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Major Equipment in Atmospheric Distillation Unit (ADU)

The Atmospheric Distillation Unit (ADU) is the primary processing unit in most oil refineries.

It separates crude oil into various fractions based on their boiling points. The following are the key pieces of equipment found in an ADU:

1. Crude Oil Preheat Furnace:

Purpose: Heats the crude oil to a temperature close to its boiling point before it enters the distillation column.

Type: Typically, a fired heater that uses fuel gas or oil to generate heat.

2. Atmospheric Distillation Column:

Purpose: Separates the heated crude oil into different fractions based on their boiling points.

Components:

Tray or Packing: Used to provide contact between the vapor and liquid phases.

Reboilers: Heat the bottoms product to generate vapor.

Condenser: Cools the vapor to condense it into liquid.

3. Fractionators:

Purpose: Further refine certain fractions (e.g., naphtha, kerosene) to meet specific product specifications.

4. Strippers:

Purpose: Remove lighter components from heavier fractions to improve product quality.

5. Heat Exchangers:

Purpose: Recover heat from the process to reduce energy consumption.

Types: Shell-and-tube, plate-and-frame, etc.

6. Pumps:

Purpose: Transfer fluids between different equipment.

7. Piping:

Purpose: Connects the various equipment in the unit.

8. Instrumentation and Controls:

Purpose: Monitor and control the process variables (temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc.).

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