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bestassignmentexpert789 · 3 years ago

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The ins and outs of CIPD, as well as its long term prospects

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topnotchresearch · 3 years ago

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Wider Professional Practices in Education and Training

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nigeiadigitalmarketingcompany · 6 years ago

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Deskilling among manufacturing production workers

Digital Elixir Deskilling among manufacturing production workers

Dating back to at least Tinbergen (1974), the literature on skill demand has argued that technological progress is skill-biased in the sense that it requires increasing human capital investment on the part of workers. The recent increase in inequality is then in part viewed as a consequence of increasing returns to skill. In contrast, Braverman (1974) asserts in an influential book from the same year that “the capitalist mode of production systematically destroys all-around skills where they exist”.1

A closer look reveals that both statements may be correct. While the modern literature documents an increasing demand for skilled non-production, or ‘white-collar’, workers in manufacturing (Berman et al. 1994, 1998), Braverman’s claim is about deskilling within the large group of production workers. If he is right, the narrative of technological progress rewarding human capital investments fails to reflect the experience of many production workers: the market value of their skills, often acquired during apprenticeships of several years with low pay, may have declined rather than increased. From this perspective, rising income inequality and polarisation may be the result of declining just as much as of increasing returns to skill, and calling upon workers to make more human capital investments may not be sufficient to allow them to share in the fruits of technological progress.

While the recent literature on labour market polarisation in high-income countries has found more evidence of upskilling than of deskilling (Autor et al. 2006, Goos et al. 2009). Autor (2019) shows that the picture for the US changes dramatically once the focus is on workers without a college degree, which is closer to the group Braverman was concerned about. Over the 1970-2016 period, “almost all occupational change among non-college workers reflects a movement from the middle toward the bottom of the occupational distribution” (Autor 2019).2 In a recent paper, I show that there has been deskilling among manufacturing production workers also on a global scale for more than six decades, drawing on new occupational wage and employment data from more than 150 countries since the 1950s (Kunst 2019a). My findings hence reconcile the conflicting characterisations of technological progress over the 20th century as skill-biased versus deskilling, and suggest that the deskilling of manufacturing production workers’ tasks has contributed to the disappearance of production jobs in which even workers with little formal education could acquire valuable skills.

Global manufacturing through the lens of occupations

To go beyond the coarse white-collar versus production jobs distinction, I draw on harmonised household surveys from the World Bank’s International Income Distribution Data Set, first described by Montenegro and Hirn (2009), and the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (Minnesota Population Center 2018). In Figure 1, I plot fitted manufacturing employment shares of white-collar workers and two groups of production workers, craftsmen and other production workers, against real GDP per capita.3 It shows that a large majority of manufacturing employees in low-income countries tends to work in craftsman occupations. Their share in manufacturing employment declines with income, but they cease to be the largest group of employees only after an income level of around $10,000 (in 2011 international dollars) and remain important even at higher income levels. In Kunst (2019a), I argue that craftsmen are involved in a larger range of production steps than other production workers, and work in smaller establishments that feature a lower division of labour.4

Figure 1 Fitted occupational employment within manufacturing by GDP per capita

Source: Kunst (2019a). Notes: The figure shows the predicted manufacturing employment shares from a regression of occupational employment shares among the wage-employed in manufacturing on a third-order polynomial of ln GDP per capita, decade fixed effects and country fixed effects. While the three occupation groups cover almost all manufacturing employees, I do not impose that the fitted employment shares in the three groups in this Figure always add up to 100. See Kunst (2019a) for additional details.

Craftsmen arguably were also the most skilled production workers. For detailed data on relative wages as a proxy for total human capital, I use the extended Occupational Wages around the World database by Freeman and Oostendorp (2019). Figure 2 summarises the wage premia of manufacturing occupations in the 1950s. Handicraft was well remunerated at that time. The typical craftsman earned a wage 16 percentage points above the manufacturing average, whereas the typical other production worker earned a wage 14 percentage points below average. While craftsmen tended to have levels of formal education comparable to other production workers (Kunst 2019a), their substantial wage premium points to higher human capital, acquired for instance through informal apprenticeships and learning on the job rather than formal education.

Figure 2 Occupational wage premia in manufacturing in the 1950s in 112 countries

Source: Kunst (2019a). Notes: The red diamonds represent the occupation group fixed effects from a regression of log wages on country-year fixed effects and occupation group fixed effects. The dots in light grey are the corresponding coefficients from a regression on the more detailed occupation dummies. See Kunst (2019a) for a full list of these occupations.

The changing fortunes of craftsmen

In the literature, deskilling processes have so far been documented for particular countries and industries. For instance, Rasiah (1993) describes how the adoption of shuttleless air-jet looms in the Malaysian textile industry during the 1980s reduced the demand for some skilled craftsmen. Wallace and Kalleberg (1982) argue that the introduction of teletypesetting technology reduced the demand for skilled compositors in the US over the 1931-1978 period. Figure 3 suggests that these case studies capture parts of a global trend. In a sample with relative wages from the textile industries of 133 countries, the left panel shows that the wages of the craftsman occupation of loom fixers and tuners, relative to the machine-operating cloth weavers on average declined by about 4 percentage points per decade between 1953 and 2008. The right panel shows that the wages of machine compositors relative to printing pressmen in the printing industry declined at a similar rate in a sample of 156 countries.5

Figure 3 Craftsman wage premia: Examples from the textiles and printing industries

Source: Kunst (2019a). Notes: The wage premium of loom fixers, tuners (a craftsman occupation) over cloth weavers (machine) (a machine operator occupation) in the textiles industry could be calculated for 1,798 country-year observation from 133 countries in the Occupational Wages around the World database, and the wage premium of machine compositors (a craftsman occupation) over printing pressmen (a machine operator occupation) in the printing industry could be calculated for 2,615 country-year observations from 156 countries. The sub-header shows the point estimate and p-value of a regression of the wage premium on a linear trend (year/10) and country fixed effects, with standard errors clustered at the country level.

One may wonder whether the declining craftsman wage premium is specific to the textile and printing industry, or the selected occupations. In Figure 4, I hence plot the evolution of the average craftsman wage premium for a balanced sample of 86 countries, calculated based on all eight craftsman and 13 other production occupations that are available in the Occupational Wages around the World database since 1953. The figure also shows a substantial decline of the average craftsmen wage premium, from about 37 percentage points in the 1950s to about 9 percentage points in the 2000s, and hence of a similar magnitude as for the examples in Figure 3. The dotted lines show that craftsman wage premia declined in countries of all income levels.

Figure 4 Average craftsman wage premium relative to other production workers

Source: Kunst (2019a). Notes: The average wage premium of manufacturing craftsmen versus other production occupations is based on 86 countries, of which 19 are classified as high income, 43 as middle income, and 24 as low income.

A testable implication of a demand shift away from craftsmen is a simultaneous decline in their relative employment. Figure 5 compares the number of craftsmen per other production worker in the first available year before 1990 with the last available year after 1990 for 44 countries for which I have employment data for both periods. In the first year (on average 1974), there were on average 4.9 craftsmen per other production worker. In the last year (on average 2009), this number had decreased to 1.4 craftsmen per other production worker in the same countries. While a few countries – such as Paraguay (PRY) or Honduras (HND) – experienced particularly large decreases, the number of craftsman per other production worker decreased in 38 of the 44 countries, consistent with a pervasive demand shift away from craftsmen.6

Figure 5 Craftsmen per other production worker in manufacturing

Source: Kunst (2019a). Notes: The figure assigns country labels to the ten countries experiencing the largest decreases in the number of craftsmen per other production worker.

Discussion

I argue that the declining demand for craftsmen can be understood through the lens of a task model in which a declining price of capital leads to a substitution of craftsman tasks with capital. Consistent with this model, I find that changes in relative craftsman wages and employment within countries over time are significantly associated with changes in manufacturing capital intensities. Task frameworks also highlight that, next to displacing workers, automation may create new tasks (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2019). However, I find that, while craftsman wages decreased relative to occupations outside manufacturing, other production wages did not increase. This suggests that other production workers did not acquire skills comparable to those that craftsmen traditionally possessed, and that any new skill-intensive tasks created by automation have tended to be tasks for white collar workers.

My findings also point to a remarkable continuity in the automation of craftsman tasks in manufacturing, first documented in a literature on deskilling in US manufacturing during the 19th century.7 At the same time, recent case studies from China highlight that deskilling remains a possible outcome of workplace automation even today – in particular in developing countries, where the remaining scope for automation is larger (Huang and Sharif 2017, 2019). Moreover, the accelerating pace of change in labour markets around the world in recent years suggests that the phenomenon of human capital investments losing their market value is increasingly relevant also beyond manufacturing.

These findings do not imply that workers should abstain from making specific human capital investments. Rather, they highlight that, in a technologically dynamic environment, such investments are inherently risky. Hence, social safety nets and subsidised (re-)training programmes have important insurance features which may incentivise workers to undertake such investments in the first place. Strengthening them should be part of the efforts to share the benefits of technological progress widely.

References

Acemoglu, D and P Restrep (2018), “The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment”, American Economic Review 108(6): 1488-1542.

Atack, J, F Bateman and R A Margo (2004), “Skill intensity and rising wage dispersion in nineteenth-century American manufacturing”, Journal of Economic History 64(1): 172-192.

Autor, D (2019), “Work of the past, work of the future”, NBER Working Paper No. 25588.

Autor, D H, L F Katz, and M S Kearney (2006), “The polarization of the U.S. labor market”, The American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 96(2): 189-194.

Berman, E, J Bound and Z Griliches (1994), “Changes in the demand for skilled labor within US manufacturing: Evidence from the annual survey of manufacturers”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 109(2): 367-397.

Berman, E, J Bound S and Machin (1998), “Implications of skill-biased technological change: International evidence”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(4): 1245-1279.

Braverman, H (1974), Labor and monopoly capital: The degradation of work in the twentieth century, New York: Monthly Review Press.

Field, A J (1980), “Industrialization and skill intensity: The case of Massachusetts”, Journal of Human Resources 15(2): 149-175.

Freeman, R B and R Oostendorp (2019), “The standardized ILO October Inquiry 1953-2008”, mimeo.

Goldin, C and L F Katz (1998), “The origins of technology-skill complementarity”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(3): 693-732.

Goldin, C and K Sokoloff (1982), “Women, children, and industrialization in the early republic: Evidence from the manufacturing censuses”, Journal of Economic History 42(4): 741-774.

Goos, M, A Manning and A Salomons (2009), “Job polarization in Europe”, American Economic Review 99(2): 58-63.

Huang, Y and N Sharif (2017), “From ‘labour dividend’ to ��robot dividend’: Technological change and workers’ power in South China”, Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy 6(1): 53-78.

Huang, Y and N Sharif (2019), “Industrial automation in China’s ‘workshop of the world’”, The China Journal 81(1): 1-22.

James, J A and J S Skinner (1985), “The resolution of the labor-scarcity paradox”, Journal of Economic History 45(3): 513-540.

Kunst, D (2019a), “Deskilling among manufacturing production workers”, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 19-050/VI.

Kunst, D (2019b), “Premature deindustrialization through the lens of occupations: Which jobs have disappeared, and why?”, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 19-033/V.

Minnesota Population Center (2018), Integrated public use microdata series, international: Version 7.1.

Montenegro, C E and M L Hirn (2009), “A new disaggregated set of labour market indicators using standardized household surveys from around the world”, World Development Report Background Paper.

Rasiah, R (1993) “Competition and governance: Work in Malaysia’s textile and garment industries”, Journal of Contemporary Asia 23(1): 3-23.

Rodrik, D (2016) “Premature deindustrialization”, Journal of Economic Growth 21(1): 1-33.

Tinbergen, J (1974), “Substitution of graduate by other labour” Kyklos: International Review for Social Sciences.

Wallace, M and A L Kalleberg (1982), “Industrial transformation and the decline of craft: The decomposition of skill in the printing industry, 1931-1978”, American Sociological Review 47(3): 307-324.

Endnotes

[1] While Braverman (1974) has been cited more than 16,000 times on Google Scholar to date, it has been more influential in sociology than in economics. He also argues explicitly that there has been a “destruction of craftsmanship” throughout the 20th century (p. 94), which points to the deskilling mechanism highlighted in this column.

[2] It is also interesting to note that already Braverman (1974) wrote of a polarisation of labour demand due to automation, 30 years before Goos and Manning (2007) popularised the term to describe the labour market effects of ICT: “Since, with the development of technology and the application to it of the fundamental sciences, the labour processes of society have come to embody a greater amount of scientific knowledge, clearly the “average” scientific, technical, and in that sense “skill” content of these labour processes is much greater now than in the past. But this is nothing but a tautology. The question is precisely whether the scientific and “educated” content of labour tends toward averaging, or, on the contrary, toward polarization” (p. 294).

[3] Craftsmen correspond to major group 7 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations, other production workers include major groups 8 (machine operators) and 9 (elementary occupations). White-collar workers subsume major groups 1-4 (managers, professionals and clerks). The three groups jointly account for almost all manufacturing wage employment, leaving out only some manufacturing employees classified as either sales & service (major group 5) or agricultural workers (major group 6). I exclude self- or family-employed workers from the samples in order to match the occupational wage data.

[4] This is also apparent from the International Standard Classification of Occupations task description. Craftsman tasks “require the knowledge and experience of skilled trades or handicrafts which, among other things, involves an understanding of materials and tools to be used, as well as of all stages of the production process, including the characteristics and the intended use of the final product”.

[5] See Kunst (2019a) for task descriptions of these occupations, which are consistent with the view that the tasks of the craftsman occupation are more complex in both cases.

[6] The choice of 1990 as demarcation year is somewhat arbitrary, but it ensures that there is a reasonable number of countries in the comparison and a reasonable number of years between the first and the last year. However, the decline of the craftsman employment share is a robust feature of the data, see Kunst (2019a) for additional evidence. Only in high-income countries, the employment share of other production workers also decreased alongside craftsman employment. In Kunst (2019b), I argue that this is because these countries have been the first to adopt digitally controlled machines, which substitute for machine operators and elementary occupations. My findings in that paper suggest that even in middle-income countries, increasing technology adoption in recent decades has reduced the number of other production jobs created by automation, resulting in the phenomenon of premature deindustrialisation that has been documented by Rodrik (2016).

[7] See Field (1980), Goldin and Sokoloff (1982), James and Skinner (1985), and Atack et al. (2004). Also see Goldin and Katz (1998) for a model in which the first automation step from artisanal to factory production is deskilling. While they argue that technological change in US manufacturing had become skill-biased already by the early twentieth century, their data do not allow them to distinguish between different groups of production workers. Hence, they mainly rely on the increasing wage bill share of non-production workers as an indicator of skill-biasedness, which does not capture the declining returns to craftsman skills among production workers.

Deskilling among manufacturing production workers

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no1sanjay-blog · 6 years ago

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Environmental Analysis of E-commerce Presence, Library services provided would be unique in terms of the service delivery model.

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freeassignmenthelp2-blog · 6 years ago

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Unit 3 Professional Identity and Practice, Contact us for cheap assignment help that too with guarantee of unlimited free revisions and non plagiarism.

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arsenalnigeriafans-blog · 5 years ago

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Sales Executive

Job Title: Sales Executive Locations: Kano, Lagos, Ibadan, Onitsha. Key Responsibilities Develop new markets for the products Identify future and current trends that appeal to consumers as regards the products Manage, escalate and ensure resolution of customer queries. Follow up and ensure timely payment of pending invoices within the agreed time frame. Update sample and customer details on the market mapping data base for ease of administration. Manage and Expand existing customers base for assigned location and environs. Meeting sales targets Promoting new products and any special deals Recording orders and sending details to the sales office Giving feedback on sales trends Requirements Minimum of a Bachelor's degree / HND in any discipline is required At least 3 years of experience in sales of chemicals for Pharmaceuticals, Soap, Foam, and detergent. The ability to set priorities and exercise flexibility where necessary. Self-motivated and hardworking. Result driven with constant desire to earn high income. The ability to work both independently and as part of a team. Excellent organisation and problem solving skills. Ability to work with minimal supervision. Good interpersonal skills. Territorial Knowledge. Application Closing Date 30th March, 2020. How to Apply Interested and qualified candidates should use this link https://fadacresources.zohorecruit.com/recruit/ViewJob.na?digest=N1nn95I8RLzp6NJvjbTifNI6fUDkDqEK0QEJze0W32g-&embedsource=CareerSite Also send a copy of your CV to [email protected] and copy bloombridgeconsulting@gmail using the job Title as subject of the mail Read the full article

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wikitopx · 5 years ago

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There are United Kingdom Curriculum Vitae (CV) Examples. This post will help you solve the problem. Read the following.

Updated March 14, 2020

In other regions of the world, employers often require job candidates to submit CVs; however, international CVs are quite different from U.S. CVs. In the U.S., CVs are used in specific industries, such as academia, scientific research fields, and the medical profession. They are often longer than traditional resumes—beginning at two to three pages for entry-level candidates—and are meant to emphasize one’s academic and professional background and credentials.

CVs in other countries are more similar to U.S. resumes than they are to U.S. CVs. With a few exceptions, they tend to be more competency-based than credentials-based. What distinguishes them from the career search documents used in the U.S. is that they often require personal information that would be illegal for U.S. employers to ask for due to anti-discrimination and other EEOC employment laws.

When you’re applying for an international job, you’ll need to know the expected CV format and content required, which can vary widely, depending on the nation you’re targeting. A CV written for a job in the United Kingdom will be slightly different than one written for another country, like Germany or Portugal.

1. Tips for Writing a CV for a Job in the United Kingdom

Include personal information: Like any resume or CV, include your name, address, phone number, and email address at the top. While some countries require you to include other personal information, such as your marital status or age, this is not required in the UK. You also do not need to include a photo of yourself unless this is specifically requested by an employer.

Include a personal profile: After you’ve provided your contact information, begin your CV with a one-paragraph professional profile summarizing your career goals and the skills you can offer an employer.

Include all relevant work experience: Because a CV can be longer than a resume, feel free to include all relevant work experience in the Employment History section of your CV. Below the basic information for each position—like the company name, job title, time employed, etc.—include a summary of your responsibilities and achievements in a bulleted list or small paragraph.

Don’t feel like you have to limit your CV to only the last 10 or so years. If you have relevant experience from further back, you have the option to include this, although it certainly isn’t required that you do so. You don't have to provide summaries and achievements for positions you held more than 10 years ago; it’s enough to merely list the name of the employer, their location, your job title, and the dates employed.

Write more than one page (if necessary): Unless you're applying for an upper-level position and have extensive experience, most resumes in the U.S. are only one page. However, this is not the case for CVs in the UK, which can be two or more pages. Only include relevant information in your CV and don’t add information just for the sake of lengthening your CV. If you only have one of two lines on the final page of your CV, revise it so your information fills out each page.

Include related interests (optional): Some CVs for jobs in the UK include a section dedicated to Interests or Interests and Achievements, which contains hobbies outside of work. This section helps show your personality in the CV, but if you include a section like this, make sure the interests you include are somewhat related to the position. For example, if you are applying for a job in outdoor education, you might mention that you are a member of a rock climbing club.

Anglicize your spelling: When applying for jobs in the UK, you need to use British English. For example, in the UK, unpaid internships are referred to as “work experiences.” A vital part of this is to use correct British spelling, and the easiest way to do this is to spellcheck your CV using the British English setting. To do this in Windows:

Select the entire text of your CV, then open the Review tab.

Click the Language tool in the Language group and then select Set Proofing Language.

Select English (United Kingdom).

Press F7 to have Word begin checking the spelling and grammar.

Make the prompted corrections.

Proofread Carefully: Like any resume or CV, be sure to thoroughly edit your CV before submitting it to an employer. Proofread for any typos or grammatical errors, and make sure your formatting is uniform throughout the CV. If you put one of the section titles in bold font, be sure to put all the section titles in bold font. Consider asking a friend, family member, or career counselor to look over your CV as well.

2. UK Curriculum Vitae Sample

Here is an example of what a CV written for jobs in the UK looks like.

UK Curriculum Vitae Sample

Eleanor English 11 Main Road, Preston, London PR 1 [email protected] 123.111111 (Cell)

PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY

Versatile and creative professional positioned to excel within role requiring cross-functional graphic design, digital design, and website development talents. Well-versed in software technologies including Microsoft Office Suite and Adobe Creative Suite.

EDUCATION

HND in Computing, May 2015 UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LONDON, London, UK Modules included: Software Development, Database Systems, Multimedia and Systems Analysis

BTEC Diploma in Information Technology, May 2012

PRESTON COLLEGE, Preston, England Modules included: Business IT, Intro to Digital Design, Programming, Designing Databases, and Organizations in IT

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

The Salvation Army, London, UK IT Mentor Volunteer, April 2017 – Present Train end-users on how to use and operate software applications such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.

Responsible for maintenance of hardware and software used for training purposes and recommending repairs to management where appropriate.

European Training Services, Prague, Czech Republic Graphic Design Work Experience, May 2013 – July 2013 Duties included creating web content, editing graphics, and writing copy for clients’ websites and promotional materials.

Collaborated with cross-functional teams to design high-profile web content for companies including Spencer’s, Projekt Blue, and Global United.

Computer Science Corporation, London, UK Triage Administrator, December 2012 – April 2013 Monitored allocated order queues and assigned work from the relevant queues.

Entered purchase orders accurately and promptly.

HM Revenue & Customs, London, UK Administrative Assistant, December 2011 – December 2012 Organized and filed paperwork, set up mailing systems, and processed backlogs of documents.

Played key role in helping to set up and train personnel in new office software system.

INTERESTS

Volunteer Editor, The Headless Way IT Mentor to public school students Personal food blogging

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deep94161-blog · 7 years ago

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Health promotion sample assignment

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Health promotion sample assignment

Unit 29 Health Promotion

HND Assignments sample

Table of Contents

Introduction. 1

LO1 Understand the socioeconomic impact on health. 2

1.1 Explain the impact of socio-economic influences on Christina and Paul’s health and their unborn child? 2

1.2 Assess the significance of government sources such as reports/research on equalities in health in relation to the case scenario. 3

1.3 Discuss the reasons and any possible barriers to Christina and Paul accessing health care. 3

LO2 Understand models of health promotion. 4

2.1 Analyze the links between government strategies and models in health promotion in relation to the case study. Her you must use Beattie model of health promotion to support your answer in relation to the Christina and Paul. 4

2.2 Explain the role different professionals in health and social care have on meeting health promotion targets set by government in relation to the case study. 5

2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living. 6

LO3 Understand factors which influences health promotion. 7

3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to the theories of health behavior. 7

3.2 Discuss the potential effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion. 8

3.3 Explain with examples the importance of providing relevant health related information to the public 9

Conclusion. 10

References. 10

Introduction

Health promotion can be considered as the process for improving health or providing greater control over the health for people. The main aim for the health promotion would be to allow individual and group of people to attain the state for social, mental and physical well being. Health promotion process would identify & realize the needs, satisfy human needs and change with the dynamic environment around us. Health promotion process would consist of several aspects such as preventative health, organizational development, public policies, community based work, environmental health, health education and economic regulatory etc.

Figure 1: Showing the activities involved in health promotion

The focus of current paper would be towards health promotion with particular focus on the case study of Christina and Paul who are smoker and drinker. Further present paper would talk about the issue of smoking during pregnancy in terms of its epidemiology. Models and approaches would be suggested through the present paper in order to allow improvement in the lifestyle of Christina and Paul.

LO1 Understand the socioeconomic impact on health

1.1 Explain the impact of socio-economic influences on Christina and Paul’s health and their unborn child?

Health promotion can be considered as the process so that people can be enabled so as to improve their health status and conditions. Public health in this context can be understood as the process of prolonging life with the help of coordinated efforts from the society and promoting the health and well being for the public. Social determinants of health can be considered as the social, economic and political factors which can create barriers for promoting health for the individuals, population and communities etc.

The impact of the socioeconomic factors on Christina’s health can be considered as the combination of various aspects which may include the citizenship status, occupation, discrimination and environment etc. This provides the way in which Christina fits into the society by making use of the social and economic factors which are having immense impact on her life. Health and socioeconomic status of a person are closely related and in case of Christina these would impact the way in which healthcare facilities are being accessed by her due to limited education and financial resources (Davies and Macdowall, 2006).

Smoking habit of Christina can be categorized under the health and lifestyle issue in the present context. Smoking habit in Christina can have negative impact over her health by causing cancer of heart diseases along with the adverse health impact on the unborn child of Christina. Another impact of smoking habits for Christina would be in terms of the economic values as she is working for 16 hours in a supermarket and this would not enough for the bright future of Christina and her child as Cigarette would be a major expense for her. Hence a major part of her income would go towards paying for cigarette due to which further health related impacts would arise for Christina (Watson and Platt, 2000).

1.2 Assess the significance of government sources such as reports/research on equalities in health in relation to the case scenario

Government resources can be understood as the resources deployed by public in order to categorize between right or wrong. The importance of government resources such as report or research can be given by the below sources:

Black report DHHS 1980: The main purpose of the Black report is to identify the health inequalities issues faced. Such reports would be helpful in order to analyze the lifestyle and health records for the people who are facing health inequality issues. This report has revealed that the problem of inequality was linked with the factors such as poor income, lack of education and unsupportive environment and the issues faced were not related with the NHS (Bull and McFarlane, 2011).

The Acheson report 1998: This was one of the independent inquiries made in the field of health and social care for UK so as to reveal the status of health inequalities. This survey was done for the people at disadvantage and it was found out that the major cause of health inequality was poverty.

Health survey for England: These are the series of health related survey conducted from year 1991 and are being conducted in order to gain the information related with the health and health related behavior among the private household people living in UK.

Health and Lifestyle survey: This survey was conducted in year 1991 and 1992 so as to understand the concept of self reported health and belief about cause of health so that an accurate measurement can be done for the lifestyle of adults in different age brackets and circumstances across UK.

1.3 Discuss the reasons and any possible barriers to Christina and Paul accessing health care

Barriers can be considered as something which stops a person from getting something or somewhere. Healthcare can be considered as the highly organized provision for the community and individuals living in society. Christina left the education at the age of 15 years and started living in the council flat with her family members. Since Christina left the school so early hence it was not possible for her to get a good job due to which she ended up getting into a part time job in a supermarket wherein she was working for 16 hours daily. Being a smoker she would have negative impact on her life as she would end up paying most of her income for buying the cigarettes (Stavans, 2010). Access to healthcare services would be quite limited for Christina since healthcare services are quite expensive at the time of pregnancy. One of the major reasons for Christina for not accessing the healthcare services was not that she is earning lesser income but she left the study and was not able to get a good job as she become pregnant at an early stage. Showing dependency on parents was not so simple hence she becomes the independent. The approach for solving health inequalities for Christina would be individualistic approach. Individualistic approach is having a firm belief that inequalities in the life of Christina are due to the way she choose a particular style to live her life. People with lower socioeconomic background such as Christina would be smoking more and having lesser exercise. Unhealthy diets taken by such people would be other characteristics of such people. Health advertisement campaign run by the various healthcare stakeholders can educate Christina regarding the responsibility for own health and care of her unborn child (Haugen, 2008).

LO2 Understand models of health promotion

Looking into the case study of Christina and Paul it can be consider that several government strategies such as choosing health 2005, healthy lives healthy people 2010 and campaigns such as smoking health harm campaign and Change4life etc promote health status for the people living in UK. These government strategies are having linkage with the model for health promotion such as the Beattie model. Beattie model for health promotion is considered as a complex health promotion model which assumes that the health promotion is having strong influence from the social and cultural practices. This model for health promotion does not only allow individuals to understand the past health promotion strategies and role of individuals in those strategies but also help in order to frame the future strategies so as to ensure the success in health promotion (Valente, 2002).

There are four quadrants in the Beattie model for the health promotion and these represents the health persuasion techniques, personal counseling, community development and legislation action etc. The two factors basis on which the four quadrants are formed would include mode of intervention (authoritative or negotiated) and focus of intervention (collective or individual). This health model is linked to government strategy as government work in a top down approach through legislation action and health persuasion techniques. These approaches are highly useful for the individuals like Christina as various suggestions are laid out so as to help the individuals to promote their health through these legislations. But one of the key limitations for using these methods can be blaming approach wherein limited changes can be implemented. For people like Christina personal counseling and community development approach would be of immense importance as these approach would empower the users and enhance their skill set regarding the ill effects which Christina would be having on her health and unborn child due to smoking habit (Gottwald and Goodman-Brown, 2012).

2.2 Explain the role different professionals in health and social care have on meeting health promotion targets set by government in relation to the case study

In order to help people like Cristina and Paul Government has set up healthcare promotions across the Country and has fixed targets for the professionals engaged in the health and social care to achieve them so as to fulfill the Government’s commitment to help its people. Healthcare professional pay a pivotal role in fulfilling the promotional targets set by the Government to help people like Cristina and Paul. Healthcare professionals offer consultancy and assistance to retain and develop the mental and physical welfare of a person that’s transcends beyond usual indications and apprehensions. Healthcare professionals utilizes each contact with the person to retain and develop the physical and mental welfare by specifically focusing on the lifestyle threats such as alcohol, tobacco, physical activity and diet in accordance with the specialization of the Healthcare professional (Stretch, 2007).

The Government has engaged various models for putting in place the promotion targets so as to help the people like Cristina and Paul and each of the models has its own approach to counter the health issues faced by people like Cristina and Paul. Health and social care professionals has to undertake stringent challenges to fulfill the commitment of the Government. Health and Social care professional need to make the contact effective so as to develop the welfare of the people. In order to fulfill the promotional targets fixed by the Government, the health and social care professionals engage themselves into suitable training and education so as to comprehend the wider spectrum of functions they need to undertake for making each contact effective and also they are prepared with the ability and comprehension required to fulfill the targets.

Health and Social care professionals improved their communication abilities so that they can provide advisory to the individuals and society in order to comprehend the approach and behaviors underlying their health and the parameters like family and culture which affect the health. Health and Social care professionals also comprehend the various approaches the models of healthcare programs devised by the Government and the respective targets set for each of them. In the present scenario, people like Cristina who would require counseling and community development to effectively cure her, health and social care professionals are equipped with proper expertise to engage people like Cristina and provide suitable counseling and develop welfare among these people. Therefore, the roles played by the health and social care professionals in achieving the promotional targets fixed by the Government are immensely important (Burgess, Shaw and Kellas, 2011).

2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living

Promoting healthy living is regarding being healthy, living a healthy way of life, preventing diseases and lastly avert any current disease from becoming worse. The routines in promoting healthy living are immunization, distributing brochure on diet, smoking, obesity, alcohol, averting heart illness, cervical screening, etc. The routines of promoting health living help provide information regarding general health promotion, improved way of living, averting critical illness, avoid unhealthy practices like smoking, consumption of alcohol, and undertake healthy lifestyles like exercises etc.

The role of routines in promoting healthy living is to encourage people to adopt a better way of living so as to live a life free from illness, unhealthy practices and improve welfare of the person as well as the society. The routines in promoting healthy living also encourage immunization and vaccination programs which are aimed to prevent the illness from start. The routines also help in preventing deadly diseases like heart diseases and cancer by providing proper information and facilitating access to suitable healthcare professional so that even minor issues can be addressed and cured at its inception. Another important role of these routines is to arrest illness and prevent it from growing or becoming worse, through implementation of suitable lifestyle, diet and other necessary activities. In the context of society, the routines in promoting healthy living assist in prevention of alcohol, drugs and substance abuse by providing information regarding the ill effects of alcohol and drugs and showing innovative ways to counter the challenges faced by all section of people in the society due to alcohol and substance abuse. The routines also guide people to avert accidents and injuries by propaganda of information regarding various accidents and injuries and ways to recover from them. The routines in promoting healthy living also address issues concerning men’s and women’s personal health and providing information and access to counseling and advisories to recover from them (Wills, 2007).

Therefore, routines in promoting healthy living not only encourage individuals to adopt a better way of life and improve their standards of living by implementing healthier ways but also inform the society about the benefits of living health and abstain from substances like alcohol, drugs and other substances. By informing people, these routines act as a major turnaround for people to act against illness and resist a disease from growing (Wills, 2007).

LO3 Understand factors which influences health promotion

3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to the theories of health behavior

There is a clear linkage between the health belief model and theories of health behavior. The model is seen as a basis of getting an idea relating to health behavior. The evolution of the model occurred back in the earlier part of 1950s. Since then, the model has proved to be of greater use and it has also been successful in promoting different health behaviors such as use of condoms, use of seat belts, use of health screening and health compliance. The health belief model is based on a single belief a person will take proper actions for his/her health if the following things occur:

– He is of the feeling that an adverse health condition may occur.

– He/she has an expectation that availing a recommended action will help him/her in preventing the occurrence of such adverse health condition, such as, the usage of seatbelts may prevent the occurrences of accidents (Kelleher and Hillier, 2002).

– He/she believes that a recommended health action can be availed by him/her successfully.

The Health Belief model is regarded as the structure that can be utilized in motivating people to avail positive health action being the prevention of negative consequences the main factor of motivation behind this. For instance the chances of heart attacks are higher for people with high blood pressure and this motivates them to exercise on a regular basis.

A health behavior is set by the health belief model one of the main components of this model is to motivate a person to prevent adverse health consequences. The example given above can be taken as a perfect instance of the model however if a person works out for a good look or a better feeling the same cannot be regarded as an example of the model as the person has not enhanced the level of his exercise out of the motivation to prevent and adverse health results (Kelleher and Hillier, 2002).

3.2 Discuss the potential effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion

The ultimate task of the local industry of health promotion is to prevent the occurrence of adverse health consequences. There have been conflicts between the tobacco industry and the health promotion. The tobacco industry is continuously trying to violate the public health policies around the world. In Europe and UK the effect of the conflict between the tobacco industry and the health measures taken by the government has taken the shape of:

Lobbying made by the tobacco companies against the initiatives of the government to reduce smoking.

Lobby created by the tobacco companies against the regulations made by the government to lessen the rate of fire caused by cigarettes.

Lobby created by the tobacco companies in order to change the EU policy towards consulting with the industry with regards to the issues relating to tobacco.

The industry players have also taken other initiatives to accomplish their goals that can be regarded as formation of lobby against the health policies formed at national, and EU levels relating to tobacco control (Haymaker, Kelly-Hayes and Phipps, 1991). The tobacco industry players through creation of lobby have also compelled the policy makers to consult with them regarding framing of health policies relating to tobacco. They are using certain independent entities as front groups in order to promote the interests of the tobacco companies and they have also tried to misinterpret the results of scientific researches etc.

3.3 Explain with examples the importance of providing relevant health related information to the public

Health promotion is highly dependent upon health related information. Health information can be regarded as an integral part of health care. Proper health related information must possess certain characteristics such as reliability, unbiasness, transparency, authentic etc. The information relating to health should be clear and understandable to the people to whom it is addressed. At present there are numerous sources in Europe that have emerged to disseminate health information to the people. Again, the development of certain tools has also taken place in order to evaluate the quality of health information. There are certain benefits of providing health related information to the public which can be regarded as:

Reducing early deaths:

With the necessary health related information relating to diseases and their cure provided to the public by the government authorities the rate of early deaths has lessened over the years. For instance, information relating to the symptom and care of disease like Hepatitis, Malaria etc. have reduced the rates of early deaths (Corcoran, 2007).

Reducing sickness:

The general public becomes aware about the cause of occurrence relating to various diseases through the health related information provided to them efficiently. With such information the level of sickness has lessened to a considerable level. Such as, information relating to AIDS, safe sex and usage of condoms has lessened the occurrence of AIDS.

Reducing cost of care:

Prevention is better than cure the availability of health related information to the general public has helped the same from various aspects. This information has made the public aware about different diseases and their occurrence and this has reduced the occurrence of diseases. Again, the health related information has prevented the occurrence of various kinds of health related issues that has lowered the cost of getting cured. For example, the information relating to usage of seat belts has reduced the rate of accidents and the cost of care too.

Reducing communicable disease:

With the effective dissemination of health related information to the public the reduction of communicable diseases such as AIDS has become possible. The health related information has spread the message among the public relating to safe sex, use of condoms and the causes and effects of AIDS which has reduced the rates patients affected by AIDS.

Reducing health risks:

The health related information are of great help to the public and it has also helped in reducing the risks relating to health. Such as, the information relating to the chances of heart attacks for people with high blood pressure and the necessary exercises recommended for such people has reduced the chances of occurrences of heart attacks among the people (Corcoran, 2007).

Conclusion

The report has clearly portrayed a clear understanding relating to the socio economic influences upon health and at the same time a clear picture relating to the models of health promotion and their functions in preventing adverse health situations. The report has also projected a clear understanding relating to the factors that are responsible for influencing the health promotion and also the importance of health related information provided to the public.

References

Bull, S. and McFarlane, M. (2011). Technology-based health promotion. Los Angeles, [Calif.]: SAGE.

Burgess, C., Shaw, C. and Kellas, J. (2011). Health & social care. Harlow: Heinemann.

Corcoran, N. (2007). Communicating health. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Davies, M. and Macdowall, W. (2006). Health promotion theory. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Gottwald, M. and Goodman-Brown, J. (2012). A Guide To Practical Health Promotion. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education.

Haugen, D. (2008). HND Assignment Help. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Gale.

Haymaker, S., Kelly-Hayes, M. and Phipps, M. (1991). Health promotion. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Kelleher, D. and Hillier, S. (2002). Researching cultural differences in health. London: Routledge.

Stavans, I. (2010). Health care. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood.

Stretch, B. (2007). Health & social care. Oxford: Heinemann.

Valente, T. (2002). Evaluating health promotion programs. New York: Oxford University Press.

Watson, J. and Platt, S. (2000). Researching health promotion. London: Routledge.

Wills, J. (2007). hnd assignments. Oxford: Blackwell Pub.

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