#flowpath

[zinjanthropusboisei]

Since the wildfire smoke has been hitting the east coast, I've been thinking about doing a flowchart-style infographic on where to find US hazard information - so many of the comments on the info I posted were like "huh. I was wondering why the sky looked so funny." With the state of the Internet, search engines, and social media today, it really isn't intuitive where you can go to find reliable information on something so vague as "I noticed something a lil funky today," and so many of the platforms and accounts that emergency managers have spent years building up trust and visibility for have disappeared or become unverifiable because of Twitter's meltdown. Best to go to straight to the source when you can, as long as you know where to start.

This would just focus on the federal government, and mainly on immediate warnings and alert information...I'd rather just focus on natural hazards as well since those are the resources I'm familiar with, but that might be too narrow. Any ideas for questions and flowpaths besides what I've sketched out so far are welcome!

[tsmom1219]

Streams connected to groundwater show improved detoxification and microbial diversity

Read the full story from the American Society for Microbiology. Streams with ample connections to shallow groundwater flowpaths have greater microbial diversity and are more effective at preventing toxic forms of metals — often products of upstream mining — from entering and being transported downstream. These streams are also better at detoxifying those metals already present. The research is…

[maryalicek]

Ok folks - its time for a new setup — here is the latest remote group healing vortex tree of life pattern - to release INSECURITY. Was guided to added a set of cards called the power vortex cards in the 4 corners - these 4 cards help to bring a feeling of stability, resilience, strength and groundedness and create a sense of safety when place around a pattern. I was also guided to add a set of flow path cards - the red one at the top and the blue one at the bottom. These cards help to bring a feeling of flow and a super duper powerful in ways I have yet to understand. There are these vibrational remedies that have been put into the circle at the bottom of the tree of life: 1. Flower Essence Society’s Zinnia - which helps restore an individual’s sense of playfulness, laughter and joy. It assists in achieving a balance and healthful sense of priority while allowing the letting go of those things that need not matter quite so much. It reminds the individual of the balance of a child’s laughter and joy, and helps them contact the child within for balancing. 2. Hanna’s Herb Shop vibropathic called Grief - self explanatory - emotional remedy for grief. 3. Energique Homeopathic Remedy called Adrenapar - a glandular homeopathic for adrenal support, indicated for the relief of nervous exhaustion, fatigue from confusion, paranoia and can’t figure out. Well that sums it up! I am putting the big purple bin filled with witness samples on this setup right now and its being transmitted with all my love and the divine light! #treeoflife #vortexalignment #vortexcards #powercards #flowpath #zinniafloweressence #grief #insecurity #adrenal #remotehealing #vibrationalhealing #lifealignment #alignyourwholelife #hannakroeger #jefflevin #witnesssamples #restorejoy #safesecurepeacefulsatisfied (at Maryalice Kirchdoerffer, B. Sc., L.M.T. at Align Your Whole Life) https://www.instagram.com/p/CBCAdsOB0C3/?igshid=1xxgtt5gsrvsq

[weblodge]

FlowPath logo Lottie JSON animation

[0heavenly0resource0]

Overflow pits are necessary to relieve the pressure in pipe systems carrying stormwater in a heavy rainfall event.

The water escapes from the grate at the top of the pit. This happens when the hydraulic grade line of the system reaches the top of the pit. The overflow from the pit will join other flows and discharge to a natural water body. This flow is referred to as an overland flow path.

The overflow pit shown in this photo is on a walking track around the Huntingdale Road , retarding basin and wetland in Melbourne Australia.

[same-side]

I’m sorry if this is too personal but your bio says mechanical engineer and I just think that’s so freaking cool especially being so young and I was wondering what’s that like? (Please dont feel pressured to talk about this if it makes you uncomfortable!)

Hey there! No worries, I don’t mind talking about it)

this is pretty broad so i guess i’ll just ramble a bit. You’re welcome to ask me any more specific questions you might have! Thank you so much for checking in and just. being curious! c:

“young” omg

I suppose I am. Usually, here, engineering takes five years to get the B.S. because it’s such an intensive programme with so many classes to take. I overloaded myself with credit hours so I could get through school faster. I graduated about a year ago and honestly I do not miss school at all; the working world is so nice!! I was the kind of person that was in student government, several clubs, and interning all on top of classes, so when I got into the working world it was like… I finally had time to breathe and do things I enjoy (like art!).

I’m a mechanical engineer, but we’re a really versatile class of engineer. Our educational and professional scope covers everything from materials engineering to programming. A huge percentage of mechies are design engineers; you would probably assume given my art hobby that I’m a design engineer. Ironically, I don’t find much enjoyment in CAD (computer aided design, 3D) modeling and design work; I’m much more adept at taking a look at problems, analyzing them, and fixing them. In fact, all of the positions I’ve had have been in the testing realm. 

I actually got my undergrad specialization in propulsion; that means I’m really heavily focused on understanding flowpaths and how fluids and heat interact with components. For example, studying and reducing drag on a car, making aircraft faster by controlling the airflow, making an engine more efficient with hotter combustion, or creating piping systems. I plan on getting my masters in fluid mechanics as well, though it will have to wait a few years.

I’m legally not allowed to discuss my current position, but I can tell you about some of what I used to do! 

When I was in college I interned with NASA JPL on the Mars2020 rover team. I was then picked up full time on the Europa Lander team, where I worked for a full year before switching to my current employer.

For the rover teams I worked in testbeds. Simply put, testbed engineers break things. Usually what happens is you have a prototype - in my case, I worked in mobility systems so I was usually testing parts of the robotic arm for the 2020 rover. You look at the specifications and what that prototype is supposed to accomplish, you design different series of controlled tests to push it to its limits, find out where it succeeds, where it fails, etc., and then you design and build the accompanying machinery (testbed) necessary to do so. Oversee the tests, analyze the data, then redesign the components to better succeed at their intended purpose. I really like working in testing because it sees the full scope of engineering. I get to dabble in design work and programming and robotics and materials science and technical writing and hands on building. I get to do all of it, not just the same thing day in and day out. Oftentimes I worked on legacy hardware from the Curiosity Rover; so basically I would take component designs from Curiosity, redesign them, test them, then pass them along to that subcomponent team for review.

For the lander team, I worked cradle-to-grave on the lander’s drill mechanisms. I led a team of three other engineers and we designed, built, tested, and rebuilt the drill for the lander from scratch. It’s important to note here that this was the prototype, non-flight hardware. So what happens now is they’ll take our design and physical drill prototype, rework it a bit, and then very, very carefully make the one that will go on the real lander that gets shot into space. This is to avoid any kinds of contamination and to ensure precision machining of the parts.

My brother is also a mechie and I actually chose to be one because of him. My parents were always super supportive and proud of him, and I wanted that support, too. they. did not believe women should do math or science. So it was a constant struggle of my parents telling me to change my major to something more acceptable. It was also a struggle of oftentimes being the only woman in my classes, not having female professors, things of the sort. I used to do a lot of outreach with children, prospective students, families, corporations, charities, etc. to make sure other underrepresented individuals didn’t have to go through the same scorn I did, and knew how to combat it when they did face it. That’s probably. the only thing I really don’t like about being an engineer, but with each year it gets better.Anyway, I hope that gives a little insight into my life and what I do! Have some pictures!

[filipevb]

💀 #illustrator 👉 #flowpath 👉 #waterjetcutting . #ivry #ivrysurseine #skull #caveira #metalwork #techshopivry #havingfunatwork #firsttest #learningbydoing (à TechShop Paris/Ivry)

[trymains]

Inklet cannot grant permission

#Inklet cannot grant permission skin

#Inklet cannot grant permission code

#Inklet cannot grant permission series

Drawings of the proposed test model and extraneous test articles have also been provided. A description of the T4 Shock Tunnel and its operating characteristics has been given. Pressure and heat transfer measurements were taken along the engine flowpath. Three new ‘on - design’ flow conditions (four in total) were also tested. A blunt 3 mm radius leading edge and a longer 500 mm forebody were also separately tested. The present study trialled combinations of ten distinct boundary layer trip configurations, in order to investigate whether this large pressure region was the result of local flow separation.

#Inklet cannot grant permission code

However, on-design experimental results showed a large pressure region on the forward section of the inlet that could not be replicated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (White and Morrison, 1999). Off-design results of the engine in the 2007 study demonstrated good agreement between numerical and experimental results (Suraweera and Smart, 2009). The study was performed to investigate discrepancies between numerical and experimental results of a previous 2007 test program involving the M12REST scramjet engine.

#Inklet cannot grant permission skin

Nomenclature = angle of attack = shock wave angle Cf = skin friction coefficient Cp = pressure coefficient CD = Drag coefficient DH = Hydraulic diameter = specific heats ratio H = Scramjet height L = Combustor length P = pressure S = Surface area T = temperature T/D = Thrust over drag ratio = wedge angle U = velocity component parallel to the freestream velocityĪ report of the M12REST scramjet ground test program at ‘on - design’ test conditions, conducted from January 1 st to June 24 th, 2009 in the T4 Shock Tunnel Facility at the Centre for Hypersonics, The University of Queensland, is presented. In addition, plans are underway to compare the performance of this new class of scramjets with existing scramjet models, report on any new findings and suggest recommendations possible future improvements. Plans are to conduct overall scramjet configuration performance evaluation in the Mach number range of 4 through 15. In principle, the solver allows for the flow field evaluation within arbitrary shaped ducts in which the influences of 'area change', 'friction', 'heating' and 'chemistry' may be of importance. The quasi-one-dimensional flow field solver is based on the Runge-Kutta 4 th order scheme for solving systems of differential equations. In accomplishing this goal, a quasi-one-dimensional flow field solver with capabilities of modeling the real-world effects was developed. Once constructed, the goal is to identify the scramjet design parametrs and evaluate their relationship to the scramjet overall performance. In addition, the proposed design process allows for the derivation of realistic scramjet geometries by incorporating real-world effects into the design process. The objective of this effort is to inversely derived scramjet configurations at selected design points along the engines flight corridor. The scramjet has many attractive engineering characteristics and is worthy of a realsitic engineering evaluation. These experimental results demonstrate that REST scramjets, designed for access-to-space applications, can operate efficiently at conditions below the design Mach number.Ī literature survey, conducted as part of this research effort, revealed that the scramjet is an attractive alternative to rocket engines as an alternative for access to space vehicles. Stable combustion was observed at all fuel equivalence ratios up to 1.23, with positive values of thrust coefficient for the internal flowpath at equivalence ratios above 0.3.

#Inklet cannot grant permission series

Gaseous hydrogen fuel was injected via three 4 mm diameter portholes on the intake, and through a series of 1.5 mm diameter portholes on a rearward facing step at the combustor entrance, to promote skin friction reduction as a result of boundary layer combustion. The elliptical combustor had both a constant area and diverging section, and was followed by a short thrust nozzle to a total area ratio of 8.0. The inlet had a geometric contraction ratio of 6.61, an internal contraction ratio of 2.26, and was preceded by a 150 mm long forebody. The inlet was designed using a quasi-streamline-tracing method to have a design point of Mach 12 and operation down to Mach 6.0. A shock tunnel investigation of a scramjet with a rectangular-to-elliptical shape transition (REST) inlet and an elliptical combustor has been conducted at conditions simulating flight at Mach 8.7.

[marketbiz]

Global Sports Facility Management Software Market forecasts, development and  specialties 2022-2030

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In a part, insightful configuration comprehensive of measurements and graphical description, the Sports Facility Management Software report clarifies the present market elements and the particular factors likely to influence the global Sports Facility Management Software market over the opinion time frame. The examination attracts an understanding of proper knowledge data and how the market has performed in a previous couple of years to pick up the present demography.

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The report makes some important definitions for a new challenge of Sports Facility Management Software Market Industry earlier than evaluating its value. Overall, the record presents an in-depth perception of 2022-2030. Global Sports Facility Management Software Market change covering all essential frameworks.

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On-premises Cloud Based

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Stadium Playground Others

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What are the market factors that are described in the report?

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[helloarlene]

Tobee® TC25191 High Chrome Impeller for 10/10TC Horizontal Pump, he recessed impeller design, together with the large volume casing, has allowed the impeller vanes to be positioned outside of the general flowpath of the fluid.

E-mail: Sales8@tobeepump.com | Web: www.tobeepump.com | Web: www.slurrypumpsupply.com | Web: www.tobee.cc | Web: www.hydroman.cn

[sciencespies]

Our need for water is tapping ancient underground wells. How long can they last?

https://sciencespies.com/environment/our-need-for-water-is-tapping-ancient-underground-wells-how-long-can-they-last/

Our need for water is tapping ancient underground wells. How long can they last?

Communities that rely on the Colorado River are facing a water crisis. Lake Mead, the river’s largest reservoir, has fallen to levels not seen since it was created by the construction of the Hoover Dam roughly a century ago.

Arizona and Nevada are facing their first-ever mandated water cuts, while water is being released from other reservoirs to keep the Colorado River’s hydropower plants running.

If even the mighty Colorado and its reservoirs are not immune to the heat and drought worsened by climate change, where will the West get its water?

There’s one hidden answer: underground.

As rising temperatures and drought dry up rivers and melt mountain glaciers, people are increasingly dependent on the water under their feet. Groundwater resources currently supply drinking water to nearly half the world’s population and roughly 40 percent of water used for irrigation globally.

What many people don’t realize is how old – and how vulnerable – much of that water is.

Most water stored underground has been there for decades, and much of it has sat for hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years. Older groundwater tends to reside deep underground, where it is less easily affected by surface conditions such as drought and pollution.

As shallower wells dry out under the pressure of urban development, population growth, and climate change, old groundwater is becoming increasingly important.

Drinking ancient groundwater

If you bit into a piece of bread that was 1,000 years old, you’d probably notice.

Water that has been underground for a thousand years can taste different, too. It leaches natural chemicals from the surrounding rock, changing its mineral content.

Some natural contaminants linked to groundwater age – like mood-boosting lithium – can have positive effects. Other contaminants, like iron and manganese, can be troublesome.

Older groundwater is also sometimes too salty to drink without expensive treatment. This problem can be worse near the coasts: Overpumping creates space that can draw seawater into aquifers and contaminate drinking supplies.

Ancient groundwater can take thousands of years to replenish naturally.

And, as California saw during its 2011-2017 drought, natural underground storage spaces compress as they empty, so they can’t refill to their previous capacity. This compaction in turn causes the land above to crack, buckle and sink.

Yet people today are drilling deeper wells in the West as droughts deplete surface water and farms rely more heavily on groundwater.

What does it mean for water to be ‘old’?

Let’s imagine a rainstorm over central California 15,000 years ago. As the storm rolls over what’s now San Francisco, most of the rain falls into the Pacific Ocean, where it will eventually evaporate back into the atmosphere.

However, some rain also falls into rivers and lakes and over dry land. As that rain seeps through layers of soil, it enters slowly trickling “flowpaths” of underground water.

Some of these paths lead deeper and deeper, where water collects in crevices within the bedrock hundreds of meters underground.

The water gathered in these underground reserves is in a sense cut off from the active water cycle – at least on timescales relevant to human life.

In California’s arid Central Valley, much of the accessible ancient water has been pumped out of the earth, mostly for agriculture. Where the natural replenishment timescale would be on the order of millennia, agricultural seepage has partially refilled some aquifers with newer – too often polluted – water.

In fact, places like Fresno now actively refill aquifers with clean water (such as treated wastewater or stormwater) in a process known as “managed aquifer recharge.”

In 2014, midway through their worst drought in modern memory, California became the last western state to pass a law requiring local groundwater sustainability plans. Groundwater may be resilient to heat waves and climate change, but if you use it all, you’re in trouble.

One response to water demand? Drill deeper. Yet that answer isn’t sustainable.

First, it’s expensive: Large agricultural companies and lithium mining firms tend to be the sort of investors who can afford to drill deep enough, while small rural communities can’t.

Second, once you pump ancient groundwater, aquifers need time to refill. Flowpaths may be disrupted, choking off a natural water supply to springs, wetlands and rivers. Meanwhile, the change in pressure underground can destabilize the earth, causing land to sink and even leading to earthquakes.

Third is contamination: While deep, mineral-rich ancient groundwater is often cleaner and safer to drink than younger, shallower groundwater, overpumping can change that.

As water-strapped regions rely more heavily on deep groundwater, overpumping lowers the water table and draws down polluted modern water that can mix with the older water. This mixing causes the water quality to deteriorate, leading to demand for ever-deeper wells.

Reading climate history in ancient groundwater

There are other reasons to care about ancient groundwater. Like actual fossils, extremely old “fossil groundwater” can teach us about the past.

Envision our prehistoric rainstorm again: 15,000 years ago, the climate was quite different from today. Chemicals that dissolved in ancient groundwater are detectable today, opening windows into a past world. Certain dissolved chemicals act as clocks, telling scientists the groundwater’s age.

For example, we know how fast dissolved carbon-14 and krypton-18 decay, so we can measure them to calculate when the water last interacted with air.

Younger groundwater that disappeared underground after the 1950s has a unique, man-made chemical signature: high levels of tritium from atomic bomb testing.

Other dissolved chemicals behave like tiny thermometers.

Noble gases like argon and xenon, for instance, dissolve more in cold water than in warm water, along a precisely known temperature curve. Once groundwater is isolated from air, dissolved noble gases don’t do much. As a result, they preserve information about environmental conditions at the time the water first seeped into the subsurface.

The concentrations of noble gases in fossil groundwater have provided some of our most reliable estimates of temperature on land during the last ice age.

Such findings provide insight into modern climates, including how sensitive Earth’s average temperature is to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These methods support a recent study that found 3.4 degrees Celsius of warming with each doubling of carbon dioxide.

Groundwater’s past and future

People in some regions, like New England, have been drinking ancient groundwater for years with little danger of exhausting usable supplies. Regular rainfall and varied water sources – including surface water in lakes, rivers, and snowpack – provide alternatives to groundwater and also refill aquifers with new water.

If aquifers can keep up with the demand, the water can be used sustainably.

Out West, though, over a century of unmanaged and exorbitant water use means that some of the places most dependent on groundwater – arid regions vulnerable to drought – have squandered the ancient water resources that once existed underground.

A famous precedent for this problem is in the Great Plains. There, the ancient water of the Ogallala Aquifer supplies drinking water and irrigation for millions of people and farms from South Dakota to Texas. If people were to pump this aquifer dry, it would take thousands of years to refill naturally.

It is a vital buffer against drought, yet irrigation and water-intensive farming are lowering its water levels at unsustainable rates.

As the planet warms, ancient groundwater is becoming increasingly important – whether flowing from your kitchen tap, irrigating food crops, or offering warnings about Earth’s past that can help us prepare for an uncertain future.

Marissa Grunes, Environmental Fellow, Harvard University; Alan Seltzer, Assistant Scientist in Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; and Kevin M. Befus, Assistant Professor of Hydrogeology, University of Arkansas.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

#Environment

[thomasconsultants-blog]

Overland Flow Path | Thomas Consultants

Thomas Consultants is a multi-disciplinary land development consultancy. Our award-winning team includes land development consultants who can assist with overland flow paths, subdivision issues and much more. Visit the website for more info.

[malachitelibrary]

Energy System NOTES That Are Definitely A Thing And Yet Nobody Talks About Them

Note: This is a NOTES post and not an #Official Info Post(TM) by standards. 

Note 2: energy body is used to refer to the ENTIRE energy system, ALL the layers, everything at once. Energy system is used to refer to one layer/one specific system

With magic people, literally no two energy bodies are alike. None of em

Yes, people often have 7 major points/centers. No, they are not always structured the same way. Structure is often very very colored by one’s practice

Yes, some people can straight up NOT have one of the major points. Yes, their entire system can still function just fine without it

Some people don’t have flowpaths at all, and/or they are not active enough to be of any significance in an energy system reading

Energy bodies have LAYERS (the different energy systems are the different layers)

Humans that must pull their magical energy from outside sources (often termed ‘energy vampires [note: not same as actual psychic vampire species]) often have super damaged energy systems, literal PERMANENT damage, which caused the need for vampirism in the first place. “Curing” this damage is not recommended and can even be harmful as the energy system will usually completely adapt to this new state

It is possible to focus on certain layers just by holding the intent of doing that while reading

Astral center/”crown chakra” point rarely if ever is necessary to the health of the whole system. Absolutely unnecessary in mundane people (and thus is usually severely underdeveloped if existent at all)

Crown chakra/astral point can be MASSIVE AF since it’s not constrained by the size of the physical body

Your astral body can have it’s own, separate energy system. This is more common in people that don’t have human (even humanoid) astral bodies though (so if you had the astral body of a dragon, you’d have a dragon’s energy system in addition to your human one)

Different energy centers can have different colors; NO they do not always follow the colors of the chakra system. Additionally, all centers can have the same color. 

Examples of coloration by one’s practice:

Having channels specialized for only one type of energy (i’ve met death witches/psychopomps who will have channels specifically and only for death energies)

Shamans often have a dependence on energy from their astral/crown point, often because the nature of the shamanic practice requires them to do shaman stuff to stay sane.

Dragon-incarnate people/people with dragon bodies on the astral tend to have MASSIVE af heart points.

[chief-miller]

🔥FEATURED POST 🔥 @ulfsri - The Firefighter Safety Research institute along with NIST and the #FDNY conduct experiments on Governors Island in New York studying ventilation, flowpaths, and exterior attack. 2012. Watch the video "Fire Dynamics in the 21st Century" on Vimeo and YouTube. Click on the link in our description. . . . ___💥Want to be featured? 💥_____ Use #chiefmiller in your post ... http://ift.tt/2aftxS9 . 🔴CHECK OUT!🔴 Facebook- chiefmiller1 Periscope -chief_miller Tumblr- chief-miller Twitter - chief_miller YouTube- chief miller . . . #firetruck #firedepartment #fireman #firefighters #ems #kcco #brotherhood #firefighting #paramedic #firehouse #rescue #firedept #workingfire #feuerwehr #brandweer #pompier #medic #retten #firefighter #bomberos #Feuerwehrmann #IAFF #ehrenamt #boxalarm #fireservice #fullyinvolved #thinredline #мчсроссии http://ift.tt/2utlkCP

[sydneyplumbingrepairs]

Difference Between Tubes And Pipes In Plumbing

The difference between tubes and pipes is an issue of sizing. For example, the PVC pipe for galvanized steel pipe and plumbing applications are being measured in the IPS or iron pipe size.

TUBES

Copper tube, PeX, CPVC and some other tubing are being measured nominally, mainly in an average diameter. The sizing schemes permits for universal adaptations of the transitional fittings. When tubing is being used in the agricultural irrigation, the particular form "pipe" is usually used as a plural.

Tubing in the particular copper, usually comes in soft tempered (annealed) roll or rigid stiff tempered joints. CPVC and PeX tubing also come in flexible rolls or rigid joints. The temper of a copper, whether it’s a flexible roll or a rigid joint, does not affect its sizing.

The copper tubing is accessible in the four wall thicknesses

1. Type DWV – the thinnest wall and only allowed as the drain pipe in every UPC.

2. Type 'M' – thin and typically allowed as the drain pipe by the IPC code.

3. Type 'L' – thicker, the standard duty for the water service and water lines.

4. Type 'K' – thickest and normally used underground in between the meter and the main.

PIPES

Pipes are available in durable joints, which arrive in different lengths relying on the materials. The width of the water pipes and tube walls may vary. Since piping and tubing has been the commodities, having the greater wall thickness will imply higher initial costs. Thicker walled pipes usually implied higher pressure tolerances and greater durability. The pipe wall thickness has been denoted by different schedules or for the big bore polyethylene pipes, and has been defined as the percentage of a pipe diameter to the wall thickness. The pipe wall thickness multiplies with schedule, and has been available in schedules for 20, 40, and 80, and higher in exceptional cases. The schedules are largely verified by the working pressure of the systems, with the higher pressures commanding the greater thickness.

The wall thickness is not affecting the pipe or the tubing size. The 1/2" L copper had the similar outer diameter as the 1/2" M or K copper. Very similar is applied to the pipe schedules. As an outcome, the slight increase in the pressure losses has been realized because of the decrease in the flowpath as the wall thickness has been increased. And so, a 1 foot of the 1/2" L of copper had slightly less volume when compared to 1 foot of the 1/2 M copper.

MATERIALS

The water systems of the prehistoric times depend on the gravity for the water supply, using channels or pipes normally made of lead, bamboo, wood, stone or clay. The hollowed wooden logs being wrapped in the steel banding were applied for plumbing pipes, mainly for the water mains and the logs were applied to the water distribution.

Now, most of the plumbing supply pipes are made out of copper, plastics and steel. Most waste also known as the "soil" out of copper, plastic, cast iron and steel. The direct sections of the plumbing systems are named as tubes or pipes. The pipe is typically created through welding or casting, whereas the tube is made by extrusion. The pipes normally have thicker walls and can be welded or threaded, while tubing is a thin-walled and required exclusive joining technique like the brazing, crimping, compression fitting, or for solvent, plastics welding.

[abbyzhaoaccessen-blog]

All-Welding Plate and #Shell #Heat #Exchanger Flowpath design of the plate for the perfect distribution, no dead zone. Ultra-wide flow. Non-contract guarantee. The largest single-sided channel up to 5-20mm

Link: https://www.accessen.com/products-and-solutions/all-welding-plate-and-shell-heat-exchanger.html