#csc graph

[greenhouse-studies]

Day 64 • 100 Days of Productivity

second PSL of the week! this time it’s iced instead of hot but it’s just as delicious! anyway, worked on the graphs of tan, csc, sec, and cot functions in precalc today and did my discussion leader activity for the lottery by shirley jackson for english. spent an hour and a half in the library studying history. i have my first day at my practicum for my foundations of education class at the high school i’ve been paired with tomorrow!

🎶 calm before the storm - fall out boy 🎶

[tech-reasearch-blog]

Cloud Billing Market Demand, Supply, Growth Factors, Latest Rising Trends and Forecast to 2031

The Insight Partners is offering qualitative and informative market understanding by adding market research titled “Cloud Billing Market Size, Trends, and Outlook to 2031”. The report focuses on the factors influencing growth, major players, and regional trends. The research offers a calculative assessment of recent developments adhering to prospects such as regions, key segments, and opportunities.

Comprehensive Overview: This chapter focuses on an overview of the entire report including market size, segmentation, and key regions. Trends, growth drivers, and challenges are added to create a holistic understanding of the Cloud Billing market.

Market Executive Synopsis: This segment underscores the key investigations, market growth rate, Cloud Billing market size, market drivers, patterns, and issues notwithstanding the visible pointers.

Market Study Coverage: It incorporates key market portions, key makers covered, the extent of items offered in the years considered, worldwide Cloud Billing Market, and study destinations. Also, it contacts the division study given in the report based on the sort of item and applications.

Market Production by Region: The report conveys information identified with import and fare, income, creation, and central participants of all provincial business sectors contemplated are canvassed in this segment.

Market Profile of Major Players: Analysis of each market player profiled is itemized in this segment. This portion likewise gives a SWOT examination, of items, creation, worth, limit, and other crucial elements of the individual player. Established market players are leveraging their extensive resources and industry excellence to offer advanced offerings. The tactical approaches used by market leaders are added under this section to assist companies in strengthening their market positions.

The report encompasses recent developments and technological upgrades contributing to future market growth. The report combines historical data and provides a comprehensive market evolution over time. Insights under this report are supported by relevant visuals such as bar graphs, pie charts, statistics, and comprehension. An all-inclusive evaluation of the parent market presented in this report intends to help businesses recognize their broader business dynamics.

Report Scope:

Report Attributes

Details

Segmental Coverage

Providers

Cloud Service Providers

Telecom and Communication Service Providers

and Managed Service Providers

Billing Type

Cloud Service Billing

Subscription Billing

Metered Billing

and Others

Enterprise Size

Small and Medium Enterprise and Large Enterprise

Application

Banking

Financial services and Insurance (BFSI)

Healthcare and Life Sciences

Retail

Public Sector and Utilities

Media and Entertainment

Telecommunication

and Others

Regional and Country Coverage

North America (US, Canada, Mexico)

Europe (UK, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, Australia, Rest of APAC)

South / South & Central America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South/South & Central America)

Middle East & Africa (South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of MEA)

Market Leaders and Key Company Profiles

Oracle Corporation

Amazon Web Services, Inc.

NEC Corporation

Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC)

SAP SE

IBM

Amdocs Inc.

Aria Systems, Inc.

CGI Group Inc.

Zuora, Inc.

Other key companies 

Key Takeaways from This Report

Market CAGR, current value (in USD), estimated value (in USD), and projected duration.

Dominant Market Segments and Regions

Key market players and their recent strategies

Demand Drivers, Growth Opportunities, Market Restraints, and Trends

Consumer behavior and application scope

Why The Insight Partners?

Proven Expertise: The Insight Partners comprises expert market research analysts who have extensive industry-specific knowledge. Through this report, our team is bringing years of experience to the table while safeguarding the accuracy of insights.

Actionable Insights: The Insight Partners relies on a combination of primary and secondary research methodologies that drive tangible results. We are committed to keeping our offerings clear, accessible, and concise to guide businesses in the decision-making process.

Integration of Technology: We embrace technology in all its forms as the core of our research tactics. We use various tools and platforms to analyze and interpret the data. This allows timely results.

Author’s Bio:

Anna Green

Research Associate at The Insight Partners

[codeshive]

CSC 310 Project 3 – Graphs solved

Overview This project is to create a graph. A graph is a collection of vertices and edges that connect pairs of vertices. Graphs can be used to represent many real-world problems. The goal of this project is to build a graph and allow a user to explore and search that graph. Like other projects, this will build upon previous programming techniques used. Requirements You will read in a set of…

[codingprolab]

CSC 310 Project 3 – Graphs

Overview This project is to create a graph. A graph is a collection of vertices and edges that connect pairs of vertices. Graphs can be used to represent many real-world problems. The goal of this project is to build a graph and allow a user to explore and search that graph. Like other projects, this will build upon previous programming techniques used. Requirements You will read in a set of…

[myprogrammingsolver]

CSC 4780/6780 Homework 2

Purpose One of the first things you will do when exploring a new dataset is make some graphs that will give you some intuitive feel for what the data contains. Also, the last thing you typically do on a project is make the data visualizations that will help your clients understand and believe your analysis. You will also calculate a gradient. We will be using gradient descent a lot. The reasons…

[themarketinsights]

BFSI Security Market Unidentified Segments – The Biggest Opportunity Of 2023

Latest released the research study on Global BFSI Security Market, offers a detailed overview of the factors influencing the global business scope. BFSI Security Market research report shows the latest market insights, current situation analysis with upcoming trends and breakdown of the products and services. The report provides key statistics on the market status, size, share, growth factors of the BFSI Security The study covers emerging player’s data, including: competitive landscape, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are Cisco Systems, Inc. (United States), Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) (United States), EMC Corporation (United States), Honeywell International, Inc. (United States), IBM Corporation (United States), Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. (United States), McAfee, Inc. (Intel Security Group) (United States), Sophos Group Plc. (United States), Symantec Corporation (United States), Trend Micro Incorporated (United States),

Free Sample Report + All Related Graphs & Charts @: https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/sample-report/98343-global-bfsi-security-market?utm_source=Organic&utm_medium=Vinay

BFSI Security Market Definition:

BFSI Security (Banking, financial services, and insurance) provides the basic security foundation for many financial exchanges and other sectors. It has become an important part of any sectors which comes under the BFSI sector. It helps in protecting data from getting hacked or breached, moreover, it is an essential component for overall national critical infrastructure. BFSI security operates in a very highly regulated environment. In various cases, security incidents occur because of cyber data breaches causing severe damage to these sectors. Hence, BFSI security is needed to ensure the long term visibility of banking and financial organizations and their data.

Market Trend:

Rise In Adoption of Cloud-Based Security Solutions

Market Drivers:

The Rise in Thefts at ATM & POS Terminals and Frauds in the Bank Branch

Increasing Modes of Online Payments Globally

Implementation of Regulatory Standards and Acts

Increasing Risk of Data Loss in BFSI Sectors

Market Opportunities:

Growth of Security Solutions Based On Internet of Things (IoT) Across World

Stringent Government Regulations to Support the BFSI Security

The Global BFSI Security Market segments and Market Data Break Down are illuminated below:

by Type (Information Security, Physical Security (Access Control, Intrusion, and Fire Detection)), Application (Banking, Insurance Companies, Other Financial Institutions), Information Security Solution (Identity & Access Management, Risk & Compliance Management, Encryption, Disaster Recovery, Unified Threat Management (UTM), Firewall, Others), Deployment Type (Cloud, On-premises), Information Security Services (Consulting, Design & Integration, Risk & Threat Assessment, Managed Security Services, Training & Education)

Region Included are: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Oceania, South America, Middle East & Africa

Country Level Break-Up: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Turkey, Russia, France, Poland, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Australia and New Zealand etc.

Enquire for customization in Report @: https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/enquiry-before-buy/98343-global-bfsi-security-market?utm_source=Organic&utm_medium=Vinay

Strategic Points Covered in Table of Content of Global BFSI Security Market:

Chapter 1: Introduction, market driving force product Objective of Study and Research Scope the BFSI Security market

Chapter 2: Exclusive Summary – the basic information of the BFSI Security Market.

Chapter 3: Displayingthe Market Dynamics- Drivers, Trends and Challenges of the BFSI Security

Chapter 4: Presenting the BFSI Security Market Factor Analysis Porters Five Forces, Supply/Value Chain, PESTEL analysis, Market Entropy, Patent/Trademark Analysis.

Chapter 5: Displaying market size by Type, End User and Region 2015-2020

Chapter 6: Evaluating the leading manufacturers of the BFSI Security market which consists of its Competitive Landscape, Peer Group Analysis, BCG Matrix & Company Profile

Chapter 7: To evaluate the market by segments, by countries and by manufacturers with revenue share and sales by key countries (2021-2026).

Chapter 8 & 9: Displaying the Appendix, Methodology and Data Source

Finally, BFSI Security Market is a valuable source of guidance for individuals and companies in decision framework.

Data Sources & Methodology The primary sources involves the industry experts from the Global BFSI Security Market including the management organizations, processing organizations, analytics service providers of the industry’s value chain. All primary sources were interviewed to gather and authenticate qualitative & quantitative information and determine the future prospects.

In the extensive primary research process undertaken for this study, the primary sources – Postal Surveys, telephone, Online & Face-to-Face Survey were considered to obtain and verify both qualitative and quantitative aspects of this research study. When it comes to secondary sources Company's Annual reports, press Releases, Websites, Investor Presentation, Conference Call transcripts, Webinar, Journals, Regulators, National Customs and Industry Associations were given primary weight-age.

For Early Buyers | Get Up to 20% Discount on This Premium Report: https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/request-discount/98343-global-bfsi-security-market?utm_source=Organic&utm_medium=Vinay

What benefits does AMA research study is going to provide?

Latest industry influencing trends and development scenario

Open up New Markets

To Seize powerful market opportunities

Key decision in planning and to further expand market share

Identify Key Business Segments, Market proposition & Gap Analysis

Assisting in allocating marketing investments

Definitively, this report will give you an unmistakable perspective on every single reality of the market without a need to allude to some other research report or an information source. Our report will give all of you the realities about the past, present, and eventual fate of the concerned Market.

Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Southeast Asia.

Contact Us:

Craig Francis (PR & Marketing Manager) AMA Research & Media LLP Unit No. 429, Parsonage Road Edison, NJ New Jersey USA – 08837

[essaycode1]

Essay Help Made Easy

[programmingsolver]

CSc Homework Assignment 3 Solution

CSc Homework Assignment 3 Solution

Splines can be used to approximate a “parametric curve” , by using a spline for each of the functions separately and then plotting the resulting function vs. . Draw a script letter on a graph paper, place a few points on the letter and take down the coordinates of the points (it doesn’t have to be many points: 5 to 12 points is enough, depending on the chosen letter, if chosen wisely). Create two…

[er-cryptid]

Patreon | Ko-fi  

[addierose444]

Paperless Student

This semester, my school system is almost entirely paperless. I occasionally jot things down on a Post-It note or scrap piece of paper, but in terms of my day-to-day operations, everything is digital. The one other exception is that I took a paper circuits exam a few weeks ago. In past semesters, I have had a hybrid system consisting of digital notes and problem sets completed on paper. Even during the fully remote fall 2020 semester, I did my work on paper and then used a scanning app to convert it to a pdf. To read some of my other posts about organizational systems, click here. 

Being a paperless student isn't for everyone, but has been great for me. The main drawback of a digital system is the increased cost and screen time. To be a paperless student you ideally have a laptop, tablet, and stylus. To read about my specific devices, click here. You may be able to get away with a 2-in-1 device, but it’s suboptimal for remote classes. Specifically, having to split your screen between the Zoom class and a note-taking application would be annoying. In the case of handwritten digital notes, it would be even more difficult as the camera angle would be terrible and you would have no space to write. 

Course Materials:

All of my classes have course materials and assignment submissions on Moodle. (Moodle is an open-source learning management system). In addition to resources posted to Moodle, many courses require textbooks. I primarily read textbooks on my iPad. Some are official ebooks with designated apps whereas others are just pdfs. Additionally, one of my classes uses a free online textbook that is read from the browser. You can read about saving money on textbooks here. 

Notes:

I take all of my notes in Microsoft OneNote. If you have been reading my blog for a while, you are probably are tired of hearing about OneNote, but you’re not getting an apology from me! One thing I love about digital notetaking is the ease of editing. For instance, I can move things around, erase mistakes, and change ink colors. The other key advantage is that if you keep things organized it’s really easy to look back on old notes from past semesters. Even if you are not super organized the search tool can be a lifesaver. That said, flipping through current notes in a notebook is a slightly smoother process than hunting around for the correct page of a digital notebook. I typically handwrite lecture notes on my iPad and type textbook and other reading notes on my laptop. I also type my lecture notes for my UMass computer science course. (You can read more about Five College registration here). Typed notes make sense for that class because there is a lot of information with important details that are necessary to know for the quizzes. One nice thing about remote classes is the ability to take screenshots of key figures and other diagrams. Actually writing things downplays a key role in remembering what you are learning. Thus it’s important to not become dependent on screenshots. On the other hand, if you are spending all of your time trying to write/draw you are probably not actively engaging with the material in real-time. 

Assignments:

In this section, I will be referencing the specific classes I am taking this semester, which you can read about here. For COMPSCI 230, we have online tests and quizzes as well as programming assignments. In other words, it's all digital by default. For CSC 250, I typeset my homework in Overleaf which is a cloud-based LaTeX editor. For EGR 220 and PHY 210, I handwrite assignments in the default notes app on my iPad. I also occasional sketch diagrams for my CSC 250 assignments. Notes is a very bare-bones application but have served me well this semester. You can have lined or graph paper while you write, but once it's exported to a pdf the lines disappear. This hasn’t proved to be a problem but also isn’t ideal. A missing feature is the ability to resize hand-drawn diagrams (and other writing). It also doesn’t clearly mark the end of a page so you do have to play around a bit to export your work into a nice pdf. If you don't mind spending money on apps, I have heard good things about GoodNotes and Notability. For other assignments, I also make use of Google applications such as Docs, Sheets, and Slides. Speaking of Google, Google Drive continues to be my file management system of choice. I use Google Drive to store all of my school work (aside from the notes in OneNote). Furthermore, I designed a whole programming contest using Google Drive which you can read about here. 

Tests:

I learned the hard way that tests should not be completed in the default Files app! The pdfs get really large and which can result in syncing and saving issues. Having now transitioned to using the PDF Expert app, I haven’t had any issues. I still prefer the experience of annotating in the Files app, but I no longer trust it for exams. One nice thing with PDF Expert is that it still syncs cleanly with the Files app and thus iCloud. 

Time and Task Management:

To round out my digital system, I use Google Calendar, Tascal, and Toggl Track. I use Google Calendar to keep track of all of my events, the associated Zoom links, and deadlines. Tascal is the task management app I built last summer. Finally, Toggl Track is a time tracking application that I have been using since senior year. The data can be useful in helping predict how long an assignment will take, but the main benefit is that it helps me stay focused on the intended task at hand. 

[chairmenboss]

damn i wish i payed attention in pre calc i do not know how to graph these fucking tan and csc and whatever things.

[fractioncalc-blog]

10 Leading Free Online Calculators to Make Your Mathematics Homework a Piece of Cake

Excellent pupils not just work hard, they function smart. They understand that when it comes to doing well in mathematics, having the right devices can save you time, money, as well as headache.

 To aid you get present, we've assembled a listing of the coolest totally free online calculators:

 fundamental as well as clinical calculators

graphing applications

equation fixing applications

and also other, advanced programs to assist you with mathematics research

The most effective part is: they're all completely totally free Fraction Calc. Keep reading to uncover which online calculators you must add to your mathematics homework tool kit.

 The Listing: Free Online Calculators

 Fundamental Calculators

 Basic online calculators enable you to perform math estimations, as well as locate square root worths and also portions.

 Calculator-1. com is an extremely basic and hassle-free basic online calculator. It has an excellent interface as well as does not require you to download anything. So if your research involves great deals of adding, deducting or locating percentages, this is a practical solution for you.

 Profits: standard, large, bold as well as simple to make use of.

 Scientific and also Algebraic Calculators

 Scientific calculators do the same points as fundamental calculators, yet they likewise enable you to do operations with exponents, logarithms, trigonometric features as well as more.

 There are lots of totally free scientific calculators out there and also it's easy to obtain shed in the forest. Right here are a few that many pupils locate hassle-free and simple to use:

 The scientific calculator from Math.com. This is a basic scientific calculator that appears like a handheld calculator. The interface is a little small, but aside from that, it's an excellent tool if you wish to just switch rather than input a bunch of mathematical signs.

Bottom line: a typical looking scientific calculator that doesn't require you to enter a number of "key-board mumbo jumbo."

 Online calculator by David Sumner of University of South Carolina. This calculator is amazing! You can get in the whole algebraic expression and also click "examine", and the calculator will certainly return the response. The drawback to some may be that it does not have that traditional calculator look as well as there are no switches, however there suffice guidelines listed below the calculator that clarify exactly how to input the expressions appropriately.

Bottom line: aids fix long algebraic expressions promptly (as long as you do not mind the "key-board gobbledygook").

 The complete calculator from Mathway.com. This site provides a detailed calculator that spans numerous mathematics techniques - from arithmetic to calculus. It will certainly aid you perform operations with portions, logarithms, limits, trigonometric functions as well as even more. It likewise has a different tab for graphing.

Bottom line: a total math solution. Book mark this set, it's a caretaker!

 Free Online Graphing Devices

 Graphing Calculators

 Graphing calculators are used in many techniques, from pre-calculus, calculus and stats, to physics and also design.

 If you are seeking a one-stop graphing shop, see WebGraphing.com. This website is 100% committed to aiding you chart whatever your heart might desire.

Profits: a graphing paradise.

 An awesome free graphing calculator is available from Desmos.com. Do you want to yell the min you also think about on-line graphing apps? If so, this one is for you! It is a total graphing calculator that is very simple and good looking. It is not perplexing like some of the various other graphing calculators around as it appears like a real calculator with buttons and also all. You can sign up absolutely free to save and also share your charts, which is terrific, given that most on-line trainees are called for to send digital graphs nowadays, and also most on-line calculators don't offer you this choice.

Bottom line: a basic graphing option for those of you who love buttons.

 Formula "Graphers".

 These helpful flash applications will graph the equations for you. Take note of the instructions, as these programs may create wrong graphs if your inputs aren't "to the T.".

 There is a cost-free equation "grapher" available from FreeMathHelp.com.

 Bottom line: a standard online application to assist you graph equations, minus every one of the other scrap.

 Equation Solvers.

 Formula solvers are applications that aid simplify and also fix formulas and also systems of equations.

 A wonderful formula solver is available from WolframAlpha.com. It resolves direct equations as well as systems of formulas; formulas with parameters; trigonometric equations as well as polynomial equations. Formulas apart, Wolfram Alpha is a great resource for all disciplines, supplying various calculators for each imaginable subject. The business itself calls its website "The computational expertise engine" (and they are not overemphasizing by the way).

Profits: an extensive equation solving service.

 A standard equation solver is offered from NumberEmpire.com. Similar to Wolfram Alpha, it creates options to formulas and systems of equations. It may be a better alternative for our ADD-prone buddies, as it uses its limitless math wisdom on a white background with less distractions and reveals several of the more important actions leading up to the service.

Profits: basic, distraction-free formula solver.

 Trigonometric Calculators.

 Trigonometric calculators help find values of trigonometric functions. (Does "sohcahtoa" ring a bell?) All you need to do is go into the angle or radian value and also the calculator spews out the worths of trig functions based on your inputs.

 A wonderful trig calculator is offered from GradeAMathHelp.com. You input the angle in question, and also the calculator returns the outcomes for transgression, cos, tan, csc, sec and cot simultaneously.

 Profits: it's an all-in-one trig option.

 Amazing Mathematics Apps.

 Although this blog post is focused on online calculators, we couldn't help yet point out a number of worthwhile calculator applications for those of you who utilize phones and also tablets for almost everything.

 The main Mathway app. If you have an Android gadget, you are in luck. Once downloaded and install, this application does not call for a network link. It solves a selection of mathematics problems, from pre-algebra to statistics as well as even more. You additionally have an option to obtain a costs subscription and also obtain step-by-step instructions for resolving numerous mathematics problems.

 Graphing Calculator application by Herbert Regulation's Application. Referred to as among the very best graphing calculator apps, this is offered for Android and also Kindle Fire. It is a pretty detailed graphing calculator. It might take you a couple of attempts t figure out just how to use it right, yet it is well worth the initiative if you do not want to give out $100-$ 200 for a portable graphing calculator.

 The cost-free iphone graphing calculator app by William Jockusch. For all of you Apple enthusiasts available, this is one of the very best rated calculator applications for ipad. Very powerful as well as flexible, it does precisely what it is expected to do.

 Profits: do your homework anywhere with these math-on-the-go remedies. Every one of these calculator applications are best in their classifications. And also, absolutely nothing defeats "totally free.".

 Principles.

 This ends our checklist of free online calculators. Please bear in mind that as hassle-free as calculators are, they are not necessarily appropriate in every situation. Fixing formulas or systems of equations with an online solver is a terrific means to inspect your understanding or obtain a hint when you are puzzled, yet it is not ideal for rated research or tests. Furthermore, if your homework entails examining algebraic expressions for the sake of examining them, you must only make use of a calculator to inspect your response, not to get it.

 A huge piece of non-traditional trainee body is consisted of on-line pupils. Numerous institutions place a lot count on the pupil in regards to adhering to academic integrity standards. Do not capitalize on the liberty that you have as a non-traditional pupil.

[eannattoca-blog]

The Study – Skin

It’s been observed that one in every 3 cancers diagnosed is a skin cancer. The main factor that leads to the occurrence of skin cancer is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, usually from the sun and more recently from artificial tanning sunbeds. Although UV rays make up for a very small portion of the sun’s rays, they are the major cause of the sun’s damaging effects on the skin. Ultraviolet rays damage the DNA of skin cells. Skin cancers usually start when this damage affects the DNA of genes that control skin cell growth.Small quantities of UV are essential for the production of vitamin D, yet overexposure may lead to acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eye and immune system.

Research on skin cells has shown that the vitamin E family members especially Tocotrienols (Eannatto – DeltaGold)works on both the genetic and protein levels to produce firmer, fairer skin and larger muscles.Tocotrienols (Eannatto – DeltaGold) have been observed to work at the cellular level – the smallest unit of living beings.Tocotrienols (Eannatto – DeltaGold) have also been observed to help reduce damage from ultraviolet rays. And at the same time, they help reduce free radicals created by UV radiation. Several studies have been conducted on Tocotrienols (Eannatto – DeltaGold) where they have been observed to protect skin tissues against UV radiation. One such study, “Diet – derived and topically applied Tocotrienols accumulate in skin and protect the tissue against ultraviolet light – induced oxidative stress” demonstrated the protective effect of Tocotrienols for the skin cells. Another study, “Targeting melanoma stem cells with the Vitamin E derivative Delta – Tocotrienol” showed that Delta – Tocotrienol (Eannatto – DeltaGold) targeted and destroyed melanoma stem cells which are usually not targeted by the conventional cancer treatments like chemotherapies and radiation.

Since the past several decades, Tocotrienols have shown great applications in dermatology for their protection against photosensitivity. Tocotrienols have also been observed to be very effective against skin cancer. Delta – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) and its peroxy dimer have been found to effectively impede proliferation of melanoma cells. Also, Delta – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) has been observed to induce G1 cell cycle arrest in A2058 and A375 human melanoma cells, via down – regulating CDK – 4 and activating caspase – 3. Furthermore, research and studies have shown that Gamma – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) induce apoptosis in melanoma cells via suppression of Nf – kB , EGFR , Id family proteins and JNK signaling pathway. The anti-cancer effect of Delta – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) has also been elucidated by its ability to induce apoptosis via ER stress in melanoma both in vitro and in vivo. Also, an in vivo study, it was showed that intravenous administration of Alpha – Tocotrienol entrapped in transferrin – bearing vesicles caused complete tumor eradication in 60% of B16-F10 melanoma tumor and extended the survival of mice. Also, Gamma – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) treatment was observed to halt cell invasion in human melanoma through inhibition of mesenchymal markers and restoration of E-cadherin and Gamma – Catenin. ERK signaling pathway, which in turn down-regulated melanogenesis-related proteins such as proteins, TYRP-1 and TYRP-2. Moreover, it was also showed that tocomin enhanced the degradation of melanosomes in melanoma cells by up – regulating endosome docking/fusion proteins including syntaxin7, vacuolar protein sorting – associated protein Vps16, Vps33, and Vps41. Collectively, these reports have shown the growing potential of Tocotrienol for skin cancer treatment. Moreover, Tocotrienols (Eannatto – DeltaGold) has been observed to possess anti-ageing effects on the skin, including preventing wrinkle formation, protecting against ultra-violet (UV) rays, and have a whitening effect.

Most research in the past 50 – 60 years has been focused on Tocopherols and 50% of all the research in last 30 years has been done on Tocotrienols in last 5 years. Half of the Tocotrienol research ever published has been published in last 10 years as shown in Fig. 1. Each day it is becoming increasingly understood that Tocotienols (especially Eannatto – DeltaGold) are the right form of Vitamin E. Well in excess of 100 studies and clinical trials have shown the surprising benefits of Tocotrienols – without any known side effects.

Fig. 1: In the graph, as you can see, R & D on Tocotrienol has increased exponentially over the years in all fields while research on Tocopherols has decreased. Whether it is cancer, Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), Diabetes, Anti – Oxidant activities or others, in all fields research on Tocotrienol has not only gained pace but quant as well.

Study 1 – Targeting melanoma stem cells with the Vitamin E derivative Delta – Tocotrienol.

The prognosis of metastatic melanoma is quite poor, due to the development of drug resistance of this disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been estimated to play a major role in this mechanism, contributing to disease relapse. CSCs were first characterized in melanoma cell lines. It was observed that A375 (but not BLM) cells were able to form melanospheres and show CSCs traits which is the expression of the pluripotency markers SOX2 and KLF4, higher invasiveness and tumor formation capability in vivo with respect to parental adherent cells. It was also showed that a subpopulation of auto – fluorescent cells expressing the ABCG2 stem cell marker were present in the A375 spheroid culture. On the basis of these data, it was investigated whether δ-TT might target melanoma CSCs. We demonstrated that melanoma cells escaping the antitumor activity of Delta – Tocotrienol (Eannatto – DeltaGold) are completely devoid of the ability to form melanospheres. In contrast, cells that were observed to escapevemurafenib treatment showed a higher ability to form melanospheres than control cells. Delta – Tocotrienol (Eannatto – DeltaGold) was also observed to induce disaggregation of A375 melanospheres and were also observed to reduce the spheroidogenic ability of sphere – derived cells, reducing the expression of the ABCG2 marker. These data demonstrated that Delta – Tocotrienol (Eannatto – DeltaGold) exerts its antitumor activity by targeting the CSC subpopulation of A375 melanoma cells and it also might represent a novel chemopreventive/therapeutic strategy against melanoma.

Study 2 – Diet – derived and topically applied Tocotrienols accumulate in skin and protect the tissue against ultraviolet light – induced oxidative stress.

To evaluate the tissue – specific distribution of lipophilic antioxidants including vitamin E isoforms, the Tocotrienolsand Tocopherolsand oxidised and reduced coenzyme Q (ubiquinone and ubiquinol), a sensitive procedure was developed using gradient HPLC with both electrochemical- and ultraviolet – detection. A unique distribution of these antioxidants in hairless mouse tissues was found, suggesting that their distribution may be dependent upon selective mechanisms for maintaining antioxidant defenses. Ubiquinol – 9 was found highest in the kidneys (81 ± 29 nmol/g) and in the liver (42 ± 16 nmol/g), while the highest ubiquinone – 9 concentrations were found in the kidneys (301 ± 123 nmol/g) and in the heart (244 ± 22 nmol/g). Liver was observed to contain nearly identical amounts of each ubiquinol – 9 (41 ± 16 nmol/g) and ubiquinone – 9 (46 ± 18 nmol/g). These mice tissues were fed a commercial chow diet containing Alpha – Tocopherol (30 ± 6 mg/kg diet), Gamma – Tocopherol (10 ± 1), Alpha -Tocotrienol (3.1 ± 0.7) and Gamma – Tocotrienol(Eannatto – DeltaGold)(7.4 ± 1.7). Of the vitamin E forms, brain contained only Alpha – Tocopherol (5.4 ± 0.1 nmol/g; 99.8%) and no detectable Tocotrienols. In other tissues, the Alpha – Tocopherol content was higher (20 nmol/g), while each of the other forms represented about 1 % of the total (Gamma – Tocopherol 0.2 to 0.4 nmol/g, Alpha – Tocotrienol 0.1, Gamma – Tocotrienol0.2). Remarkably, skin was observed to containnearly 15% Tocotrienols and 1% Gamma –Tocopherol. The unique distribution of Tocotrienols in skin suggested that they might have superior protection against environment stressors like UV rays. Therefore, the penetration of topically applied Tocotrienol enriched fraction of palm oil, (TRF) and vitamin E homologue concentrations before and after exposure of skin to UV – light was assessed. 20 μL of 5% TRF in polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG) was applied to 2 skin sites of the mice tissue and 20 μL PEG to the 2 other sites. After 2 hours, the skin was washed and half of the sites exposed to UV-irradiation using a solar simulator (2.8 mW/cm2 for 29 min). The vitamin E content of hairless mouse skin was Alpha –Tocopherol (9.0 ± 1.0 nmol/g skin), Gamma – Tocopherol(0.44 ± 0.03), Alpha – Tocotrienol(0.48 ± 0.07), Gamma – Tocotrienol(.92 ± 0.03). Topical TRF enriched skin vitamin E: Alpha -Tocopherol(201 ± 70 nmol/g skin), Gamma – Tocopherol (37 ± 15), Alpha – Tocotrienol(53 ± 25), and Gamma – Tocotrienol(50 ± 24). After UV-irradiation, concentrations of all vitamin E homologues from both treatment areas decreased significantly (p<0.01), but the TRF – treated skin contained vitamin E at concentrations 7- to 30-fold higher than control values. These results provided provocative clues on the uptake and regulation of tissue lipophilic antioxidants. The unique distribution of these antioxidant substances suggests their distribution may be dependent upon tissue-specific selective mechanisms.

Summary

Antioxidants, especially Tocotrienol was observed to exhibit anti-cancer activity against skin cancer cells by lowering inflammation and oxidative stress as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: In the study conducted by Dr. Qureshi, he saw that at 250 mg of Tocotrienols, the endogenous anti-oxidant, TAS (represented with grey colour) increased, while the C-reactive protein (CRP) dropped by 40%, oxidized fat (MDA) dropped by 34% and Total Anti-oxidant increased by 22%.

Angiogenes is which is the process of formation of blood vessels in cancer cells like in your skin cancer promotes cancer cell death to a very great extent. Studies have also demonstrated that Delta-Tocotrienol hindered hypoxia-induced VEGF and IL-8 overexpression and by lowering HIF-1 alpha, thus consequently inhibiting angiogenesis in cancer cells.

Fig. 3: In a study, it was observed in mice cells, that Delta - Tocotrienol inhibited the formation of blood vessels in cancer cells (Anti – Angiogenesis) while Tocopherol completely failed on such grounds. Delta-Tocotrienol was also observed to induce apoptosis in the mice cancer cells.

Apoptos is is the programmed cell death which leads to the death of cancer cells. According to the study, Tocotrienol was found to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by downregulating NF-kB and its regulated gene products.Delta – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) has been observed to cause cell death in aberrant melanoma and moreover it was observed that Delta – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) did not affect healthy cells.

Paraptosis is a type of programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis which features cytoplasmic vacuolation independent of Caspase activation and inhibition, and lack of apoptotic morphology. According to the research, it was observed that Delta-Tocotrienol induced paraptosis-like cell death in cancer cells.

Cell Proliferation is the process by which cancer cells copy their DNA and divide into several cancer cells during mitosis which leads to the spreading of cancer. Tocotrienol has been observed to impede the proliferation of cancer cells

Chemoprevention and anti-cancer activity against colon cancer have been observed in Tocotrienols.

Cancer stem cell death has been observed by the action of Tocotrienols especially Delta – Tocotrienols (DeltaGold – Eannatto). Even after chemotherapies, radiation and surgeries, there are stem cells of those cancerous tissues left revolving in your body which can lead to your cancer coming back. Henceforth, their death is very necessary and Tocotrienols have been observed to kill cancer stem cells.Tocotrienols have also been observed to exert anti – tumor activity against melanoma by targeting cancer stem cells.

Fig. 4: About 1% of cancer cells are Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) which keep circulating in your body even after nailing the cancer through chemo. It has been observed that Gamma – Tocotrienol and Delta – Tocotrienol, both specifically target CSC.

Tumor nutrition can also be obstructed by Tocotrienol as they may well work on dual antitumor mechanisms that include the removal of the vital nutrient to tumor lifeline. In a melanoma study, Delta – Tocotrienols (DeltaGold – Eannatto) have been observed to reduce tumor volume and tumor mass in mice and significantly delay tumor progression.

Free Radicals have been observed to be reduced by Tocotrienols which are created by UV – radiation.

Growth of Melanoma have been observed to be restricted by Delta and Gamma –Tocotrienol(DeltaGold – Eannatto) in studies conducted at the University of Wisconsin/Madison and at the Texas Woman’s University on cell cultures and animals.

Hyperpigmentation has been observed to be reduced by the effect of Delta – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto).

Skin Damageand Healing of Wounds has also been observed to be repaired by the effect of Tocotrienols.

Skin Pigmentation and Blemishes have been observed to be reduced by Delta – and Gamma – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) by inhibiting Melanin Synthesis.

SPF value of Delta – Tocotrienol (DeltaGold – Eannatto) has been found to be 5.5.

Dosage

In several kinds of research, it has been observed that approximately 900 mg/day of Tocotrienolshave been used to treat skin cancer cells with no adverse effects and productive results.

Substances that complement Tocotrienol for cancer include Vitamins C, D, Selenium, B complex.

Why Tocotrienol and Not Tocopherol?

Tocopherol, the enemy of Tocotrienol: In the studies, Tocopherol was observed to interfere in the functioning of Tocotrienol! Tocopherol has been observed to attenuate cancer inhibition, inhibits absorption, reduces adipose storage, and compromises cholesterol and triglyceride reduction.

Tocotrienol, the protector of State: Tocotrienol has more mobility than Tocopherol due to its small structure so it can cover a larger area targeting more number of colon cancer cells.

Small structure and less molecular weight: The higher anti-oxidant activity of Tocotrienols is due to their small structure and less molecular weight which assist in their integration of the cell, unlike Tocopherols.

Fig. 27: In the first graph, it can be observed that Tocotrienol uptake is maximum when Alpha – Tocopherol concentration is 0 but as the concentration of Alpha – Tocopherol increases, the concentration of uptake of Tocotrienol decreases. While, in the 2nd graph it can be observed that as the concentration of Alpha – Tocopherol increases in the dosage of Tocotrienol, the apoptosis induction property of Tocotrienol was suffered and cancer kill was compromised.

Absorption: As compared to Tocopherols, Tocotrienols absorb better in the body and Tocopherols have been observed to prevent absorption of Tocotrienols.

Fig. 5: The 2nd pie chart represents Palm Tocotrienol rich fraction with 32% Alpha – Tocopherol which was given to people and when the Alpha – Tocopherol was removed then it was represented by the 1st pie chart with 0.3% Alpha – Tocopherol which was then given to people. In the graph, the hollow bar represents the Tocotrienol with Tocopherol which reduced the concentrations of Alpha, Gamma and Delta Tocotrienol in the body but when Tocopherol was removed from the dosage (Solid grey bars in graph), the concentrations of Alpha, Gamma and Delta – Tocotrienol significantly increased.

References

Tocotrienols: Latest Cancer Research in Vitamin E by Barrie Tan, Ph.D., and Anne M.Trias, MS.

Tocotrienols: The Promising Analogues of Vitamin Efor Cancer Therapeutics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.017

Targeting melanoma stem cells with the Vitamin E derivative δ-tocotrienol. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29330434

Diet-derived and topically applied tocotrienols accumulate in skin and protect the tissue against ultraviolet light-induced oxidative stress. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24394657

Want smooth, white skin and larger muscles? Think tocotrienols https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/health/2014/12/07/want-smooth-white-skin-and-larger-muscles-think-tocotrienols/

WHO: Global Health Observatory Data: Ultraviolet radiation https://www.who.int/gho/phe/ultraviolet_radiation/en/

Cancer.org: What is Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation https://www.cancer.org/cancer/skin-cancer/prevention-and-early-detection/what-is-uv-radiation.html

The Truth About Vitamin E: The Secret to Thriving with Annatto Tocotrienols by Dr. Barrie Tan.

Note:

To read studies in detail, follow the references and links given.

The dosages given must not be taken as the advice of a medical practitioner. Consult your physician for the optimum dosage to be consumed.

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CSC 4780/6780 Homework 2

Purpose One of the first things you will do when exploring a new dataset is make some graphs that will give you some intuitive feel for what the data contains. Also, the last thing you typically do on a project is make the data visualizations that will help your clients understand and believe your analysis. You will also calculate a gradient. We will be using gradient descent a lot. The reasons…

[wizpoptarts]

3 Objectives Overview Graphs Definition and Terminology Representation of Graphs  Array based  Linked List Common Operations on Graphs Graph Traversals  Breadth First Search (BSF)  Depth First Search (DFS)