#export data Philippines
Explore tagged Tumblr posts
seairexim · 5 months ago
Text
Comprehensive Philippines Export Data for Business Insights
Tumblr media
Explore detailed Philippines export data for market trends, top exports, and trade statistics. Get the latest insights to boost your business and decision-making.
For More Info Visit: https://www.seair.co.in/global-trade-data/philippines-export-data.aspx
0 notes
philippinesimportdata · 2 years ago
Text
Export Data Philippines
A lot of other benefits have associated with Export Data Philippines then you can get after taking data from PhilippinesImportData. The details in the data are fetched from trusted organizations such as customs departments, ports, etc. The shipment data of the Philippines covers complete information about the major Philippines importers and exporters along with their trade partners, mode of shipment, product description, HS code, etc.
Tumblr media
0 notes
exportimportdataaa · 10 days ago
Text
Brazil Import Export Data 2025 | Global Trade Statistics – Eximpedia
Access accurate Brazil import-export data, HS codes, major shipments, and top trade partners. Use Eximpedia to analyze Brazil’s global trade flows and grow your international business. for more info
Visit Our Page :-
https://www.eximpedia.app/global-trade-data/philippines
0 notes
eximpedia1 · 10 months ago
Text
0 notes
tradeimexpvt · 2 years ago
Text
What do the Philippines import from the USA?
The Philippines imports a variety of goods from the United States. While specific import data can vary over time, some common categories of imports from the USA to the Philippines include:
Machinery and Equipment: This category includes industrial machinery, electrical machinery, and equipment used in various sectors such as manufacturing and construction.
Electronic Products: The Philippines imports electronic products like computers, semiconductors, electronic components, and telecommunications equipment.
Mineral Fuels and Oils: Imports of mineral fuels, including petroleum products, play a significant role in the Philippines' energy needs and industrial activities.
Agricultural Products: The USA exports agricultural products like wheat, soybeans, meat (such as pork and poultry), dairy products, and processed foods to the Philippines.
Transportation Equipment: This category includes vehicles like automobiles, trucks, and aircraft, along with associated parts and accessories.
Chemical Products: The Philippines imports various chemical products from the USA, including pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and chemical-related commodities.
Plastics and Rubber Products: Imports in this category encompass plastics, rubber, and related products used in manufacturing and consumer goods production.
Optical and Medical Instruments: The Philippines imports optical, photographic, and medical instruments, as well as precision instruments and apparatus.
Metal and Metal Products: This category includes iron and steel products, aluminum, and other metal goods used in manufacturing and construction.
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles: This category covers a range of goods like furniture, toys, games, sports equipment, and other manufactured items.
Please note that the Philippines import data can change over time due to economic conditions, trade agreements, and shifts in demand. To obtain the most up-to-date and accurate information about the Philippines' imports from the USA, I recommend consulting official trade statistics sources such as the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) or relevant government agencies in both countries.
Visit:- https://medium.com/@tradeimexsolution/philippines-imports-and-export-reports-and-analysis-e7e1dc6e7719
0 notes
loneberry · 2 years ago
Text
Tumblr media Tumblr media
The new route Russia is using to export its oil to China. Unfortunately global warming and the melting of the icecaps only benefits Russia geopolitically. What’s the big deal? you might wonder. A 10-day reduction in transport time is huge when it comes to the velocity of capital. Power accrues to the nations that control key maritime trade routes.
*
Between climate change and the new Cold War, the future doesn’t look pretty. China’s economy is imploding thanks to their reliance on a debt-fueled real estate bonanza, their misguided zero COVID policy, and Xi Jinping’s head-scratchingly bad policies (and of course, his consolidation of power). Siding with Russia was a huge mistake… Now China’s biggest export markets are trying to decouple or at least diversify away from them. Youth unemployment is so bad in China (21%, but possibly significantly higher) that the government has decided to stop publishing such data. The Philippines and Vietnam are pivoting toward the US. South Korea and Japan are putting their long, historical feud aside to join forces against China. Japanese military neutrality is over. Meanwhile a tiny island called Taiwan makes over 92% of the world’s advanced semiconductors and will likely be invaded in our lifetime. Will an (economically) weakened China make it more or less likely that Xi will invade Taiwan? (Strongmen facing a domestic crisis and loss of popular support do often start wars as a kind of “gamble for resurrection,” but Xi might have become more risk adverse as he observes Russia’s debacle in Ukraine. Plus, an amphibious invasion is logistically extremely difficult to pull off.)
Defense spending worldwide is skyrocketing, climbing back toward Cold War levels. The lines on the map are hardening, particularly in the Asian/Pacific theater and the European theater. A nuclear trifecta of Russia-China-North Korea is emerging. Yes, it is a marriage of convenience, but quite a dangerous one given that Russia will likely transfer technology (specifically, platforms to deliver nuclear warheads) to North Korea in exchange for Soviet-compatible ammunition/arms to use in Ukraine. I hate feeling like the world is a frog getting boiled but as I finish this 26-part BBC documentary on World War I, I can’t help but feel that the geopolitical situation is very unstable.
Oh, the madness of nation states! Wake me up when it’s over.
10 notes · View notes
oaresearchpaper · 1 year ago
Text
Marketing Abaca Fiber: Insights from Caraga Region Farmers
Tumblr media
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the marketing practices and the profitability of establishing Abaca in the Caraga Region. A total of One Thousand Two Hundred Fifty-Six (1256) farmers, Seventy-Seven (77) traders, and three (3) processors were interviewed as the respondents of the study. Their names were obtained from the Philippine Fiber Development Authority (PhilFIDA) and the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) of the concerned municipalities of the Region. Data gathering activities included interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs), and stakeholder forums were conducted to validate and gather additional information. The said Focus Group Discussion and Stakeholders’ Forum were attended by the farmers, officers in various cooperatives, traders, representatives from the regional line offices, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) Municipal Agriculture Offices (MAO), Academe, Provincial Agriculture Officer. In the Caraga Region, abaca traders are situated in Agusan del Norte 28 or 36.36%, Agusan del Sur 25 or 32.47%, Surigao del Sur 24 or 31.17% and no traders in the province of Surigao del Norte. The one who sets the price for abaca fiber is the trader/buyer 99.28 % and only 0.71% sets by the farmer. The means of contacting buyers are referrals by the farmers 32.96%; traders will come to the farmers 27.46%, recommended by the Local Government Unit (LGU) 23.88%, and traders who are known by the cooperatives 15.68%. The buyers’ requirements in buying abaca fibers are quality 63.69% and volume 36.30%. Traders engage in buying Abaca for more than 15 years or 38.5%; 1-5 years, 30.12%; 11-15 years, 18.07% and 6-10 years, 13.25%. The means of transporting abaca fiber is through motorcycles 43.37% and hired trucks 56.61%. The estimated monthly volume sold is 1- 5 metric tons or 92.77% and 6 – 10 metric tons. The farmer’s Abaca fibers through Barangay or Municipal Traders, Cooperatives/Consolidators, Baling and Grading Establishment, Processors, and exporters. The issues and concerns for the traders are the following: classification and grading of fiber, cheating abaca bundles where stones inserted to increase weights, abaca fiber not adequately dried, and piles of Abaca are mixed with other fibers. The profitability of abaca farming for 1 hectare /year is the average of P48,000 for a typical farm, while for a good farm is P115,200 – 192,000.
Tumblr media
Introduction
The "Manila hemp," known internationally for its world-class fiber, continues to be one of the priority agricultural commodities of the Department of Agriculture (DA). The Philippines supplies more than 87.4 percent of the total abaca fiber market and earns more than $111.33 million in global abaca trade annually (PCA, 2017).
In 2022, as per PhilFIDA data, Caraga ranked third among the top abaca-producing regions in the country with an estimated 10,000 metric tons (MT) of fiber production, next to Bicol Region (1st) and Davao Region (2nd).
Abaca is in great demand in the world market today because of its lucrative value in industries such as making security papers, paper money, ropes, insulators, and other handicrafts. The most important part of the Abaca is the stalk which is the source of the fiber. Abaca fiber is superior to all other natural fibers because of its great strength and its resistance to the action of water. It is three times stronger than cotton, the most potent natural fiber. 
The country’s overall fiber production is estimated at 62,640.63MT, remaining the top abaca-producing country, supplying 85% of the fiber demand in the world.
Pulp, which accounts for 69.2 percent market share of the abaca exports, has reported earnings of $ 79.4 million or an increase of 11.7 percent. Abaca cordage, which grabbed a market share of 10 percent, fell to $ 11.4 million. Fiber crafts exports also fell 67.3% to $3.7 million (The Philippine Star, 2016). The pulp manufacturing industry is the leading end-user of abaca fiber, followed by cordage manufacturing and fiber craft industry. It was reported that due to the increasing use of abaca fiber in specialty paper manufacturing, the demand for fiber among pulp manufacturers is constantly surging, and the trend is expected to prevail in 2014-2019. Among the leading abaca fiber suppliers, Ching Bee Trading Corporation dominates the market in the Philippines, followed by Tag Fibers, Inc. and Selinrail International. 
Tumblr media
For the past half-decade, the Abaca industry helped boost the country’s economy from its export earnings with an annual average of P4.7 billion, mainly in the Visayas and Mindanao Islands. Abaca fibers are cultivated across 176,549 hectares of farmlands by over 122,758 farmers. Moreover, in recent years, it has been perceived that aside from the substantial contributions of Abaca to the economy, its utilization can also provide numerous ecological advantages (www.philfida.da.gov.ph, 2019).
With the continuing development of the fiber craft industry in the Philippines, the abaca fiber market has been witnessing a boost due to the growing demand for gifts, toys, and housewares. Moreover, increasing consumer inclination for lifestyle products is further expected to strengthen the growth trend for abaca crafts in the coming years. There are only two significant exporters of abaca fiber in the world – the Philippines and Ecuador, with the Philippines accounting for over 80% of the global production of abaca fiber. In the Philippines, the abaca plant is cultivated across 130 thousand hectares of land by over 90 thousand farmers. 
Asia Pacific was the largest market for abaca fiber in terms of production and consumption over the past few years, and the trend is expected to continue over the forecast period. The Philippines, the world's largest abaca producer, hold a significant market share in Asia Pacific. A considerable portion of produced abaca fiber in the Philippines is internally consumed, while a substantial amount is exported to various countries, including U.S., Japan, and other European countries. The Philippine government supports initiatives to increase high-quality abaca fiber production levels for domestic consumption and export. This is expected to strengthen its market positioning further and open market opportunities for new players over the next seven years (Erie News, 2019).
Thus, this undertaking is critical to fill the data gaps of the recently conducted Value Chain Analysis of the Commodity in the Region. Profiling tells us the actual scenario of how many abaca farmers engaged in this commodity, what support programs they availed in our present administration, what they need, and what other issues and concerns so that our government can also make some intervention programs for our abaca industry.
Major end-user industries of abaca fiber include paper and pulp, fibercraft, and cordage. The paper and pulp industry is the largest end-user industry for abaca fiber, followed by cordage manufacturing and fiber craft industry. Increasing the application scope of abaca fiber in specialty paper manufacturing is likely a critical factor driving demand for abaca fibers in the paper & pulp industry. The rising market for cordage in industrial applications, including the production of ropes for ships, is expected to boost its demand over the next seven years.
Source : Farmers practices in marketing Abaca fiber in Caraga Region
5 notes · View notes
eximtradedata01 · 3 days ago
Text
Philippines Import Trade Data Available at Exim Trade Data    
Exim Trade Data provides authentic market analysis that assists importers and exporters, Philippines import trade data, and traders in obtaining comprehensive information regarding market trends, HS codes, buyer-supplier information, etc.
Our database assists you in tracking the Philippines import-export trade data, discovering new partners, and analysing competitors. Obtain the Philippines Import Trade Data for automobiles, textiles, machinery, agriculture, and other sectors.
Tumblr media
0 notes
Text
Leading DIPHENYLACETONITRILE (DPAN) Manufacturer in Philippines
Tumblr media
Trusted DIPHENYLACETONITRILE (DPAN) Manufacturer in the Philippines
The pharmaceutical and chemical industries in the Philippines have been expanding rapidly, and Dolphin Pharmaceutical has emerged as a leading DIPHENYLACETONITRILE (DPAN) manufacturer in the Philippines. With a commitment to high-quality production, innovation, and customer satisfaction, we continue to set new standards in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing.
DIPHENYLACETONITRILE (DPAN), a crucial intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds and pharmaceuticals, requires precise manufacturing conditions and strict quality control. At Dolphin Pharmaceutical, we ensure that every batch of DPAN is produced under controlled conditions using advanced equipment and handled by experienced professionals.
What is DIPHENYLACETONITRILE (DPAN)?
DIPHENYLACETONITRILE is an organic compound with the chemical formula C14H11N. It is used as an intermediate in the development of pharmaceutical drugs, specialty chemicals, and laboratory reagents. Its unique chemical structure and reactivity make it valuable in various organic synthesis processes, especially in the creation of central nervous system drugs and other fine chemicals.
The production of DPAN requires precise control of temperature, pressure, and purity levels. This is why it is essential to source this compound only from a reliable and experienced manufacturer.
Why Choose Dolphin Pharmaceutical?
As a pharmaceutical drug manufacturer in the Philippines, Dolphin Pharmaceutical has built a reputation for delivering consistent quality and safe pharmaceutical intermediates, including DPAN. Here are a few reasons why our clients trust us:
1. State-of-the-Art Manufacturing Facility
Our manufacturing unit is equipped with modern production equipment, cleanroom systems, and real-time monitoring tools. This ensures efficient production and minimal contamination risks.
2. Strict Quality Control
Each batch of DIPHENYLACETONITRILE is tested under stringent quality assurance protocols. We provide a Certificate of Analysis (COA), MSDS, and other technical documents to ensure transparency and product traceability.
3. Regulatory Compliance
We operate in compliance with international standards such as Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and ISO certifications. This ensures that every product, including DPAN, meets both local and global regulatory expectations.
4. Experienced R&D Team
Our dedicated research and development team continuously works to enhance product quality, production efficiency, and sustainable practices. This innovation-driven approach keeps us ahead in the competitive pharmaceutical manufacturing space.
Serving Local and International Markets
As a DIPHENYLACETONITRILE manufacturer in the Philippines, we serve not only domestic pharmaceutical companies but also export to countries across Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Our DPAN product is known for its reliability, consistency, and high purity, making it a preferred choice for international buyers.
Whether you are a pharmaceutical company, research laboratory, or chemical trader, our team ensures timely delivery and professional support at every step of the supply chain.
Tumblr media
Custom Solutions and Bulk Orders
Every client has unique requirements, and we are flexible in our approach to meet those needs. We offer:
Custom packaging solutions
Private labeling
Technical data support
Small and large volume orders
Prompt export documentation
This client-focused approach sets us apart as a responsive and capable pharmaceutical drug manufacturer in the Philippines.
Environmental Responsibility
As a responsible manufacturer, we also prioritize environmental sustainability. Our facilities are designed to minimize waste, control emissions, and use resources efficiently. We invest in clean technologies and follow eco-friendly practices in every aspect of production.
This commitment ensures that our manufacturing processes are not just economically viable but also environmentally sustainable, creating a safer future for all.
Why DPAN from Dolphin Pharmaceutical?
When you choose us as your DPAN manufacturer, you are choosing reliability, technical excellence, and ethical manufacturing. Here’s what you can expect:
99% purity levels
Consistent supply chain
Transparent documentation
Compliance with international safety norms
Technical support and guidance
We understand that DPAN is a sensitive chemical, and accuracy in its formulation and handling is critical. That’s why our team ensures each product undergoes extensive testing before dispatch.
Partner With the Best in the Industry
The success of a pharmaceutical or chemical product depends greatly on the quality of its raw materials. As a reputed pharmaceutical drug manufacturer in the Philippines, Dolphin Pharmaceutical is your ideal partner for sourcing DIPHENYLACETONITRILE (DPAN) with complete confidence.
We welcome inquiries from domestic and international companies looking for a long-term, trustworthy supplier of DPAN. Our team is ready to provide quotes, technical documentation, and samples as per your request.
Tumblr media
0 notes
daniiltkachev · 12 days ago
Link
0 notes
philippinesimportdata · 2 years ago
Text
Export Data Philippines
There are several ways to locate the precise Export Data Philippines; one of them is to visit the philippinesimportdata.com website and get the precise importer's data for the Philippines and Vietnam.
Tumblr media
0 notes
chemanalystdata · 17 days ago
Text
Polycarbonate Prices: Market Analysis, Trend, News, Graph and Demand
North America
The North American Ammonium Nitrate market displayed fluctuating pricing trends in Q4 2024, with relative stability in October and November followed by a modest uptick in December. Despite volatility in feedstock costs—particularly Ammonia and Nitric Acid—prices remained largely unchanged during the initial months, primarily due to subdued seasonal demand from the fertilizer sector as agricultural activities slowed post-planting season.
Conversely, industrial demand—especially from mining and explosives applications—remained stable, lending some support to market fundamentals. On the supply front, adverse weather conditions, including hurricanes and low water levels on the Mississippi River, disrupted logistics and impacted production and import flows. Additional supply chain pressure came from labor strikes in Canada, although strategic inventory management helped prevent significant shortages.
By December, a combination of slight supply tightness and marginal increases in feedstock prices triggered a gradual rise in Ammonium Nitrate pricing. Fertilizer buyers remained cautious, delaying major purchases in anticipation of winter fill and spring prepay discounts. Overall, the quarter reflected a balanced market, where steady industrial demand counteracted seasonal agricultural weakness and ongoing supply constraints.
Get Real time Prices for Ammonium Nitrate: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/ammonium-nitrate-1216
Asia-Pacific
The Asia-Pacific Ammonium Nitrate market experienced mixed pricing patterns throughout the quarter, shaped by regional supply-demand dynamics, logistical bottlenecks, and weather-related disruptions. In Indonesia and China, prices declined despite higher Ammonia feedstock costs, as robust domestic production and healthy inventory levels ensured market stability. Weak export demand—especially from the Philippines and New Zealand, where agricultural activity was hampered by inclement weather—further pressured prices.
In China, logistical issues such as port congestion at Shanghai and Ningbo, coupled with heavy rainfall, delayed imports and disrupted regional supply chains. Vessel bunching and extended turnaround times added to the strain. Southern Asia-Pacific regions faced crop damage risks due to excessive rainfall, affecting sugarcane, oil palm, and fruit yields, while central areas maintained stable paddy cultivation supported by adequate irrigation.
Manufacturers across the region kept production levels steady, navigating rising feedstock costs with effective planning. In India, however, prices edged slightly upward, driven by pre-Rabi season restocking of fertilizer supplies. Overall, the market reflected a patchwork of regional trends influenced by weather, logistics, and localized demand shifts.
Europe
In Europe, Ammonium Nitrate prices trended downward in Q4 2024 amid sluggish demand from core sectors like agriculture and an ongoing oversupply situation. Despite an increase in Ammonia feedstock costs and temporary production disruptions—such as the shutdown of a Norwegian gas platform—market prices remained under pressure due to high inventory levels.
In the UK, December saw a brief price surge attributed to export delays from key European suppliers and broader supply chain disruptions. However, this was offset by inconsistent buyer activity, largely influenced by fluctuating weather patterns and uncertainty surrounding the winter planting season.
Across the region, weak agricultural demand combined with logistical issues like port congestion painted a picture of a strained market. High input costs and unpredictable weather continue to shape the outlook, with supply currently outpacing demand and pricing momentum subdued.
Get Real time Prices for Ammonium Nitrate: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/ammonium-nitrate-1216
Our Blog: 
Packaging Materials Prices: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Industry-data/packaging-materials-7
Personal Care Chemicals Prices: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Industry-data/personal-care-chemicals-8
Contact Us:
ChemAnalyst
GmbH - S-01, 2.floor, Subbelrather Straße,
15a Cologne, 50823, Germany
Call: +49-221-6505-8833
Website: https://www.chemanalyst.com
0 notes
eximpedia1 · 10 months ago
Text
Tumblr media
0 notes
biancayzabellie · 1 month ago
Text
Correcting Course on the Future of Philippine Economic Development
The Philippines has primarily been an agricultural nation for as long as any of us can remember, but should it remain that way? Recent data has shown us a new way forward, one of industrialization and greater focus on technology. What is the right way to proceed? Today, we discuss exactly that in this blog divided into three sections: Observation, Insights, and Learnings.
Observation:
One of the Philippines’ primary are agricultural products like fruits and rice, it has been this way for a very long time. But, something has changed in these last few years, among the nation’s largest export groups has been a steady growth in electronics and machinery. In fact a report by the Philippine Statistics Authority in March of this year has Electonic Products to be the far and away leader in exported products, and it is still growing. Given that, this puts the nation at a crossroads, grappling with the persistent question of its economic trajectory: should the nation prioritize agrarian reform, focusing on equitable land distribution and agricultural development, or should it aggressively pursue industrialization, aiming for manufacturing-led growth? It is not secret that the Philippines has long been an agrarian economy, but it has become abundantly clear that the contributions of the agriculture industry has steadily declined which has lead this nation to begin importing more than they’ve been exporting. However, history has taught us that rapid industrialization is not an easy path to economic growth, the benefits are often unevenly distributed and leaves many people in rural areas, of which there are a lot of in the Philippines, marginalized and left behind. 
Insight:
In my view, it is not so simple as choosing one or the other, it’s clear that both have their own advantages and disadvantages; the real fire is finding the best of both worlds as most sustainable developed nations do. Agrarian reform is and always will be a great possibility in this country, but that opportunity has not always been taken advantage of in times past. But, when implemented genuinely, it can empower rural communities, enhance food security, and make the nation more self-sufficient. Industrialization on the other hand may be able to take advantage of more burgeoning and modern markets, we can already see that in the current data and the demand of electronic parts and products show no sign of slowing either. This could be the right pathway to take in order to keep up with current markets. Put together, industrialization can serve its part by providing a needed economic boost for the country, at the same time that boost is not going to last very long if the country cannot sustain itself and its people are unable to avail themselves of these new opportunities. Agricultural reform can help with both as well as provide a true service to the country.
Learning:
The Philippine economic narrative is not a zero-sum game and a binary choice will only leave one side underdeveloped. I have always believed in compromise, that the path forwards always exists somewhere in the middle. The biggest question behind all of this is how effective and appropriate the policies and people behind such movements are. Ideally, the result will be an interconnected system where agriculture supports industrialization and vice-versa. Of course, all this is simply wishful thinking for now and true change requires years to implement and even longer to become permanent, but we have seen examples of this in the past. Nations like Japan and Korea have both benefitted from systems like this, beginning with agrarian reform that in turn boosts a burgeoning industrial sector. In all fairness, these systems were implemented much earlier and the change in times have potentially changed the effectiveness of this kind of plan but it is still proof that there is hope.
Sources:
Conquest, R. (2019). Soviet Union - Industrialization, 1929–34 | Britannica. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/Industrialization-1929-34
Department of Agrarian Reform. (2016). Agrarian Reform History | Department of Agrarian Reform. Dar.gov.ph. https://www.dar.gov.ph/agrarian-reform-history
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2025, March 28). Highlights of the Philippine Export and Import | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines. Psa.gov.ph. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/export-import/monthly
TradeImeX. (2024, August 6). Top Agricultural Import & Export Products of the Philippines in 2024. Infinite. https://tradeimex.in/blogs/philippines-top-agricultural-imports-exports
0 notes
tradeimexx · 2 months ago
Text
Discover the top 10 exports of the Philippines and their impact on global trade. Explore key industries, export trends, and insights from Philippines import data. Get reliable Philippines import-export data with TradeImex to make informed business decisions.
0 notes
eximtradedata01 · 4 days ago
Text
Information on Philippines Import Data at Exim Trade Data 
Reliable Philippines Import Data for Market Analysis. Accurate and up-to-date Philippines import data available at Exim Trade Data helps importers and exporters, and traders to get detailed information about market trends, HS codes, buyers-suppliers data, Philippines Customs Data, etc.
Our database helps you monitor Philippines trade data, find new partners, and analyse competitors. Get Philippines import data for automotive, textiles, machinery, agriculture, and other industries.
Tumblr media
0 notes