#flectionless

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Prepositions in Polish

Prepositions are a flectionless form class. We classify them as simple and, well, complex. But don’t worry, they’re not that complex.

Examples of simple prepositions: z, do, na, bez, za, pod, u, w, nad, o, od, po.

Examples of complex prepositions: z + nad = znad, po + przez = poprzez (so basically two words glued together into one)

SPELLING

The rule is: prepositions are spelled separately from other words. But of course, what would any language be without exceptions. Some monosyllabic prepositions take "-e" as their ending. This usually happens in set phrases like beze mnie, przeze mnie, ode mnie, nade wszystko, przede wszystkim, etc.

Prezent jest od Kasi. - The present is from Kasia.

Prezent jest ode mnie. - The present is from me.

“ode mnie” is a set phrase. Naturally, in any other combination that’s not a set phrase, use the basic form, which is “od”.

Nie możesz żyć bez Kasi. - You can’t live without Kasia.

Nie możesz żyć beze mnie. - You can’t live without me.

Przede wszystkim, pamiętaj o pieniądzach. - Most of all, remember about the money.

again, set phrases.

Now, complex prepositions are always joint. How to know if a preposition is complex? Well, that’s easy. Just try to crack it into “smaller” words. Not necessarily prepositions, just words. If you can, it’s complex.

Here’s a little list of some complex prepositions and how they split into different words:

* dlaczego [dla+czego => for+what=why], 

* naraz [na+raz => on+once=suddenly], 

* obok [o+bok => about+side=next to], 

* podczas [pod+czas => under+time=while], 

* według [we+dług], 

* naokoło [na+około - około comes from “koło” (circle) => on+circle=around],

* zamiast [za+miast], 

* wśród [w+śród - śród comes from “środek” (middle) => in+middle=>among],

* wewnątrz [we+wnątrz - wnątrz is “wnętrze” (inside) => in+inside=inside],

* zewnątrz [ze+wnątrz], 

* spośród [z+pośród].

But wait... what happened with “spośród”? Z+pośród? Why is there an “s” then?

Here’s a funny, pretty important rule for that: when the preposition "z" happens next to another preposition — if the first sound of the second preposition is voiceless, the "z" turns into an "s". Examples? spod, sponad (BUT znad), spośród.

preposition z + preposition pod => “p” from “pod” is voiceless, therefore the “z” turns into an “s” and as it’s a complex preposition, we join the words together to get “spod”

preposition z + preposition nad => “n” from “nad” isn’t voiceless, therefore the “z” doesn’t turn into an “s” and as it’s a complex preposition, we join the words together to get  “znad”

THE IMPORTANT STUFF

Right, so these are the most important facts about prepositions. But don’t learn them like that, honestly, why on Earth would you hurt yourself like that. What I suggest is learn them by immersion. Prepositions are everywhere, they’re one of the most basic parts of language. Keeping these rules in mind is good but learning them by heart and thinking about them every time before you’re about to write any preposition is sentencing yourself to death, basically.

But of course, there are things about prepositions you should learn by heart and those things are what case each preposition takes. I was about to delve into that and while looking for good resources, I came across this website. I tried to base my post on it but then I realized I was just retyping everything from the website, because it’s all so well-explained there. No, I don’t get paid for saying this. So I don’t mean to disappoint or come across as lazy, but I suggest you check out that website and if you have any questions regarding what they say about prepositions — hit me up. It’s just that covering such a broad subject that’s already been covered really well somehow defeats the purpose, so I’ll be more than glad to resolve any singular doubts.

And if I may give you one more resource, here’s a nice, long list of Polish prepositions.

A tip from me would be remember that in a sentence, the verb is more important than the preposition. What I mean is that (example!):

preposition “o” normally takes the locative. However, there are verbs (like “prosić”) that require you to use “o” (prosić o coś - ask for something). In that case, the thing you’re asking for takes the accusative -- because the verb requires it to, even though that’s against the preposition.

Rozmawiamy o twoim tacie. - We’re talking about your dad. (o + locative)

Proszę o cierpliwość. - I ask for patience. (proszę o + accusative)

Myślę o naszych problemach. - I’m thinking about our problems. (o + locative)

Pytam o miejsce spotkania. - I’m asking about the place of the meeting. (pytam o + accusative)