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headspace-hotel · 2 years

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Oh, God, it's so important to learn to NOTICE though. When I first started learning about plants I realized that the real world—the REAL real world, and that's what I'm getting at here really, the natural world is so much more REAL, because human made environments are like...very dim, simplified simulations—is boggling to the mind in its sheer level of detail.

It feels like there's so much happening on the screen when you look at the internet, so much visual chaos in the form of ads and sidebars and videos that play automatically, but, God, just look at some dirt. Look at a regular patch of grass and weeds and look at how much there is going on.

How many species of plant are in a weedy, overgrown lawn? Whatever number you guess, it's too low, because you haven't learned to see. You can only see big and obvious shapes and colors. But I realized I was trapped in this...almost toddler-like simplification in my perception, and I realized that the more I cracked my brain open trying to identify plants and trees, the more I could zoom in on the parts of nature that had once seemed like the finest level of detail and see higher and more intricate tiers of complexity.

To almost everyone, grass looks like just grass. Do you know how many kinds of grass there are? Do you know how many I've found in my own yard? There are at least 15 different grass and sedge species in our yard. And I have no idea how they all looked like just grass to me before. There are dozens and dozens of species of plants and wildflowers in our "lawn."

And there are trees! Tiny saplings, the children of great and mighty trees, constantly sprouting in lawns and roadsides and ditches, unable to know that they are destined to be unnoticed and cursorily mowed down.

Today I saw a tiny oak tree, maybe six inches tall, poking from the grass in a green, well-maintained lawn, and I felt so much grief, because that little tree is never going to grow up to be a towering giant, because—why? Because of the kind of world ours is. Not because we don't want to live in a world of towering trees, but because we've genuinely and through no malice or transgression of our own become unable to see and recognize those trees as tiny seedlings. Every patch of grass is the same as every other patch of grass to us.

And, because of the kind of world ours is, it doesn't really occur to us that there would be trees in our back yards if we looked. Trees? For free? Nothing in this world is free. Trees are forty-two dollars apiece, at the garden center at Lowe's. Trees are an asset to highlight when you are selling your house. 1.2 acres, fruit trees on property! 1.4 acres, mature trees!

Anything that begins to grow in your lawn unprompted, without your permission, is a "weed," automatically in our minds, because...it doesn't make sense. Beautiful flowers and sweet, edible fruits happen because of hard work, fertilizer, landscape fabric, weeding, watering, soil testing kits, hundreds spent on potted perennials. We all know that. Nothing generous or beautiful ever just happens to us, so every little stranger that germinates in our lawns is a "weed," threatening to take away what little we do have.

And yet. And yet blackberries are ripening in the shaded thicket out behind my house. And yet wild chicory and dandelions are blooming in the tall grass to the brush pile. I show my family a picture of what the purple passion flowers will look like when they bloom, and it's like it's hard for them to believe—that's native to here? they just grow wild?

They do. They do. And so do majestic oak and sycamore trees, elm and tulip poplar. The seeds of trees that may outlive us by hundreds of years have germinated in our lawns and sidewalks and drainage ditches. This place was a forest once, and in all its little edges and corners it is always starting to become a forest again.

I think we HAVE to see this. I think every single person needs to break their brain with 25 hours of trying to identify plants using Wikipedia, Google, and pure confusing-sedge-induced rage until they get their third eye blown wide the fuck open.

People need to see this happening with their own eyes, the Happening that is always happening in nature, the activity and life always flourishing and living in every square millimeter of every yard and walkway and roadside, how absolutely absolutely bursting with species even a crack in the pavement on the side of the road is, how mind-numbingly simplified and static our concept of the natural world around us is next to the real thing.

There are so many kinds of lightning bugs. Did y'all know that? I'm seeing them now. There are many different species, with different colors and markings, and I'm noticing them chilling in the foliage around me in the daytime. I'm listening to the songs of birds and learning to recognize them, and there are so many more birds around me than I really realized.

I heard the call of a bird today that I did not recognize. Why didn't it register in my mind before that birdsongs I couldn't recognize were gaps in my knowledge?

Why doesn't it feel essential, immediate and necessary to seek knowledge about the other living things in our immediate surroundings? To at least know their names?

If I don't know my neighbor's name after living next to them for ten years, I haven't done anything to be their neighbor; they're just a stranger that lives near me. Are the trees and birds around me not my neighbors too? People will look up the name of an actor they've recognized before in a show, the name of a song they heard. Why are grasses and trees so far outside of what immediately seems relevant to us? What has our world done to our curiosity? To our sense of belonging in a world that is fundamentally interconnected and generous and alive?

Out there, on a pristine green lawn, a tiny seedling of an oak tree sprouts, barely six inches high. I saw it earlier on my walk, and I felt so sad. I'm sorry that we cut down a forest and turned it into this place. That's what I thought. But something changed in my mind as I thought it.

I realized that a forest was not a thing but a process, and not a process either in the sense that there's a beginning and an end result, but in the sense of things happening and being connected to other things, and I understood that the immensity of this thing far transcended what the word "forest" denotes.

A baby oak tree growing with nobody's permission on a flat green lawn belongs to this thing, "forest," just as much as a massive hundreds-of-years-old oak tree in the depths of the woods belongs to "forest," because a forest is growth, survival, persistence, the fight of a place that once was a forest to become forest again

I'm sorry I said to the tree you cannot kill me in a way that matters said the tree in reply, and I saw my own insignificance next to the indifference of the universe, and it was so infinitely gentle and merciful

#gardening #my writing #trees #i'm feeling a way about nature #this place never stopped being a forest #because the processes that make a forest a forest never stopped #you cannot kill me in a way that matters

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gardening0 · 4 years

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Growing Larkspur Flower-How to Grow and Care for Larkspur, growing conditions & Popular Larkspur Types.

Larkspur Flower- Delphinium is a genus of about 300 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl Linnaeus.

If you’ve tried to grow delphiniums without success, you might want to try larkspur flowers instead. All members of the genus Delphinium are toxic to humans and livestock. The common name larkspur is shared between perennial Delphinium species and annual species of the genus Consolida

This plant is the member of the Delphinium family and is available in more than 60 varieties. Its varieties range in height from one to seven feet. The best part about these plants is that its flowers bloom in the early spring while various flowers are weeks away.

Growing larkspur flowers (Consolida sp.) provides tall, early season color in the spring landscape. Once you learn how to grow larkspur, you will likely include them in the garden year after year.

Larkspur is a classic cottage garden staple that produces great cut flowers. With airy stalks of blue blossoms, this plant adds a gracefulness to any garden and looks good in masses or mixed with other perennials and annuals.

Larkspur vs. Delphinium :

A very close relative of larkspur, delphinium looks almost identical in many aspects, but a few differences set these two plants apart. Delphinium tends to be a perennial species, whereas larkspur is an annual. Foliage of larkspur is finer textured than delphinium. When it comes to blooms, delphinium flowers are densely born on spikes while individual blossoms tend to be much larger than larkspur. With those few exceptions, general plant care and maintenance is basically the same.

How to grow Larkspur Flower :

Most annual larkspur plants are grown from seeds, though planting larkspur seeds can be challenging. When planting larkspur seeds, they must have a cold period before germination. larkspur can thrive in a wide soil pH range, but anything between 5.7 and 7.0 is ideal. These plants aren’t fussy, but they prefer moderately rich, moderately loose, well-draining soil.

Unlike their delphinium cousins, larkspur are hardy plants that don’t need heavy staking from the beginning. They’re actually pretty easy to care for after they’ve sprouted and grown a few true leaves.

The seeds will not germinate in temperatures that go above 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Darkness is required for germination. Seeds do not germinate well when soil temperatures are above 55°F (13°C). Does best where summers are cool.

They’re actually pretty easy to care for after they’ve sprouted and grown a few true leaves.If you do find that the stalks need support, drive a wooden stake down into the soil three inches behind the flower stalk and affix the stalk to the stake with a piece of stretch tie.

Optimal growing conditions for Larkspur Flower :

They can tolerate most soils, but if you want the best results, go for light, well-draining soil. If your area has heavy soils, you can amend them with compost or manure. Larkspur plants grow well in full sun, as long as the soil is slightly moist. They need less moisture than delphiniums, but they don’t bloom well in hot and dry conditions.

Water your plant in the summer if rainfall is under 1 inch per week.If you want to mix and match a few flowers in your garden, you can plant larkspur with other native and cottage flowers. Why not add a few coreopsis, daisies, lavender, black-eyed Susans, or coneflowers?

Top 10 Popular Larkspur Types-

· Black Knight Larkspur (Delphinium 'Black Knight')

· Galahad Larkspur (Delphinium 'Galahad')

· Astolat Larkspur (Delphinium Astolat Group)

· Guardian Lavender Larkspur (Delphinium elatum 'Guardian Lavender')

· Dwarf Larkspur (Delphinium tricorne)

· Blue Mirror Larkspur (Delphinium 'Blue Mirror')

· Cassius Larkspur (Delphinium 'Cassius')

· Summer Skies Larkspur (Delphinium 'Summer Skies')

· Golden Larkspur (Delphinium luteum)

· Red Lark Larkspur (Delphinium 'Red Lark')

Insects and Diseases that affect Delphinium Flowers :

Larkspurs are prone to fungal diseases most notably Sclerotium rot which yellows leaves and wilts plant. It is also affected by mildew. Diseased plants should be removed immediately in order to avoid the disease from spreading.

Insects hardly affect Larkspur. Organic or chemical insect repellents have proved to be highly effective against most pests.

Managing Pests And Disease :

Unlike its cousin, delphinium, larkspur are reliably pest and disease resistant. As far as pests go, your biggest foes will be aphids and slugs.

If you see clusters of aphids sucking the life from your Consolida buds or stalks, spray them with a neem oil-based insecticide, like this one from Arbico Organics.

The next day, spray the carcasses off with a blast of water from the hose. Reapply the neem oil every few days, or anytime you see a sign of a living aphid.

Slugs and snails chew holes in the leaves but generally leave flowers alone.

To get rid of the squishy pests, spread Sluggo Maxx, available from Arbico Organics, around the plants. I love this stuff because it’s safe to use around pets.

Learn more about managing slugs and snails in this guide.

All parts of Consolida plants are toxic to humans and animals alike when ingested, so deer, rabbits, moose, and other critters avoid them.

If you live in the Pacific Northwest or a similarly rainy clime, watch out for various fungal diseases that can develop, like powdery mildew, root rot, and crown rot.

Powdery mildew leaves white moldy spots all over the leaves.

To treat an infection, spray the plant with a copper fungicide product, like this one from Arbico Organics.

Uses :

The juice of the flowers, particularly D. consolida, mixed with alum, gives a blue ink. All plant parts are poisonous in large doses, especially the seeds, that contain up to 1.4% of alkaloids.

Toxicity of Larkspur Flower :

All parts of these plants are considered toxic to humans, especially the younger parts, causing severe digestive discomfort if ingested, and skin irritation. Larkspur, especially tall larkspur, is a significant cause of cattle poisoning on rangelands in the western United States. Larkspur is more common in high-elevation areas, and many ranchers delay moving cattle onto such ranges until late summer when the toxicity of the plants is reduced. Death is through cardiotoxic and neuromuscular blocking effects, and can occur within a few hours of ingestion. All parts of the plant contain various diterpenoid alkaloids, typified by methyllycaconitine, and are very poisonous.

#Larkspur Flower #How to Grow Larkspur Flower #growing conditions Larkspur Flower

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todaynewsguru · 2 years

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Farmers urged to undertake germination test before sowing, wait for enough moisture

SOYABEAN GROWERS in Maharashtra may not have to rely on procured seed this season to take the oil crop. As the wait for ample rain continues, data collated from the Agriculture department shows that as against the demand of 1.4 lakh tonnes of seed required for sowing over the targeted 46 lakh hectares, farmers have 4.6 lakh tonnes of soyabean with them. Of this, germination tests have been…

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pan-creasblueprint · 2 years

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Cell: Asparagus

Asparagus plants are either male or female. Female plants produce berries; males plants do not expend energy on berries so they can be up to three times more productive than female plants. For this reason, growing male asparagus plants is often preferred.

Varieties:

Sequoia - consistently highest producer on the list, male variety.

Porthos - high yielding male variety with good disease resistance.

Mondeo - high yielding male variety, tender and delicate flavor.

Pacific Purple - is high yielding, male and female (produces seeds), sweet, and heat tolerant

‘Jersey’ Series – This all-male series of hybrid asparagus varieties include ‘Jersey Giant,’ a hardy plant that performs well in chilly climates. ‘Jersey Knight’ is one of the more vigorous types of asparagus; highly resistant to asparagus diseases such as crown rot, rust, and fusarium wilt. ‘Jersey Supreme’ is a newer, disease-resistant variety that produces spears earlier than ‘Giant’ or ‘Knight.’ ‘Supreme’ is an excellent choice for light, sandy soil.

Apollo - This asparagus type performs well in both chilly and warm weather conditions. It is highly disease-resistant.

UC-157 - – This is a hybrid asparagus that performs well in warmer climates. This pale green, disease-resistant asparagus is both male and female.

Viking KBC – This is a newer hybrid variety in a mix of male and female plants. ‘Viking’ is known to produce large yields.

Guelph Millennium

Heirloom

Mary Washington - is a traditional variety that produces long, deep green spears with pale purple tips. Appreciated for its uniform size and delicious flavor, ‘Mary Washington’ has been a favorite of American gardeners for more than a century.

Martha Washington

Germination:

Asparagus usually germinate within 10 to 14 days if ideal temperatures between 71 to 79°F are provided. The seedlings are somewhat hardy and even though lower temperatures will slow their growth, the plants can handle cool conditions and are tolerant of high salinity conditions. As with many crops grown hydroponically like

Transplant:

After germination, young plants can be transplanted into the hydroponic system as they grow up and their root system develops. At this developmental stage, warm conditions between 75°F to 86°F should be maintained because they speed up the rate of development of the fern (foliage) and the young crown.

Growing Conditions (hydroponic):

Medium Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm): 1.4 <-> 1.8

Medium pH: 6.0 to 6.8

Planting:

In the spring, plant crowns (a bundle of asparagus roots), not seed, in a trench 12 inches wide and 6 inches deep, spaced one foot apart with the roots spread out from the center of the crown. Cover the crown with 2 inches of soil. As asparagus grows it rises out of the soil so adding an inch or two more of soil while it is actively growing will help the plant stay put.

In the summer, ferny foliage follows the asparagus spears. Allow this to grow as it is collecting energy for the plant. Mow the winter-killed stems in late winter or early spring before spears appear. This will help you keep the patch insect and disease free.

Harvest:

Check your plant every other day for harvest-ready spears. Spears grow quickly and may become too woody before you know it! Once an asparagus spear starts to open and have foliage, it’s too tough for eating.

Harvest spears when they reach 8 to 10 inches in height and between 1/2 and 3/4 inch thick. (Bear in mind that younger, thinner spears will be more tender, so harvest according to your own taste.)

To harvest asparagus, simply cut the spears with a sharp knife or scissors at ground level.

The rule of thumb to avoid over-harvesting: Year 2, you can harvest for two weeks. Year 3 for four weeks. Year 4, six weeks. After year five, you get 8 weeks of as much asparagus as you can eat. If more than 3/4 of the spears are narrower than a pencil, stop harvesting and allow for fern growth.

Pests and Diseases

Asparagus beetles:

a) Type: Insect

b) Symptoms: Spears turn brown and bend in a hook shape; defoliation; damaged fruit/seeds

c) Control/Prevention: Remove beetles by hand; dispose of plant matter in the fall where eggs could be housed

Cutworms

a) Type: Insect

b) Symptoms: Wilting; stems of young spears severed (“cut”) just above soil line

c) Control/Prevention: Watch for cutworms and remove by hand; clear away weeds and other plant matter

Fusarium Crown Rot

a) Type: Fungus

b) Symptoms: Yellow, stunted, wilted ferns; reddish-brown spots on lower stems, crowns, or roots; rotting spears

c) Control/Prevention: Destroy infected plants; avoid planting new asparagus nearby infected site for 5+ years; choose resistant varieties; disinfect tools to prevent spread; avoid overharvesting

Asparagus Rust

a) Type: Fungus

b) Symptoms: Pale green spots on emerging spears become yellow/orange with concentric rings; reddish-brown blisters appear in summer, releasing rust-colored spores that turn black; brown ferns; defoliation; reduced vigor

c) Control/Prevention: Rust requires moisture to spread; avoid getting excess water on spears or ferns. Destroy infected plant matter; choose resistant varieties; ensure good air circulation; avoid planting new asparagus nearby

Storage

Asparagus does not keep for very long after it’s picked, so be sure to eat it within two or three days from harvest.

Brush off any visible dirt or give the spears a light washing with cold water before storing. It’s very important to dry washed spears thoroughly; moisture can lead to mold.

To store, bundle the spears together, wrap the stem ends of the spears in a moist paper towel, and place the bundle in a plastic bag. Store in the crisper drawer of your refrigerator.

If you have enough space in your fridge, you can also store asparagus by placing the spears in a cup of water. Keep about an inch of clean water in the cup.

You can freeze an asparagus harvest however it will lose its firm texture.

You should only can asparagus if you can process it in a pressure canner.

Further Research:

https://soakandsoil.com/how-to-grow-asparagus-hydroponically-complete-guide/

See something wrong/missing?

Feel free to send me a message and let me know.

Sources

https://www.almanac.com/plant/asparagus

https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/flowers-fruits-and-frass/2020-02-07-how-achieve-asparaguss-perpetual-harvest

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/asparagus/varieties-of-asparagus.htm#:~:text='Mary%20Washington'%20is%20a%20traditional,for%20more%20than%20a%20century.

https://extension.umn.edu/vegetables/growing-asparagus#harvest-and-storage-193114

https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/electrical-conductivity-and-ph-guide-for-hydroponics.html

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sunplix-cmh-light · 3 years

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Posted @withregram • @stonefire_growwerks Day 26 I think.. of flower.. Sounds right.. Kicked the Co² up to 1000ppm yesterday. Raised EC to 1.85 and the run off was 1.4.. HUNGRY . So I kicked it up to 1.95 and got 1.6 back so that's what I went with.. seems to be working out just splendidly... Starting seeds this weekend. These are both 9-10 week flowering times. So 5-6weeks left to germinate and get something going. Little behind schedule. But what else is new. Incase anyone was wondering #Sunplix #g2 #800W #led #Sunplix #1000W #DE #cmh Iponic 624 dual zone environment control 50lb co² tank single co² regulator from grow Coco loco and expanding clay pepbbles for aeration Humbolt nutrients not secret. Master A+B Verde as well in the beginning. Big up powder and ginormous also from humbolt. Great white and occasionally fish shit. I alternate fox farm and humbolt calmag. With the RO it seems to help keep calcium levels up. That and switching to nectar of the gods PH up helped as well being a calcium based ph up.. Diy 14 gal resovoir and halo drip feeders diy manifold for drip Control 8in ac infinity fan and filter and passive air intake with a damper & a charcol filter Room is framed in steel frame studs insulated with r15 and vapor wrapped and radiant heat wrapped under the 5/8inch oSD which is caulked shut so the co² stays where it's supposed to.. there was also some r30 left from tearing up the ceilings for the minisplit so I threw that on top for good measure. Panda liner and diamond liner used inside. Garage mat used for the floor. Mini split is a 2 ZOne Mitsubishi 18kbtu unit Everything is wired into the iponic 624 and remotely controllable and monitored in real-time. Cannopy temps can be entered to get real time VpD. And it looks dope AF on the 27inch touch screen. I'm forgetting something. I always forget something... #timemanagement #growyourown #homegrown #diyeverything #sunplix_cmh_led #humboltnutrientsmastera #humboldtnutrientsginormous #iponic624 #stuff #acinfinity #cocoloco #hydroton #ᴡᴇᴇᴅᴘᴏʀɴ #weedporndaiy420 #worksmarternotharder #cannabisrocksmysocks #science https://www.instagram.com/p/CY1rUUXubCZ/?utm_medium=tumblr

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juniperpublisherscellscienc-blog · 5 years

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The Monoclonal, Massive Globulin- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia- Juniper Publishers

Preface

Wald Enstrom macrogobulinaemia is a disorder designated with a nomenclature of a Swedish physician Jan Gosta Waldenstrom (1906-1996). The exceptional disease was initially scripted in 1944 [1,2]. Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may be defined as the appearance of a serum para-protein such as immunoglobulin M (Ig M) in addition to a malignant lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate confined to the bone marrow. Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma (LPL) may be cogitated as a neoplasm comprising of miniature B lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes and mature plasma cells. The tumefaction generally implicates the bone marrow with an occasional presence in the lymph node and spleen. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is accompanied by Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia in a majority (95%) of instances [1,2]. The dual conditions may be denominated by an immunoglobulin M (Ig M) monoclonal gammopathy accompanied by an emergence of a lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma restricted to the bone marrow. Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma may concur with an infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV). A familial prevalence may be delineated. An estimated 1.4% of neoplasm of miniature B lymphocytes may be cogitated by lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma [1,2].

Disease Characteristics

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma may be categorized as a post germinal centre B cell (CD10-, MUM 1+ and BCL6+/-) lymphoma commingled with divergent plasmacytic cellular differentiation. The lymphoma may depict concomitant infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). The bone marrow infiltrate may predominantly be interstitial, nodular or of a diffuse configuration. Bone marrow trephine biopsy and bone marrow aspirate may demonstrate an admixture of miniature lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes and mature plasma cells [2,3]. The malignant cellular egress may enunciate a monotypic secretion of serum immunoglobulin M (Ig M) protein which may be elucidated in a majority (> 90%) of instances. Subjects with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia frequently depict vascular hyper-viscosity. Thus, Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may be cogitated as a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma concomitant with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma asmajority (95%) of subjects of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma elucidate features of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. The indolent lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and concomitant Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may exemplify a disorder of obscure origin [2,3]. Associated aspects of probable disease insurgence may be

1. Male sex

2. Enhancing age of disease emergence with a median age of diagnosis at 65 years,

3. A racial predisposition in Caucasians

4. The concurrence of immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (Ig M MGUS).

Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may progress to adjunctive B lymphocyte malignancies with an estimated proportion of 10% at 5 years, 18% at 10 years and 24% at 15 years of disease incurrence with an overall ratio of malignant conversion at 1.5 % per year. The neoplasm also displays a familial preponderance and nearly 20% individual’s manifest family members suffering from Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia and associated B lymphocyte malignancies. Environmental factors such as exposure to radiation or agent orange, hazardous occupation with handling leather, rubber, paints, dyes and solvents, coexistent autoimmune disease and infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be incriminated in the evolution of the malignancy [3,4].

Clinical Elucidation

The circulation of serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M (Ig M) in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may display characteristic constitutional symptoms with concurrent deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin M (Ig M) protein in several body tissues with a consequent emergence of auto-antibodies. Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may manifest systemic symptoms with an estimated serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M (Ig M) protein greater than 3 grams/decilitre and a bone marrow ingress of malignant lymphoplasmacytoid cells greater than 20%. Approximately one fourth (27%) instances of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may be asymptomatic, with anaemia in roughly 38% subjects, the emergence of hyper-viscosity in around 31% individuals, the appearance of B symptoms (fever, weight loss, night sweats) in nearly 23% and neurological symptoms in about 22% of patients [1,2]. Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may depict specific complications such as hyper-viscosity, tissue aggregation of immunoglobulin M (Ig M) or autoimmune haemolysis secondary to circulating macro-globulins. Subjects may present with haematemesis, haemorrhage from the nasal cavity and retinal vasculature [5,6]. Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), lymph node enlargement and hepato-splenomegaly may ensue. A bone marrow trephine biopsy may exemplify an abundance of malignant lymphoid cells. Radiographic analysis of the implicated bones may be unremarkable, thereby excluding a multiple myeloma. Serum protein examination may detect the presence of an extremely high molecular weight protein,” a macroglobulin”, cogitated as an excess of immunoglobulin M [5,6].The quantification of monoclonal immunoglobulin M (Ig M) may be concordant with the magnitude of bone marrow infiltration and severity of systemic symptoms. Hyper- viscosity may appear as chronic haemorrhage from the nasal cavity, gingiva or gastrointestinal tract accompanied by headache, dizziness, loss of coordination or balance, impaired hearing with tinnitus with blurring or loss of vision. Retinopathy may ensue on account of distended retinal veins and swelling of the optic disc. Severely affected subjects may display manifestations of heart failure, drowsiness, stupor and coma. Systemic symptoms may be discerned at a quantifiable serum Ig M value greater than 4000 milligrams/decilitre, though immunoglobulin levels may vary. Constitutional or B symptoms such as fever, weight loss greater than 10% of the body weight in preceding six months, drenching night sweats and fatigue may appear [6,7]. Peripheral neuropathy may be a manifestation of the disorder. Cold agglutinin disease may occur on account of elevated circulating antibodies to red blood cells which may aggregate at minimal body temperatures and induce a haemolytic anaemia along with Raynaud’s phenomenon, jaundice and haemoglobinuria. Cryoglobulinemia may be encountered with the precipitation of immunoglobulin M (Ig M) at reduced body temperatures in order to obstruct the miniature blood vessels with emerging consequences such as Raynaud’s phenomenon, thrombocytopenic purpura, haemorrhaging ulcers and gangrene of the fingers, toes, nose and ears [1,2].

Amyloidosis may occur with the configuration of an anomalous “amyloid” protein” which may accumulate in tissues and organs of the body such as gastro-intestinal tract, renal and hepatic tissue or heart and peripheral nerves. Malfunctions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, malabsorption, macroglossia, dermal thickening, swelling of the extremities, congestive heart failure and renal failure may emerge. “BING NEEL” syndrome may be cogitated with a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate or deposition of immunoglobulin M (Ig M) within the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord). Systemic symptoms such as mental deterioration, confusion, visual disturbance, irritability, altered personality, convulsions and coma may concur. Recurrent sinus and upper respiratory tract infection, pleural effusion, pulmonary infiltrates and occasional rash may be delineated. Tumour cells of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma may configure nodular aggregates in the skin, extremities, spine, breast and orbital socket [6,7].

Morphological Elucidation

Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia with coexistent lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma enunciates malignant cells with characteristics of B lymphocytes and plasma cells, denominated as lymphoplasmacytic cells. A diffuse or interfollicular proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells may be cogitated. Cellular aggregates devoid of proliferation centres may be proportionately constituted by miniature B lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes and mature plasma cells. A predominant lympho-plasmacytic infiltrate may be situated in the inter-trabecular region of the bone marrow [3]. Peripheral blood picture concordant with acute leukaemia may be demonstrated in an estimated one third (30%) instances. Tumour cells may predominantly omprise solely of miniature lymphocytes or small, mature lymphocytes commingled with plasmacytoid lymphocytes. The bone marrow may be infiltrated by an identical malignant infiltrate. Mature plasma cells, tissue mast cells and histiocytes may be quantifiably augmented. Plasma cells may infrequently be the preponderant cellular component. Serial sections from bone marrow trephine biopsy may delineate a diffuse or a focal lesion.The focal lesions may configure a para trabecular, interstitial or non paratrabecular pattern of tumour incrimination [3]. Expansive marrow replacement by the tumefaction may induce a significant reduction of normal haematopoiesis. Intra-nuclear inclusions termed as “Dutcher’ s bodies” may be articulated within lymphocytes and plasma cells and may be considered diagnostic of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Intra-nuclear inclusions reactive to Periodic Acid Schiff’s (PAS) stain may similarly be configured in plasma cells constituting a multiple myeloma or reactive lymphoid proliferations. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may terminate with the evolution of a Richter’s syndrome, thereby recapitulating a Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL). The malignant egress may lack the presence of monocytoid cells, in contrast to a marginal zone lymphoma. The occurrence of Dutcher ‘s bodies with admixed enlarged, transformed lymphocytes may be characteristic of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Mast cells may be intermingled with epitheloid histiocytes. Intercellular material stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS+) stain may be exemplified along with scattered amyloid and crystal engulfing histiocytes [7,8].

Immune phenotype

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma cells may exemplify a surface immunoglobulin M (Ig M+). Immunoglobulin molecules confined to the cytoplasm may primarily be immunoglobulin M (Ig M) although Ig G or infrequently Ig A may be elucidated. The lymphoma may be immune reactive to CD20+ and associated pan B lymphocyte antigens such as CD19+, CD79a+ and PAX5+. However, a percentage may be non eactive for the aforementioned immune markers. Nonreactive immune molecules may be CD5-, CD10-, CD23- and BCL6- although CD5 may be debatable (-/+) (1,3). Plasmacytic immune markers CD38 and CD138 may be equivocal (+/-) in specific instances.

Molecular Characterization

A frequent genomic abnormality the MYD88L265P mutation may be discerned in a majority (95%) along with chromosomal deletion of del [6] (q21). Chromosomal translocation t (9:14) may be exceptional. The MYD88L265P chromosomal mutation may be universal in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. A whole genome sequencing may depict the mutation in 90% instances. MYD88L265P chromosomal mutation may be infrequent in multiple myeloma, marginal zone lymphoma or immunoglobulin M –monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (Ig M MGUS). Chromosomal mutation CXCR4 may be enunciated which may be identical to the WHIM syndrome (warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis). Individuals with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia devoid of MYD88 or a CXCR4 chromosomal mutation may depict an inferior survival, in contrast to instances delineating the mutations [1,2].

Differential Diagnosis

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma may necessitate a distinction from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma and plasmacytoid variants of extra nodal or nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) may exhibit a focal plasmacytic differentiation. The tumour cells may be immune reactive to CD5+, CD23+ and a CD20 dim, in contrast to a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Immunoglobulin M (Ig M) para-protein may be absent or minimal. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma may demonstrate an intra-sinusoidal pattern of marrow incrimination. Plasmacytic differentiation may be reduced or minimal. Immunoglobulin M (Ig M) para-protein may be lacking or be of miniscule quantities [1,2]. Distinction from plasmacytoid lymphoma may be particularly cogitated with demonstration of plasma cells and plasmacytoid lymphocytes, manifesting numerous inclusions confined to the cytoplasm which may react to the Periodic Acid Schiff ‘S (PAS+) stain. The tumour cells may thus recapitulate the appearance of histiocytes. Chromosomal point mutation MYD88 may be elucidated in a majority (90%) of instances of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, contrary to an exceptional delineation in multiple myeloma and marginal zone lymphoma [8,9] (Figures 1-14).

Criterion for Discerning Variants of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia

1. A monoclonal gammopathy with Immune Globulin M (IgM) irrespective of the magnitude of M protein and an infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells greater than 10% in the bone marrow may be elucidated. Particularly inter-trabecular tumour dissemination may comprise of miniature lymphocytes with a plasmacytoid or plasma cell differentiation and a characteristic immune phenotype of immune reactive surface immune globulin M (Ig M+), CD19+, CD20+ and nonreactivity for CD5-, CD10-and CD23- . The aforementioned evaluation may competently exclude adjunctive lympho proliferative disorders such as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma [1,2].

2. A monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (Ig M MGUS) may enunciate serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M (Ig M) protein values below 3 grams/ decilitre with a lymphoplasmacytic cellular infiltrate beneath 10% generally confined to the bone marrow. Systemic symptoms of anaemia, hyper-viscosity, lymph node enlargement or hepato-splenomegaly may be absent. Immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (Ig M MGUS) may evolve into a florid Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia or an adjunctive B lymphocyte malignancy. The proportion of malignant transformation may emerge at an estimated 1.5% every year.

3. Smouldering Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may be an indolent or asymptomatic disorder. Monoclonal serum protein values for immunoglobulin M (Ig M) exceeding 3 grams/decilitre and/or a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate restricted to the bone marrow in excess of 10% may be enunciated. End organ damage with coexistent anaemia, hyper-viscosity, lymph node enlargement or hepato-splenomegaly on account of a lymphoplasmacytic proliferation may be absent [1,2].

Investigative Assay

Discernment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia mandates a disease evaluation with complete blood count, serum chemistries such as liver and renal function tests, blood glucose and specific procedures such as bone marrow trephine biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Serum immunoglobulin assay may depict an overproduction of immunoglobulin M with a decline in the values of immunoglobulin G and A (Ig G and I gA), feature which may enhance the probability of emergent infections. Radiographic investigations may include a plain X-ray, Computerized Tomography (CT) scan, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), an ultrasound and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan of the lymph node enlargement, enlarged spleen and dermal or tissue infiltrates of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma cells [9,10]. Ocular examination may incorporate the assessment of retina and ocular fundus.

Therapeutic Options

Commencement of therapeutic intervention may concur with the appearance of B symptoms such as fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, lymph node enlargement or splenomegaly. Haemoglobin declining to below 10 grams/decilitre or a platelet count below 100,000/ microlitre may be cogitated on account of bone marrow infiltration. Additionally, complications such as hyper viscosity syndrome, symptomatic sensory or motor peripheral neuropathy, systemic amyloidosis, renal insufficiency or symptomatic cryoglobulinaemia may require therapy [10,11]. A policy of careful observation may suffice for the indolent disorder. An estimated half (50%) of the subjects with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia devoid of constitutional symptoms and a lack of treatment at 3 years following diagnosis may be managed with “active surveillance “. Approximately 10% instances may not require a therapeutic intervention during a 10year duration following detection. It may be crucial to establish the emergence of a hyper-viscosity syndrome prior to initiation of therapy and if plasmapheresis may be necessitated. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia when associated with hyper-viscosity may display systemic symptoms such as visual deterioration, neurological symptoms and haemorrhage, incurring with immunoglobulin M serum values greater than 4 grams/decilitre and the condition may be benefitted with plasmapheresis [11,12]. Chemotherapeutic agents found efficacious in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, bendamustine, nucleoside analogues such as fludarabine and cladribine. Corticosteroids prednisone or dexamethasone may be applicable. Biologic therapy may enunciate the utilization of anti monoclonal antibody conjugates such as rituximab, ofatumumab or obinutuzumab. Immune modulators such as thalidomide and lenalidomide may prove to be effective [1,2]. Administration of proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib may be advantageous. Targeted therapy implicating the B cell signalling pathway may concur as imbruvica and everolimus [12,13]. Initial or preliminary therapy for previously untreated, symptomatic subjects may employ

a. purine analogues with a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) or fludarabine and rituximab (FR).

b. Alkylating agents in varying combinations such as rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R CHOP), dexamethasone, rituximab and cyclophosphamide (DRC) or rituximab with bendamustine (BR) may be beneficial

c. Bortezomib in diverse combinations such as bortezomib, dexamethasone and rituximab (BDR) may be applicable.

d. Singular antibody conjugate such as rituximab may be utilized for initiation of therapy.

e. Ibrutinib as a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTK inhibitor) may be efficacious in instances with MYD88 mutation. Concomitant chemo immunotherapy may be administered

Administration of bendamustine with rituximab may depict a median and inter-quartile range (IQR) of 69.5 months in patients of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia [1,2]. The application of R CHOP may display a median and inter-quartile range (IQR) of 28.1 months. Solitary administration of rituximab in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia may exhibit an objective response rate (ORR) of 52%, a partial response (PR) of 27% and a minor response (MR) of 25%. The median duration of response (DOR) may be elucidated at 27 months. An estimated half (54%) of the individuals may depict an elevated immunoglobulin M (Ig M) “flare” and one fourth (27%) subjects may delineate a persistent elevation of serum immunoglobulin M at 4 months duration following discernment of disease. Administration of ibrutinib may demonstrate an objective response rate (ORR) of 90.5%, a partial response (PR) of 73% and the median time to suitable therapeutic response may appear at 4 weeks. The progression free survival (PFS) at the end of 2 years may be 69.1% and Overall Survival (OS) at 95.2 %. Toxicity levels to the chemotherapeutic agent may be greater than grade 2. Ibrutinib administration may be accompanied by specific toxicities such as thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, stomatitis, atrial fibrillation, diarrhoea, herpes zoster infection, haematoma, secondary hypertension and epistaxis [13].

Contemporary Instances

Contemporary instances of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia may necessitate management as described:

1. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (Ig M MGUS) with a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate below 10%, an asymptomatic or smouldering Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia with haemoglobin greater than 11 grams/decilitre, a platelet count in excess of 120,000/ millilitre may be managed by” watchful waiting”.

2. A symptomatic Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia with a haemoglobin level below 11 grams/decilitre or a platelet count beneath 120,000/ millilitre.

a. Immunoglobulin M (Ig M) related neuropathy.

b. Haemolytic anaemia secondary to Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia.

c. Symptomatic cryoglobulinaemia. The aforementioned instances may be managed with a solitary antibody conjugate such as rituximab. A maintenance therapy may not be required. Plasmapheresis may be opted for in instances of hyper-viscosity secondary to chemotherapy [1,2].

3. Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia elucidating bulky disease (tumour magnitude greater than 10 centimetres) or profound pancytopenia with reduced blood counts such as haemoglobin below 10 grams/decilitre or a platelet count beneath 100,000/ millilitre with the appearance of constitutional symptoms and a lack of features of hyper-viscosity or hyper-viscosity may be managed with plasmapheresis.

The aforementioned subjects may be administered concomitant bendamustine with rituximab with the regimen devoid of maintenance therapy with singular rituximab. Stem cell transplantation may be a pre-requisite. Alternatively, stem cells may be mobilized and cryo-preserved for subjects beneath ≤ 60 years of age or emerge as potential and future candidates of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT). Stem cell transplantation may be suitably employed with subjects of relapsed or refractory Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) may depict a 5year Progression Free Survival (PFS) of 40% and an overall survival (OS) of 68%. Allogeneic stem cell transplant may exhibit a 5year progression free survival (PFS) of 56% and a 5year overall survival (OS) of 62% [1,2]. Clinical trials with novel agents or drug conjugates may be mandated. Contemporary drugs such as ibrutinib, a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor or idelalisib, a PI3kinase inhibitor or everolimus, an m TOR inhibitor may be efficaciously adminstered. Contemporary anti CD20 antibody conjugates such as of tamumab, anti BCL2 agents such as venetoclax, recent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as panobinostat, recent proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib, recent immunomodulatory agents such as pomalidomide may be additionally assessed. Contemporary targeted therapies may include molecules such as ventoclax, acalabrutinib and BGB3111. The aforementioned drugs may be utilized in combination with established agents.

Salvage Therapy

Salvage Therapy may be applicable in specific instances. In subjects where the requirement of subsequent therapy may exceed 4 years, the original therapeutic regimen may be replicated. For therapeutic installation within 4 years, a monotherapy with ibrutinib or combinations such as Dexamathasone, Rituximab and Cyclophosphamide (DRC) may be opted for. Concomitant administration of bendamustine with rituximab (BR), Bortezomib, Dexamethasone and Rituximab (BDR) may be effective.

Supportive Therapy

Supportive Therapy may incorporate modalities such as blood transfusion, administration of growth factors in order to enhance the blood cell counts (white and red blood cells with platelets). Surgical procedures may be specified in particular instances in the form of splenectomy or plasmapheresis in order to reduce the serum immunoglobulin M (Ig M) quantities. Targeted radiation may be employed in order to decimate the magnitude of incriminated lymph nodes [12,13] Table 1.

Table 1: Distinction betwixt Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma (LPL) and small cell Plasma Cell Myeloma (PCM) [1,2].

https://juniperpublishers.com/ijcsmb/IJCSMB.MS.ID.555672.php

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juniperpublishers-ecoa-blog · 5 years

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Juniper Publishers - Open Access Journal of Ecology

Population Trend of Grasshopper (Chortjippus Brunneus) and Cabbage Butter Fly (Pieris Brassicae) on Mustard (Brassica (Campestris L.)

Authored by : Muhammad Umer

Abstract

Present study was conducted on population dynamics of two insects Grasshopper (Chortjippus brunneus) and Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris brassicae) on mustard (Brassica campestris). The results of weekly mean population showed that the mean population of Pieris brassicae ranged from 0.0 to 1.4 in first week. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (1.4) was recorded in treatment 5; whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 1 (0.0). Second week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.3 to 3.0. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.0) was recorded in treatment 4; whereas the minimum attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 2 (0.3). Third week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 21.7. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (21.7) was recorded in treatment 1; whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 4 (0.0). Fourth week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 3.3. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.33) was recorded in treatment 3 whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 1 (0.0). While the mean population of grasshopper per plant ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 in first week. Among the population, maximum attack of grasshopper (2.0) was recorded in treatment 2; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 5 (0.7). Second week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.33. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 3; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 4 (3.33). Third week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.0. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 5; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 1 (3.0). Fourth week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.0 to 2.4 and so on whereas no attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 3, 4 and 7. Keywords: Population Trend; Grasshopper; Cabbage Butterfly; Mustard plant

IntroductionRapeseed commonly known as sarson belongs to the family crucifereae. Among different types, the most common grown in Pakistan are B. campestris, B. napus, B. juncea and Eruca sativa. In General, the rapeseed refers to B. campeastris and B. napus [1] The term rape is derived from the Latin word “rapen” means turnip. The rape seed is obtained from species of Brassica consisting of about 160 species. Many of them have economic importance and all parts of the plant contribute to their usefulness [2,3].The origin of rapeseed and mustard is not definitely known. Its cultivation has been traced to 2000 B.C in India, China and Ja-pan. Pak-Afghan region, Mediterranean region and the Turko-Ira-nain region are also its origin places. Brassica seed was first used for oil extraction in India [1]. According to Peolman & Borthakur [4] the origin of the different rapes and mustard has been reported as Asia, Europe and perhaps Africa. Rape and mustard are ex-tensively cultivated in Asia, Japan and Western Europe.Rapeseed and mustard are annual Rabi crops. It has a tap root system with many roots concentrate in the shallow surface soil and produce usually yellow flowers. Self-pollination is the rule in B. napus but B. campertris is both self and cross pollinated. The fruit is a pod, 5-10cm long. Each pod contains 15-40 small round seed of different colors, weighing 4-6 g per thousand seeds [1].According to Patel & Dee [5] B. campestris L. tends to a light-er, shorter and more erect growth habit than B. napus L. Its stem height varies considerably with variety from 50-200cm (with 80-150cm most common).

China is the largest producer of rape and mustard and to-gether with India and Pakistan they grow over 90 percent of the world production [4]. The average yield of this crop depends very much on climate and variety of the crop grown (Holmes, 1984). The highest yield is being obtained in the Netherlands, whereas the average is just over 2.6 tones/ha. While the average yield of rape seed and mustard in Pakistan based on the average of four years (i.e. from 1990-91 to 1993-94) is 745 kg/ha. The total production of rape and mustard in KP in the year 1993-94 was 14396.2 tones [6]. Weiss [7] stated that rape seed initial use was mainly to produce oil for industry and domestic lighting. Oil has been produced from oil seed rape and other brassica seed crops in Europe since at least the fifteen century and for a much longer pe-riod in Asia probably China [8]. Oil is now produced from rape in every continent [9]. Young leaves of rape and mustard are used as vegetable and as fodder. The oil is used in cooking and in making pickles and in industry as lubricant. Since the oil of conventional varieties contains high levels of erucic acid which is injurious to human health; cultivars have been evolved which are low in both erucic acid and glucosinulates which are designated as ’00’ types [1]. Jourges [10] mentioned that the averages percentage com-position of rape is oil (45%): protein (22%), carbohydrates (22-25%), Klason lingnin (5%), phytic acid (2%) and glucosinulates (1-4%). Pathak et al. [11] stated that the B. campestris L. Seed has 46.38% oil, 17.67% protein, 6.0% moisture, 3.74% ash and 0.46% allyl-iso-thiocyanate.Nazir [1] mentioned that the major insect pests of rape and mustard are the painted bug and aphids. Both the adults and nymphs of these insect’s suck cell sap from leaves, flowers and pods. Aphid control should be started when the nymph popula-tion reaches five per leaf. According to Gould [12]; like many other Brassica, rape falls prey to the infestation of a wide spectrum of insect, from the seedling stage to maturity damaging the crop and result in yield reduction. Srivastava et al. [13] stated that the aphid (L. erysimi) causes considerable damage not only to mustard but also to rape, tori and several other crop species. The incidence of the pest increases with the delayed sowing, while proper sowing time reduces the pest infestation.The pollen beetles, mustard sawfly, pea leaf miner, flea bee-tles, seed pod weevils, hairy caterpillar and cabbage butterfly are the most damaging insect pests of the rape crop. Majority of the pests infest the plant reproductive parts. The insects like pea leaf miners which attack the vegetative parts are less damaging and often more easily measurable [14].The present study was carried out to record the incidence and population density of Grasshopper (Chortjippus brunneus) and cabbage butter fly (Pieris brassicae) on mustard (Brassica camp-estris L.) crop.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to record the incidence of grasshop-per (Chortjippus brunneus) and cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassi-cae) on mustard crop at the Agricultural Research Institute Tarn-ab Peshawar, Pakistan in the year 2016 Rabi season.The mustard variety ‘Bulbul 98’ was raised on ridges in well prepared soil at Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, during September 21, 2016. The experiment was conducted in RCBD with three replications and five treatments per replication. The length and width of each experimental unit was 5 and 3 me-ters, respectively. Each experimental unit was 3 meters apart from other.The direction of replications was East-West and treatment direction was North-South. Crop germinated on September 21, 2016. The field was visited regularly to the record population den-sity of the concerned insect pest Table 1

Data RecordingCommon insect pest of mustard crop is Grasshopper and cat-erpillar which attack on leaves. The data was collected on five randomly selected plants in each experimental unit and averaged over plant i.e. to present data as number of insects per plant. ResultsThe insect pests of mustard other than aphids were recorded from its time of germination till harvest. The mean population of Grasshopper and Caterpillar were recorded on at weekly interval as given in Tables.

Mean population trend of Grasshopper Chortjippus brunneusper mustard plant during October to December 2016 is given in Table 2.The mean population of grasshopper per plant ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 in first week. Among the population, maximum attack of grasshopper (2.0) was recorded in treatment 2; whereas the min-imum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 5 (0.7). Second week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.33. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 3; whereas the minimum attack of grass-hopper was recorded in treatment 4 (3.33). Third week the at-tack of grasshopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.0. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 5; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 1 (3.0). Fourth week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.0 to 2.4. Among the population maximum attack of grass-hopper (2.4) was recorded in treatment 3; whereas no attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 4 (0.0). Fifth week the at-tack of grasshopper ranged from 0.3 to 2.3. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (2.3) was recorded in treatment 2; whereas no attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 4 (0.3). Sixth week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.6 to 2.3. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (2.3) was recorded in treatment 4; whereas no attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 3 (0.6). Seventh week no attack of grass-hopper was found on mustard crop. Eighth week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.0 to 1.3. Among the population max-imum attack of grasshopper (1.3) was recorded in treatment 3; whereas no attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 1 (0.0).

CaterpillarMean population trend of cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicaeper mustard plant during October to December 2016 ment 4; whereas the minimum attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 2 (0.3). Third week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 21.7. Among the population maximum attack of cat-erpillar (21.7) was recorded in treatment 1; whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 4 (0.0). Fourth week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 3.3. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.33) was recorded in treatment 3 whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 1 (0.0). Fifth week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.3 to 2.7. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (2.7) was recorded in treatment 1; whereas the minimum attack of caterpil-lar was recorded in treatment 3 (0.3). Sixth week the attack of cat-erpillar ranged from 0.2 to 3.3. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.3) was recorded in treatment 1; whereas the minimum attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 3 (0.2). Seventh week no attack of caterpillar was found on mustard crop. Eight week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 2.0. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (2.0) was recorded in treatment 4 whereas no attack of caterpillar was re-corded in treatment 3 (0.0).

DiscussionPromptly growing population and alterations in dietary habits linked with urbanization increased the demands for food and fuel. Pakistan has become world’s third largest edible oil importer. Edi-ble oil seed crops of Pakistan are classified as conventional (rape-seed, mustard, sesame, groundnut), non-conventional (sunflower, safflower, soybean) and non-true oilseeds (cotton, maize and rice bran) [15].Oil seed mustard (Brassica compestris L.), has become one of the most important oil crops in the country. Conventional mustard varieties impose health concerns due to the presence of erucic acid in oil and glucosinolate in meal. Canola has the advan-tage over other vegetable oils because it contains lowest content of saturated fatty acids and moderate content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids [16]. In Pakistan, the farmers associated with brassica crops face a lot of problems from insect pests, particularly white-fly, thrips, aphid, painted bug, Grasshopper and Cabbage Butter Fly. The control of pest insects has relied heavily on chemical in-secticides which are often overused or misused. The beneficial species, such as parasites and predators are used to control pest insects that established a solid foundation for environmentally safe system for brassica growing farmers [17].Among different insect pests attacking mustard, the Grasshop-per (Chortjippus brunneus) and Cabbage Butter Fly (Pieris brassi-cae) are the most serious and destructive pest and major limiting factor for mustard cultivation [18] The rate of reproduction varies from 5 to 9 Youngs in a single day by a single female and the to-tal number of Youngs produced by the female varies from 76 to 188 [18].In current studythe mean population of Pieris brassi-cae ranged from 0.0 to 1.4 in first week. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (1.4) was recorded in treatment 5; whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 1 (0.0). Second week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.3 to 3.0. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.0) was recorded in treatment 4; whereas the minimum attack of cater-pillar was recorded in treatment 2 (0.3). Third week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 21.7 [18-30]. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (21.7) was recorded in treatment 1; whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 4 (0.0). Fourth week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 3.3. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.33) was recorded in treatment 3 whereas no attack of caterpillar was re-corded in treatment 1 (0.0). While the mean population of grass-hopper per plant ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 in first week. Among the population, maximum attack of grasshopper (2.0) was recorded in treatment 2; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 5 (0.7). Second week the attack of grass-hopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.33. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 3; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 4 (3.33). Third week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.0. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 5; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 1 (3.0). Fourth week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.0 to 2.4 and so on whereas no attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 3, 4 and 7 [31-47]. ConclusionThe results of weekly mean population presented that the mean population of Pieris brassicae ranged from 0.0 to 1.4 in first week. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (1.4) was recorded in treatment 5; whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 1 (0.0). Second week the attack of cater-pillar ranged from 0.3 to 3.0. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.0) was recorded in treatment 4; whereas the minimum attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 2 (0.3). Third week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 21.7. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (21.7) was recorded in treatment 1; whereas no attack of caterpillar was re-corded in treatment 4 (0.0). Fourth week the attack of caterpillar ranged from 0.0 to 3.3. Among the population maximum attack of caterpillar (3.33) was recorded in treatment 3 whereas no attack of caterpillar was recorded in treatment 1 (0.0). While the mean population of grasshopper per plant ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 in first week. Among the population, maximum attack of grasshopper (2.0) was recorded in treatment 2; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 5 (0.7). Second week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.33. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 3; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 4 (3.33). Third week the attack of grass-hopper ranged from 0.3 to 3.0. Among the population maximum attack of grasshopper (0.3) was recorded in treatment 5; whereas the minimum attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 1 (3.0). Fourth week the attack of grasshopper ranged from 0.0 to 2.4 and so on whereas no attack of grasshopper was recorded in treatment 3, 4 and 7.

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greneracanada-blog · 5 years

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Grenera Moringa Seeds-1.4 oz/ approx. 100 seeds

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A perfect plant for gardening

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#shop #moringa #moringa seed #gardening #cultivation #grenera

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khojinindia · 7 years

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1,50,000 villages in India to have internet connectivity: Are Rural Start-ups soon to become a reality?

www.khojinindia.com

Indian villages no more left behind, set to become a part of the burgeoning internet penetration in India!

The unveiling of the annual budget this year brought along with it the announcement of PM Narendra Modi’s government bringing high-speed affordable internet to 150,000 villages in the country. Keeping in tune with the same, the government has already expanded its budget to Rs 100 billion ($1.4 billion) and laid 155,000 km long optical fibre cable across the country.

Under the new initiative introduced in February 2017 and christened ‘Digital Village’, the Indian government aims to bring free Wi-Fi to 1050 villages in the next six months. The Digi Gaon programme as it is colloquially known, aims to provide telemedicine, education and skills through digital technology. With 2500 crore digital transactions targeted for FY 2018, the project falls under the larger head termed Bharat Net Project with a massive allocation of Rs 10,000 crore.

Salient features proposed under the Digital Village initiative

• To be based on a public-private partnership mode of operation and fuelled through the common services centres (CSCs)

• Additional services of LED street lighting, wi-fi hotspot, skill development, information and interactive sessions with experts, government officials, etc. to be provided at the gram panchayat level

• Primarily launched on a service-based approach and working on a top-down model i.e. under tele-education, a group of rural schools is to be parented by a lead school; under telemedicine, a group of three Primary Health Centres (PHCs) is to be led by a parent/lead hospital.

• Partnering with different service providers to ensure internet connectivity

• Centre, states as well as union territories to be responsible for selection of agencies for empanelment as part of the tele-education and telemedicine drives

So is rural India really start-up ready?

The seed of making rural India tech-savvy was planted way back in 2011 when the National Optic Fibre Network (NOFN) was introduced, as a bid to provide broadband connectivity 250,000 gram panchayats by the end of 2016. Renamed as Bharat Net in 2015, it failed to take off as expected with only 7000 out of 61,000 villages currently equipped with a working connection. Needless to say, the idea of making India a connected and technology-ready space across the length and breadth of its contours had germinated much before the Digital India initiative was launched.

In line with the Digital India initiative, much earlier in 2015, ICICI Bank had partnered with the government of India to develop the country’s first digital village in Akodara, Gujarat. From fostering local business opportunities to facilitating education, health and financial services and cashless transactions, technology bridges the gap at every juncture here.

Presently schools in this village are equipped with smart computers and tablets and other technology in addition to new sophisticated teaching methods in classrooms; e-health centres and telemedicine services, tab banking facility, wi-fi connectivity across the village, and skill development trainings are some other benefits enjoyed by the locals under this venture.

Despite officially taking off on 1st July 2015, the Digital India drive has only sped up in the past year or so, with Silicon Valley tech-giants Google, Facebook and a few others clamouring to tap into the unconnected 900 million Indians, most of whom fall in rural areas of the country.

Reportedly, India had 375 million internet users by the end of October 2015 and trumped the United States by these staggering numbers in 2016 alone, coming second only to China. Estimates show that at least one in three connected Indians had access to Facebook, in addition to the 200 million and rising number of monthly active users of WhatsApp in the country. In fact, the potential in India’s internet usage is so huge that on its own it adds 2 percentage points to the world’s internet user growth, while the rest of the world continues to climb on the internet usage dais at a far sluggish pace.

Realizing the massive possibilities that lay in the untapped millions, social media giant Facebook did try to push through with the “Free basics” campaign to provide free limited connectivity to the millions of Indians and get bigger than it already is.

Fortunately, the “Free basics” idea was struck down by the Indian government, with a push from tech experts and regulators, on the grounds of violation of net neutrality. Not wanting to hand over the fate of the country’s millions to foreign companies and the bubbling possibilities India’s interiors could offer, the government accelerated the Digital India drive; now with Digi Gaon authorities promise to provide basic internet access and more to empower these areas.

This is not only a sign that rural India is fast catching up on development and entrepreneurial vision, but also projects the state as a key player in the technology marketplace sharing the same space as domestic private companies and global tech biggies.

Stiff competition, though, is expected to come the government’s way as these powerful players continue to cling to the enormously growing Indian digital market: Facebook plans to make a comeback with Express Wi-Fi to equip the country’s railway stations with internet, Google’s free Wi-Fi (as a joint venture with state-run RailTel) is already said to be working at the 100 busiest railway stations in India, while Microsoft may soon launch the proposal of beaming internet into the country’s villages.

What can work for Rural Start-ups?

Multiple schemes designed for aspiring rural entrepreneurs, self-help groups, khadi spinners and weavers, farmers, coir workers as well as NGOs, can work in favour of rural business by offering various benefits in the form of subsidy benefits, insurance cover, aid in production and equipment costs, bank loans and government grants, infrastructure support and services, etc.

Some of the schemes are – the Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme, Janashree Bima Yojana for Khadi Artisans and the Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) of Export Market Promotion.

Skill development for encouraging self-employment will hopefully get a boost through the recently launched Deen Dayal Upadhyay Swaniyojan Yojana, primarily funded by the National Rural Livelihood Mission under the rural development ministry. Helmed as the rural avatar of the Startup India campaign, this will provide skill development training in a variety of fields, the same being, beauty, animal husbandry, dairy farming, driving, agriculture, plumbing, horticulture, grafting, textile, etc.

Aimed at improving livelihood in rural areas, it will not only promote self-employment and commercial vision in a plethora of areas other than agriculture, but bring in greater participation of women and help them become independent financially.

In addition to all the above mentioned schemes and policies, fresh measures introduced in the annual budget this year by way of tax reliefs, incentives and tax reductions for MSMEs with turnover of less than Rs. 50 crore, increase in the period of carrying forward MAT (Minimum Alternative Tax) from 10 to 15 years, definitely look favourable for the start-up scene, both rural and urban included.

What won’t

• Poorly developed transportation infrastructure

• Bureaucratic laches in getting projects go off the ground in a timely, smooth manner

• Unpredictable and unjustified abandonment of projects as had happened in the case of Chandoli, Rajasthan, where a Minority Cyber Gram programme was launched three years ago by the Congress-led UPA government and abruptly discontinued by the present Modi-government

• Uneven, insufficient, delayed distribution of funds or a complete lack thereof

Rural start-ups are fast becoming a thing of the present and a vision for the future with many villages across the country getting digitized. Be it Malappuram district in Kerala, or Badjhiri village near Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, technology is rapidly leaving its digital footprints in these seemingly quiet, timid, isolated regions.

Be it the pressure faced by the recent demonetization that is propelling rural areas to go cashless, or business dreams taking flight in the optimistic, ambitious rural youth of today, rural brush with technology is here to stay and get better with passing time with a focused, strategic push from the government and encouragement and support from citizens alike.

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ericfruits · 7 years

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São Paulo’s mayor tries to make the city greener

THE phrase “concrete jungle” might have been coined for São Paulo. Brazil’s megalopolis has 2.6 square metres (28 square feet) of green space for each of its 11m inhabitants, a tenth as much as New York and a fifth of what the World Health Organisation recommends. As with wealth, greenery is unequally distributed. Rich central districts, many with jardim (garden) in their names, have more trees than residents. In Itaim Paulista, on the poor eastern periphery, there is one for every 17 people.

João Doria, the mayor since January, wants more foliage. In March he inaugurated the first section of what will become the world’s biggest “green corridor”. The “vertical gardens”, sprouting from wall-mounted pockets made from felt, will stretch for 3.5km (2.2 miles) down Avenida 23 de Maio, a congested ten-lane road in the city’s centre. They are expected to absorb as much carbon dioxide as 3,300 trees.

In elections last year Mr Doria, a marketing tycoon, defeated a left-wing mayor, Fernando Haddad, who was fond of cycle lanes but did little to make the city greener. Under his administration, spending on the environment fell from 1.4% of the budget to 0.3%. Public parks and nurseries fell into disrepair after Mr Haddad allowed maintenance contracts to expire last August. His mayoralty was “depressing”, says Ricardo Cardim, a landscape architect who runs a blog called “São Paulo Trees”.

He is optimistic about Mr Doria. The centre-right mayor named Gilberto Natalini, a member of the Green Party, as the city’s environment secretary and boosted his budget by a third, to 200m reais ($62m). Mr Doria revived moribund partnerships with the state government to clean storm drains and line them with vegetation.

With money tight because of Brazil’s recession, Mr Doria is enlisting his fellow businessmen to spread the vegetation. One group promised to give 1m saplings, which would more than double the number of trees on the streets. Mr Doria is badgering two developers to allow a plot they own in a rundown part of the city centre to become a park in return for land elsewhere. He wants private firms to maintain the city’s 107 parks, perhaps in exchange for displaying their corporate logos. On April 24th he invited Arnold Schwarzenegger to São Paulo to arm-twist American companies into backing green projects. Mr Doria may be hoping that paulistanos will someday hail him as the Germinator.

This article appeared in the The Americas section of the print edition under the headline "Tree-muffled praças"

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kristablogs · 4 years

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California and the Forest Service have a plan to prevent future catastrophic fires

A road during the Jones Fire (Marcus Kauffman/)

As hundreds of fires scorch California, state officials and federal forest agents signed an agreement that may help the state be able to better weather future fire seasons.

Right now, the second and third largest fires in the state’s history are ripping through coastal forests and inland shrubland in Northern California. The flames have claimed more than 1,100 homes and other buildings, along with 1.4 million acres of land.

Climate change is culpable here. While fire is a normal and necessary part of much of California’s forest and rangelands, the region’s trend toward heightened wet and dry extremes, coupled with overall warmer conditions, make the state especially primed for high-intensity burns.

But the way forests have been managed for the past 100 years hasn’t helped the situation. Prior to the Gold Rush, fires were a part of the landscape—ignited by both lightning strikes and Native Americans. Around four million acres burned every year on average, and smoky skies in summer and fall were probably not unusual. After settlers forcibly removed Indigenous people from the land, their cultural burning practices were eventually replaced by policies of full-on fire suppression. Between the 1930s and 1970s, the U.S. Forest Service and state officials maintained a mindset of dousing all blazes.

But periodic, generally lower-intensity fires are important for distributing nutrients, helping seeds germinate, and managing disease. They also prevent the build-up of small trees, shrubs and woody material, which otherwise cause the fires that do spark to become especially large and intense. In response, management has been changing in recent decades, albeit at a slow pace. The perceived risks about the process and high costs have blocked an aggressive statewide policy to reintroduce fire and reduce fuels.

Now, as smoke chokes much of the northern and central part of the state, officials in Sacramento have signed an agreement that appears to do just that. In the agreement, Forest Service agents, the California Natural Resources Agency Secretary, and Governor Gavin Newsom committed to “shared stewardship” of the state’s forests and rangelands. Most strikingly, the non-binding memo names a goal of thinning, burning, or otherwise treating vegetation across one million acres annually by 2025 (with federal and state agencies each contributing 500,000 acres). For comparison, prescribed burns in California totalled less than 50,000 acres in 2017 (though that stat doesn’t include those wildfires that were allowed to burn or tree thinning).

“This kind of commitment is a really great step,” says Rebecca Miller, an environmental scientist at Stanford University studying wildfire policies. “Restoring healthy forests and rangelands is a great move forward.” In a 2018 forest carbon plan, state officials included a goal to treat 60,000 acres a year on non-federal lands, and noted that 500,000 acres was an “aspirational goal.” So the new agreement seems to be an effort to turn that aspiration into action, and commit the Forest Service to matching the effort. Across California, approximately 20 million acres are thought to be in need of some kind of treatment, such as managed fires or thinning.

The agreement also addressed a key barrier to broad-scale action: coordination between different land managers. California forests and shrublands encompass a patchwork of private, state, and federal management. Sometimes that quilt of management strategies is visible from the sky. “Sometimes, if you have an aerial image, there’s a line you can see when it goes from Forest Service to private land, or from Forest Service to national park, just because whatever has been done on that land is so different,” says Emily Moran, a plant ecologist at the University of California, Merced. She says that at one research site of hers, the trees are visibly a different color between private and federal groves when viewed from above. “Fire and other factors don’t respect those boundaries,” adds Moran. “I think it’s encouraging to try and get people to talk to each other more.”

The agreement emphasizes the need for agencies to collaborate on restoration, since fire is indifferent to jurisdictional boundaries. This could include setting shared goals, consolidating data, and working together to monitor ecosystems and support long-term research projects. For private landowners, the agencies proposed streamlining permitting processes and providing technical assistance to make it less expensive and easier to thin stands. This could be crucial: Miller points out that 39 percent of forests in the state are privately-owned. If an agency, for example, wanted to reduce woody fuels around the perimeter of a town vulnerable to fires, one uncooperative landowner can spoil the effort. “If you get a little bit of resistance, it can complicate efforts to conduct your burn,” says Miller.

Of course, this all comes with a price tag. The agreement notes a few ways to recoup funds. One is to “improve” timber harvest—the statement is vaguely worded but appears to suggest increased logging. “California has some of the highest environmental standards for timber harvest in the world, producing California lumber could decrease demand for timber harvested with lower ecological standards,” the agreement reads. “Given California’s increasing housing needs and greenhouse gas emission goals, California has a direct interest in consuming ecologically sourced lumber.”

That provision may give environmental groups reason to worry. “The question is how you do [tree thinning] in a way that’s responsible and driven by science and not driven by the political demands of the logging industry,” Kathryn Phillips, executive director of Sierra Club California, told the The Mercury News.

A more creative funding idea floated in the agreement is to somehow monetize the small trees, twigs, and other bits scraped up into piles during thinning treatments. Right now, those piles present a fire risk and are costly to manage. But there might be other options, such as a market for chopping debris into plywood material or burning them for biofuel. “That could provide funding that’s needed in order to treat all the areas,” says Moran. “But you would also have to be very careful you don’t create any sort of perverse incentives to overharvest.”

The agreement also provides for continued research throughout these efforts. Moran says that it will be important to continue analyzing how different treatments affect factors like fire behavior and biodiversity. Generally, managed or prescribed flames tend to mimic natural conditions better than thinning treatments, but sometimes fire might be impractical or unpopular (for example, due to concerns about air quality).

Even with the warmer and drier conditions we’re baking into the region, Moran says that management can make a big difference for ecology as well as safety. “If fuel is more spread out and patchy, it is still going to be harder for fires to get up to the really huge sizes we’ve been seeing some recent cases,” she says. “So my instinct is—and what the research seems to be suggesting at this point—is that management is still going to be helpful, but we are still going to be seeing effects [of climate change].”

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scootoaster · 4 years

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California and the Forest Service have a plan to prevent future catastrophic fires

A road during the Jones Fire (Marcus Kauffman/)

As hundreds of fires scorch California, state officials and federal forest agents signed an agreement that may help the state be able to better weather future fire seasons.

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superpraptithings · 5 years

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According to the report, the Global Seed Treatment Market is estimated to exhibit a noteworthy CAGR of 12.19% during the forecast period. In the start year i.e. 2017, the global market was worth US$ 5.33 Bn whereas by the end of 2025, the global market is likely to reach US$ 13.46 Bn. Fortune Business Insights projects biological seed treatment to witness robust growth among other product types.

Sample PDF Brochure at https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/enquiry/sample/seed-treatment-market-100156

Some of the major companies that are present in the Global Seed Treatment Market are;

· Bayer Crop Science

· Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture

· BASF

· DowDupont

· FMC Corporation

· Arysta LifeScience

· Adama Agricultural Solutions

· Sumitomo Chemicals

· Incotec

· Nufarm

· Other players

This segment held 16.24% of the global seed treatment market in 2017 and will continue to dominate the market until 2025. The global seed treatment market is expected to expand remarkably on account of growth of the agriculture industry. Fortune Business Insights has published a report, titled “Seed Treatment Market Size, Share and Global Trend by Type (Synthetic Chemicals, Biologicals), By Function (Seed Protection, Seed Enhancement), By Application Technique (Seed Coating, Seed Dressing, Seed Pelleting), By Stage of Seed Treatment (On-Farm, Off-Farm), By Crop Type (Cereals, Oilseeds, Fruits & Vegetables, Other Crops) and Geography Forecast till 2025” offering insights into various factors driving the global market The rising adoption of sustainable agricultural practices across the world is fueling demand for biological seed treatment among farmers.

Consequently, biological seed treatment shows good results in different field trials. Furthermore, this segment is likely to gain higher acceptance among crop producers. Among functions, seed enhancement is likely to remain strong as it increasingly involves usage of insecticides and fungicides. Rising focus on research and development (R&D) activities among industry stakeholders is expected to drive the seed enhancement of crop plants.

North America Emerges Dominant in Global Seed Treatment Market

Among regions, North America is likely to dominate the global seed treatment market and generate highest revenue by 2025. The escalating demand for seed treatment methods in agriculture industry is the primary reason responsible for driving the market in this region.

· North America

· Europe

· Asia Pacific

· South America

· Middle East & Africa·

The growing demand with regards to organic food products is estimated to help the market to grow in Europe. The seed treatment market in Asia Pacific is also projected to grow at a considerable rate on account of the growing awareness among consumers regarding the use of seed treatment chemicals. Moreover, ongoing agricultural developments is driving the seed treatment market in this region.

Growing Awareness Among Consumers Regarding Health to Drive the Market

“Rising need to improve the crop quality and yield is the chief factor driving the seed treatment market,” said a lead analyst at Fortune Business Insights. “In order to improve and achieve good agricultural yield, advanced seed treatment machines are required,” he added. With the advent of advanced technologies, farmers are likely to adopt novel seed treatment methods, which in turn, will boost the market. Moreover, new seed treatment procedures can help in preventing soil and seed borne diseases and infections.

In addition to this, these procedures can help to reduce seed germination time, thus improving the overall productivity of crops. The demand for organic fruits and vegetables is increasingly driven by growing health awareness among consumers.

Therefore, the market for seed treatment is projected to grow significantly as the production of organic food increases. Government support to to eco-friendly and economical seed treatment methods may contribute to the growth of the seed treatment market in the coming years.

Major Table of Content of Seed Treatment Market are;

1. Introduction

1.1. Research Scope

1.2. Market Segmentation

1.3. Research Methodology

1.4. Definitions and Assumptions

2. Executive Summary

3. Market Dynamics

3.1. Market Drivers

3.2. Market Restraints

3.3. Market Opportunities

Browse Complete Report Details at https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/seed-treatment-market-100156

Adoption of Development Strategies Will Help Companies to Expand their Global Footprint

Some major companies present in the global market for seed treatment are Syngenta, BASF, Incotec, Nufarm, Arysta LifeSciences, Bayer Crop Science, Sumitomo Chemicals, and UPL. Robust R&D activities, historical formation, and strong product portfolio helped Bayer Crop Science to lead the seed treatment market. These companies are planning to adopt strategies to improve their market share. Also, companies are indulging in R&D activities to develop a better understanding with regards to the use of seed treatment methods.

#seed treatment market

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