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miracleelectronicindiablogs · 10 months ago

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Troubleshooting Common Issues In SMPS Designs

Despite their benefits, switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), which efficiently convert electrical power switching between different energy levels, can have a number of design flaws. During design, development, and operation, SMPS may run into a number of issues like component failure, excessive noise, overheating, and instability. To ensure dependable and effective functioning, it is crucial to comprehend these issues and know how to resolve them. This blog includes a thorough analysis of typical difficulties with SMPS designs as well as practical solutions for their diagnosis and troubleshooting.

Common issues in SMPS designs

Common issues in SMPS designs can significantly affect performance and reliability.

Instability and oscillation: A fluctuating or oscillating output voltage and insufficient control are common indicators of instability and oscillation. These problems are usually caused by inadequate phase margin, an inadequate compensation network, or a poorly designed feedback loop. In order to debug, the feedback loop needs to be appropriately built with a phase margin, and the stability of the loop properly analyzed using simulation tools. The components of the compensation network need to be checked, and the values of the resistors and capacitors need to be altered as necessary. To find instability situations and make necessary design adjustments, the loads need to be tested.

Excessive noise and EMI: High levels of electromagnetic interference or audible noise from the SMPS might be signs of excessive noise and EMI. Poor PCB layout, insufficient filtering, or rapid switching transients are frequently the cause of this. The PCB layout needs to be optimized to reduce loop regions and stable ground planes need to be provided in order to solve these issues. By employing the right capacitors and inductors and by improving or adding input and output filters, filtering can be improved. To manage switching transients and lower noise, soft switching strategies and snubber circuits must be used.

Overheating: Thermal shutdowns and overheated components, including switching transistors and diodes, are frequent signs of overheating. This may be the consequence of inadequate thermal management, high power dissipation, or inadequate cooling. Cooling must be improved by installing fans, heatsinks, or better airflow to address overheating, and enough ventilation must be available. To minimize power dissipation, components with reduced on-resistance should be chosen. For optimal heat transmission from heated components to heatsinks or the chassis, thermal pads and conductive materials must be used.

Component failure: The SMPS may malfunction or behave erratically as a result of a component failure; frequently, observable damage to parts like capacitors, transistors, or inductors is present. Overvoltage or overcurrent situations, subpar or underestimated components, and high operating stress are common causes. Multimeters and oscilloscopes must be used to find electrical problems and components should be physically checked for damage as part of the troubleshooting process. To avoid stress and failure, outdated components with higher voltage and current ratings should be replaced, and heat, overcurrent, and overvoltage safety circuits should be installed.

Poor efficiency: High power loss and excessive heat generation might result from inefficient operation. Suboptimal design, excessive conduction losses, or ineffective switching are frequently the causes of this problem. Using high-efficiency MOSFETs and considering synchronous rectification can increase efficiency. By utilizing low-resistance components and making sure that PCB trace design is correct, gate drive circuits can be optimized to minimize switching losses and reduce conduction losses. To improve overall efficiency, the complete SMPS design should be reviewed and optimized, taking into account topology, component selection, and thermal management.

Diagnostic tools and techniques

The ability to detect and fix problems with SMPS designs efficiently depends on the use of diagnostic tools and procedures.

Oscilloscope: Because it enables engineers to detect ripple and noise levels on the output, measure voltage and current waveforms, analyse switching transients and noise, and diagnose SMPS issues, an oscilloscope is a critical diagnostic tool. An oscilloscope aids in identifying problems with signal integrity and stability by giving an image of electrical signals.

Spectrum Analyzer: For the purpose of locating electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems, a spectrum analyser is essential. It quantifies electromagnetic emissions, breaks down noise into its frequency components, and evaluates how well shielding and filtering work. This tool facilitates the identification of EMI sources and the assessment of the interference-mitigating effectiveness of the design.

Thermal Camera: Thermal management in SMPS designs may be evaluated with the use of a thermal camera. It assesses the efficacy of cooling methods, visualises temperature distribution, and finds hotspots. A thermal camera helps to avoid component overheating and optimise cooling techniques by detecting locations of excessive heat.

Multimeter: Finally, for simple electrical measurements, a multimeter is a useful instrument. It monitors voltages and currents, verifies component values like capacitance and resistance, and detects open or short circuits. Its functionality is crucial for confirming that parts are operating correctly and finding fundamental electrical problems with the SMPS design.

Effective diagnostic tools and a complete understanding of the underlying causes of typical difficulties in SMPS systems are required for proper troubleshooting. It is important to tackle issues related to instability, noise, overheating, component failure, and low efficiency to guarantee dependable and effective functioning. Significant improvements in SMPS performance and reliability may be achieved by using the right diagnostic tools and following best practices in design and testing. Improving SMPS designs requires constant learning and modification as technology develops. Coming to technological development, Miracle Electronics is a well-known SMPS transformer manufacturer in India, whose proficiency in creating dependable and technologically-advanced transformers guarantees best-in-class efficacy and longevity for a wide range of applications. Miracle Electronics provides solutions that satisfy the strict specifications of contemporary electronic systems, increasing efficiency and dependability in every design.

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embeddedinstitutebangalore · 6 years ago

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Professional Training Institute (PTI) is a Training organization, which is well known for providing quality education in advance fields such as Embedded System, C, Linux, CAN, Basic electronics, digital electronics, presently these are the hottest and best job-providing sectors. As the world changing fast, the technologies also changing day by day, we at Professional Training Instituteupdate our syllabus after every six months, we train the students according to the present using technologies in the industries. We at Professional Training Institute train our student such a way that, it’s easy for them to work in industries as they will have good practical knowledge. We at Professional Training Institute provide practical training such a way that our student getting an edge over others. Our main motto is to focus on practical and hands-on training to the student so that they are able to face any kind of interview in the embedded domain.

The Syllabus is Followed by Embedded Training Institute in Bangalore

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1. With this students will be handling their Mini & Final year project by themselves independently. If already completed engineering then this course will help to get the job. 2. Our embedded training institute in Bangalore will provide 100% job assistance to our students. We give our full effort to get a job/place. We are having a dedicated team how is working with the placements. 3. Course Code: PTIESD0a – Comprehensive Embedded Systems Design Course is divided into following Major headings.

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Details Description of Syllabus of Embedded Systems Courses in Bangalore

Basics of Electronics and Digital Electronic

Basic Electronics

Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors.

PN-Junction.

Diodes.

Transistor.

MOSFET/CMOS.

Interpretation Data Sheet.

Half-Wave Rectifiers/ Full-Wave Rectifier.

Power Supply 3.3V,5.0V,12.0V, Voltage Regulators.

Crystals

Switches, Relays.

7-Segment

555 Timers in AS/MS/BS

Digital Electronics

Number System – Binary, Hex, Decimal,BCD System.

Addition/Subtraction of binary, 2’s complements.

Interconversion of number system.

Logic Gates – AND/OR/NOR/EXOR.

Filip-flop, Memory element.

Mux- De-Mux, Decoders.

Shift Registers.

Counters.

Basics C

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED

What is C?

Data Types

Variables

Naming Conventions for C Variables

Printing and Initializing Variables

CHAPTER 2: SCOPE OF VARIABLES

Block Scope

Function Scope

File Scope

Program Scope

The auto Specifier

The static Specifier

The register Specifier

The extern Specifier

The register Specifier

The extern Specifier

CHAPTER 3: CONTROL FLOW CONSTRUCTS

if else

while

for

Endless Loops

do while

break and continue

switch

else if

CHAPTER 4: THE C PREPROCESSOR

#define

Macros

#include

Conditional Compilation

#ifdef

#ifndef

CHAPTER 5: MORE ON FUNCTIONS

Function Declarations

Function Prototypes

Returning a Value or Not

Arguments and Parameters

Organization of C Source Files

Extended Example

CHAPTER 6: BIT MANIPULATION

Defining the Problem Space

A Programming Example

Bit Wise Operators

Bit Manipulation Functions

Circular Shifts

CHAPTER 7: STRINGS & ARRAY

Fundamental Concepts

Aggregate Operations

String Functions

Array Dimensions

An Array as an Argument to a Function

String Arrays

Example Programs

CHAPTER 8: POINTERS (PART 1)

Fundamental Concepts

Pointer Operators and Operations

Changing an Argument with a Function

call

Pointer Arithmetic

String Functions with Pointers

Pointer Difference

Prototypes for String Parameters

Relationship Between an Array and a Pointer

The Pointer Notation *p++

CHAPTER 9: STRUCTURES

Fundamental Concepts

Describing a Structure

Creating Structures

Operations on Structures

Functions Returning Structures

Passing Structures to Functions

Pointers to Structures

Array of Structures

Functions Returning a Pointer to a Structure

Structure Padding

CHAPTER 9: STRUCTURES

typedef – New Name for an Existing Type

Bit Fields

unions

Non-Homogeneous Arrays

Enumerations

Tools Including S/W and H/W for Embedded Systems Training

KEIL

Making project in Keil.

Keil features/ tabs

Memory models in Keil.

Debugger setting in Keil.

Linker settings in Keil.

Multimeter

Measuring Voltage/Current/Registers

Measuring continuity

Introducing BBT – Baring Board Test.

CRO

Use of CRO.

What is Trigger?

How to do setting in CRO.

Measuring Voltage/current from CRO

Logic Analyzer

What is Logic Analyzer

How to use Logic Analyzer

What is the use of a logic analyzer

For which protocol we can use a logic analyzer.

Soldering Iron/Heat GUN/

How to use Soldering Iron.

Precaution needs to take.

Basic Hardware Concepts of Professional Training Institute

Designing Power supply

Design of power supply 5V.

Designing of 7 Segment Display Hardware

Study of 7 segment components

Designing Schematics of hardware implementation.

Hardware Design guidelines.

Important concepts during hardware Schematics design

Important concepts during hardware PCB lay-outing.

Active High/Active Low

Description of Active high and Active Low

EMI/EMC consideration

Use of Ground Plan

Use of De-coupling capacitor

Use of TVS Diode

Components Torrance and Data sheet study

Component Torrance study.

Consideration during designing.

Certification/Standard

CE/TUV/IC/ISI/IS/ISO

Basics of Embedded Systems

Microprocessor/Microcontroller

Basic Concepts and Review

Definition

Nomenclature

Buses – Address, Data, and Control

Architecture

Interfacing memory & I/O devices

Programming ( Assembly)

Monitor program

Micro-controller

Microcontroller Basic Concepts and Review

Architecture

Interfacing memory & I/O devices

Programming ( Assembly)

Assignments

Assembly Programming

Addition of two number.

Toggling Port with delay

Toggling Port with a timer.

Introduction of Interrupt.

Comparison interrupt and polling.

Communication with loopback.

Keyboard interface.

Controlling LED with Switches.

Embedded C

Embedded C & Integrated Development Environment

Embedded C Programming

Data types

Pointers

Arrays

Pointer functions

Loops

Introducing ARM Architecture

Induction of ARM Architecture

ARM7TDMI

Difference between ARM9/ARM11

Different ARM concepts

The advantage of ARM.

Advance C

Structure and union

Combination of Structure and union.

Bit fields in Structure.

Pointers to structure and union.

The advantage of Structure and union

Function Pointers

Microcontroller Basic Concepts and Review

Function pointers.

Callbacks

Advantage/use of functions pointers.

Dynamic memory allocation

Malloc

Calloc

free

re-alloc

File operations

Opening A file

Closing a file

Writing some data in a file and reading back and printing.

The different mode in which file can be open and write.

String operation

Srtcpy

strcmp

strcat

strlen

strstr

Pre-requisites for the Embedded Training in Bangalore:

1. B.E/B. Tech/MTech/ ME/ MCA/M.Sc Candidates Pre-final & Final Year with a background preferably Electronics, Electrical, Instrumentation or Computer science.

Professional Training Institute – Embedded Systems Training Institute in Bangalore

Our training method is different, our students get hands-on experience, they do experiments individually, which helps them to understand each part clearly like for example in embedded part we train them on UART protocol, we make them think and write a program for UART protocol, and we let them do communication between two devices using the UART protocol, by all these they will have good understanding of the UART protocol and they can easily use UART anytime in future. In this way, they get more interest to know about different technologies and we make them work and think.

We start our embedded system training from basic electronics, we teach the importance of electronics components, circuit design and we train them to design a power supply for different voltages. During c-programming classes we make our student think of the logic of each programmer, we never help them for write program, instead we help them to think and solve, this help them develop their logical skills and they can able to write any different programs.

We make student to discuss in class, and to give a seminar, which helps our students to develop the communication skills.

Learn More

#Embedded Training in Bangalore #embedded training institutes in bangalore #embedded systems courses in bangalore

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kateatahealthyrate-blog1 · 7 years ago

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AkitikA GT-102 review

buyers guide for iphone An e-mail from an old audiophile pal: “Herb, my buddy owns a recording studio, and he told me one of his $10k reference amplifiers stopped working and the manufacturer said it would take months to be repaired. So he went online and bought this 60W AkitikA solid-state amplifier to use while his big amp was being repaired. The trouble is, the kit cost only $314. (The studio guy bought his assembled and tested for $488.) Now, he likes the AkitikA more than his broke-down reference amp.” My friend wondered if I wanted to review the AkitikA amp (the name is a palindrome, based on a kit). “Hell yes!” I told him. “Kits are my roots!”

When I was in high school, my best friend was a radar technician for the Navy. He taught me Ohm’s law, and how to solder, dress wires, and use a multimeter. He practically forced me to build a Dynaco1 Dynakit Stereo 70 tube amplifier, as well as the matching PAS-2 preamplifier and FM-3 stereo tuner. I didn’t want to take tubes to college, so I also built Dynaco’s solid-state PAT-4 preamplifier and Stereo 120 amplifier, which I used to drive Dynaco’s A25 loudspeakers.

Oh, how I loved them. To this day, Dylan and the Doors have never sounded better! After moving to New York City, I built a solid-state Hafler DH-101 preamp and two (!!) DH-200 amplifiers, which I used to drive stacked pairs of Large Advent loudspeakers. Yahweh, Bob Marley, and The Specials loved this potent lively-up system as much as I did. Next, I started reading Audio Amateur and Speaker Builder magazines, buying used test instruments, and modifying my Dynaco and Hafler gear. By the late 1980s I’d advanced to building simple tube amplifiers from scratch, using parts cannibalized from antique radios. (I worshiped at the Philco 16B Tombstone.) Solder fumes, wire strippers, and building amps remain very appealing to me. For me, kits were the start of a new life one that led me to secret societies and darker corners of the audio underground. When I asked John Atkinson if I could review AkitikA’s GT-102 power amplifier, he said okay, but suggested that, because he would be testing it on his lab bench, I should request the factory-assembled, pre-tested version ($488). Which I did.

Description

Because the GT-102 is available as a kit I begin my description of it by quoting AkitikA’s “Satisfaction Guarantee” for this US-made amp:

Buy the kit.

Build the kit.

Listen to and enjoy the kit.

If within 30 days of receiving the kit you aren’t satisfied, return the kit. So long as your kit is correctly assembled, we’ll refund the price you paid, you just pay return shipping.

The GT-102 is a class-AB, 60Wpc stereo power amplifier in a case made of relatively thin steel. Its front panel sports only a logo and an illuminated, bright green plastic rocker switch for power on/off. On the rear panel are only an IEC power-cord inlet, two gold-plated RCA jacks, and two pairs of generic speaker binding posts. The GT-102’s interior is spartan, but studying its layout gives the potential kit builder a good idea of how much screwing and soldering will be required to build it.

The first thing to note is the steel wall separating the audio circuitry from the toroidal mains transformer and regulated power supply. Note the three deep-finned heatsinks: one behind the rear panel, for the power-supply regulator, and two in a row along the inside of the left side panel, one per channel, to cool the two LM3886 power operational amplifiers.

Now, before you get your knickers in a knot about an “audiophile-grade” power amplifier based on a lowly opamp instead of this year’s fashionable MOSFET, JFET,SIT, or bipolar device—you must understand that the AkitikA’s LM3886 op-amp is notorious and fashionable. The roots of the storied LM3886 can be traced back to 47 Laboratory’s 4706 Gaincard integrated amplifier, designed by Junji Kimura, which I reviewed for Listener magazine; Robert Deutsch reviewed it for Stereophile in December 2001.2 The Gaincard, introduced in 1999, had only nine parts per channel, short signal paths, minimal power-supply capacitance, and, with only one of 47 Lab’s Power Humpty power supplies, cost $3300 (a second Power Humpty cost an additional $1800).

The 4706 Gaincard’s high price, radical simplicity, and unorthodox power supply spawned concern among measurements- oriented audiophiles, but word quickly spread about how musically satisfying it could sound. After reviewing it, I bought the Gaincard and used it every day for 10 years with a pair of Rogers LS3/5a speakers. I’ve subsequently compared my Gaincard to one of its clones and one DIY version, and learned that all LM3886 op-amps are not created equal.

In using power op-amps, implementation is key. PCB layout, wiring routes, grounding strategies, heatsinking, power transformers, and especially power-supply design, will affect stability, transparency of sound, and the ability to drive speakers. My listening for this article, and what I see inside this amp, suggest that AkitikA’s owner and designer, Dan Joffe, has done a smart job with this LM3886 implementation. Kit builders should know that each of the GT-102’s three circuit boards is fitted with a lot of little parts, most of them resistors whose coded stripes identify their values. To build a GT-102, each tiny bit will need to be found, positively identified, properly positioned, and soldered to its board. (I recommend soldering no parts until each PCB board is stuffed full, in mechanically sound fashion.) That done, the rest of the assembly consists of bolting and screwing the boards, binding posts, power switch, ground lug, and power transformer to the GT-102’s chassis. I suggest working slowly and patiently while breathing fresh air (it’s best to solder in a place with good ventilation), and triple-checking each step. The minimum tools required for assembly are: a 30W, pencil-type soldering iron; a small sponge; fine (0.032"), 60/40 rosin-core solder; wire cutters and strippers; #1 and #2 Phillips screwdrivers; needle-nose pliers; a set of basic nut drivers; an inexpensive digital multimeter, to cross-check resistor values against your reading of their color codes; good lighting; and a magnifying glass.

AkitikA’s website says that assembly should take about eight hours, and that 97% of all first-time kit builders complete the GT-102 without a hitch. The remaining 3% get it right in the end, with a little easy guidance from AkitikA. I studied the assembly manual and found it exceptionally clear and idiot-proof.3 It looks just like a Dynaco or Hafler manual.

Listening

I cooked the AkitikA GT-102 on my workbench for three weeks, while writing the Follow-Up on Joseph Audio’s Pulsar loudspeaker elsewhere in this issue. The system I used with the Pulsars comprised Mytek HiFi’s Manhattan II DAC, and Pass Laboratories’ HPA-1 preamplifier and XA25 power amp. I thought this was the most balanced and spatially descriptive system I’d assembled since I began writing for Stereophile in 2014. Jeff Joseph, of Joseph Audio, heard it and approved. So did John Atkinson. Stereophile’s videographer Jana Dagdagan and I made a binaural video of its sound so you can experience it, too.4 I played this setup every day and never once questioned its verity, charm, or competence. It sounded so detailed and lively that I had zero motivation to swap out the XA25 for the GT-102.

you may also like: buyers guide for iphone

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