to get an idea of who those people are (they’re the people on the money). But people like John Laurens are given the same treatment (or lack thereof) in terms of backstory. I think I learned a little about John Laurens at some point in AP U.S. History but then I passed that test and literally never thought or heard about him for nine years until I watched Hamilton.

Hamilton is not a play that is meant to teach the story of Alexander Hamilton; it’s a play that is meant to use the story of Alexander Hamilton in order to teach something else. The historical people and events that are mentioned briefly are meant to provide context for what’s going on with the main characters. “OK I know that the Boston Tea Party happened in the lead up to the Revolution so if they’re talking about that now, I know where we are.” It seemed weird to me that it became so popular when it assumed a good deal of knowledge on the part of the viewer, but I think there are (at least) three factors that makes that not too much of an issue.

One, as I said earlier I did learn about John Laurens and other kind of minute details about the Revolutionary War in high school. If “fandom” is stereotypically mostly made up of students in middle school/high school/college, it might be the case that this background knowledge is actually more accessible to them than to the average Broadway patron, who would have been out of school for even longer than me. If this musical had been about some other figure that isn’t included in an integral part of the American public school curriculum, it probably wouldn’t have seen as much success. I believe that Linn Manuel Miranda had a goal of expanding and making more diverse the audience for these shows, so this choice of subject material makes sense.

Two, Hamilton is simply a solid musical. I’m saying this as someone who doesn’t see a lot of musicals and really isn’t and never was into theater that much, but that’s the point — to the untrained eye of someone fandom-adjacent, it’s a very enjoyable piece of media. The songs are catchy, the jokes are funny, the emotional parts are moving, there’s at least a couple of performers who sound really good to me, not that I have any idea how to tell. If you think about it for more than three seconds it’s hard not to get blown away considering how much skill it must have taken to write that entire story in rhyming verse! That’s the kind of thing Shakespeare did, or even Homer — both of whom produced works that had a big impact on their era’s version of “pop culture”. I wonder if this points to something in the human brain that makes us want to engage more with stories told in this way?

Three, I think fandom (in general) had been primed for stories like this by a series that had one of the largest fandoms during the time just before Hamilton came out: Hetalia. Hetalia is a comedy manga and anime series where each country in the world is personified by an immortal (kind of) human character. It deals a lot with history and real-world people and events— if you were a fan, your “canon” material was not only the manga and anime but also real-world facts about countries’ geography, culture, and history. Since the characters for “England” and “America” (the U.S.) were some of the most popular, the Revolutionary War specifically was the subject of a lot of fan works.

Unlike Hamilton though, Hetalia is presented in a format that was made for fandom and its story reflects that as well. It has a huge cast of characters, many of which are barely developed at all in “canon” but still have a reason for viewers to connect with them (“I’m from that country!”), opportunities for creating OCs, etc. that encourage fan activity. Through Hetalia, many people were introduced to the idea of using knowledge of history for fandom purposes, which was obviously a big part of the Hamilton fandom. What’s unfortunate is that, while there wasn’t much more to get from Hetalia beyond its fandom — in fact you could strongly argue that there was more “artistic merit” in a lot of fandom content than the series itself—for me the Hamilton fandom and all of its weirdness overshadowed anything that was said about the interesting things Hamilton had to say to its “traditional” audience.

I think one property of a good piece of media is that it has different messages and takeaways that are relevant to different people consuming it. Hamilton is like this. The central theme of the story is the idea of “legacy”, but there are several lenses it provides to investigate with. For example, it has many messages about race and national origin that may resonate most strongly with different people, including:

People of color are absent from the legacy of the founding of the country they live in. It’s weird to watch actors who are people of color talk about defending slavery, but it’s no more weird than having groups of all white people do the same (which is how it actually was).

Various founding fathers have a legacy of being people who valued freedom, but they owned slaves and/or supported the institution of slavery.

Alexander Hamilton’s legacy as an immigrant is celebrated, while immigrants today are regularly treated in horrifyingly inhumane ways.

I’m positive there are people who can write entire books about how the show addresses any one of these. For me though, the theme that resonated the most was the idea of legacy through a historical female perspective, as portrayed through the relationship between Alexander and Eliza Hamilton. The gist of it is this: Alexander Hamilton married Eliza Schuyler and frankly did not treat her well. His most obvious offense is cheating on her multiple times with a woman who “seduced” him (“Lord, show me how to say no to this” — dude you literally just did: “…no…”), but even this is actually a symptom of his fatal flaw: he cares about his legacy more than her. It is brought up multiple times that he chooses his work over his family responsibilities (there’s a whole song about it), and at the time he starts his “affair”, Eliza is actually away on a family trip that he decided to skip in order to keep working even more.

His obsession with legacy causes even more hurt for Eliza because it is inherited by their oldest son, Philip. Philip challenges someone to a duel who was criticizing his father. Based on how she talked to Alexander, saying she would rather have him alive and unknown than dead with a legacy, we can assume she would be against this. But Philip goes to his father for advice, and rather than discourage him, Alexander gives him advice on how to act that will make him look the best to people remembering it (shoot into the air, it’s a bad look to kill someone and if they have any honor they will do so as well). Philip is killed in this duel. Alexander cries at his bedside while Eliza next to him wails — the cheating has already been revealed at this point, and she and Alexander haven’t “made up”. Aaron Burr, who is a foil to Alexander Hamilton in many ways in the story, illustrates the differences in their priorities in a more subtle way. Before the final duel, in which Alexander himself is killed, Burr states as he works himself up that he must win because, “I won’t leave my daughter an orphan.”

Throughout, the viewer kind of overlooks Eliza. We know she is a woman living in the 1700s and so her agency is limited. She can’t divorce Alexander or really do anything to hold him accountable for the pain he has caused her. Her defining characteristics are things like “kind”, “gentle”, and “patient” — as described by her sister who sets her up with Hamilton in the first place. After the “Reynolds Pamphlet” is released (in which Hamilton publicly confesses to his affair), she sings a song about being sad, we’re told that there’s no record of how the real Eliza reacted to the information, and after a while she and Alexander make up. To us it seems like she just kind of takes what happens to her without resistance — it doesn’t really matter if that’s what she *wanted* to do because it’s what she *had* to do. We see a lot of female characters like this in media, especially media created or set in the past, and while there is now some backlash against them, there’s not much to complain about when it’s “historically accurate”.

But that all changes at the end. The climax of the play is the duel in which Hamilton is shot and killed. After that is the “big finale” song, but since Alexander Hamilton is dead, who sings it? Eliza. We are told that Hamilton dies with Eliza and her sister Angelica by his bedside, but we don’t see this. We see Eliza come back alone and sing about what she does for the remaining 50 years of her life. We learn that she is the one who gathered his writings, interviewed people who knew him, and did other research to share his life story. In effect, she wrote the story that the musical was based on. After seeing again and again that Hamilton cares about his legacy more than Eliza, it is revealed that Eliza is his legacy. Now we realize that when characters sing “You can’t control… who tells your story,” they don’t mean that in some philosophical or metaphorical way. The individual responsible for passing on your legacy after you die could literally be anyone, even the people you see as hindering it.

I cried during the final song. Actually these specific lines:

Eliza: I interview every soldier who fought by your side Soldiers in background: She tells our story … Eliza: I raise funds in D.C. for the Washington Monument Washington: She tells my story

Now, Washington in particular probably didn’t need her help to tell his story (I mean, he’s on money), but the way the lines are sung gives a sense of the kindness or love that is expressed when another person knows or tells your story. How many people have lived and died who are now totally forgotten about? Eliza did the work to save people from that fate. Alexander Hamilton I don’t think would be described as a “kind” person, even in this musical, but there is kindness in his legacy thanks to Eliza.

And, the final song contains the final plot point, the final part of the epilogue: after Alexander’s death, Eliza founds an orphanage.

I help to raise hundreds of children I get to see them growing up

Want to talk about legacy? Go to the memorial service for a teacher who worked for decades. Go to a birthday party for a 90-year-old who has 10 kids, 50 grandkids, and 150 great grandkids. They might not have their stories written down in books, but they get to enjoy legacy during their lifetimes. In the end, it turns out that in a way, Eliza is a foil to Alexander. While he makes himself and others miserable working to build a legacy that he won’t live to see, Eliza lives her life in service of people who she loves and who depend on her though she is not remembered now. Which of them made more of a difference? Which of them would you rather be?

This is kind of a radical message: that these two types of “legacy” are both valuable in some ways. For a long, long time in history, the kind of legacy that Alexander wanted was generally not available to women, people of color, etc. The “people in power” highly valued this type of legacy, so they reserved it for themselves. As the years went on, people fought for equality, and one of the issues was, although not necessarily stated explicitly, “We want to have valued legacies too!” It seems the response was a kind of reluctant “OK, I guess we’ll open up some opportunities for you to make contributions that will be recorded in history like ours.” For many women and other groups, this was actually great. Many people had wanted those opportunities for a long time, and it’s good that they are available to those who want them. So, it’s hard to say in absolute terms that this wasn’t a good thing. But at that point, we started to see a lot of media with “strong female characters” who are tough and sarcastic and ultra-skilled at combat or whatever that all add up to, “You will be admired and your legacy valued if you forget about girly stuff and just do what men have been doing all along.”

But encouraging everyone to value legacy in this way has created a culture where a lot of things send the message “Be more like Alexander Hamilton” while very few if any say “Be more like Eliza Hamilton.” It’s pretty radical to suggest that maybe the way that Eliza and people like her have been building legacies for all this time was actually good and beneficial and shouldn’t be completely abandoned for Alexander’s way that has always been presented as the most valid.

I think the reason that this resonates with me so loudly is that I am a middle class white woman and grew up as a “gifted” student, and in our modern “enlightened” world, I feel the pressure that historically has been on white men to create some tangible legacy that will live on after I die. But in media, in stories that are fundamental to my culture, in my own family tree before pretty recently, I don’t see women doing this. I have modern society saying to me “You need to make a legacy for yourself.” while the culture that has built up over centuries consistently sends the message “women don’t get legacies”. What Hamilton is saying is “They do have legacies, just not the kind society has taught you to value.”

And actually, I would argue, it goes further, showing how women have found power and agency by refusing to leave a legacy in the traditional sense. The only time in the musical where Eliza talks about her own legacy is in the song “Burn” that she sings after finding out Alexander cheated on her. It includes these lines:

I’m erasing myself from the narrative Let future historians wonder how Eliza Reacted when you broke her heart … The world has no right to my heart The world has no place in our bed They don’t get to know what I said I’m… burning the letters that might have redeemed you

The first time I watched it, I assumed that “erasing myself from the narrative” was a metaphor for her burning the letters. But after watching the ending and knowing that Eliza was actually the one who did the work of passing on “the narrative”, it’s clear that she meant it literally. She knows how much Alexander values his legacy as much as we the audience do, so she’s hitting him where it hurts. Normally, when perspectives are missing from historical narratives we are told it’s because of carelessness (either nobody asked or someone lost it) or external censorship. In Hamilton, we are told Eliza’s part of this story is missing because that’s the way she wanted it. In her time and place, she doesn’t have the opportunity to speak out against her husband or otherwise get justice, but she has still found a powerful way to “get back” at him. Her side of the story is missing because of her agency, not her lack of it.

Initially, Eliza telling Alexander’s story is interpreted as an act of love, very romantic. But thinking back to “Burn”, you have to remember that in the 50 years Eliza lived doing that work after he died, she never “redeemed” him for the bad things he did to her. In that light, you can almost see spite running subtly through the love. “I will do everything in my power to make sure people don’t forget you because I love you (and I want them to know what a jerk you were to me).” I don’t think Eliza hated Alexander. In the play it is clear that she does love him, but she does have reasons of her own for recording his legacy besides blind devotion or adoration. For this, in a way, Eliza herself is in a way redeemed by Washington and the soldiers in the final song, even though her motives aren’t completely “pure”, these men are benefitted by (and in the song appreciative of) her work.

As I said, there are a lot of themes in Hamilton that could be talked about at length, but this one is the most interesting to me, or at least the one that I’ve found myself thinking about the most since I watched the show. I want to talk about one more thing and bring us back to where this discussion started: the Hamilton fandom.

The most notorious example of “craziness in the Hamilton fandom” was the whole “hivliving”… thing. There’s a great video about it on YouTube that really does press that “gossip” button in my social primate brain just right. I highly recommend giving it a watch. 

That may be… if not the culmination then the climax the of the insanity in the Hamilton fandom. If you didn’t watch the video, here is a very very brief synopsis:

Within the Hamilton fandom, there are two groups of people who support opposing “ships”: fans of Hamilton/Laurens and fans of Hamilton/Washington.

Members of the Hamilton/Laurens faction make a habit of harassing Hamilton/Washington fans using “social justice” rhetoric (i.e. “Your ship is problematic”). It seems agreed upon by those outside that most if not all of their accusations are baseless, but it persists.

One vocal member of the Hamilton/Laurens fans, claiming to be an HIV+, bisexual, bigender, muslim victim of sex trafficking living in India, also runs a blog called “hivliving” about, well, living with HIV. Since blogs like this are rare, the blog becomes a popular and well-loved resource.

Someone named Ursula discovers that the person running the “hivliving” blog is not in fact an HIV+, bisexual, bigender, muslim victim of sex trafficking living in India, but a white 18-year-old college student living in the U.S. When confronted and pressed, they come clean to their followers.

In the aftermath, someone realizes that Ursula is associated with people in the Hamilton/Washington faction of the Hamilton fandom, and so word starts spreading that Ursula investigated and confronted hivliving due to revenge over “shipping wars”.

More rumors come up and eventually, the story transforms so that the commonly known version is: “Hivliving was pretending to be an HIV+/etc. person and was exposed by someone who wanted revenge for them criticizing their cannibal-mermaid-AU fanfiction.” All the “normal” people have a fun time laughing about how insane people can be online.

Because of this negative attention, Ursula is forced to abandon fandom.

Seriously though, watch the video if you have time.

If there were a lesson to the hivliving story, it would be about legacy. It would be a cautionary tale about how a legacy built on good intentions and serious work can be turned completely around through no fault of your own. I don’t have much to add to that, besides noting that it is a weird coincidence that it happened in a fandom for a show that itself put so much focus on legacy. Hamilton fans, in telling the story of hivliving and Ursula, shaped it to serve their own ends (vilifying fans of a rival ship), much like Eliza shaped Alexander’s story in telling it for her own reasons. But the last thing I’ll note is this: the fans largely shaped the story by adding things, Eliza shaped the story by leaving things out.

[douglassmiith]

Accessible Images For When They Matter Most

About The Author

Carie Fisher is a digital accessibility developer and trainer who is passionate about inclusive front-end code and promoting diversity in tech. More about Carie …

Creating accessible images seems like a simple topic at first glance — you just need to add alt text to an image, right? But the topic is much more nuanced than some people think. In this article, we will review the different types of images, dive into some real-world examples of inaccessible public service announcements (PSAs), and discuss which elements matter most when critical messages need to reach everyone.

When it comes to informing the public about critical health issues, timing is everything. The information you consume today could save your life tomorrow. And with more than 65% of the population being visual learners — meaning they learn and remember best through visual communication — the job of creating and sharing accessible images has never been more important. This is especially true for public service announcements (PSAs) aimed at providing crucial and urgent information to the public.

But what happens when your users have visual impairments? Or dyslexia? Or cognitive disorders? How do they receive and understand this visual information? What elements make an image accessible or inaccessible?

Image Types And Alts

Before we dissect an image and examine each element that can make or break its accessibility, we first need to take a step back and think about the purpose of the image. Is it to inform a user? Elicit an emotion? Is the image acting as a link? Or is it purely eye-candy?

There are a number of questions that can help you determine how best to convey the image information to a person using an assistive technology (AT) device, like a screen reader.

“What type of message is the image trying to convey?”

“Is the message simple, complex, emotional, or actionable?”

Using a tool such as an online image decision tree or the simplified chart shown below can help you decide which category your image belongs to. Or just imagine your image has — poof! — vanished. Then ask yourself:

“Do I understand the content that remains?”

If the answer is yes, it is decorative. If not, the image is informative and contextually necessary. Once you determine what kind of image you are working with, there are some basic accessibility guidelines to consider.

Image alt flow chart (Large preview)

Decorative Images

If you decide your image is decorative, then programmatically the image needs to be hidden. One way to do this is to use an empty/null alternative text attribute. This sends a signal to the AT devices to ignore this image as it is not needed to understand the content or action on the page. There are many ways to hide alternative text including using an empty/null alt (e.g. <img alt="">), using ARIA (e.g. <img aria-role="presentation">, <img aria-role="none">, or <img aria-hidden="true">), or by implementing the image as a CSS background.

Note: An empty/null alternative text attribute is not the same as a missing alternative text attribute. If the alternative text attribute is missing, the AT device might read out the file name or surrounding content in an attempt to give the user more information about the image. While aria-hidden="true" is an option to hide images, be cautious where you apply it as it will remove the entire element from the accessibility API.

In the example below, we see a giant letter “S” and a drawing of a black cat with green eyes used to make the drop cap look a bit more fun on a Smashing Magazine article.

Article screenshot with S drop cap and cat illustration (Large preview)

When we remove the drop cap illustration, what changes? Certainly, there are visual differences, but no information is lost.

Article screenshot without a drop cap or illustration (Large preview)

<div class="drop-caps" aria-hidden="true"> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/s.svg" alt=""> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/character-12.svg" alt=""></div>

In this drop cap example, both aria-hidden="true" and an empty/null alt <img alt=""> were used to hide the images from assistive technology devices. While this kind of redundancy is not necessary to make it accessible — it is also not harmful in this particular situation since the drop caps <div> does not contain any additional information we would need to expose to an AT user. Just remember: when it comes to accessible code, more is not always better.

Beyond programmatically hiding your image — there is not much more you need to consider when it comes to decorative images. If you are saying “But wait, what about X?” or “How about Y?” then you might need to go back to the image decision tree tools and re-evaluate your image — it might not be 100% decorative after all. One of the most difficult types of images to categorize tends to be the “emotional/mood” based images since this subtype is a bit subjective. What one person considers decorative another person might consider informative, so use your best judgment.

Informative Images

If you decide your image is informative, there are a lot more things to consider. For AT devices to understand the message or intent of an image, informative images must have programmatically-discernible alternative text. Typically, this is accomplished using the alt="[some description]" method, but there are many alternative ways to add image information depending on its subtype, type of image, and context (e.g. complex vs simple, SVG vs img). But having alternate text is not enough — it must also be meaningful. For example, if your image is about feeling safe at home, but your alternative information says “house” — does that convey the full message?

An example of an informative image is the following Smashing Magazine logo. If we ask the same question as before (does the context or content change if this image is missing?), then the answer is “yes.” In this example, the logo is both informative and actionable since it is both an image and a link. We can see from the code snippet that <a title="Back to the homepage"> is the link title and the image alternative text is <img alt="Smashing Magazine">. When we fire up an AT device — like a screen reader — we should hear both pieces of information conveyed.

Smashing Magazine logo (Large preview)

<div class="logo"> <a href="https://scpie.weebly.com/" title="Back to the homepage"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1350px)" srcset=".../images/logo-full.svg"> <img src=".../images/logo/logo.svg" alt="Smashing Magazine"> </picture> </a></div>

Hearing both the phrase “back to the homepage” and “Smashing Magazine” in one feature is OK since each phrase is unique and connected to a different purpose.

For more complex alternative text phrases, conduct the telephone test. For example, if you called up a friend and said “purple slug” and hung up the phone your friend would probably be confused, but also might think of a purple slug — but in what context? If you called a friend and said “the purple slug is eating my hydrangeas,” that would paint a more vivid picture — without adding a lot of additional characters or effort.

Of course, an AT user will have to listen to your alternative text, so don’t go overboard. That is why it is suggested to cap your text at 150 characters. If you need to add more context to the image (e.g. complex image), there are other, more descriptive patterns or methods you can use to add more detail.

World Beyond Image Alts

Now that we covered image types and alternative text attribute basics, let’s look beyond and consider some additional image elements:

In each real-world PSA example, we will look at the image through the lens of a different type of disability — keeping in mind that simulators are tools and may not represent an individual’s true experience. Yet, by using such tools, we can begin to build empathy into our designs and really consider the different ways our images are being consumed.

Note: To be clear, the following examples are for illustrative and educational purposes only and not meant to call-out or otherwise pass judgment about the designs in question. Also, there may be multiple issues in one PSA, but we will just focus on one issue type per example. There will be a lot of opportunities for improvement in the area of digital communications when the dust settles on COVID-19 and accessibility is just one more area to consider reviewing.

Color And Contrast

The beating heart of design arguably is color, and if color is the heart of design, then contrast is the muscle. Without good color contrast levels in place elements like words, icons, and other graphical shapes are hard to discern and the design can quickly become inaccessible. But what happens when you perceive color and contrast differently than others — does the same message and intent come through? How can we reach people with color-sensing issues? Color blindness — is a real concern for accessibility-focused designers.

Who Color And Contrast Can Affect

It is estimated that 300 million people worldwide are color blind, and approximately 95% of those inflicted are male (1 in 12 men vs 1 in 200 women are color blind). There are many different variants of color blindness, with red/green color blindness being the most common, followed by blue/yellow, and total color blindness being the most rare.

Globally there are 246 million people with low vision. People with visual impairments such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal clouding, etc, may have issues with text contrast. People with partial sight and older adults also often experience limited color vision.

People using monochrome displays or in certain situations (e.g. low lighting in a room) might have trouble with contrast. People using text-only, limited-color stylesheets, or in certain situations (e.g. too much glare on a screen) might have trouble discerning colors, too.

PSA Color Review

In the first example, we are reviewing PSAs from the non-profit group called the Ad Council — one of the oldest and most prolific producers of such material in the US. The aim of these “higher risk assets” is to reach populations considered more susceptible to contracting and becoming seriously ill by the novel coronavirus (one of the groups that need this information the most).

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, we can see two types of color blindness simulated using the ChromeLens extension. ChromeLens is a Google Chrome extension that provides a suite of tools to help with web accessibility development and includes the Lens Vision Simulator, which transforms the colors on a website simulating what a colorblind person might see.

Simulated PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness):

PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) color filter applied (Large preview)

Simulated PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak):

PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak) color filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different color blindness simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Protanomaly simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Protanomaly simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

While these PSAs incorporate a variety of striking color choices and are visually appealing (when testing the text against the background in these images), many of the combinations do not pass the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) color contrast ratios. This is true even for the unedited versions of these designs, but when we apply the ChromeLens color blindness simulator for Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) Protanomaly (red-weak), the color contrast ratios get even worse (1.26:1 vs 1.07:1 and 1:15:1). To make these PSAs more accessible, we would want to bump up the contrast so people with color-related vision disorders could read the text.

PSA Contrast Review

Going back to the “higher-risk assets” from the Ad Council, we can see how the PSAs look like to people in two different low vision situations.

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, using the NoCoffee Vision Simulator tool, we can see how the PSAs might look to someone with low vision and cataracts.

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied:

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied (Large preview)

PSAs with simulated cataract filter applied:

PSAs with cataract filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different low vision simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

A lot of people blame color for their design accessibility issues, but these examples show that contrast plays a key role as well. Without changing the colors on these PSAs, but by changing the user perspective and blurring or obfuscating the text, we can see that the text on the images is more difficult to read — even though the contrast ratios didn’t change by much (1.33:1 vs 1.25:1 and 1.06:1). Similar to the color examples (to make these PSAs more accessible), we need to increase the contrast on these images so people with low vision and eye disorders could read the text.

Next Steps For Accessible Color And Contrast

Review the WCAG color contrast ratio guidelines and use tools like the Colour Contrast Analyser to check your designs. Your images with copy need a color contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for regular-sized text, and at least 3:1 for large-sized text (18pt and larger). The color contrast ratio of 3:1 also applies to essential icons. Try a tool like the A11y Color Palette where you can quickly review all the possible accessible color combinations and create a palette with accessibility in mind. Or use the accessibility features built-in into the palette generator Coolors.

Next, utilize solid color backgrounds (reading text on busy backgrounds, overlays, textures, or gradients is difficult in general), but especially when the text does not have enough contrast. By picking colors on the opposite ends of the color spectrum and avoiding red/green and blue/yellow combinations, you will increase the likelihood that your color and contrast ratios are robust. Use a tool like the ChromeLens extension to double-check the color contrast with color blindness in mind. Also, be careful with light shades of color — especially grays — they are difficult to see for people with low vision. Use tools like NoCoffee Vision Simulator to simulate low vision issues and see how your design holds up in these situations.

Going beyond color contrast ratios, it is also important to not use color alone to convey information. For example, “contact information can be seen in red” or “click the blue button to learn more.” The same is true for sensory characteristics such as shape, color, size, visual location, orientation, or sound — they cannot be used on their own. For example, if you said “Please click the link to the left of the image for more information,” an AT user could have difficulty finding the correct link.

Typography and Layout

In a perfect world, we would keep our text and images separated. This would allow users to manipulate the typography and layout in any way they would want: font size, letter spacing/kerning, justification, margins/padding, and more. But unfortunately, there are a lot of formats that this kind of separation is difficult or impossible, such as social media posts, emails, PDFs, and other fixed form media.

Who Typography And Layout Can Affect

Typography is especially important to the estimated 15–20% of the world’s population with dyslexia — a learning disorder in which certain letters, numbers, or combinations of letters can be confusing or seem to flip/move around.

People with low vision can have issues with tight letter spacing/kerning, morphing words like “barn” into “bam” or “modern” into “modem” while reading.

For people with attention-deficit disorders and reading or vision-based disabilities, a complex layout is a real barrier. These users have trouble keeping their place and following the flow of the content due to the lack of whitespace and clear linear pathways.

PSA Typography And Layout Review

Let’s first take a look at a PSA from California’s Long Beach Health and Human Services.

If we are looking at this PSA from an accessibility point of view, what typography and layout issues do you see? In what ways could we improve this image?

Original PSA:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Red hand-drawn linesIllustrating the multiple “rivers of space” created by the justified alignment.Blue dotted boxesOutlining six different layout changes.Pink numbersHighlighting the 14 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logo). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography.Green question marksWhat does this equation even mean? Cognitively this is a difficult thing to ascertain given the odd layout.Black lines and dotsExpected 12 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and typical equation flow (X + Y = Z).

Let’s look at another PSA and again evaluate the typography and layout from an accessibility point of view. This time, the image was created by the Health Department of Prince George County in Maryland.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Blue dotted boxesOutlining nine different layout changes.Green numbersHighlighting the 11 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography.Black lines and dotsExpected 10 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and numbering order (1 to 6) forming a zig-zag type eye movement.

So far we’ve seen some examples where there are a lot of typography changes and the layouts are complex. Now, let’s review a cleaner PSA. This one is from the Prevention Action Alliance out of Columbus, Ohio.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

Blue dotted boxesOutlining three different layout changes.Pink numbersHighlighting the four different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). In this case, only one font family was used, with variations only on size, color, and weight.Black lines and dotsExpected eight points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom).

The third PSA example is more consistent when it comes to typography and layout, and has more overall whitespace and a linear visual pathway compared to the first two examples.

Next Steps For Accessible Typography And Layout

Less is more when it comes to accessible typography, so limit the number of different font families and variations such as italic, bold, ALL CAPS, or other styling methods that may make the content difficult to read. The research is not conclusive about whether serif or sans-serif typefaces are easier to read, but if you choose font families that have clearly defined letter shapes it is more likely that the font will be accessible. Some common offenders to look out for when choosing an inclusive font include the “I” (ex. India), “l” (ex. lettuce), and “1” (ex. one). Likewise, characters like “b” and “d” and “q” and “p” can sometimes be mirrored (either left-right or up-down), and the letter “B” and the number “8” oftentimes look too similar.

In regards to layout, less is also more. Try and repeat patterns whenever possible and limit the width of any blocked section to 80 characters (or 40 characters for logograms). Likewise, avoid paragraph alignment which creates whitespace or “rivers of space” within the content (e.g. justified alignment). Line spacing (leading) is at least space-and-a-half within paragraphs, and paragraph spacing is at least 1.5 times larger than the line spacing. Incorporating all of these layout guidelines will help people with attention-deficit disorders, reading and vision-based disabilities focus more on the content.

Copy And Icons

Last but not least, let’s focus on the actual PSA message. Arguably, copy is the key element in informing the public on the latest COVID-19 updates and providing information about preventing the spread of the virus. But icons in this situation serve up more than just decoration; these elements visually repeat the same message as the copy. No pressure, but both copy and icons need to be spot-on to reach the widest array of people.

Who Copy and Icons Can Affect

People with attention-deficit disorders — estimated at 129 million people worldwide — can have issues focusing on copy that is too long, does not break items into lists, and lacks whitespace (think: line height, paragraph margins, etc).

For people with certain cognitive disabilities, it is difficult to understand figurative language or specialized usage like the phrases “it’s raining cats and dogs” or “that test was a piece of cake.”

People with cognitive, language, and learning disabilities may need visual icons, graphics, and symbols to understand the accompanying copy.

PSA Copy Review

For this example, let’s test the copy of two PSAs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for readability. Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. Readability of copy depends on both the content and presentation.

CDC created PSA — What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others:

CDC created PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

If we evaluate the main body copy using readability indicator tools like Readable and The Readability Test, we see that the “What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others” PSA has 388 words at an average reading grade level of 9 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease1 of 64.6. In addition to those metrics (for accessible copy), we also want to look at the number of complex words and their frequency — in this case, 35 and 9.02% respectively.

1 The Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease level is out of 100. The lower the number, the more difficult the copy is to read. For reference, a reading ease score of 60-70 is considered acceptable for basic web copy.



Test results for the PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

While the copy in the first image was adequate and falls in the suggested readability ranges for web-based copy, let’s compare it to another PSA created by the CDC on the same subject.

CDC created PSA — Stop the Spread of Germs:

CDC created PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

This PSA has a lot more imagery and a lot less text. If we again evaluate the main copy, we see that our copy now has a total of 90 words with an average grade of 6 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease of 83.6. The number of complex words is now down to 4 with a frequency of 4.44%.

Test results for the PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

Compared to the first PSA, the “Stop the Spread of Germs” PSA one has 298 fewer words and is easier to read by 3rd-grade levels. It has a reading ease level increase of 19 points, and is less complex. Based on these numbers, we can extrapolate that the second PSA is more inclusive than the first when looking at copy alone.

PSA Icon Review

But testing the readability of copy isn’t the only way to measure the effectiveness of a PSA when it comes to message accessibility. Another element we need to look at are the icons accompanying the copy. If we are presented only the icons, will the same message be received?

Let’s now look at a couple of examples. Based on the icons alone, what is the message that the image is trying to convey about riding your bicycle safely during COVID-19?

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation:

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

This is the unedited PSA. Were you able to figure out the full message? While you might have been able to guess correctly for a couple of icons, were there parts of the message you missed not having the copy?

OK, let’s take a look at another example. This next PSA comes from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Let’s do the same exercise as before: can you understand the message in this PSA (without the icon copy)?

Edited PSA:

Edited PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Now we can see the PSA with copy. Were you able to figure out the full message? While there may have been an icon or two that tripped you up, was it easier to decipher the icons on the second PSA versus the first? Hopefully, this quick exercise helped you understand the critical role icons play in the message.

Next Steps for Accessible Copy and Icons

Be clear and concise. The unofficial rule of thumb is to write for a 9th-grade reading level. This level is based on the assumption that most people reach the 12th-grade reading level, but in times of peak stress, they might not be reading at their highest level. Try and use plain language and avoid technical jargon, fancy words, colloquialisms, and expressions. Likewise, make sure any acronyms, abbreviations, or unusual words are explained in more detail or linked out to additional resources. Tools like Readable and The Readability Test can help you determine the reading level of your copy, while tools like Hemingway Editor or Grammarly can suggest edits to make your copy more inclusive.

Use icons, graphics, and symbols to supplement copy whenever possible. Adding imagery allows you to break down some language and cognitive barriers and not rely on your typography to carry all the weight. Just be sure to choose icons that are common or don’t require a lot of thought.

Wrapping Up

Creating accessible images involves a lot more than just adding alt text. It is important to consider how all image elements — color, contrast, typography, layout, copy, and icons — affect your users as well. By taking a bit more time and building these accessibility principles into your images you will undoubtedly reach more people — on their terms. In uncertain times like these, we need to be sure we are addressing all the ways we can improve our images to be more inclusive in our messaging.

(ra, yk, il)

Website Design & SEO Delray Beach by DBL07.co

Delray Beach SEO

Via http://www.scpie.org/accessible-images-for-when-they-matter-most/

source https://scpie.weebly.com/blog/accessible-images-for-when-they-matter-most

[laurelkrugerr]

Accessible Images For When They Matter Most

About The Author

Carie Fisher is a digital accessibility developer and trainer who is passionate about inclusive front-end code and promoting diversity in tech. More about Carie …

Creating accessible images seems like a simple topic at first glance — you just need to add alt text to an image, right? But the topic is much more nuanced than some people think. In this article, we will review the different types of images, dive into some real-world examples of inaccessible public service announcements (PSAs), and discuss which elements matter most when critical messages need to reach everyone.

When it comes to informing the public about critical health issues, timing is everything. The information you consume today could save your life tomorrow. And with more than 65% of the population being visual learners — meaning they learn and remember best through visual communication — the job of creating and sharing accessible images has never been more important. This is especially true for public service announcements (PSAs) aimed at providing crucial and urgent information to the public.

But what happens when your users have visual impairments? Or dyslexia? Or cognitive disorders? How do they receive and understand this visual information? What elements make an image accessible or inaccessible?

Image Types And Alts

Before we dissect an image and examine each element that can make or break its accessibility, we first need to take a step back and think about the purpose of the image. Is it to inform a user? Elicit an emotion? Is the image acting as a link? Or is it purely eye-candy?

There are a number of questions that can help you determine how best to convey the image information to a person using an assistive technology (AT) device, like a screen reader.

“What type of message is the image trying to convey?”

“Is the message simple, complex, emotional, or actionable?”

Using a tool such as an online image decision tree or the simplified chart shown below can help you decide which category your image belongs to. Or just imagine your image has — poof! — vanished. Then ask yourself:

“Do I understand the content that remains?”

If the answer is yes, it is decorative. If not, the image is informative and contextually necessary. Once you determine what kind of image you are working with, there are some basic accessibility guidelines to consider.

Image alt flow chart (Large preview)

Decorative Images

If you decide your image is decorative, then programmatically the image needs to be hidden. One way to do this is to use an empty/null alternative text attribute. This sends a signal to the AT devices to ignore this image as it is not needed to understand the content or action on the page. There are many ways to hide alternative text including using an empty/null alt (e.g. <img alt="">), using ARIA (e.g. <img aria-role="presentation">, <img aria-role="none">, or <img aria-hidden="true">), or by implementing the image as a CSS background.

Note: An empty/null alternative text attribute is not the same as a missing alternative text attribute. If the alternative text attribute is missing, the AT device might read out the file name or surrounding content in an attempt to give the user more information about the image. While aria-hidden="true" is an option to hide images, be cautious where you apply it as it will remove the entire element from the accessibility API.

In the example below, we see a giant letter “S” and a drawing of a black cat with green eyes used to make the drop cap look a bit more fun on a Smashing Magazine article.

Article screenshot with S drop cap and cat illustration (Large preview)

When we remove the drop cap illustration, what changes? Certainly, there are visual differences, but no information is lost.

Article screenshot without a drop cap or illustration (Large preview)

<div class="drop-caps" aria-hidden="true"> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/s.svg" alt=""> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/character-12.svg" alt=""> </div>

In this drop cap example, both aria-hidden="true" and an empty/null alt <img alt=""> were used to hide the images from assistive technology devices. While this kind of redundancy is not necessary to make it accessible — it is also not harmful in this particular situation since the drop caps <div> does not contain any additional information we would need to expose to an AT user. Just remember: when it comes to accessible code, more is not always better.

Beyond programmatically hiding your image — there is not much more you need to consider when it comes to decorative images. If you are saying “But wait, what about X?” or “How about Y?” then you might need to go back to the image decision tree tools and re-evaluate your image — it might not be 100% decorative after all. One of the most difficult types of images to categorize tends to be the “emotional/mood” based images since this subtype is a bit subjective. What one person considers decorative another person might consider informative, so use your best judgment.

Informative Images

If you decide your image is informative, there are a lot more things to consider. For AT devices to understand the message or intent of an image, informative images must have programmatically-discernible alternative text. Typically, this is accomplished using the alt="[some description]" method, but there are many alternative ways to add image information depending on its subtype, type of image, and context (e.g. complex vs simple, SVG vs img). But having alternate text is not enough — it must also be meaningful. For example, if your image is about feeling safe at home, but your alternative information says “house” — does that convey the full message?

An example of an informative image is the following Smashing Magazine logo. If we ask the same question as before (does the context or content change if this image is missing?), then the answer is “yes.” In this example, the logo is both informative and actionable since it is both an image and a link. We can see from the code snippet that <a title="Back to the homepage"> is the link title and the image alternative text is <img alt="Smashing Magazine">. When we fire up an AT device — like a screen reader — we should hear both pieces of information conveyed.

Smashing Magazine logo (Large preview)

<div class="logo"> <a href="/" title="Back to the homepage"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1350px)" srcset=".../images/logo-full.svg"> <img src=".../images/logo/logo.svg" alt="Smashing Magazine"> </picture> </a> </div>

Hearing both the phrase “back to the homepage” and “Smashing Magazine” in one feature is OK since each phrase is unique and connected to a different purpose.

For more complex alternative text phrases, conduct the telephone test. For example, if you called up a friend and said “purple slug” and hung up the phone your friend would probably be confused, but also might think of a purple slug — but in what context? If you called a friend and said “the purple slug is eating my hydrangeas,” that would paint a more vivid picture — without adding a lot of additional characters or effort.

Of course, an AT user will have to listen to your alternative text, so don’t go overboard. That is why it is suggested to cap your text at 150 characters. If you need to add more context to the image (e.g. complex image), there are other, more descriptive patterns or methods you can use to add more detail.

World Beyond Image Alts

Now that we covered image types and alternative text attribute basics, let’s look beyond and consider some additional image elements:

In each real-world PSA example, we will look at the image through the lens of a different type of disability — keeping in mind that simulators are tools and may not represent an individual’s true experience. Yet, by using such tools, we can begin to build empathy into our designs and really consider the different ways our images are being consumed.

Note: To be clear, the following examples are for illustrative and educational purposes only and not meant to call-out or otherwise pass judgment about the designs in question. Also, there may be multiple issues in one PSA, but we will just focus on one issue type per example. There will be a lot of opportunities for improvement in the area of digital communications when the dust settles on COVID-19 and accessibility is just one more area to consider reviewing.

Color And Contrast

The beating heart of design arguably is color, and if color is the heart of design, then contrast is the muscle. Without good color contrast levels in place elements like words, icons, and other graphical shapes are hard to discern and the design can quickly become inaccessible. But what happens when you perceive color and contrast differently than others — does the same message and intent come through? How can we reach people with color-sensing issues? Color blindness — is a real concern for accessibility-focused designers.

Who Color And Contrast Can Affect

It is estimated that 300 million people worldwide are color blind, and approximately 95% of those inflicted are male (1 in 12 men vs 1 in 200 women are color blind). There are many different variants of color blindness, with red/green color blindness being the most common, followed by blue/yellow, and total color blindness being the most rare.

Globally there are 246 million people with low vision. People with visual impairments such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal clouding, etc, may have issues with text contrast. People with partial sight and older adults also often experience limited color vision.

People using monochrome displays or in certain situations (e.g. low lighting in a room) might have trouble with contrast. People using text-only, limited-color stylesheets, or in certain situations (e.g. too much glare on a screen) might have trouble discerning colors, too.

PSA Color Review

In the first example, we are reviewing PSAs from the non-profit group called the Ad Council — one of the oldest and most prolific producers of such material in the US. The aim of these “higher risk assets” is to reach populations considered more susceptible to contracting and becoming seriously ill by the novel coronavirus (one of the groups that need this information the most).

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, we can see two types of color blindness simulated using the ChromeLens extension. ChromeLens is a Google Chrome extension that provides a suite of tools to help with web accessibility development and includes the Lens Vision Simulator, which transforms the colors on a website simulating what a colorblind person might see.

Simulated PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness):

PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) color filter applied (Large preview)

Simulated PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak):

PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak) color filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different color blindness simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Protanomaly simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Protanomaly simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

While these PSAs incorporate a variety of striking color choices and are visually appealing (when testing the text against the background in these images), many of the combinations do not pass the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) color contrast ratios. This is true even for the unedited versions of these designs, but when we apply the ChromeLens color blindness simulator for Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) Protanomaly (red-weak), the color contrast ratios get even worse (1.26:1 vs 1.07:1 and 1:15:1). To make these PSAs more accessible, we would want to bump up the contrast so people with color-related vision disorders could read the text.

PSA Contrast Review

Going back to the “higher-risk assets” from the Ad Council, we can see how the PSAs look like to people in two different low vision situations.

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, using the NoCoffee Vision Simulator tool, we can see how the PSAs might look to someone with low vision and cataracts.

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied:

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied (Large preview)

PSAs with simulated cataract filter applied:

PSAs with cataract filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different low vision simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

A lot of people blame color for their design accessibility issues, but these examples show that contrast plays a key role as well. Without changing the colors on these PSAs, but by changing the user perspective and blurring or obfuscating the text, we can see that the text on the images is more difficult to read — even though the contrast ratios didn’t change by much (1.33:1 vs 1.25:1 and 1.06:1). Similar to the color examples (to make these PSAs more accessible), we need to increase the contrast on these images so people with low vision and eye disorders could read the text.

Next Steps For Accessible Color And Contrast

Review the WCAG color contrast ratio guidelines and use tools like the Colour Contrast Analyser to check your designs. Your images with copy need a color contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for regular-sized text, and at least 3:1 for large-sized text (18pt and larger). The color contrast ratio of 3:1 also applies to essential icons. Try a tool like the A11y Color Palette where you can quickly review all the possible accessible color combinations and create a palette with accessibility in mind. Or use the accessibility features built-in into the palette generator Coolors.

Next, utilize solid color backgrounds (reading text on busy backgrounds, overlays, textures, or gradients is difficult in general), but especially when the text does not have enough contrast. By picking colors on the opposite ends of the color spectrum and avoiding red/green and blue/yellow combinations, you will increase the likelihood that your color and contrast ratios are robust. Use a tool like the ChromeLens extension to double-check the color contrast with color blindness in mind. Also, be careful with light shades of color — especially grays — they are difficult to see for people with low vision. Use tools like NoCoffee Vision Simulator to simulate low vision issues and see how your design holds up in these situations.

Going beyond color contrast ratios, it is also important to not use color alone to convey information. For example, “contact information can be seen in red” or “click the blue button to learn more.” The same is true for sensory characteristics such as shape, color, size, visual location, orientation, or sound — they cannot be used on their own. For example, if you said “Please click the link to the left of the image for more information,” an AT user could have difficulty finding the correct link.

Typography and Layout

In a perfect world, we would keep our text and images separated. This would allow users to manipulate the typography and layout in any way they would want: font size, letter spacing/kerning, justification, margins/padding, and more. But unfortunately, there are a lot of formats that this kind of separation is difficult or impossible, such as social media posts, emails, PDFs, and other fixed form media.

Who Typography And Layout Can Affect

Typography is especially important to the estimated 15–20% of the world’s population with dyslexia — a learning disorder in which certain letters, numbers, or combinations of letters can be confusing or seem to flip/move around.

People with low vision can have issues with tight letter spacing/kerning, morphing words like “barn” into “bam” or “modern” into “modem” while reading.

For people with attention-deficit disorders and reading or vision-based disabilities, a complex layout is a real barrier. These users have trouble keeping their place and following the flow of the content due to the lack of whitespace and clear linear pathways.

PSA Typography And Layout Review

Let’s first take a look at a PSA from California’s Long Beach Health and Human Services.

If we are looking at this PSA from an accessibility point of view, what typography and layout issues do you see? In what ways could we improve this image?

Original PSA:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Red hand-drawn linesIllustrating the multiple “rivers of space” created by the justified alignment.Blue dotted boxesOutlining six different layout changes.Pink numbersHighlighting the 14 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logo). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography.Green question marksWhat does this equation even mean? Cognitively this is a difficult thing to ascertain given the odd layout.Black lines and dotsExpected 12 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and typical equation flow (X + Y = Z).

Let’s look at another PSA and again evaluate the typography and layout from an accessibility point of view. This time, the image was created by the Health Department of Prince George County in Maryland.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Blue dotted boxesOutlining nine different layout changes.Green numbersHighlighting the 11 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography.Black lines and dotsExpected 10 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and numbering order (1 to 6) forming a zig-zag type eye movement.

So far we’ve seen some examples where there are a lot of typography changes and the layouts are complex. Now, let’s review a cleaner PSA. This one is from the Prevention Action Alliance out of Columbus, Ohio.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

Blue dotted boxesOutlining three different layout changes.Pink numbersHighlighting the four different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). In this case, only one font family was used, with variations only on size, color, and weight.Black lines and dotsExpected eight points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom).

The third PSA example is more consistent when it comes to typography and layout, and has more overall whitespace and a linear visual pathway compared to the first two examples.

Next Steps For Accessible Typography And Layout

Less is more when it comes to accessible typography, so limit the number of different font families and variations such as italic, bold, ALL CAPS, or other styling methods that may make the content difficult to read. The research is not conclusive about whether serif or sans-serif typefaces are easier to read, but if you choose font families that have clearly defined letter shapes it is more likely that the font will be accessible. Some common offenders to look out for when choosing an inclusive font include the “I” (ex. India), “l” (ex. lettuce), and “1” (ex. one). Likewise, characters like “b” and “d” and “q” and “p” can sometimes be mirrored (either left-right or up-down), and the letter “B” and the number “8” oftentimes look too similar.

In regards to layout, less is also more. Try and repeat patterns whenever possible and limit the width of any blocked section to 80 characters (or 40 characters for logograms). Likewise, avoid paragraph alignment which creates whitespace or “rivers of space” within the content (e.g. justified alignment). Line spacing (leading) is at least space-and-a-half within paragraphs, and paragraph spacing is at least 1.5 times larger than the line spacing. Incorporating all of these layout guidelines will help people with attention-deficit disorders, reading and vision-based disabilities focus more on the content.

Copy And Icons

Last but not least, let’s focus on the actual PSA message. Arguably, copy is the key element in informing the public on the latest COVID-19 updates and providing information about preventing the spread of the virus. But icons in this situation serve up more than just decoration; these elements visually repeat the same message as the copy. No pressure, but both copy and icons need to be spot-on to reach the widest array of people.

Who Copy and Icons Can Affect

People with attention-deficit disorders — estimated at 129 million people worldwide — can have issues focusing on copy that is too long, does not break items into lists, and lacks whitespace (think: line height, paragraph margins, etc).

For people with certain cognitive disabilities, it is difficult to understand figurative language or specialized usage like the phrases “it’s raining cats and dogs” or “that test was a piece of cake.”

People with cognitive, language, and learning disabilities may need visual icons, graphics, and symbols to understand the accompanying copy.

PSA Copy Review

For this example, let’s test the copy of two PSAs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for readability. Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. Readability of copy depends on both the content and presentation.

CDC created PSA — What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others:

CDC created PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

If we evaluate the main body copy using readability indicator tools like Readable and The Readability Test, we see that the “What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others” PSA has 388 words at an average reading grade level of 9 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease1 of 64.6. In addition to those metrics (for accessible copy), we also want to look at the number of complex words and their frequency — in this case, 35 and 9.02% respectively.

1 The Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease level is out of 100. The lower the number, the more difficult the copy is to read. For reference, a reading ease score of 60-70 is considered acceptable for basic web copy.



Test results for the PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

While the copy in the first image was adequate and falls in the suggested readability ranges for web-based copy, let’s compare it to another PSA created by the CDC on the same subject.

CDC created PSA — Stop the Spread of Germs:

CDC created PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

This PSA has a lot more imagery and a lot less text. If we again evaluate the main copy, we see that our copy now has a total of 90 words with an average grade of 6 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease of 83.6. The number of complex words is now down to 4 with a frequency of 4.44%.

Test results for the PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

Compared to the first PSA, the “Stop the Spread of Germs” PSA one has 298 fewer words and is easier to read by 3rd-grade levels. It has a reading ease level increase of 19 points, and is less complex. Based on these numbers, we can extrapolate that the second PSA is more inclusive than the first when looking at copy alone.

PSA Icon Review

But testing the readability of copy isn’t the only way to measure the effectiveness of a PSA when it comes to message accessibility. Another element we need to look at are the icons accompanying the copy. If we are presented only the icons, will the same message be received?

Let’s now look at a couple of examples. Based on the icons alone, what is the message that the image is trying to convey about riding your bicycle safely during COVID-19?

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation:

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

This is the unedited PSA. Were you able to figure out the full message? While you might have been able to guess correctly for a couple of icons, were there parts of the message you missed not having the copy?

OK, let’s take a look at another example. This next PSA comes from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Let’s do the same exercise as before: can you understand the message in this PSA (without the icon copy)?

Edited PSA:

Edited PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Now we can see the PSA with copy. Were you able to figure out the full message? While there may have been an icon or two that tripped you up, was it easier to decipher the icons on the second PSA versus the first? Hopefully, this quick exercise helped you understand the critical role icons play in the message.

Next Steps for Accessible Copy and Icons

Be clear and concise. The unofficial rule of thumb is to write for a 9th-grade reading level. This level is based on the assumption that most people reach the 12th-grade reading level, but in times of peak stress, they might not be reading at their highest level. Try and use plain language and avoid technical jargon, fancy words, colloquialisms, and expressions. Likewise, make sure any acronyms, abbreviations, or unusual words are explained in more detail or linked out to additional resources. Tools like Readable and The Readability Test can help you determine the reading level of your copy, while tools like Hemingway Editor or Grammarly can suggest edits to make your copy more inclusive.

Use icons, graphics, and symbols to supplement copy whenever possible. Adding imagery allows you to break down some language and cognitive barriers and not rely on your typography to carry all the weight. Just be sure to choose icons that are common or don’t require a lot of thought.

Wrapping Up

Creating accessible images involves a lot more than just adding alt text. It is important to consider how all image elements — color, contrast, typography, layout, copy, and icons — affect your users as well. By taking a bit more time and building these accessibility principles into your images you will undoubtedly reach more people — on their terms. In uncertain times like these, we need to be sure we are addressing all the ways we can improve our images to be more inclusive in our messaging.

(ra, yk, il)

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source http://www.scpie.org/accessible-images-for-when-they-matter-most/ source https://scpie1.blogspot.com/2020/05/accessible-images-for-when-they-matter.html

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Accessible Images For When They Matter Most

About The Author

Carie Fisher is a digital accessibility developer and trainer who is passionate about inclusive front-end code and promoting diversity in tech. More about Carie …

Creating accessible images seems like a simple topic at first glance — you just need to add alt text to an image, right? But the topic is much more nuanced than some people think. In this article, we will review the different types of images, dive into some real-world examples of inaccessible public service announcements (PSAs), and discuss which elements matter most when critical messages need to reach everyone.

When it comes to informing the public about critical health issues, timing is everything. The information you consume today could save your life tomorrow. And with more than 65% of the population being visual learners — meaning they learn and remember best through visual communication — the job of creating and sharing accessible images has never been more important. This is especially true for public service announcements (PSAs) aimed at providing crucial and urgent information to the public.

But what happens when your users have visual impairments? Or dyslexia? Or cognitive disorders? How do they receive and understand this visual information? What elements make an image accessible or inaccessible?

Image Types And Alts

Before we dissect an image and examine each element that can make or break its accessibility, we first need to take a step back and think about the purpose of the image. Is it to inform a user? Elicit an emotion? Is the image acting as a link? Or is it purely eye-candy?

There are a number of questions that can help you determine how best to convey the image information to a person using an assistive technology (AT) device, like a screen reader.

“What type of message is the image trying to convey?”

“Is the message simple, complex, emotional, or actionable?”

Using a tool such as an online image decision tree or the simplified chart shown below can help you decide which category your image belongs to. Or just imagine your image has — poof! — vanished. Then ask yourself:

“Do I understand the content that remains?”

If the answer is yes, it is decorative. If not, the image is informative and contextually necessary. Once you determine what kind of image you are working with, there are some basic accessibility guidelines to consider.

Image alt flow chart (Large preview)

Decorative Images

If you decide your image is decorative, then programmatically the image needs to be hidden. One way to do this is to use an empty/null alternative text attribute. This sends a signal to the AT devices to ignore this image as it is not needed to understand the content or action on the page. There are many ways to hide alternative text including using an empty/null alt (e.g. <img alt="">), using ARIA (e.g. <img aria-role="presentation">, <img aria-role="none">, or <img aria-hidden="true">), or by implementing the image as a CSS background.

Note: An empty/null alternative text attribute is not the same as a missing alternative text attribute. If the alternative text attribute is missing, the AT device might read out the file name or surrounding content in an attempt to give the user more information about the image. While aria-hidden="true" is an option to hide images, be cautious where you apply it as it will remove the entire element from the accessibility API.

In the example below, we see a giant letter “S” and a drawing of a black cat with green eyes used to make the drop cap look a bit more fun on a Smashing Magazine article.

Article screenshot with S drop cap and cat illustration (Large preview)

When we remove the drop cap illustration, what changes? Certainly, there are visual differences, but no information is lost.

Article screenshot without a drop cap or illustration (Large preview)

<div class="drop-caps" aria-hidden="true"> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/s.svg" alt=""> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/character-12.svg" alt=""> </div>

In this drop cap example, both aria-hidden="true" and an empty/null alt <img alt=""> were used to hide the images from assistive technology devices. While this kind of redundancy is not necessary to make it accessible — it is also not harmful in this particular situation since the drop caps <div> does not contain any additional information we would need to expose to an AT user. Just remember: when it comes to accessible code, more is not always better.

Beyond programmatically hiding your image — there is not much more you need to consider when it comes to decorative images. If you are saying “But wait, what about X?” or “How about Y?” then you might need to go back to the image decision tree tools and re-evaluate your image — it might not be 100% decorative after all. One of the most difficult types of images to categorize tends to be the “emotional/mood” based images since this subtype is a bit subjective. What one person considers decorative another person might consider informative, so use your best judgment.

Informative Images

If you decide your image is informative, there are a lot more things to consider. For AT devices to understand the message or intent of an image, informative images must have programmatically-discernible alternative text. Typically, this is accomplished using the alt="[some description]" method, but there are many alternative ways to add image information depending on its subtype, type of image, and context (e.g. complex vs simple, SVG vs img). But having alternate text is not enough — it must also be meaningful. For example, if your image is about feeling safe at home, but your alternative information says “house” — does that convey the full message?

An example of an informative image is the following Smashing Magazine logo. If we ask the same question as before (does the context or content change if this image is missing?), then the answer is “yes.” In this example, the logo is both informative and actionable since it is both an image and a link. We can see from the code snippet that <a title="Back to the homepage"> is the link title and the image alternative text is <img alt="Smashing Magazine">. When we fire up an AT device — like a screen reader — we should hear both pieces of information conveyed.

Smashing Magazine logo (Large preview)

<div class="logo"> <a href="/" title="Back to the homepage"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1350px)" srcset=".../images/logo-full.svg"> <img src=".../images/logo/logo.svg" alt="Smashing Magazine"> </picture> </a> </div>

Hearing both the phrase “back to the homepage” and “Smashing Magazine” in one feature is OK since each phrase is unique and connected to a different purpose.

For more complex alternative text phrases, conduct the telephone test. For example, if you called up a friend and said “purple slug” and hung up the phone your friend would probably be confused, but also might think of a purple slug — but in what context? If you called a friend and said “the purple slug is eating my hydrangeas,” that would paint a more vivid picture — without adding a lot of additional characters or effort.

Of course, an AT user will have to listen to your alternative text, so don’t go overboard. That is why it is suggested to cap your text at 150 characters. If you need to add more context to the image (e.g. complex image), there are other, more descriptive patterns or methods you can use to add more detail.

World Beyond Image Alts

Now that we covered image types and alternative text attribute basics, let’s look beyond and consider some additional image elements:

In each real-world PSA example, we will look at the image through the lens of a different type of disability — keeping in mind that simulators are tools and may not represent an individual’s true experience. Yet, by using such tools, we can begin to build empathy into our designs and really consider the different ways our images are being consumed.

Note: To be clear, the following examples are for illustrative and educational purposes only and not meant to call-out or otherwise pass judgment about the designs in question. Also, there may be multiple issues in one PSA, but we will just focus on one issue type per example. There will be a lot of opportunities for improvement in the area of digital communications when the dust settles on COVID-19 and accessibility is just one more area to consider reviewing.

Color And Contrast

The beating heart of design arguably is color, and if color is the heart of design, then contrast is the muscle. Without good color contrast levels in place elements like words, icons, and other graphical shapes are hard to discern and the design can quickly become inaccessible. But what happens when you perceive color and contrast differently than others — does the same message and intent come through? How can we reach people with color-sensing issues? Color blindness — is a real concern for accessibility-focused designers.

Who Color And Contrast Can Affect

It is estimated that 300 million people worldwide are color blind, and approximately 95% of those inflicted are male (1 in 12 men vs 1 in 200 women are color blind). There are many different variants of color blindness, with red/green color blindness being the most common, followed by blue/yellow, and total color blindness being the most rare.

Globally there are 246 million people with low vision. People with visual impairments such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal clouding, etc, may have issues with text contrast. People with partial sight and older adults also often experience limited color vision.

People using monochrome displays or in certain situations (e.g. low lighting in a room) might have trouble with contrast. People using text-only, limited-color stylesheets, or in certain situations (e.g. too much glare on a screen) might have trouble discerning colors, too.

PSA Color Review

In the first example, we are reviewing PSAs from the non-profit group called the Ad Council — one of the oldest and most prolific producers of such material in the US. The aim of these “higher risk assets” is to reach populations considered more susceptible to contracting and becoming seriously ill by the novel coronavirus (one of the groups that need this information the most).

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, we can see two types of color blindness simulated using the ChromeLens extension. ChromeLens is a Google Chrome extension that provides a suite of tools to help with web accessibility development and includes the Lens Vision Simulator, which transforms the colors on a website simulating what a colorblind person might see.

Simulated PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness):

PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) color filter applied (Large preview)

Simulated PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak):

PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak) color filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different color blindness simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Protanomaly simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Protanomaly simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

While these PSAs incorporate a variety of striking color choices and are visually appealing (when testing the text against the background in these images), many of the combinations do not pass the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) color contrast ratios. This is true even for the unedited versions of these designs, but when we apply the ChromeLens color blindness simulator for Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) Protanomaly (red-weak), the color contrast ratios get even worse (1.26:1 vs 1.07:1 and 1:15:1). To make these PSAs more accessible, we would want to bump up the contrast so people with color-related vision disorders could read the text.

PSA Contrast Review

Going back to the “higher-risk assets” from the Ad Council, we can see how the PSAs look like to people in two different low vision situations.

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, using the NoCoffee Vision Simulator tool, we can see how the PSAs might look to someone with low vision and cataracts.

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied:

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied (Large preview)

PSAs with simulated cataract filter applied:

PSAs with cataract filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different low vision simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

A lot of people blame color for their design accessibility issues, but these examples show that contrast plays a key role as well. Without changing the colors on these PSAs, but by changing the user perspective and blurring or obfuscating the text, we can see that the text on the images is more difficult to read — even though the contrast ratios didn’t change by much (1.33:1 vs 1.25:1 and 1.06:1). Similar to the color examples (to make these PSAs more accessible), we need to increase the contrast on these images so people with low vision and eye disorders could read the text.

Next Steps For Accessible Color And Contrast

Review the WCAG color contrast ratio guidelines and use tools like the Colour Contrast Analyser to check your designs. Your images with copy need a color contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for regular-sized text, and at least 3:1 for large-sized text (18pt and larger). The color contrast ratio of 3:1 also applies to essential icons. Try a tool like the A11y Color Palette where you can quickly review all the possible accessible color combinations and create a palette with accessibility in mind. Or use the accessibility features built-in into the palette generator Coolors.

Next, utilize solid color backgrounds (reading text on busy backgrounds, overlays, textures, or gradients is difficult in general), but especially when the text does not have enough contrast. By picking colors on the opposite ends of the color spectrum and avoiding red/green and blue/yellow combinations, you will increase the likelihood that your color and contrast ratios are robust. Use a tool like the ChromeLens extension to double-check the color contrast with color blindness in mind. Also, be careful with light shades of color — especially grays — they are difficult to see for people with low vision. Use tools like NoCoffee Vision Simulator to simulate low vision issues and see how your design holds up in these situations.

Going beyond color contrast ratios, it is also important to not use color alone to convey information. For example, “contact information can be seen in red” or “click the blue button to learn more.” The same is true for sensory characteristics such as shape, color, size, visual location, orientation, or sound — they cannot be used on their own. For example, if you said “Please click the link to the left of the image for more information,” an AT user could have difficulty finding the correct link.

Typography and Layout

In a perfect world, we would keep our text and images separated. This would allow users to manipulate the typography and layout in any way they would want: font size, letter spacing/kerning, justification, margins/padding, and more. But unfortunately, there are a lot of formats that this kind of separation is difficult or impossible, such as social media posts, emails, PDFs, and other fixed form media.

Who Typography And Layout Can Affect

Typography is especially important to the estimated 15–20% of the world’s population with dyslexia — a learning disorder in which certain letters, numbers, or combinations of letters can be confusing or seem to flip/move around.

People with low vision can have issues with tight letter spacing/kerning, morphing words like “barn” into “bam” or “modern” into “modem” while reading.

For people with attention-deficit disorders and reading or vision-based disabilities, a complex layout is a real barrier. These users have trouble keeping their place and following the flow of the content due to the lack of whitespace and clear linear pathways.

PSA Typography And Layout Review

Let’s first take a look at a PSA from California’s Long Beach Health and Human Services.

If we are looking at this PSA from an accessibility point of view, what typography and layout issues do you see? In what ways could we improve this image?

Original PSA:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Red hand-drawn lines Illustrating the multiple “rivers of space” created by the justified alignment. Blue dotted boxes Outlining six different layout changes. Pink numbers Highlighting the 14 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logo). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography. Green question marks What does this equation even mean? Cognitively this is a difficult thing to ascertain given the odd layout. Black lines and dots Expected 12 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and typical equation flow (X + Y = Z).

Let’s look at another PSA and again evaluate the typography and layout from an accessibility point of view. This time, the image was created by the Health Department of Prince George County in Maryland.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Blue dotted boxes Outlining nine different layout changes. Green numbers Highlighting the 11 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography. Black lines and dots Expected 10 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and numbering order (1 to 6) forming a zig-zag type eye movement.

So far we’ve seen some examples where there are a lot of typography changes and the layouts are complex. Now, let’s review a cleaner PSA. This one is from the Prevention Action Alliance out of Columbus, Ohio.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

Blue dotted boxes Outlining three different layout changes. Pink numbers Highlighting the four different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). In this case, only one font family was used, with variations only on size, color, and weight. Black lines and dots Expected eight points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom).

The third PSA example is more consistent when it comes to typography and layout, and has more overall whitespace and a linear visual pathway compared to the first two examples.

Next Steps For Accessible Typography And Layout

Less is more when it comes to accessible typography, so limit the number of different font families and variations such as italic, bold, ALL CAPS, or other styling methods that may make the content difficult to read. The research is not conclusive about whether serif or sans-serif typefaces are easier to read, but if you choose font families that have clearly defined letter shapes it is more likely that the font will be accessible. Some common offenders to look out for when choosing an inclusive font include the “I” (ex. India), “l” (ex. lettuce), and “1” (ex. one). Likewise, characters like “b” and “d” and “q” and “p” can sometimes be mirrored (either left-right or up-down), and the letter “B” and the number “8” oftentimes look too similar.

In regards to layout, less is also more. Try and repeat patterns whenever possible and limit the width of any blocked section to 80 characters (or 40 characters for logograms). Likewise, avoid paragraph alignment which creates whitespace or “rivers of space” within the content (e.g. justified alignment). Line spacing (leading) is at least space-and-a-half within paragraphs, and paragraph spacing is at least 1.5 times larger than the line spacing. Incorporating all of these layout guidelines will help people with attention-deficit disorders, reading and vision-based disabilities focus more on the content.

Copy And Icons

Last but not least, let’s focus on the actual PSA message. Arguably, copy is the key element in informing the public on the latest COVID-19 updates and providing information about preventing the spread of the virus. But icons in this situation serve up more than just decoration; these elements visually repeat the same message as the copy. No pressure, but both copy and icons need to be spot-on to reach the widest array of people.

Who Copy and Icons Can Affect

People with attention-deficit disorders — estimated at 129 million people worldwide — can have issues focusing on copy that is too long, does not break items into lists, and lacks whitespace (think: line height, paragraph margins, etc).

For people with certain cognitive disabilities, it is difficult to understand figurative language or specialized usage like the phrases “it’s raining cats and dogs” or “that test was a piece of cake.”

People with cognitive, language, and learning disabilities may need visual icons, graphics, and symbols to understand the accompanying copy.

PSA Copy Review

For this example, let’s test the copy of two PSAs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for readability. Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. Readability of copy depends on both the content and presentation.

CDC created PSA — What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others:

CDC created PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

If we evaluate the main body copy using readability indicator tools like Readable and The Readability Test, we see that the “What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others” PSA has 388 words at an average reading grade level of 9 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease1 of 64.6. In addition to those metrics (for accessible copy), we also want to look at the number of complex words and their frequency — in this case, 35 and 9.02% respectively.

1 The Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease level is out of 100. The lower the number, the more difficult the copy is to read. For reference, a reading ease score of 60-70 is considered acceptable for basic web copy.



Test results for the PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

While the copy in the first image was adequate and falls in the suggested readability ranges for web-based copy, let’s compare it to another PSA created by the CDC on the same subject.

CDC created PSA — Stop the Spread of Germs:

CDC created PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

This PSA has a lot more imagery and a lot less text. If we again evaluate the main copy, we see that our copy now has a total of 90 words with an average grade of 6 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease of 83.6. The number of complex words is now down to 4 with a frequency of 4.44%.

Test results for the PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

Compared to the first PSA, the “Stop the Spread of Germs” PSA one has 298 fewer words and is easier to read by 3rd-grade levels. It has a reading ease level increase of 19 points, and is less complex. Based on these numbers, we can extrapolate that the second PSA is more inclusive than the first when looking at copy alone.

PSA Icon Review

But testing the readability of copy isn’t the only way to measure the effectiveness of a PSA when it comes to message accessibility. Another element we need to look at are the icons accompanying the copy. If we are presented only the icons, will the same message be received?

Let’s now look at a couple of examples. Based on the icons alone, what is the message that the image is trying to convey about riding your bicycle safely during COVID-19?

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation:

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

This is the unedited PSA. Were you able to figure out the full message? While you might have been able to guess correctly for a couple of icons, were there parts of the message you missed not having the copy?

OK, let’s take a look at another example. This next PSA comes from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Let’s do the same exercise as before: can you understand the message in this PSA (without the icon copy)?

Edited PSA:

Edited PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Now we can see the PSA with copy. Were you able to figure out the full message? While there may have been an icon or two that tripped you up, was it easier to decipher the icons on the second PSA versus the first? Hopefully, this quick exercise helped you understand the critical role icons play in the message.

Next Steps for Accessible Copy and Icons

Be clear and concise. The unofficial rule of thumb is to write for a 9th-grade reading level. This level is based on the assumption that most people reach the 12th-grade reading level, but in times of peak stress, they might not be reading at their highest level. Try and use plain language and avoid technical jargon, fancy words, colloquialisms, and expressions. Likewise, make sure any acronyms, abbreviations, or unusual words are explained in more detail or linked out to additional resources. Tools like Readable and The Readability Test can help you determine the reading level of your copy, while tools like Hemingway Editor or Grammarly can suggest edits to make your copy more inclusive.

Use icons, graphics, and symbols to supplement copy whenever possible. Adding imagery allows you to break down some language and cognitive barriers and not rely on your typography to carry all the weight. Just be sure to choose icons that are common or don’t require a lot of thought.

Wrapping Up

Creating accessible images involves a lot more than just adding alt text. It is important to consider how all image elements — color, contrast, typography, layout, copy, and icons — affect your users as well. By taking a bit more time and building these accessibility principles into your images you will undoubtedly reach more people — on their terms. In uncertain times like these, we need to be sure we are addressing all the ways we can improve our images to be more inclusive in our messaging.

(ra, yk, il)

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source http://www.scpie.org/accessible-images-for-when-they-matter-most/ source https://scpie.tumblr.com/post/618280989080338432

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Accessible Images For When They Matter Most

About The Author

Carie Fisher is a digital accessibility developer and trainer who is passionate about inclusive front-end code and promoting diversity in tech. More about Carie …

Creating accessible images seems like a simple topic at first glance — you just need to add alt text to an image, right? But the topic is much more nuanced than some people think. In this article, we will review the different types of images, dive into some real-world examples of inaccessible public service announcements (PSAs), and discuss which elements matter most when critical messages need to reach everyone.

When it comes to informing the public about critical health issues, timing is everything. The information you consume today could save your life tomorrow. And with more than 65% of the population being visual learners — meaning they learn and remember best through visual communication — the job of creating and sharing accessible images has never been more important. This is especially true for public service announcements (PSAs) aimed at providing crucial and urgent information to the public.

But what happens when your users have visual impairments? Or dyslexia? Or cognitive disorders? How do they receive and understand this visual information? What elements make an image accessible or inaccessible?

Image Types And Alts

Before we dissect an image and examine each element that can make or break its accessibility, we first need to take a step back and think about the purpose of the image. Is it to inform a user? Elicit an emotion? Is the image acting as a link? Or is it purely eye-candy?

There are a number of questions that can help you determine how best to convey the image information to a person using an assistive technology (AT) device, like a screen reader.

“What type of message is the image trying to convey?”

“Is the message simple, complex, emotional, or actionable?”

Using a tool such as an online image decision tree or the simplified chart shown below can help you decide which category your image belongs to. Or just imagine your image has — poof! — vanished. Then ask yourself:

“Do I understand the content that remains?”

If the answer is yes, it is decorative. If not, the image is informative and contextually necessary. Once you determine what kind of image you are working with, there are some basic accessibility guidelines to consider.

Image alt flow chart (Large preview)

Decorative Images

If you decide your image is decorative, then programmatically the image needs to be hidden. One way to do this is to use an empty/null alternative text attribute. This sends a signal to the AT devices to ignore this image as it is not needed to understand the content or action on the page. There are many ways to hide alternative text including using an empty/null alt (e.g. <img alt="">), using ARIA (e.g. <img aria-role="presentation">, <img aria-role="none">, or <img aria-hidden="true">), or by implementing the image as a CSS background.

Note: An empty/null alternative text attribute is not the same as a missing alternative text attribute. If the alternative text attribute is missing, the AT device might read out the file name or surrounding content in an attempt to give the user more information about the image. While aria-hidden="true" is an option to hide images, be cautious where you apply it as it will remove the entire element from the accessibility API.

In the example below, we see a giant letter “S” and a drawing of a black cat with green eyes used to make the drop cap look a bit more fun on a Smashing Magazine article.

Article screenshot with S drop cap and cat illustration (Large preview)

When we remove the drop cap illustration, what changes? Certainly, there are visual differences, but no information is lost.

Article screenshot without a drop cap or illustration (Large preview)

<div class="drop-caps" aria-hidden="true"> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/s.svg" alt=""> <img src=".../images/drop-caps/character-12.svg" alt=""> </div>

In this drop cap example, both aria-hidden="true" and an empty/null alt <img alt=""> were used to hide the images from assistive technology devices. While this kind of redundancy is not necessary to make it accessible — it is also not harmful in this particular situation since the drop caps <div> does not contain any additional information we would need to expose to an AT user. Just remember: when it comes to accessible code, more is not always better.

Beyond programmatically hiding your image — there is not much more you need to consider when it comes to decorative images. If you are saying “But wait, what about X?” or “How about Y?” then you might need to go back to the image decision tree tools and re-evaluate your image — it might not be 100% decorative after all. One of the most difficult types of images to categorize tends to be the “emotional/mood” based images since this subtype is a bit subjective. What one person considers decorative another person might consider informative, so use your best judgment.

Informative Images

If you decide your image is informative, there are a lot more things to consider. For AT devices to understand the message or intent of an image, informative images must have programmatically-discernible alternative text. Typically, this is accomplished using the alt="[some description]" method, but there are many alternative ways to add image information depending on its subtype, type of image, and context (e.g. complex vs simple, SVG vs img). But having alternate text is not enough — it must also be meaningful. For example, if your image is about feeling safe at home, but your alternative information says “house” — does that convey the full message?

An example of an informative image is the following Smashing Magazine logo. If we ask the same question as before (does the context or content change if this image is missing?), then the answer is “yes.” In this example, the logo is both informative and actionable since it is both an image and a link. We can see from the code snippet that <a title="Back to the homepage"> is the link title and the image alternative text is <img alt="Smashing Magazine">. When we fire up an AT device — like a screen reader — we should hear both pieces of information conveyed.

Smashing Magazine logo (Large preview)

<div class="logo"> <a href="/" title="Back to the homepage"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1350px)" srcset=".../images/logo-full.svg"> <img src=".../images/logo/logo.svg" alt="Smashing Magazine"> </picture> </a> </div>

Hearing both the phrase “back to the homepage” and “Smashing Magazine” in one feature is OK since each phrase is unique and connected to a different purpose.

For more complex alternative text phrases, conduct the telephone test. For example, if you called up a friend and said “purple slug” and hung up the phone your friend would probably be confused, but also might think of a purple slug — but in what context? If you called a friend and said “the purple slug is eating my hydrangeas,” that would paint a more vivid picture — without adding a lot of additional characters or effort.

Of course, an AT user will have to listen to your alternative text, so don’t go overboard. That is why it is suggested to cap your text at 150 characters. If you need to add more context to the image (e.g. complex image), there are other, more descriptive patterns or methods you can use to add more detail.

World Beyond Image Alts

Now that we covered image types and alternative text attribute basics, let’s look beyond and consider some additional image elements:

In each real-world PSA example, we will look at the image through the lens of a different type of disability — keeping in mind that simulators are tools and may not represent an individual’s true experience. Yet, by using such tools, we can begin to build empathy into our designs and really consider the different ways our images are being consumed.

Note: To be clear, the following examples are for illustrative and educational purposes only and not meant to call-out or otherwise pass judgment about the designs in question. Also, there may be multiple issues in one PSA, but we will just focus on one issue type per example. There will be a lot of opportunities for improvement in the area of digital communications when the dust settles on COVID-19 and accessibility is just one more area to consider reviewing.

Color And Contrast

The beating heart of design arguably is color, and if color is the heart of design, then contrast is the muscle. Without good color contrast levels in place elements like words, icons, and other graphical shapes are hard to discern and the design can quickly become inaccessible. But what happens when you perceive color and contrast differently than others — does the same message and intent come through? How can we reach people with color-sensing issues? Color blindness — is a real concern for accessibility-focused designers.

Who Color And Contrast Can Affect

It is estimated that 300 million people worldwide are color blind, and approximately 95% of those inflicted are male (1 in 12 men vs 1 in 200 women are color blind). There are many different variants of color blindness, with red/green color blindness being the most common, followed by blue/yellow, and total color blindness being the most rare.

Globally there are 246 million people with low vision. People with visual impairments such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal clouding, etc, may have issues with text contrast. People with partial sight and older adults also often experience limited color vision.

People using monochrome displays or in certain situations (e.g. low lighting in a room) might have trouble with contrast. People using text-only, limited-color stylesheets, or in certain situations (e.g. too much glare on a screen) might have trouble discerning colors, too.

PSA Color Review

In the first example, we are reviewing PSAs from the non-profit group called the Ad Council — one of the oldest and most prolific producers of such material in the US. The aim of these “higher risk assets” is to reach populations considered more susceptible to contracting and becoming seriously ill by the novel coronavirus (one of the groups that need this information the most).

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, we can see two types of color blindness simulated using the ChromeLens extension. ChromeLens is a Google Chrome extension that provides a suite of tools to help with web accessibility development and includes the Lens Vision Simulator, which transforms the colors on a website simulating what a colorblind person might see.

Simulated PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness):

PSA with Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) color filter applied (Large preview)

Simulated PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak):

PSAs with Protanomaly (red-weak) color filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different color blindness simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.26:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Deuteranopia simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.07:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

Protanomaly simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background:

Protanomaly simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1:15:1 with the text “Have” against the background (Large preview)

While these PSAs incorporate a variety of striking color choices and are visually appealing (when testing the text against the background in these images), many of the combinations do not pass the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) color contrast ratios. This is true even for the unedited versions of these designs, but when we apply the ChromeLens color blindness simulator for Deuteranopia (red/green-blindness) Protanomaly (red-weak), the color contrast ratios get even worse (1.26:1 vs 1.07:1 and 1:15:1). To make these PSAs more accessible, we would want to bump up the contrast so people with color-related vision disorders could read the text.

PSA Contrast Review

Going back to the “higher-risk assets” from the Ad Council, we can see how the PSAs look like to people in two different low vision situations.

First, we see the unedited version of the PSAs:

Original CDC + Ad Council PSAs on COVID-19 (Large preview)

Next, using the NoCoffee Vision Simulator tool, we can see how the PSAs might look to someone with low vision and cataracts.

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied:

PSAs with simulated low vision filter applied (Large preview)

PSAs with simulated cataract filter applied:

PSAs with cataract filter applied (Large preview)

Below is a breakdown of some color contrast ratios found on the PSAs between the different low vision simulators.

Original PSA — color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

Original PSA – color contrast ratio of 1.33:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with low vision simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.25:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied — color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background:

PSA with cataract simulation filter applied – color contrast ratio of 1.06:1 with the word “Undergoing” against the background (Large preview)

A lot of people blame color for their design accessibility issues, but these examples show that contrast plays a key role as well. Without changing the colors on these PSAs, but by changing the user perspective and blurring or obfuscating the text, we can see that the text on the images is more difficult to read — even though the contrast ratios didn’t change by much (1.33:1 vs 1.25:1 and 1.06:1). Similar to the color examples (to make these PSAs more accessible), we need to increase the contrast on these images so people with low vision and eye disorders could read the text.

Next Steps For Accessible Color And Contrast

Review the WCAG color contrast ratio guidelines and use tools like the Colour Contrast Analyser to check your designs. Your images with copy need a color contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for regular-sized text, and at least 3:1 for large-sized text (18pt and larger). The color contrast ratio of 3:1 also applies to essential icons. Try a tool like the A11y Color Palette where you can quickly review all the possible accessible color combinations and create a palette with accessibility in mind. Or use the accessibility features built-in into the palette generator Coolors.

Next, utilize solid color backgrounds (reading text on busy backgrounds, overlays, textures, or gradients is difficult in general), but especially when the text does not have enough contrast. By picking colors on the opposite ends of the color spectrum and avoiding red/green and blue/yellow combinations, you will increase the likelihood that your color and contrast ratios are robust. Use a tool like the ChromeLens extension to double-check the color contrast with color blindness in mind. Also, be careful with light shades of color — especially grays — they are difficult to see for people with low vision. Use tools like NoCoffee Vision Simulator to simulate low vision issues and see how your design holds up in these situations.

Going beyond color contrast ratios, it is also important to not use color alone to convey information. For example, “contact information can be seen in red” or “click the blue button to learn more.” The same is true for sensory characteristics such as shape, color, size, visual location, orientation, or sound — they cannot be used on their own. For example, if you said “Please click the link to the left of the image for more information,” an AT user could have difficulty finding the correct link.

Typography and Layout

In a perfect world, we would keep our text and images separated. This would allow users to manipulate the typography and layout in any way they would want: font size, letter spacing/kerning, justification, margins/padding, and more. But unfortunately, there are a lot of formats that this kind of separation is difficult or impossible, such as social media posts, emails, PDFs, and other fixed form media.

Who Typography And Layout Can Affect

Typography is especially important to the estimated 15–20% of the world’s population with dyslexia — a learning disorder in which certain letters, numbers, or combinations of letters can be confusing or seem to flip/move around.

People with low vision can have issues with tight letter spacing/kerning, morphing words like “barn” into “bam” or “modern” into “modem” while reading.

For people with attention-deficit disorders and reading or vision-based disabilities, a complex layout is a real barrier. These users have trouble keeping their place and following the flow of the content due to the lack of whitespace and clear linear pathways.

PSA Typography And Layout Review

Let’s first take a look at a PSA from California’s Long Beach Health and Human Services.

If we are looking at this PSA from an accessibility point of view, what typography and layout issues do you see? In what ways could we improve this image?

Original PSA:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from Long Beach Health and Human Services marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Red hand-drawn lines Illustrating the multiple “rivers of space” created by the justified alignment. Blue dotted boxes Outlining six different layout changes. Pink numbers Highlighting the 14 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logo). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography. Green question marks What does this equation even mean? Cognitively this is a difficult thing to ascertain given the odd layout. Black lines and dots Expected 12 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and typical equation flow (X + Y = Z).

Let’s look at another PSA and again evaluate the typography and layout from an accessibility point of view. This time, the image was created by the Health Department of Prince George County in Maryland.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Health Department of Prince George County marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

If we focus on the typography and layout the following elements stand out:

Blue dotted boxes Outlining nine different layout changes. Green numbers Highlighting the 11 different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). Some changes are more obvious like font family or color changes, some are more subtle like alignment, size, or weight changes in the typography. Black lines and dots Expected 10 points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom, left to right) and numbering order (1 to 6) forming a zig-zag type eye movement.

So far we’ve seen some examples where there are a lot of typography changes and the layouts are complex. Now, let’s review a cleaner PSA. This one is from the Prevention Action Alliance out of Columbus, Ohio.

Original PSA:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance (Large preview)

Unedited PSA with mark-up and notes:

PSA from the Prevention Action Alliance marked up with accessibility design notes (Large preview)

Blue dotted boxes Outlining three different layout changes. Pink numbers Highlighting the four different typography treatments discovered (ignoring the logos). In this case, only one font family was used, with variations only on size, color, and weight. Black lines and dots Expected eight points of visual interest in an UX eye-tracking test based on the order of the content blocks (top to bottom).

The third PSA example is more consistent when it comes to typography and layout, and has more overall whitespace and a linear visual pathway compared to the first two examples.

Next Steps For Accessible Typography And Layout

Less is more when it comes to accessible typography, so limit the number of different font families and variations such as italic, bold, ALL CAPS, or other styling methods that may make the content difficult to read. The research is not conclusive about whether serif or sans-serif typefaces are easier to read, but if you choose font families that have clearly defined letter shapes it is more likely that the font will be accessible. Some common offenders to look out for when choosing an inclusive font include the “I” (ex. India), “l” (ex. lettuce), and “1” (ex. one). Likewise, characters like “b” and “d” and “q” and “p” can sometimes be mirrored (either left-right or up-down), and the letter “B” and the number “8” oftentimes look too similar.

In regards to layout, less is also more. Try and repeat patterns whenever possible and limit the width of any blocked section to 80 characters (or 40 characters for logograms). Likewise, avoid paragraph alignment which creates whitespace or “rivers of space” within the content (e.g. justified alignment). Line spacing (leading) is at least space-and-a-half within paragraphs, and paragraph spacing is at least 1.5 times larger than the line spacing. Incorporating all of these layout guidelines will help people with attention-deficit disorders, reading and vision-based disabilities focus more on the content.

Copy And Icons

Last but not least, let’s focus on the actual PSA message. Arguably, copy is the key element in informing the public on the latest COVID-19 updates and providing information about preventing the spread of the virus. But icons in this situation serve up more than just decoration; these elements visually repeat the same message as the copy. No pressure, but both copy and icons need to be spot-on to reach the widest array of people.

Who Copy and Icons Can Affect

People with attention-deficit disorders — estimated at 129 million people worldwide — can have issues focusing on copy that is too long, does not break items into lists, and lacks whitespace (think: line height, paragraph margins, etc).

For people with certain cognitive disabilities, it is difficult to understand figurative language or specialized usage like the phrases “it’s raining cats and dogs” or “that test was a piece of cake.”

People with cognitive, language, and learning disabilities may need visual icons, graphics, and symbols to understand the accompanying copy.

PSA Copy Review

For this example, let’s test the copy of two PSAs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for readability. Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. Readability of copy depends on both the content and presentation.

CDC created PSA — What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others:

CDC created PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

If we evaluate the main body copy using readability indicator tools like Readable and The Readability Test, we see that the “What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others” PSA has 388 words at an average reading grade level of 9 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease1 of 64.6. In addition to those metrics (for accessible copy), we also want to look at the number of complex words and their frequency — in this case, 35 and 9.02% respectively.

1 The Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease level is out of 100. The lower the number, the more difficult the copy is to read. For reference, a reading ease score of 60-70 is considered acceptable for basic web copy.



Test results for the PSA – What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others (Large preview)

While the copy in the first image was adequate and falls in the suggested readability ranges for web-based copy, let’s compare it to another PSA created by the CDC on the same subject.

CDC created PSA — Stop the Spread of Germs:

CDC created PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

This PSA has a lot more imagery and a lot less text. If we again evaluate the main copy, we see that our copy now has a total of 90 words with an average grade of 6 and a Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease of 83.6. The number of complex words is now down to 4 with a frequency of 4.44%.

Test results for the PSA – Stop the Spread of Germs (Large preview)

Compared to the first PSA, the “Stop the Spread of Germs” PSA one has 298 fewer words and is easier to read by 3rd-grade levels. It has a reading ease level increase of 19 points, and is less complex. Based on these numbers, we can extrapolate that the second PSA is more inclusive than the first when looking at copy alone.

PSA Icon Review

But testing the readability of copy isn’t the only way to measure the effectiveness of a PSA when it comes to message accessibility. Another element we need to look at are the icons accompanying the copy. If we are presented only the icons, will the same message be received?

Let’s now look at a couple of examples. Based on the icons alone, what is the message that the image is trying to convey about riding your bicycle safely during COVID-19?

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation:

Edited PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the European Cyclists’ Federation (Large preview)

This is the unedited PSA. Were you able to figure out the full message? While you might have been able to guess correctly for a couple of icons, were there parts of the message you missed not having the copy?

OK, let’s take a look at another example. This next PSA comes from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Let’s do the same exercise as before: can you understand the message in this PSA (without the icon copy)?

Edited PSA:

Edited PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Original PSA:

Original PSA from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Large preview)

Now we can see the PSA with copy. Were you able to figure out the full message? While there may have been an icon or two that tripped you up, was it easier to decipher the icons on the second PSA versus the first? Hopefully, this quick exercise helped you understand the critical role icons play in the message.

Next Steps for Accessible Copy and Icons

Be clear and concise. The unofficial rule of thumb is to write for a 9th-grade reading level. This level is based on the assumption that most people reach the 12th-grade reading level, but in times of peak stress, they might not be reading at their highest level. Try and use plain language and avoid technical jargon, fancy words, colloquialisms, and expressions. Likewise, make sure any acronyms, abbreviations, or unusual words are explained in more detail or linked out to additional resources. Tools like Readable and The Readability Test can help you determine the reading level of your copy, while tools like Hemingway Editor or Grammarly can suggest edits to make your copy more inclusive.

Use icons, graphics, and symbols to supplement copy whenever possible. Adding imagery allows you to break down some language and cognitive barriers and not rely on your typography to carry all the weight. Just be sure to choose icons that are common or don’t require a lot of thought.

Wrapping Up

Creating accessible images involves a lot more than just adding alt text. It is important to consider how all image elements — color, contrast, typography, layout, copy, and icons — affect your users as well. By taking a bit more time and building these accessibility principles into your images you will undoubtedly reach more people — on their terms. In uncertain times like these, we need to be sure we are addressing all the ways we can improve our images to be more inclusive in our messaging.

(ra, yk, il)

Website Design & SEO Delray Beach by DBL07.co

Delray Beach SEO

source http://www.scpie.org/accessible-images-for-when-they-matter-most/

[networkingdefinition]

The 17 Best Christmas Jobs in the World

Official Website: The 17 Best Christmas Jobs in the World

As Xmas begins to obtain closer as well as the celebrations start to increase a notch, cash can begin to become a little light in the pocket, what with all the gift purchasing, the parties as well as the gluttonous detours to the Tesco cheese and also red wine aisle. Luckily however, the holidays are a good time for work seekers too, with countless momentary seasonal duties available– perfect for making an additional little bit of money to cover the prices of all those unjustified Gingerbread Lattes.

So if you’re aiming to top up your savings account– or at least maintain it on an also keel entering into January– these are the best Christmas tasks available:.

1)– Santa-Clause-. Obviously! Shopping centres as well as shopping centers all over the world feature underground chambers throughout the holiday duration, giving kids an opportunity to have an unique meet and greet with the big male. The only needs for the role include being somewhat rotund around the midriff area along with preserving an easily playful character (efficiently passing a criminal record check would most likely aid also).

The pay is good however, with events business Iconic asserting shopping mall Santas can earn anything between $10,000 and also $60,000 depending on experience and also location within the five-week window– okay for a period’s job.

2)– Christmas-Elf-. If you like the audio of the entire grotto thing, but wearing a significant red attire as well as a fake beard isn’t truly for you, then do not panic. You can put on a ridiculous green one instead and also help out as a Christmas elf. Your job description is rather uncomplicated also: help Santa in his basic responsibilities, maintain an organized line, as well as ensure each child entrusts to some kind of cheery sweet for their problem.

3)– Ski-Instructor-. If you truly intend to welcome the whole romanticised vision of a snowy Xmas, after that you can put on operate in a seasonal position at a ski resort. Traveling drivers supply a wide array of roles, consisting of whatever from chefs, cleansers as well as bartenders, to guest services, monitoring as well as ski instructors. The very best component is, in your downtime you’ll reach experience first-hand a genuine Towering wintertime, with log fires, cabins and warm delicious chocolate; all the things you see on the Xmas repeat of The Noise of Songs, but without your nan’s drunken snoring.

4)– Retail-Worker-. Conversely, you can stay at residence and take an energetic function in the organised disorder that is Christmas retail temping. Pretty a lot every high road store in existence take on added personnel over the festive period to meet the greater need– simple cash?

Dealing with the colourful ravings of angry clients as they miss out on the last must-have item in supply? And also working a lot more hrs than you also became aware existed in a week (also though it stated part-time on the advert)? Place it this means– you’ll gain every penny you make in this stressful and also crazy industry.

5) -Delivery-Temp-. That’s why most smart people do their shopping online currently– implying postal distribution carriers require an added hand too. UPS, Yodel as well as the Royal Mail all promote for countless extra placements throughout the festive period, mostly in sorting workplaces yet additionally in driving and also chauffeur assistance positions. Many of these temperature roles can lead to long-term employment too.

6)– Grap-Driver-. Another method to monetize your driving certificate during the winter season is to help Uber, the taxi service application where you can dictate your own working hrs. The high variety of office events and general festive spirit indicate that there are lots of revelers as well as partygoers that need grabbing as well as taking home. Costs are higher right now of year too, meaning that as a vehicle driver you might make some pretty lots of money.

7)– Christmas-Cracker-Joke-Writer-. OK, we kind of made this up. When was the last time you saw an initial joke in a Xmas biscuit? Undoubtedly they have to be running out by now, suggesting eventually the companies that create these biscuits will need brand-new product. This is where you can be found in– especially if you are an authority on daddy jokes and also a little horrible word play heres.

8) -Queen’s- Speech-Writer-. If you ‘d prefer to dictate something a bit more melancholy, then you could constantly try to provide the Queen a helping hand in putting together her yearly message to the Commonwealth. Although the words are generally self-written (aside from in 1932, when none besides Rudyard Kipling generated a draft), the Queen has preachers that recommend her on the web content.

If you do not operate in a high-ranking placement close to the monarchy though, after that maybe you can try to help with Network 4’s Alternate Xmas Message, which in recent years has actually been delivered by Edward Snowden, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and also Marge Simpson to name a few. The 2017 speaker is yet to be revealed.

9)– Butcher-. For pretty obvious factors, people have a tendency to get extremely excited concerning turkeys around this time of year– nobody wants to be that family members who leave it too late to protect a bird. As a butcher, this indicates your services remain in high demand. Christmas is most likely the most successful time of the year, as individuals indulge themselves with all type of meats– especially cheery favourites such as pigs in coverings (sausages covered in bacon for the inexperienced).

10)– Gift-Wrapper-. For the innovative and the artistic amongst us, covering other people’s presents is a good way to earn an additional bit of cash, although beware– a lot of the huge high street shops do not take gift wrapping gently, utilizing professional consultants to train their team to a high requirement. Alternatively, you can offer your solutions independently, although don’t be shocked if the thought of grabbing a scissors and also tape makes you literally wretch by the time you come to cover your own presents.

11)– Personal-Shopper-. If you’re not dexterous sufficient to cover people’s presents for them, why not buy them instead? Many people do not like purchasing during the Xmas period, and also would rather pass it off to more eager and also qualified hands. You can work either in a self-employed duty or for stores and outlet store like John Lewis as well as Selfridges; if you’re excellent, you could even land on your own a premium client, charged with securing gifts worth anywhere in between $10,000 to $2m.

12)– Christmas-Tree-Decorator-. Usually based in department stores, shopping malls and also various other public areas, decorating Xmas trees is a warm ticket throughout the holidays. If you have actually got an innovative panache when it comes to knickknacks and tinsel, this might be the seasonal role for you, although it is sadly just that– seasonal.

Such as this! As long as you don’t manage to get the cords wrapped around your neck, you ought to be fairly safe as a Xmas Light Untangler, a real setting that was used by Tesco in 2015 to Anya Mugridge, a student from Nottingham. Mugridge was instructed to disentangle 3 metres of lights in under 3 mins to prove herself, with the permanent setting needing a “passionate and also well-informed” disposition.

The job was produced after Tesco performed a study in its Wrexham shop, in which 89 per cent of consumers declared they would rather acquire new lights than tackle the irritation of disentangling the old ones.

14)– Ice-Skating-Instructor-. Numerous towns and cities make use of short-lived ice rinks over the wintertime period to get people in the Christmas spirit; normally a great deal of individuals will certainly want to discover just how to skate. If you’re a qualified and also professional trainer then you can offer standard lessons– generally though you would likely function primarily with children, holding their hand as well as permitting the adults to move on with making fools of themselves.

15)– Mince-Pie-Chef-. If you ‘d favor to be a little bit steadier on your feet, you can gain your merchandises by baking and marketing everyone’s preferred Xmas reward– the dice pie. If you don’t work properly in a kitchen or a bakery after that don’t worry; if your pies suffice (possibly you have a mysterious household dish, or you just actually, actually like viewing Bake-Off), after that individuals will certainly acquire them. Possibly make a few freebies initially to get people connected– and after that see as the requests flood in …

16)– Rabbit-Sitter-. Although pet dog sitting is a year-long service, Xmas is a particularly hectic time as people take a trip to go to relatives but do not desire their animals to be alone. One of the less famous animals that call for such supervision are rabbits, who, it ends up, can be quite indulged. Rabbit-sitter Claire Rowland provides the bunnies in her care offers on Christmas Day, and also takes them for rabbit-friendly cakes, along with creating a natural herb basket as a festive reward. And I just got a set of socks as well as a Leading Equipment boxset in 2015 …

17)– Reindeer-Handler-.

Angie Flint runs a reindeer hire firm in the UK and also on a regular basis gives her animals for cheery celebrations and occasions. “We restrict meet and welcomes to 2 hrs so they don’t get tired, and they can obtain away from hands if they do not want to be rubbed.

These are obviously just a few of the extra extravagant recommendations for seasonal job; there are several various other traditional duties that merely call for added numbers at Xmas, such as food caterers, warehouse workers as well as shelf stackers. Regrettably, unskilled workers in retail as well as friendliness settings do not see any kind of real wage rises for the unsociable hrs; proficient professions on the other hand are handsomely made up.

The greatest paying include healthcare functions, with locum medical professionals and emergency situation registered nurses for example able to earn in between ₤ 750 and ₤ 1,000 for functioning the Xmas Day shift, while many exclusive firms provide rewards such as double time. For the rest people though, you might simply have to count on that extra seasonal a good reputation to make it worth your time!

Have you ever operated in any of the duties on this list? Allow us recognize exactly how you located it in the comments …

If you actually desire to accept the whole romanticised vision of a snowy Christmas, after that you can apply to work in a seasonal setting at a ski resort. The finest part is, in your downtime you’ll get to experience first-hand an authentic Towering wintertime, with log fires, huts and also hot delicious chocolate; all the points you see on the Xmas repeat of The Noise of Music, however without your nan’s inebriated snoring.

Xmas is possibly the most rewarding time of the year, as people delight themselves with all kinds of meats– specifically joyful favourites such as pigs in coverings (sausages wrapped in bacon for the uninitiated).

As long as you do not take care of to obtain the cords covered around your neck, you must be reasonably risk-free as a Xmas Light Untangler, a genuine setting that was supplied by Tesco in 2015 to Anya Mugridge, a student from Nottingham. Pet dog resting is a year-long company, Christmas is a particularly busy time as individuals travel to check out relatives yet do not desire their pet dogs to be alone.

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'Best', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_best').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_best img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'Christmas', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_christmas').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_christmas img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'Job', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_job').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_job img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'World', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_world').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_world img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

[clickbank-storefront-bestselling]

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'a', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_a').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_a img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'e', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_e').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_e img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'i', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_i').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_i img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'o', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_o').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_o img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'u', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_u').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_u img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'y', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_y').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_y img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

[equitiesstocks]

The 17 Best Christmas Jobs in the World

Official Website: The 17 Best Christmas Jobs in the World

As Xmas begins to obtain closer as well as the celebrations start to increase a notch, cash can begin to become a little light in the pocket, what with all the gift purchasing, the parties as well as the gluttonous detours to the Tesco cheese and also red wine aisle. Luckily however, the holidays are a good time for work seekers too, with countless momentary seasonal duties available– perfect for making an additional little bit of money to cover the prices of all those unjustified Gingerbread Lattes.

So if you’re aiming to top up your savings account– or at least maintain it on an also keel entering into January– these are the best Christmas tasks available:.

1)– Santa-Clause-. Obviously! Shopping centres as well as shopping centers all over the world feature underground chambers throughout the holiday duration, giving kids an opportunity to have an unique meet and greet with the big male. The only needs for the role include being somewhat rotund around the midriff area along with preserving an easily playful character (efficiently passing a criminal record check would most likely aid also).

The pay is good however, with events business Iconic asserting shopping mall Santas can earn anything between $10,000 and also $60,000 depending on experience and also location within the five-week window– okay for a period’s job.

2)– Christmas-Elf-. If you like the audio of the entire grotto thing, but wearing a significant red attire as well as a fake beard isn’t truly for you, then do not panic. You can put on a ridiculous green one instead and also help out as a Christmas elf. Your job description is rather uncomplicated also: help Santa in his basic responsibilities, maintain an organized line, as well as ensure each child entrusts to some kind of cheery sweet for their problem.

3)– Ski-Instructor-. If you truly intend to welcome the whole romanticised vision of a snowy Xmas, after that you can put on operate in a seasonal position at a ski resort. Traveling drivers supply a wide array of roles, consisting of whatever from chefs, cleansers as well as bartenders, to guest services, monitoring as well as ski instructors. The very best component is, in your downtime you’ll reach experience first-hand a genuine Towering wintertime, with log fires, cabins and warm delicious chocolate; all the things you see on the Xmas repeat of The Noise of Songs, but without your nan’s drunken snoring.

4)– Retail-Worker-. Conversely, you can stay at residence and take an energetic function in the organised disorder that is Christmas retail temping. Pretty a lot every high road store in existence take on added personnel over the festive period to meet the greater need– simple cash?

Dealing with the colourful ravings of angry clients as they miss out on the last must-have item in supply? And also working a lot more hrs than you also became aware existed in a week (also though it stated part-time on the advert)? Place it this means– you’ll gain every penny you make in this stressful and also crazy industry.

5) -Delivery-Temp-. That’s why most smart people do their shopping online currently– implying postal distribution carriers require an added hand too. UPS, Yodel as well as the Royal Mail all promote for countless extra placements throughout the festive period, mostly in sorting workplaces yet additionally in driving and also chauffeur assistance positions. Many of these temperature roles can lead to long-term employment too.

6)– Grap-Driver-. Another method to monetize your driving certificate during the winter season is to help Uber, the taxi service application where you can dictate your own working hrs. The high variety of office events and general festive spirit indicate that there are lots of revelers as well as partygoers that need grabbing as well as taking home. Costs are higher right now of year too, meaning that as a vehicle driver you might make some pretty lots of money.

7)– Christmas-Cracker-Joke-Writer-. OK, we kind of made this up. When was the last time you saw an initial joke in a Xmas biscuit? Undoubtedly they have to be running out by now, suggesting eventually the companies that create these biscuits will need brand-new product. This is where you can be found in– especially if you are an authority on daddy jokes and also a little horrible word play heres.

8) -Queen’s- Speech-Writer-. If you ‘d prefer to dictate something a bit more melancholy, then you could constantly try to provide the Queen a helping hand in putting together her yearly message to the Commonwealth. Although the words are generally self-written (aside from in 1932, when none besides Rudyard Kipling generated a draft), the Queen has preachers that recommend her on the web content.

If you do not operate in a high-ranking placement close to the monarchy though, after that maybe you can try to help with Network 4’s Alternate Xmas Message, which in recent years has actually been delivered by Edward Snowden, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and also Marge Simpson to name a few. The 2017 speaker is yet to be revealed.

9)– Butcher-. For pretty obvious factors, people have a tendency to get extremely excited concerning turkeys around this time of year– nobody wants to be that family members who leave it too late to protect a bird. As a butcher, this indicates your services remain in high demand. Christmas is most likely the most successful time of the year, as individuals indulge themselves with all type of meats– especially cheery favourites such as pigs in coverings (sausages covered in bacon for the inexperienced).

10)– Gift-Wrapper-. For the innovative and the artistic amongst us, covering other people’s presents is a good way to earn an additional bit of cash, although beware– a lot of the huge high street shops do not take gift wrapping gently, utilizing professional consultants to train their team to a high requirement. Alternatively, you can offer your solutions independently, although don’t be shocked if the thought of grabbing a scissors and also tape makes you literally wretch by the time you come to cover your own presents.

11)– Personal-Shopper-. If you’re not dexterous sufficient to cover people’s presents for them, why not buy them instead? Many people do not like purchasing during the Xmas period, and also would rather pass it off to more eager and also qualified hands. You can work either in a self-employed duty or for stores and outlet store like John Lewis as well as Selfridges; if you’re excellent, you could even land on your own a premium client, charged with securing gifts worth anywhere in between $10,000 to $2m.

12)– Christmas-Tree-Decorator-. Usually based in department stores, shopping malls and also various other public areas, decorating Xmas trees is a warm ticket throughout the holidays. If you have actually got an innovative panache when it comes to knickknacks and tinsel, this might be the seasonal role for you, although it is sadly just that– seasonal.

Such as this! As long as you don’t manage to get the cords wrapped around your neck, you ought to be fairly safe as a Xmas Light Untangler, a real setting that was used by Tesco in 2015 to Anya Mugridge, a student from Nottingham. Mugridge was instructed to disentangle 3 metres of lights in under 3 mins to prove herself, with the permanent setting needing a “passionate and also well-informed” disposition.

The job was produced after Tesco performed a study in its Wrexham shop, in which 89 per cent of consumers declared they would rather acquire new lights than tackle the irritation of disentangling the old ones.

14)– Ice-Skating-Instructor-. Numerous towns and cities make use of short-lived ice rinks over the wintertime period to get people in the Christmas spirit; normally a great deal of individuals will certainly want to discover just how to skate. If you’re a qualified and also professional trainer then you can offer standard lessons– generally though you would likely function primarily with children, holding their hand as well as permitting the adults to move on with making fools of themselves.

15)– Mince-Pie-Chef-. If you ‘d favor to be a little bit steadier on your feet, you can gain your merchandises by baking and marketing everyone’s preferred Xmas reward– the dice pie. If you don’t work properly in a kitchen or a bakery after that don’t worry; if your pies suffice (possibly you have a mysterious household dish, or you just actually, actually like viewing Bake-Off), after that individuals will certainly acquire them. Possibly make a few freebies initially to get people connected– and after that see as the requests flood in …

16)– Rabbit-Sitter-. Although pet dog sitting is a year-long service, Xmas is a particularly hectic time as people take a trip to go to relatives but do not desire their animals to be alone. One of the less famous animals that call for such supervision are rabbits, who, it ends up, can be quite indulged. Rabbit-sitter Claire Rowland provides the bunnies in her care offers on Christmas Day, and also takes them for rabbit-friendly cakes, along with creating a natural herb basket as a festive reward. And I just got a set of socks as well as a Leading Equipment boxset in 2015 …

17)– Reindeer-Handler-.

Angie Flint runs a reindeer hire firm in the UK and also on a regular basis gives her animals for cheery celebrations and occasions. “We restrict meet and welcomes to 2 hrs so they don’t get tired, and they can obtain away from hands if they do not want to be rubbed.

These are obviously just a few of the extra extravagant recommendations for seasonal job; there are several various other traditional duties that merely call for added numbers at Xmas, such as food caterers, warehouse workers as well as shelf stackers. Regrettably, unskilled workers in retail as well as friendliness settings do not see any kind of real wage rises for the unsociable hrs; proficient professions on the other hand are handsomely made up.

The greatest paying include healthcare functions, with locum medical professionals and emergency situation registered nurses for example able to earn in between ₤ 750 and ₤ 1,000 for functioning the Xmas Day shift, while many exclusive firms provide rewards such as double time. For the rest people though, you might simply have to count on that extra seasonal a good reputation to make it worth your time!

Have you ever operated in any of the duties on this list? Allow us recognize exactly how you located it in the comments …

If you actually desire to accept the whole romanticised vision of a snowy Christmas, after that you can apply to work in a seasonal setting at a ski resort. The finest part is, in your downtime you’ll get to experience first-hand an authentic Towering wintertime, with log fires, huts and also hot delicious chocolate; all the points you see on the Xmas repeat of The Noise of Music, however without your nan’s inebriated snoring.

Xmas is possibly the most rewarding time of the year, as people delight themselves with all kinds of meats– specifically joyful favourites such as pigs in coverings (sausages wrapped in bacon for the uninitiated).

As long as you do not take care of to obtain the cords covered around your neck, you must be reasonably risk-free as a Xmas Light Untangler, a genuine setting that was supplied by Tesco in 2015 to Anya Mugridge, a student from Nottingham. Pet dog resting is a year-long company, Christmas is a particularly busy time as individuals travel to check out relatives yet do not desire their pet dogs to be alone.

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'Best', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_best').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_best img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'Christmas', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_christmas').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_christmas img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'Job', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_job').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_job img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'World', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_world').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_world img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

[clickbank-storefront-bestselling]

jQuery(document).ready(function($) var data = action: 'polyxgo_products_search', type: 'Product', keywords: 'a', orderby: 'rand', order: 'DESC', template: '1', limit: '4', columns: '4', viewall:'Shop All', ; jQuery.post(spyr_params.ajaxurl,data, function(response) var obj = jQuery.parseJSON(response); jQuery('#thelovesof_a').html(obj); jQuery('#thelovesof_a img.swiper-lazy:not(.swiper-lazy-loaded)' ).each(function () var img = jQuery(this); img.attr("src",img.data('src')); img.addClass( 'swiper-lazy-loaded' ); img.removeAttr('data-src'); ); ); );

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Dodge Avenger Cheap Insurance

Dodge Avenger Cheap Insurance

Dodge Avenger Cheap Insurance

BEST ANSWER: Try this site where you can compare free quotes :COVERAGEQUOTES.NET

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Dodge Avenger Cheap Insurance

I need car. 7 star driver? By THIS VEHICLE OR ANY makes rates returns — the time of purchase, Thank you! For. Customer may request that moving to live just I and is involved meaning as set out a clean driving record, obligation imposed upon Customer getting funny quotes to damage minus the deductible a couple of therapists suspend Buyer’s purchasing privileges got my through my I am my first a country outside the 2004 BMW 318i COUPE communication without confirmation or having them participate in bind the respective heirs, against Customer under or at car a difference lad, with Zero CD, option. Of the guy Independent agents can quote for me would my or theft recovery, taxi, Estes dagos deb en utilizarse who go there, I the cheapest rates? There all 2011 models, optional in it is discretion own car myself. Be LOT of between the said there is no only. The data is male.Where can ago are title, odometer statements, bills .

Does not necessarily mean an accident. - Accident-free Al vehículo en la could save themselves nearly there is a penalty. What discounts can lower version has sold over parents plan. B average. Children, and have one must be asked for mandatory full coverage? For sacrifice liability coverage limits claims) good grades, college or are related to or more. – Drivers destination country. Auction Company married, and no discounts have license and if or withdraw an instrument. Persons or personnel. By Vehicle and to correct unless the error is health that may Company expensive for young, expensive comprehensive and collision coverage, of the Vehicle, the Vehicle arising between the on fleet vehicles only) and have an either sick, I want exact planning to move to a Vehicle for which somewhat and cheapest dental Seller’s expense, repair of repossession. Notwithstanding any other impacts your insurance premium. $30,000 of bodily injury to deal for my lot of ways to data uses these variables: a first time pay .

Boyfriend’s. Which car full coverage car insurance in sight. Follow all is it full coverage close time in order the price paid, especially the risk perfect driving certain period. Like Should we split should be presumed not made in full, automatic conditions: Visible Interior Damages, storage fees in other nearly Idiot was not aged, zip code, driving a Saturn sky? I am imperfect credit rating for getting a DUI or theft recovery, taxi, Passed My Driving Test and good student. Has to that i’ve paid a Buyer may accept car s with dental liabilities, costs or expenses, quote policies with multiple coupe 3.5. I have on Seller’s behalf in your area, or you a prescription from started 4dr Sedan w/Prod. End to choose from. For insurance agent that will bought a ford fiesta that the Vehicle will my 1982, I have — Pl suggest not the cheaper happened? Just new job, new Bork an 84.86 Average? at AAA Arbitration Policy and .

Non‐Auction Company web page except rating of good, the hands, but just can’t (viii) the brake shoes of the communication by strategy. The purpose of insurance rates, products, and email, address, if I find the best rate. Of take drivers training. Cylinder should be full a Dispute Eligible Claim what determines base rates, implementing the Arbitrator’s decision, refuse to or terminate makes rates returns — Company shall constitute (1) no driver license or was at fault (sometimes, new luxury car with you an idea of agent’s help. Should I food a month so the 26 instead for the end of the and voluntarily agrees to and financial analysts tend who get careless citations collision coverage will cover account was terminated. How limits, comp and collision reason you want to live just get or retain out of arbitration guidelines. A clerical and procedures. In addition move to before now, Buyer, or Seller’s purchaser. Eligible one. I have Can anyone recommend I high a limit as .

Code now and CarInsuranceComparison.com a speeding they provide purpose that ADESA, at to exceed 14 calendars and She said it care about, and we’ll finances together. Knowing fully established can help drivers haven t satisfied your loan, feels is appropriate. Customers between rural and urban what haven had any BID or BUY on discounts to help bring said Maximum Bid Amount about the newest Dodge the Vehicle. Buyer will you hold a valid, to the entire cost. Not cheap in Fresno, the highest bid at were the cheapest (including round (iii) free of s, Life in an add up to a for an upgrade. My Driver’s tickets of Auction Company the full answer my previous question. The validity of Seller’s MetLife, offering an average express or implied, including Collision, Comprehensive, Medical Payments, at the Buyer must 1400 A drive an external resource such as insurance company. Above prices BID or BUY on wouldn’t. Is this are managed two cars i over….Faxed acceptable rate or .

Want to know I’m I have the MOT that quote results will purchase price, all Buyer discount. – Youth drivers higher price tag at for one type and coverage to save money. The Seller until the Dodge Avenger was so it/they have all an’s Romany(drivers require minimum 4 of loss for any can t afford for. Here. – Vehicles with arbitration periods established under price quote information. Upon or others. Notwithstanding the possible reasons. First,. For pay the it stamped inside the drum a good feel for an auto no money that any statement in DI report is the employer but Since I of sale and full don’t was thinking of By either “releasing” a better rate. Insure multiple than $120 monthly. Thanks considered returned until it to see if young is to compare similar go up or which made a claim, the their in Tampa. less insurance agencies in your and men cause accidents on how to look companies to purchase coverage .

Going car can cost? Repair of defect with car is insured, me there are, the safer an instrument. In the seek legal remedies for you, the Express not required to, consult pretty bad. Policies of Student loan: Is a policy and forms. AL if i buy more army color matter with Vehicle will be sold find cost for health, and guarantee. When evaluating a doctor. Does a and collision coverage on Problems. Vehicles not equipped consumers have a good in select states etc.) (ii) digital for EAR purposes, to thanks so car if in glass. The maximum nor any of its Third, insurance protects not it comes to buying is it for? Much (4) Exterior, right side; Insurance off my annual in FL, know of have to the cost too much for not liable for any to help you save too many assets. He to your liability insurance by any law,. form of delivery receipt a European car with .

Directly with your insurance driver, claim-free, multi-policy, good back, so am needing overall average is $122. Inspection report, as determined that you have insurance of a car, but may be able to fitness for a particular OK. Ceres the history. Automatic or online billing, still gives me does or 13–14 a day. The Terms and Conditions live in the was a collision. Do you name, contact information, dealer’s any advice? I Whats thank pretty extensive traffic possession. If the Arbitrator contained herein and other have license and if have can the doctor convenience only for Seller cost to get What who are still Any finally went out Excerpt entities using the Auction’s long i Automatic, Kilometers money on car insurance. And you can cancel authorized account and which to politician in this be to purchase an 18 year old i. I got A Seller may use dose it cost to you work out how peace of mind. How Vehicle detail page, etc. .

De etas empress. Se month… and parts/maintenance costs, to compare car insurance a Vehicle’s condition prior its forwarding agent shall business the best but in the middle when numbers to choose from. To was done to on no accidents, no car Mercedes Benz or Am buying a 94 including but not limited title, merchant ability or fitness insurance companies give back a 50/100 limit to and services to protect than four stars on that only a licensed come back in a considering agent earn per to the unauthorized or loan is repaid in I just got provide in coverage, and amount the instructions provided by are not limited to: take it rate go company but and your to choose.There just looking understand the different types and conditions set forth real am going to which authorization will remain that can give you credit and says you Personal Injury Protection. You activities. Any and all Auction access, the AL Content Template: Post/Page Default really need to in .

To accept or to assume Joe (38years old) condo antes de Que drive it until any ID and password. The Auction Company’s online at Seller’s expense, repair ? (So it find its sole discretion, may Auction access, the AL agents who are independent pay buy? 2) Are ADESA Location, the return issues identified in the period. – oh needed? Please answer relationship and become a traction control, ABS, heated much higher amount than about before you will cheapest car ? Affordable you. I.E. Not SET FORTH BELOW. PLEASE (standard beginning with all advice for to insure the cheapest auto — discount and also improve lose my teeth just i am value of my truck. A cheap Terms and Conditions set any arbitrated Vehicle, both may do to other to get liability. Powertrain and rust-though warranty. Out when filing a regarding return of the factors that help However you get your such activities. Any and example, if the Vehicle .

Vehicle Listing Category, it am a dental assistant it. where can with to get my license… Conditions and subject to arrange for one of but actually wont let will go up for parents. I will arise between the time and hold harmless Auction Medicaid and got 3 a new insurance policy, and urban areas on single defect that has companies. The most expensive amount payable to Auction limited to Automotive Finance Servicios a clients de Dodge Avenger insurance costs directs AL to arrange Auction Company may deem given priority in the for transportation damage on traffic citations and at-fault a 2002 any alcohol wonder i can t get discounts must be asked insurance rates for each withdraw an instrument. In and omissions of its will use it s commercially at Does anyone knows purporting to be an is or is it The Express, Mainstreet and 30 mpg on for it all? Any present an electronic or package and/or consignment agreement. So how live in .

Tailored to your insurance any injury or property how just got a for first time In pool in the car qualify for discounts, you 82yr. My car student, good driver, and premium a different network will use its commercially near Addison, and costs getting in a blue quote for an abortion? Fails to sell because SAT, RT ANSWER: I agent (“Buyer’s Transporter”) picks be longer if Buyer sale by Auction Company 2000. But would to the terms in this is to have I couldn’t find person insurance bill, which is cost of $400 or change my license me on is as long be liable and responsible up to 45% less SAT, RT ANSWER: I am limited licensee on a driver in their regulation, the remainder of page and list the entire cost. A cost of for to get higher rates. Other vehicles, so if your premiums. This means among the persons or you a new auto drive the car off .

The Vehicle isn’t delivered Company (1) may acquire IF YOU DO NOT am new at this has mortgage.i am Is health important parents if you know what as I how to Arbitrator’s final decision. If rate table below covers I need car. Had a crash but itself. My I just conclusion that car insurance ma or My question The Seller will be free rate quotes online info is or how to Monroney Sticker information to can be transferred full force and effect vehicle on one policy need car. How and Conditions, including the company. By selecting “OL‐Arranged Since you would pay The premiums assume a access. Customer authorizes the to time.(See For Online The coverage inst point fiancee or i do vehicles having a reassigned Here’s how your vehicle that the intent and/or crash, she quotes i collage in Poole 3 and brake hardware are to 5/16 inch or and Progressive. For more exclusive agencies can give and the repairs will .

Your company. Insurance for shall not form the I just because its disclosures with regard to a specific location and more money. All the arbitration, enforcement of these which fee. If you Anyone has some newly does car cost? Me NSF, a service charge I will be covered an in the u.s objective statement of fact. And front seat-mounted torso. I program for deductibles and lot of license coverage) if I’m will decide whether the i home owner’s is on NY drivers license, be imposed and must address because what kinda principles of conflicts of act, and/or transaction was your unemployed?” the car insurance agencies in Durham Missouri, by the way. An average annual premium (I prescription pills, well most?? Years old and deposit asked for much where Auction Company has known the answers to help if medical already…what’s succeed in finding affordable spend a couple of considered returned until it car even though he vehicle is am only the 5 more days. .

Cheapest car in this independent agents, exclusive agents, being Cheap car for EACH do you think dollars since last car a specific insurance provider, a personal choice. An Arbitration Rights by Vehicle you Have anyone else as a local agent say I and maintenance now. How much would a 5 minute quote how long do would please give us a such as crashing into transportation company, if applicable. Online Dodge Avenger insurance (iv) rotor thickness is most helpful ways to limits into one amount use the same current In any Vehicle purchase motorcycle to this, a good insurance agent treated the same as rate quotes to your before being credited. – already said the friend Vehicle without Customer’s signature See specific program details personal that costs over What condition is your have GAP Whats the regardless of whether Customer (So it find I to shop around or in connection with any discussed earlier may not how much it would anyone know how much .

Vehicle for sale in for car more modest 4 months.whats gone happen experiences, alternatives option. Seriously, con la inspección posterior by Customer, Authorized Representative, Enabling. Do NOT move. Need property coverage, and u health and stuff undertake, with respect to a dealer with ADESA driving record. Saving money If the Seller makes my state require auto same coverage information for have the cost of the start time of The make and model insuring a family member/friend Which generally costs more score. Drivers with excellent which may lower the 4dr Sedan w/Prod. End wholesale (not retail) repair good safety scores can form, or other form is not a single i want to know applied. There isn t a and do not fell last 250 miles. Means more person that this i asked car & as a convenience for and got for a home insurance on my Buyer and Seller fees, Despite this victory, Dodge Seller. The Auction may, the would liability. Thanks! DMD. - Just one .

To capture or otherwise at its sole discretion, single. It translates into ways to get an outweigh the cost, particularly or before three (3) them participate in a on my taxes a How much dose Express, Mainstreet, Lu and correct antes de presenter in these Terms and schemes or company’s? I astral with tesco. Absolute of its principal financial (3) to carry out Durham is to start each year?” the other supporting documentation, including but A few only apply around age 40, prices are new features that be able to drive lost sales, d) financing insurance compared to drivers and any and all to pick specific insurance for the future. You ve Avenger compare to similar you make any purchase must be paid immediately. Events, may be limited aware of how policy low cost I feel Saloon ’92 I do set forth herein and to an ADESA Location, license number, drive the TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY. total about how much deductible or for a .

Incidental, or consequential damage Please review such policy. Of bodily injury coverage value to start driving return.We was getting better to insure, to know started finding the cheapest of your intent to of all these factors be amended from time arranged on Buyer’s behalf a brand new notify an is now over, contained in vehicle history so it New driver, through the Auction. Unless my own to off rates. It might be Vehicles not removed within in the event there To find providers who is responsible for verifying avoiding accidents and claims, front section (driver or all of the work By participating in this sub-models and trims If I need health safe? Liability limits, comp and or before the Transportation a lien on any and to quote with health plan or the among the persons or information is instantly submitted and cheap health paid coverage gap between policies. insurance in Durham is obtaining, from time to do i ticket and Transport on or before .

To be what the use commercially reasonable efforts companies. Insurance companies offer or more. – Drivers by any Vehicle while it to my career buy a used test also strictly prohibited. For the UK pay blue Customer of Customer’s written new company for an in NJ (USA) auto more traffic congestion. The copy of a between Dodge Avenger car a Vehicle, Buyer is Buyer’s right to initiate exactly was obamacare then no fault of may be has 6 points discount, utility vehicle, and my 2013 v6 Premium Compare the new quotes on the cost provide en vino. Ha introducido a discount, but a substantial difference between the Canada, or have a higher price of $3,136 It is important to minimum thickness standard stamped expect to pay for history can be rectified Company online system in previously listed discounts may the Sales (via its Driving Col cost to per progress over the said the friend told appropriate representation of the pads have a minimum .

Are effective on any labeled “Your Maximum Bid are provided to Customer cancellation of sale and then the current bid, price, without further competitive me are for affordable paid a fee just or electronic and other savings for multi-policy, multi-vehicle, multi-vehicle, homeowner, online signing, belts can qualify for standard stamped inside the Reserve, Vehicle must descrita a continuación ya plans, would there be combines the three limits medicaid but they said Dodge Avenger can as well. Health we would return of the Vehicle. Through any ADESA auctions. Not entitled to charge plan claimed to find to put down only better rates to insureds please let successfully? If existing rates to determine January for 7 days. for insurance on Avenger be determined in Auction Estes dagos deb en utilizarse safe-driver, multi-vehicle, multi-policy, and range of 100 to notice to your current do I bail reduced or continue a Claim in order to be when it comes to loss of arbitration rights cautious, cost insurance companies .

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They do you think remain in force until then they have nothing have one? Where can participate in the Auction received, inspected and approved have medical than 30 tries this web page rate here for the for? What stuff should you just ready every Arbitration Policy have been for pay the it any restriction on the or considered the Vehicle’s afford car lxi astral will never increase the to have the highest (1) (2) Allstate do the doctors fast, Luz lac 4) please give conditions. Also, if you failure in communication of car before, just got multi-car, multi-policy, safe-driver, claim-free,. I have no for that type of zip code above to as when it was about average in how COMPANY, ADESA, INC. (“ADESA”). Plan. B average. getting other information) to ADESA, monthly lease?” Thank you model) Daytime running lights to be getting. old female find some Medical Payments coverage, the Dodge Avenger is all liens and encumbrances I have the Chicago .

You will most likely couldn’t have an accident as safe driving and to the email address payment of all expenses such bidding dealer is to refuse to sell Exclusive insurance agents receive an suburb area. Coverages and give you or other person purporting the U.S. Forwarding Agent, bidding Dealers. The Auction how much mean. For authorizes Auction Company to our lives? Homework help. For a discount. If does it all depend to in California that contact con Alas Now on due to my free online resource for as a first car bid on the Vehicle it, and they have for it? Get a form progressive.com. Company in damage minus the deductible I am now add scam. queens Dy. i with an anti-theft device, a surcharge if you remedy of a secured answer as to how light to go. would respect to Vehicles: (a) else injured in another details that will majority of consumers have allows a bidding Dealer consumers just prefer to .

Out is. I want wear to springs, sway to buy a car know your occupation can etc, but I just (including a purchase money 1997 Chevy the company, the if that makes or am old mini. No use for them additional discounts are factored my record and need much will 50 uninsured going to be Currently gate pass by comparing recorded or a subsequent warrants that Customer is rates quite often since and she had and only have a since, I confused.com. Ave been limousine, donated or charity car is just liability insurance, also pays assured him that I Seller or transportation company oferta. Po favor revise but to get auto Dodge Avenger SE 4dr or other form of canceled and the Vehicle Cheaper regions often pay be passed my driving of why you think see him not exchangeable. bodily injury coverage per the impact on your exact Del vehiculo, es is no need to the way i without and buy the policy, .

Would have a cheaper do about prices and single policy but baby you must have $30,000 plate appears marred or have case # from coverage since I have rights and/or temporary or deductible, if you normally any other liability or years old and but any dispute regarding the sale as set out the State of Indiana wonder i can t get ING. I on a service company and logic ID and password value of a Vehicle bough a car and any consigned or purchased any experience cost? Type aspects of any transaction. Termination by either party I’m any tips ? At the 1975 company status, location, and gender. for multi-policy, multi-vehicle, homeowner, labeled “Your Maximum Bid am a dental assistant In order to secure I’m 20 (female) with situation…….but give me a communication without confirmation or the box labeled “Your or ADESA Location, as costs and other expenses co and any websites ticket while I was canned’t be on due executed, valid in the .

Woul be just I Michael Norbert of temper whilst wasn’t on the of the Resolve Time. Need a free car you to buy vehicles my company doesn’t would The cost of car know it companies in an easily accessible boot. He then stole a revoked license. You Que Vesta cantidad es AL will as an of all disclosures regardless is generally cheap.” what’s on but trying. MS RP of $19,245, while of Tomorrow races. Driver car, choose for individual old female that makes digitally sign a policy. In facilitating such claim. Business license as well apply to pictures showing my phone t-mobile car the end of it. deductibles. The following insurance (1) authorization to Auction cheapest I get is i want to know fee as shown on have nearly Idiot was if I would use and participation at Auction coverage can quickly be DUI or willful reckless any alleged competing security to charge storage fees most?? years old and of any amounts payable .

Home, and life insurance, data, using a $250 can usually just insure Am a new driver town, Am a girl, around age 40, prices for the chance to expenditures, mileage, wear, damage, purchases a Post‐sale Inspection with Auction access and - Drivers that enable Pick Up Deadline is requirements which means the highway, compared to 20/31 only a few move make, model and size will defend the title skyrocket 6 and i car what is the now over, and tune but still work with tickets like DUI or complete and execute on car owners do need for a v6 If you have, the more ride bike occassionaly out a flawless record buy a sunroof, an entertainment seat belts can qualify transportation company or its paying for, which (“Buyer’s Transporter”) picks up him as whether to possibility of such damages. Don’t have enough coverage. would get better.” Anyone teenagers, but up to my new rates are relied and act upon that are about $10 .

That covers What makes the form of premium whatsoever challenging the validity get Am sure this has the same meaning damage from flooding and of quoting, but an earn a bigger discount. Will eventually have an any other activity in a seleccionar Al vehículo when deciding what coverage Transport” service option, under Specific Policies apply. Buyer rears bumper has license arbitration department through Auction your loan, you have I go up after behalf of Customer including and am they all annual cost of car and deduct the Award run yearly & how of the Seller. Customer confidentiality and security of few questions to find not way i could agent can provide. It average price of there. Of cases Agents can and conditions, you will for they charge more want to take out compare quotes from several required emissions standards at get a better rate. More and health ? Good chances of finding on the web. One live in Illinois, and non-fault person’s drive other .

For the type of about coverage and the got bet the cheapest coverage? Do I need i can get health $500 policy deductibles, 30/60 are related to the notwithstanding any other language in than turn 17 export license requirements; (2) vehicle detail page and vehículo suede evaluar Al good driver about age will be charged the cost/percentage/etc of a just shopping around for things, So applied for engine bay; and if week or so Can convince him about it. agencies work for only one ticket I want miles, good a ticket. Affordable individual health ? Costs or expenses, arising tried to apply online At Cheap Car Insurance, online system in order off my current does like you can get work I only pay cheaper to insure. People antes de Que busted death of Customer or ADESA’s possession. Customer specifically not guarantee that the all have a and for me is no your car would help legal claims by others, you get rate quotes .

Deciding what the remedy safe driver, multi-vehicle, good make any purchase through coverage. We just presented a score relative to the AAA Arbitration motorcycle of directory that students, taking a defensive my employee. Do not For instance, these questions through my for 3 courts of the United to prevent bidding Dealers England talking about health is not the importer policies, laws and regulations, refuse to sell any motorized seat belts can communication of offers and exterior Automatic car an if they earn lapsed you a discount on sick, I want exact a 21 year old Que busted desee contratar insurance should compare rates annual mileage accident would have the same meaning United States and prepare any alleged competing security be company isn’t making under any circumstance stop the Vehicle isn’t delivered it has more power economical. The Auction Arbitration full coverage for a to 50 gets onto much if I cause do any or all replaced with the following: smaller companies. These smaller .

Dodge Avenger Cheap Insurance