#implement nonvolatile memory

[prakashymtsdm]

10 Fun and Easy Electronic Circuit Projects for Beginners

Check out the interesting electronics journey via these beginner projects! Learn about potentiometers, LED blinkers and simple amplifiers. Get hands on how mechanics of electronics work. Novices would definitely love doing these projects as they are both fun and medium to learn about circuitry

1. Low Power 3-Bit Encoder Design using Memristor

The design of an encoder in three distinct configurations—CMOS, Memristor, and Pseudo NMOS—is presented in this work. Three bits are used in the design of the encoder. Compared to cmos and pseudo-nmos logic, the suggested 3-bit encoder that uses memristor logic uses less power. With LTspice, the complete encoder schematic in all three configurations is simulated.

2. A Reliable Low Standby Power 10T SRAM Cell with Expanded Static Noise Margins

The low standby power 10T (LP10T) SRAM cell with strong read stability and write-ability (RSNM/WSNM/WM) is investigated in this work. The Schmitt-trigger inverter with a double-length pull-up transistor and the regular inverter with a stacking transistor make up the robust cross-coupled construction of the suggested LP10T SRAM cell. The read-disturbance is eliminated by this with the read path being isolated from real internal storage nodes. Additionally, it uses a write-assist approach to write in pseudo differential form using a write bit line and control signal. H-Spice/tanner 16mm CMOS Technology was used to simulate this entire design.

3. A Unified NVRAM and TRNG in Standard CMOS Technology

The various keys needed for cryptography and device authentication are provided by the True Random Number Generator (TRNG). The TRNG is usually integrated into the systems as a stand-alone module, which expands the scope and intricacy of the implementation. Furthermore, in order to support various applications, the system must store the key produced by the TRNG in non-volatile memory. However, in order to build a Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM), further technological capabilities are needed, which are either costly or unavailable.

4. High-Speed Grouping and Decomposition Multiplier for Binary Multiplication

The study introduces a high-speed grouping and decomposition multiplier as a revolutionary method of binary multiplication. To lower the number of partial products and critical path time, the suggested multiplier combines the Wallace tree and Dadda multiplier with an innovative grouping and decomposition method. This adder's whole design is built on GDI logic. The suggested design is tested against the most recent binary multipliers utilizing 180mm CMOS technology.

5. Novel Memristor-based Nonvolatile D Latch and Flip-flop Designs

The basic components of practically all digital electrical systems with memory are sequential devices. Recent research and practice in integrating nonvolatile memristors into CMOS devices is motivated by the necessity of sequential devices having the nonvolatile property due to the critical nature of instantaneous data recovery following unforeseen data loss, such as an unplanned power outage.

6. Ultra-Efficient Nonvolatile Approximate Full-Adder with Spin-Hall-Assisted MTJ Cells for In-Memory Computing Applications

With a reasonable error rate, approximate computing seeks to lower digital systems' power usage and design complexity. Two extremely effective magnetic approximation full adders for computing-in-memory applications are shown in this project. To enable non-volatility, the suggested ultra-efficient full adder blocks are connected to a memory cell based on Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ).

7. Improved High Speed or Low Complexity Memristor-based Content Addressable Memory (MCAM) Cell

This study proposes a novel method for nonvolatile Memristor-based Content Addressable Memory MCAM cells that combine CMOS processing technology with Memristor to provide low power dissipation, high packing density, and fast read/write operations. The suggested cell has CMOS controlling circuitry that uses latching to reduce writing time, and it only has two memristors for the memory cell.

8. Data Retention based Low Leakage Power TCAM for Network Packet Routing

To lessen the leakage power squandered in the TCAM memory, a new state-preserved technique called Data Retention based TCAM (DR-TCAM) is proposed in this study. Because of its excellent lookup performance, the Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) is frequently employed in routing tables. On the other hand, a high number of transistors would result in a significant power consumption for TCAM. The DR-TCAM can dynamically adjust the mask cells' power supply to lower the TCAM leakage power based on the continuous characteristic of the mask data. In particular, the DR-TCAM would not erase the mask data. The outcomes of the simulation demonstrate that the DR-TCAM outperforms the most advanced systems. The DR-TCAM consumes less electricity than the conventional TCAM architecture.

9. One-Sided Schmitt-Trigger-Based 9T SRAM Cell for NearThreshold Operation

This study provides a bit-interleaving structure without write-back scheme for a one-sided Schmitt-trigger based 9T static random access memory cell with excellent read stability, write ability, and hold stability yields and low energy consumption. The suggested Schmitt-trigger-based 9T static random access memory cell uses a one-sided Schmitt-trigger inverter with a single bit-line topology to provide a high read stability yield. Furthermore, by utilizing selective power gating and a Schmitt-trigger inverter write aid technique that regulates the Schmitt-trigger inverter's trip voltage, the write ability yield is enhanced.

10. Effective Low Leakage 6T and 8T FinFET SRAMs: Using Cells With Reverse-Biased FinFETs, Near-Threshold Operation, and Power Gating In this project, power gating is frequently utilized to lower SRAM memory leakage current, which significantly affects SRAM energy usage. After reviewing power gating FinFET SRAMs, we assess three methods for lowering the energy-delay product (EDP) and leakage power of six- and eight-transistor (6T, 8T) FinFET SRAM cells. We examine the differences in EDP savings between (1) power gating FinFETs, (2) near threshold operation, and alternative SRAM cells with low power (LP) and shorted gate (SG) FinFET configurations; the LP configuration reverse-biases the back gate of a FinFET and can cut leakage current by as much as 97%. Higher leakage SRAM cells get the most from power gating since their leakage current is reduced to the greatest extent. Several SRAM cells can save more leakage current by sharing power gating transistors. MORE INFO

[ashwinigongale-blog]

Know the Latest Study of the Global Nonvolatile Memory Market 2019 in the Industry with Prominent Players

The research report mainly introduced the global nonvolatile memory market basics: a market overview, classifications, definitions, applications, and product specifications and so on. The global analytical report has been made by using significant data research methodologies such as primary and secondary research.

Download Exclusive Sample of this Premium Report at https://market.biz/report/global-nonvolatile-memory-market-2017-mr/159511/#requestforsample

The report also targets important facets such as market drivers, challenges, latest trends, and opportunities associated with the growth of manufacturers in the global market for Nonvolatile Memory. The report provides the readers with crucial insights on the strategies implemented by leading companies to remain in the lead of this competitive market.

Competitive landscape

Global Nonvolatile Memory Market study covers a comprehensive competitive analysis that includes detailed company profiling of leading players, characteristics of the vendor landscape, and other important studies. Nonvolatile Memory report explains how different players are competing in this report.

Nonvolatile Memory Market Manufactures:

SK Hynix Inc.

Adesto Technologies

Fujitsu Ltd

Toshiba Corporation

Intel Corporation

Sandisk Corporation

Viking Technology

Microchip Technology

Micron Technology Inc.

Nantero

Inc

Crossbar Inc.

Everspin Technologies Inc.

Samsung Electronics Co.

Market Segmentation

The global Nonvolatile Memory market is segmented on the basis of the type of product, application, and region. The segmentation study equips interested parties to identify high-growth portions of the global Nonvolatile Memory market and understand how the leading segments could grow during the forecast period.

Product Segment Analysis by Types

Traditional Non-Volatile Memories

Emerging Memories

Application of Nonvolatile Memory Market are

Industrial Applications

Energy & Power Distribution Applications

Automotive & Transportation Applications

Consumer Electronics

Healthcare Applications

Military & Aerospace

Telecommunication

Enterprise Storage

Following regions are analyzed in Nonvolatile Memory at a provincial level

North America

Europe

China

Japan

The Middle East & Africa

India

South America

Inquire more about this report @ https://market.biz/report/global-nonvolatile-memory-market-2017-mr/159511/#inquiry

The reports help to find the answers to the following questions:

• What is the present size of the Nonvolatile Memory Market in the top 5 Global & American countries?

• How is the Nonvolatile Memory market separated into various product segments & sub-segments?

• How is the market expected to grow in the future?

• What is the market potential compared to other countries?

• How are the overall Nonvolatile Memory market and different product segments developing?

References

1. Global Pulmonary Artery Catheter Industry Market Research Report

2. Thin Heat Insulation Materials Market Is Responsible For Increasing Market Share

[qualityhomeworkanswers]

_______________________________________________________ Name Here TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 1) A processor manages the computer operations and data processing functions. T F 2) Data is usually moved between the computer and its outside environment by means of a system bus. T F 3) Typically cache memory is out of view or not accessible to the OS. T F 4) A processor is blocked from executing other instructions if a previously-initiated I/O operation is underway regardless of interrupt capabilities. T F 5) Communications interrupts are blocked during interrupts for printer activity 6) The four main structural elements of a computer system are: A) Processor, Main Memory, I/O Modules and System Bus B) Processor, I/O Modules, System Bus and Secondary Memory C) Processor, Registers, Main Memory and System Bus D) Processor, Registers, I/O Modules and Main Memory 7) Storage place for the address of the instruction to be fetched that will execute next. A) Accumulator (AC) B) Instruction Register (IR) C) Instruction Counter (IC) D) Program Counter (PC) 8) The __________ contains the data to be written into memory and receives the data read from memory. A) I/O address register B) memory address register C) I/O buffer register D) memory buffer register 9) Instruction processing consists of two steps: A) fetch and execute B) instruction and execute C) instruction and halt D) fetch and instruction 10) The ___________ routine determines the nature of the interrupt and performs whatever actions are needed. A) interrupt handler B) instruction signal C) program handler D) interrupt signal Fill-in the blanks 11) The __________ is a device for staging the movement of data between main memory and processor registers to improve performance and is not usually visible to the programmer or processor. 12) External, nonvolatile memory is also referred to as __________________ or auxiliary memory. 13) In a _______________ multiprocessor all processors can perform the same functions so the failure of a single processor does not halt the machine. TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 14) A process consists of three components: an executable program, the associated data needed by the program, and the execution context of the program. T F 15) Uniprogramming typically provides better utilization of system resources than multiprogramming. T F 16) A monolithic kernel is implemented as a single process with all elements sharing the same address space. T F 17) The user has direct access to the processor with a batch-processing type of OS. T F 18) Multiprogramming us used by batch processing and time-sharing. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 19) The __________ is the interface that is the boundary between hardware and software. A) ABI B) ISA C) IAS D) API   20) A(n) __________ is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data and for the control of these functions. A) architecture B) program C) computer D) application 21) The operating system's __________ refers to its inherent flexibility in permitting functional modifications to the system without interfering with service. A) efficiency B) ability to evolve C) controlled access D) convenience 22) Operating systems must evolve over time because: A) new hardware is designed and implemented in the computer system B) hardware must be replaced when it fails C) hardware is hierarchical D) users will only purchase software that has a current copyright date 23) Hardware features desirable in a batch-processing operating system include memory protection, timer, privileged instructions, and __________ . A) clock cycles B) associated data C) interrupts D) kernels TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 24) The OS may create a process on behalf of an application. T F 25) Swapping is not an I/O operation so it will not enhance performance. T F 26) If a system does not employ virtual memory each process to be executed must be fully loaded into main memory. T F 27) A process that is not in main memory is immediately available for execution, regardless of whether or not it is awaiting an event. T F 28) The OS may suspend a process if it detects or suspects a problem. 29) It is the principal responsibility of the __________ to control the execution of processes. A) OS B) process control block C) memory D) dispatcher 30) When one process spawns another, the spawned process is referred to as the __________ . A) trap process B) child process C) stack process D) parent process 31) __________ involves moving part or all of a process from main memory to disk. A) Swapping B) Relocating C) Suspending D) Blocking 32) When a process is in the _________ state it is in secondary memory but is available for execution as soon as it is loaded into main memory. A) Blocked B) Blocked/Suspend C) Ready D) Ready/Suspend 33) The _________ is the less-privileged mode. A) user mode B) kernel mode C) system mode D) control mode TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 34) It takes less time to terminate a process than a thread. T F 35) An example of an application that could make use of threads is a file server. T F 36) Termination of a process does not terminate all threads within that process. T F 37) Any alteration of a resource by one thread affects the environment of the other threads in the same process. T F 38) Windows is an example of a kernel-level thread approach. 39) The traditional approach of a single thread of execution per process, in which the concept of a thread is not recognized, is referred to as a __________ . A) task B) resource C) single-threaded approach D) lightweight process 40) A _________ is a single execution path with an execution stack, processor state, and scheduling information. A) domain B) strand C) thread D) message 41) A __________ is a dispatchable unit of work that executes sequentially and is interruptible so that the processor can turn to another thread. A) port B) process C) token D) thread 42) A __________ is an entity corresponding to a user job or application that owns resources such as memory and open files. A) task B) process C) thread D) token 43) A Windows process must contain at least _________ thread(s) to execute. A) four B) three C) two D) one TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 44) The central themes of operating system design are all concerned with the management of processes and threads. T F 45) It is possible in a single-processor system to not only interleave the execution of multiple processes but also to overlap them. T F 46) Concurrent processes do not come into conflict with each other when they are competing for the use of the same resource. T F 47) A process that is waiting for access to a critical section does not consume processor time. T F 48) It is possible for one process to lock the mutex and for another process to unlock it. 49) The management of multiple processes within a uniprocessor system is __________ . A) multiprogramming B) structured applications C) distributed processing D) multiprocessing 50) A situation in which a runnable process is overlooked indefinitely by the scheduler, although it is able to proceed, is _________ . A) mutual exclusion B) deadlock C) starvation D) livelock 51) A _________ is an integer value used for signaling among processes. A) semaphore B) message C) mutex D) atomic operation 52) A situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for one of the others to do something is a _____deadlock___ . TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 53) All deadlocks involve conflicting needs for resources by two or more processes. T F 54) For deadlock to occur, there must not only be a fatal region, but also a sequence of resource requests that has led into the fatal region. T F 55) Deadlock avoidance requires knowledge of future process resource requests. T F 55) An atomic operation executes without interruption and without interference. T F 57) Deadlock avoidance is more restrictive than deadlock prevention. 58) A set of processes is _________ when each process in the set is blocked awaiting an event that can only be triggered by another blocked process in the set. A) spinlocked B) stagnant C) preempted D) deadlocked 59) Examples of __________ include processors, I/O channels, main and secondary memory, devices, and data structures such as files, databases, and semaphores. A) regional resources B) joint resources C) reusable resources D) consumable resources 60) The strategy of deadlock _________ is to design a system in such a way that the possibility of deadlock is excluded. A) prevention B) detection C) diversion D) avoidance TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 61) In a uniprogramming system main memory is divided into two parts. T F 62) The use of unequal size partitions provides a degree of flexibility to fixed partitioning. T F 63) In a multiprogramming system the available main memory is not generally shared among a number of processes. T F 64) Programs in other processes should not be able to reference memory locations in a process for reading or writing purposes without permission. T F 65) Any protection mechanism must have the flexibility to allow several processes to access the same portion of main memory. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 66) Main memory divided into a number of static partitions at system generation time is _______ . A) fixed partitioning B) simple segmentation C) dynamic partitioning D) simple paging 67) Main memory divided into a number of equal size frames is the __________ technique. A) simple paging B) dynamic partitioning C) fixed partitioning D) virtual memory segmentation 68) One technique for overcoming external fragmentation is __________ . A) loading B) compaction C) relocation D) partitioning 69) A ___________ is a particular example of logical address in which the address is expressed as a location relative to some known point, usually a value in a processor register. A) logical address B) relative address C) absolute address D) physical address 70) The chunks of a process are known as __________ . A) pages B) addresses C) frames D) segments TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 72) The size of virtual storage is limited by the actual number of main storage locations. T F 73) Virtual memory allows for very effective multiprogramming and relieves the user of the unnecessarily tight constraints of main memory. T F 74) The smaller the page size, the greater the amount of internal fragmentation. T F 75) The page currently stored in a frame may still be replaced even when the page is locked. 76) The address of a storage location in main memory is the __________ . A) address space B) virtual address space C) real address D) virtual address 77) __________ is the range of memory addresses available to a process. A) Address space B) Real address C) Virtual address D) Virtual address space 78) The _________ states the process that owns the page. A) process identifier B) control bits C) page number D) chain pointer 79) A _________ is issued if a desired page is not in main memory. A) paging error B) page replacement policy C) page fault D) page placement policy 80) The _________ determines when a page should be brought into main memory. A) page fault B) fetch policy C) working set D) resident set management 81) Complete the table below by putting T or F in each box (No mistakes = 5 point. Each mistake = -1 points) A B A v B (A or B) A ^ B (A and B) NOR Not (A or B) NAND Not (A and B) Not B Not A A XOR B (Exclusive or) T T T F F T F F CONVERSIONS 82) 111011102 = ________________10 (binary to decimal) 83) 25510 = _____________2 (decimal to binary)   84) (5 points) Using this instruction set: Opcode Definition 0 Halt 1 ADD 2 SUBTRACT 3 STORE 5 LOAD 6 BRANCH UNCONDITIONALLY 7 BRANCH ON ZERO 8 BRANCH ON POSITIVE 901 INPUT 902 OUTPUT Then looking at this program: Instruction# code Description of each action (comment here) 0 901 ____________________________________ 01 399 ____________________________________ 02 901 ____________________________________ 03 199 ____________________________________ 04 902 ____________________________________ 05 000 99 DAT Question: What does the above program do?   85. (5 points) Here’s a sample of how the LRU Algorithm works: SAMPLE ONLY – THIS TABLE IS ONLY A SAMPLE FOR YOU TO LOOK AT Pages needed 2 3 2 1 5 2 4 5 3 2 5 2 frame 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 frame 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 frame 3 1 1 1 4 4 4 2 2 2 F F F F BUT - FILL-OUT THIS ONE BELOW Fill-in the page numbers in the chart below when they’re needed by the LRU algorithm if given The stream of Pages needed as shown and put an “F” for page fault below this chart where they would occur (as shown in the SAMPLE above) Pages needed 2 3 4 1 3 4 5 3 2 2 5 1 frame 1 frame 2 frame 3

_______________________________________________________ Name Here TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 1) A processor manages the computer operations and data processing functions. T F 2) Data is usually moved between the computer and its outside environment by means of a system bus. T F 3) Typically cache memory is out of view or not accessible to the OS. T F 4) A processor is blocked from executing other instructions if a previously-initiated I/O operation is underway regardless of interrupt capabilities. T F 5) Communications interrupts are blocked during interrupts for printer activity 6) The four main structural elements of a computer system are: A) Processor, Main Memory, I/O Modules and System Bus B) Processor, I/O Modules, System Bus and Secondary Memory C) Processor, Registers, Main Memory and System Bus D) Processor, Registers, I/O Modules and Main Memory 7) Storage place for the address of the instruction to be fetched that will execute next. A) Accumulator (AC) B) Instruction Register (IR) C) Instruction Counter (IC) D) Program Counter (PC) 8) The __________ contains the data to be written into memory and receives the data read from memory. A) I/O address register B) memory address register C) I/O buffer register D) memory buffer register 9) Instruction processing consists of two steps: A) fetch and execute B) instruction and execute C) instruction and halt D) fetch and instruction 10) The ___________ routine determines the nature of the interrupt and performs whatever actions are needed. A) interrupt handler B) instruction signal C) program handler D) interrupt signal Fill-in the blanks 11) The __________ is a device for staging the movement of data between main memory and processor registers to improve performance and is not usually visible to the programmer or processor. 12) External, nonvolatile memory is also referred to as __________________ or auxiliary memory. 13) In a _______________ multiprocessor all processors can perform the same functions so the failure of a single processor does not halt the machine. TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 14) A process consists of three components: an executable program, the associated data needed by the program, and the execution context of the program. T F 15) Uniprogramming typically provides better utilization of system resources than multiprogramming. T F 16) A monolithic kernel is implemented as a single process with all elements sharing the same address space. T F 17) The user has direct access to the processor with a batch-processing type of OS. T F 18) Multiprogramming us used by batch processing and time-sharing. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 19) The __________ is the interface that is the boundary between hardware and software. A) ABI B) ISA C) IAS D) API   20) A(n) __________ is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data and for the control of these functions. A) architecture B) program C) computer D) application 21) The operating system’s __________ refers to its inherent flexibility in permitting functional modifications to the system without interfering with service. A) efficiency B) ability to evolve C) controlled access D) convenience 22) Operating systems must evolve over time because: A) new hardware is designed and implemented in the computer system B) hardware must be replaced when it fails C) hardware is hierarchical D) users will only purchase software that has a current copyright date 23) Hardware features desirable in a batch-processing operating system include memory protection, timer, privileged instructions, and __________ . A) clock cycles B) associated data C) interrupts D) kernels TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 24) The OS may create a process on behalf of an application. T F 25) Swapping is not an I/O operation so it will not enhance performance. T F 26) If a system does not employ virtual memory each process to be executed must be fully loaded into main memory. T F 27) A process that is not in main memory is immediately available for execution, regardless of whether or not it is awaiting an event. T F 28) The OS may suspend a process if it detects or suspects a problem. 29) It is the principal responsibility of the __________ to control the execution of processes. A) OS B) process control block C) memory D) dispatcher 30) When one process spawns another, the spawned process is referred to as the __________ . A) trap process B) child process C) stack process D) parent process 31) __________ involves moving part or all of a process from main memory to disk. A) Swapping B) Relocating C) Suspending D) Blocking 32) When a process is in the _________ state it is in secondary memory but is available for execution as soon as it is loaded into main memory. A) Blocked B) Blocked/Suspend C) Ready D) Ready/Suspend 33) The _________ is the less-privileged mode. A) user mode B) kernel mode C) system mode D) control mode TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 34) It takes less time to terminate a process than a thread. T F 35) An example of an application that could make use of threads is a file server. T F 36) Termination of a process does not terminate all threads within that process. T F 37) Any alteration of a resource by one thread affects the environment of the other threads in the same process. T F 38) Windows is an example of a kernel-level thread approach. 39) The traditional approach of a single thread of execution per process, in which the concept of a thread is not recognized, is referred to as a __________ . A) task B) resource C) single-threaded approach D) lightweight process 40) A _________ is a single execution path with an execution stack, processor state, and scheduling information. A) domain B) strand C) thread D) message 41) A __________ is a dispatchable unit of work that executes sequentially and is interruptible so that the processor can turn to another thread. A) port B) process C) token D) thread 42) A __________ is an entity corresponding to a user job or application that owns resources such as memory and open files. A) task B) process C) thread D) token 43) A Windows process must contain at least _________ thread(s) to execute. A) four B) three C) two D) one TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 44) The central themes of operating system design are all concerned with the management of processes and threads. T F 45) It is possible in a single-processor system to not only interleave the execution of multiple processes but also to overlap them. T F 46) Concurrent processes do not come into conflict with each other when they are competing for the use of the same resource. T F 47) A process that is waiting for access to a critical section does not consume processor time. T F 48) It is possible for one process to lock the mutex and for another process to unlock it. 49) The management of multiple processes within a uniprocessor system is __________ . A) multiprogramming B) structured applications C) distributed processing D) multiprocessing 50) A situation in which a runnable process is overlooked indefinitely by the scheduler, although it is able to proceed, is _________ . A) mutual exclusion B) deadlock C) starvation D) livelock 51) A _________ is an integer value used for signaling among processes. A) semaphore B) message C) mutex D) atomic operation 52) A situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for one of the others to do something is a _____deadlock___ . TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 53) All deadlocks involve conflicting needs for resources by two or more processes. T F 54) For deadlock to occur, there must not only be a fatal region, but also a sequence of resource requests that has led into the fatal region. T F 55) Deadlock avoidance requires knowledge of future process resource requests. T F 55) An atomic operation executes without interruption and without interference. T F 57) Deadlock avoidance is more restrictive than deadlock prevention. 58) A set of processes is _________ when each process in the set is blocked awaiting an event that can only be triggered by another blocked process in the set. A) spinlocked B) stagnant C) preempted D) deadlocked 59) Examples of __________ include processors, I/O channels, main and secondary memory, devices, and data structures such as files, databases, and semaphores. A) regional resources B) joint resources C) reusable resources D) consumable resources 60) The strategy of deadlock _________ is to design a system in such a way that the possibility of deadlock is excluded. A) prevention B) detection C) diversion D) avoidance TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 61) In a uniprogramming system main memory is divided into two parts. T F 62) The use of unequal size partitions provides a degree of flexibility to fixed partitioning. T F 63) In a multiprogramming system the available main memory is not generally shared among a number of processes. T F 64) Programs in other processes should not be able to reference memory locations in a process for reading or writing purposes without permission. T F 65) Any protection mechanism must have the flexibility to allow several processes to access the same portion of main memory. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 66) Main memory divided into a number of static partitions at system generation time is _______ . A) fixed partitioning B) simple segmentation C) dynamic partitioning D) simple paging 67) Main memory divided into a number of equal size frames is the __________ technique. A) simple paging B) dynamic partitioning C) fixed partitioning D) virtual memory segmentation 68) One technique for overcoming external fragmentation is __________ . A) loading B) compaction C) relocation D) partitioning 69) A ___________ is a particular example of logical address in which the address is expressed as a location relative to some known point, usually a value in a processor register. A) logical address B) relative address C) absolute address D) physical address 70) The chunks of a process are known as __________ . A) pages B) addresses C) frames D) segments TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: T F 72) The size of virtual storage is limited by the actual number of main storage locations. T F 73) Virtual memory allows for very effective multiprogramming and relieves the user of the unnecessarily tight constraints of main memory. T F 74) The smaller the page size, the greater the amount of internal fragmentation. T F 75) The page currently stored in a frame may still be replaced even when the page is locked. 76) The address of a storage location in main memory is the __________ . A) address space B) virtual address space C) real address D) virtual address 77) __________ is the range of memory addresses available to a process. A) Address space B) Real address C) Virtual address D) Virtual address space 78) The _________ states the process that owns the page. A) process identifier B) control bits C) page number D) chain pointer 79) A _________ is issued if a desired page is not in main memory. A) paging error B) page replacement policy C) page fault D) page placement policy 80) The _________ determines when a page should be brought into main memory. A) page fault B) fetch policy C) working set D) resident set management 81) Complete the table below by putting T or F in each box (No mistakes = 5 point. Each mistake = -1 points) A B A v B (A or B) A ^ B (A and B) NOR Not (A or B) NAND Not (A and B) Not B Not A A XOR B (Exclusive or) T T T F F T F F CONVERSIONS 82) 111011102 = ________________10 (binary to decimal) 83) 25510 = _____________2 (decimal to binary)   84) (5 points) Using this instruction set: Opcode Definition 0 Halt 1 ADD 2 SUBTRACT 3 STORE 5 LOAD 6 BRANCH UNCONDITIONALLY 7 BRANCH ON ZERO 8 BRANCH ON POSITIVE 901 INPUT 902 OUTPUT Then looking at this program: Instruction# code Description of each action (comment here) 0 901 ____________________________________ 01 399 ____________________________________ 02 901 ____________________________________ 03 199 ____________________________________ 04 902 ____________________________________ 05 000 99 DAT Question: What does the above program do?   85. (5 points) Here’s a sample of how the LRU Algorithm works: SAMPLE ONLY – THIS TABLE IS ONLY A SAMPLE FOR YOU TO LOOK AT Pages needed 2 3 2 1 5 2 4 5 3 2 5 2 frame 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 frame 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 frame 3 1 1 1 4 4 4 2 2 2 F F F F BUT – FILL-OUT THIS ONE BELOW Fill-in the page numbers in the chart below when they’re needed by the LRU algorithm if given The stream of Pages needed as shown and put an “F” for page fault below this chart where they would occur (as shown in the SAMPLE above) Pages needed 2 3 4 1 3 4 5 3 2 2 5 1 frame 1 frame 2 frame 3

_______________________________________________________

  Name Here

    TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS:

    T             F              1) A processor manages the computer operations and data processing functions.

  T             F              2) Data is usually moved between the computer and its outside environment by means of a

system bus.

  T             F              3) Typically cache memory is out…

[componentplanet]

Scientists May Have Discovered Universal Memory, DRAM Replacement

For decades, researchers have searched for a memory architecture that could match or exceed DRAM’s performance without requiring constant refreshing. There’ve been a number of proposed technologies, including MRAM (in some cases), FeRAM, and phase change memories like Intel’s Optane. We’ve seen both NAND flash and Optane used as system memory in some specific cases, but typically only for workloads where providing a great deal of slower memory is more useful than a smaller pool of RAM with better access latencies and read/write speeds. What scientists want is a type of RAM that can accomplish both of these goals, offering DRAM-like speed and NAND or Optane-level non-volatility.

A group of UK scientists is basically claiming to have found one. UK III-V (named for the elements of the periodic table used in its construction), would supposedly use ~1 percent the power of current DRAM. It could serve as a replacement for both current non-volatile storage and DRAM itself, though the authors suggest it would currently be better utilized as a DRAM replacement, due to density considerations. NAND flash density is increasing rapidly courtesy of 3D stacking, and UK III-V hasn’t been implemented in a 3D stacked configuration.

Image by the University of Lancaster

According to the team, they could implement a DRAM

replacement by using a NOR flash configuration. Unlike NAND flash, NOR flash is bit-addressable. In DRAM, the memory read process is destructive and removes the charge on an entire row when data is accessed. This doesn’t happen with UK III-V; the device can be written or erased without disturbing the data held in surrounding devices. This design, they predict, would perform at least equivalently to DRAM at a fraction the power

What the authors claim, in aggregate, is that they’ve developed a model for a III-V non-volatile RAM that operates at lower voltages than NAND, with better endurance and retention results. At the same time, these III-V semiconductors are capable of operating “virtually disturb-free at 10ns pulse durations, a similar speed to the volatile alternative, DRAM.” The three major features of the technology? It’s low-power, offers nondestructive reads, and is nonvolatile.

Right, But Will You Ever Be Able to Buy It?

Honest answer: I have no idea. The actual device hasn’t been fabricated yet, only simulated. The next step, presumably, would be demonstrating that the device works in practice as well as it does on paper. Even then, there’s no guarantee of any path to commercialization. I’ve been writing about advances in phase change memory, FeRAM, MRAM, and ReRAM for nearly eight years. It’s easy to look at this kind of timeline and dismiss the idea that we’ll ever bring a DRAM-replacement technology to market. The evolutionary cadence of product advances can obscure the fact that it often takes 15-20 years to take a new idea from first paper to commercial volume. OLEDs, EUV lithography, and FinFETs are all good examples of this trend. And new memory technologies absolutely have come to market in the recent past, including both NAND and Optane. Granted, Optane hasn’t completely proven itself in-market the way NAND has, but it’s also not nearly as old.

There are similarities between the difficulty of replacing DRAM and the trouble with finding new battery chemistries. In order to serve as a DRAM replacement, a new technology has to be able to hit better targets in terms of density, power consumption, cost, and performance than a highly optimized technology we’ve used for decades. We already have alternatives for every single individual characteristic of DRAM. SRAM is faster, Optane is higher density, MRAM uses less power, and NAND costs far less per gigabyte.

Similarly, we need battery technologies that hold more energy than Li-ion, are rechargeable, sustain original capacity over more charge cycles, charge more quickly, remain stable in a wide range of temperatures and operating conditions, and don’t explosively combine when breached in ways that make a Li-ion fire look like a Bic lighter. There’s a long road between theory and product. I will say that this team appears to think it’s solved more of the issues preventing a non-volatile DRAM replacement — but that, in turn, requires that it be easy to manufacture and cheap enough to interest the industry.

Top image credit: Getty Images

Now Read:

Intel Confirms Its 22nm FinFET MRAM Is Production-Ready

Spin Memory, ARM, Applied Materials Ink Joint MRAM Agreement

Intel Releases Specs for Its Optane+QLC NAND H10 Memory

from ExtremeTechExtremeTech https://www.extremetech.com/computing/304980-scientists-may-have-discovered-universal-memory-dram-replacement from Blogger http://componentplanet.blogspot.com/2020/01/scientists-may-have-discovered.html

[sciencespies]

Physicists create device for imitating biological memory

https://sciencespies.com/physics/physicists-create-device-for-imitating-biological-memory/

Physicists create device for imitating biological memory

On-chip brain. Credit: Elena Khavina/MIPT

More

Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology have created a device that acts like a synapse in the living brain, storing information and gradually forgetting it when not accessed for a long time. Known as a second-order memristor, the new device is based on hafnium oxide and offers prospects for designing analog neurocomputers imitating the way a biological brain learns. The findings are reported in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Neurocomputers, which enable artificial intelligence, emulate brain function. Brains store data in the form of synapses, a network of connections between neurons. Most neurocomputers have a conventional digital architecture and use mathematical models to invoke virtual neurons and synapses.

Alternatively, an actual on-chip electronic component could stand for each neuron and synapse in the network. This so-called analog approach has the potential to speed up computations drastically and reduce energy costs.

The core component of a hypothetical analog neurocomputer is the memristor. The word is a portmanteau of “memory” and “resistor,” which pretty much sums up what it is: a memory cell acting as a resistor. Loosely speaking, high resistance encodes a zero, and low resistance encodes a one. This is analogous to how a synapse conducts a signal between two neurons (one), while the absence of a synapse results in no signal, a zero.

But there is a catch: In an actual brain, the active synapses tend to strengthen over time, while the opposite is true for inactive ones. This phenomenon, known as synaptic plasticity, is one of the foundations of natural learning and memory. It explains the biology of cramming for an exam and why our seldom-accessed memories fade.

Proposed in 2015, the second-order memristor is an attempt to reproduce natural memory, complete with synaptic plasticity. The first mechanism for implementing this involves forming nanosized conductive bridges across the memristor. While initially decreasing resistance, they naturally decay with time, emulating forgetfulness.

“The problem with this solution is that the device tends to change its behavior over time and breaks down after prolonged operation,” said the study’s lead author, Anastasia Chouprik from MIPT’s Neurocomputing Systems Lab. “The mechanism we used to implement synaptic plasticity is more robust. In fact, after switching the state of the system 100 billion times, it was still operating normally, so my colleagues stopped the endurance test.”

Fig. 1

The left image shows a synapse from a biological brain, the inspiration behind its artificial analogue (right). The latter is a memristor device implemented as a ferroelectric tunnel junction — that is, a thin hafnium oxide film (pink) interlaid between a titanium nitride electrode (blue cable) and a silicon substrate (marine blue), which doubles up as the second electrode. Electric pulses switch the memristor between its high and low resistance states by changing hafnium oxide polarization, and therefore its conductivity. Credit: Elena Khavina/MIPT

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Instead of nanobridges, the MIPT team relied on hafnium oxide to imitate natural memory. This material is ferroelectric: Its internal bound charge distribution, the electric polarization, changes in response to an external electric field. If the field is then removed, the material retains its acquired polarization, the way a ferromagnet remains magnetized.

The physicists implemented their second-order memristor as a ferroelectric tunnel junction—two electrodes interlaid with a thin hafnium oxide film (fig. 1). The device can be switched between its low and high resistance states by means of electric pulses, which change the ferroelectric film’s polarization and thus its resistance.

“The main challenge that we faced was figuring out the right ferroelectric layer thickness,” Chouprik added. “Four nanometers proved to be ideal. Make it just one nanometer thinner, and the ferroelectric properties are gone, while a thicker film is too wide a barrier for the electrons to tunnel through. And it is only the tunneling current that we can modulate by switching polarization.”

What gives hafnium oxide an edge over other ferroelectric materials, such as barium titanate, is that it is already used by current silicon technology. For example, Intel has been manufacturing microchips based on a hafnium compound since 2007. This makes introducing hafnium-based devices like the memristor reported in this story far easier and cheaper than those using a brand-new material.

In a feat of ingenuity, the researchers implemented “forgetfulness” by leveraging the defects at the interface between silicon and hafnium oxide. Those very imperfections used to be seen as a detriment to hafnium-based microprocessors, and engineers had to find a way around them by incorporating other elements into the compound. Instead, the MIPT team exploited the defects, which make memristor conductivity die down with time, just like natural memories.

Vitalii Mikheev, the first author of the paper, shared the team’s future plans: “We are going to look into the interplay between the various mechanisms switching the resistance in our memristor. It turns out that the ferroelectric effect may not be the only one involved. To further improve the devices, we will need to distinguish between the mechanisms and learn to combine them.”

According to the physicists, they will move on with the fundamental research on the properties of hafnium oxide to make the nonvolatile random access memory cells more reliable. The team is also investigating the possibility of transferring their devices onto a flexible substrate, for use in flexible electronics.

Last year, the researchers offered a detailed description of how applying an electric field to hafnium oxide films affects their polarization. It is this very process that enables reducing ferroelectric memristor resistance, which emulates synapse strengthening in a biological brain. The team also works on neuromorphic computing systems with a digital architecture.

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Explore further

Scientists grow a material based on hafnium oxide for a new type of non-volatile memory

More information: Vitalii Mikheev et al, Ferroelectric Second-Order Memristor, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2019). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08189

Provided by Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Citation: Physicists create device for imitating biological memory (2019, August 29) retrieved 29 August 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2019-08-physicists-device-imitating-biological-memory.html

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[techiexpert]

Things You Should Consider While Buying a High-speed Camera

You have always shared a fondness for good high-speed cameras and now, when you can really afford buying one, you have started exploring the Internet and found a number of ventures that profess to be among the world’s top-end providers of high-speed cameras. Now, the question remains, which one to opt for? How would you know, you are investing your money for the right model? This post is going to discuss few important factors you should consider while purchasing a high-speed camera.

Light sensitivity

Well, when it comes to buying a good high-speed camera, light sensitivity is one of the most important considerations.  When it sways your ability to use a short coverage time so that you can efficiently remove motion blur while capturing a very high-speed event, it impacts the quality of your video too.  The fact that sufficient light sensitivity is critical for your images to be perfect and precise increases its importance yet more.  Also, when you are using telescope or microscope lenses, light sensitivity would impact your ability to focus in more than one way.

Bit depth

Now, when it is about the ability to apply image processing to the images to heighten their usability, bit depth has a significant role to play. Also, the quality of the image is directly reliant on this particular feature. The higher the bit depth, the greater the amount of information that is captured by the camera. Most of the high-speed cameras take image data that is either 8-bit, 10-bit or 12-bit.  Images that contain larger bit depths happen to have more information which, in turn, allows the viewer to perceive greater details within the images.  They also provide suppleness and tractability for image processing functions that can be utilized to perk up the poorly illumined areas, making them get brightened for easier exploration.

However, there is a little snag to images with greater bit depths that anyone buying high-speed cameras should be aware of.  12-bit images are larger than 10-bit or 8-bit images, and thus, need more space within the camera.  And, that’s how the camera’s record time get minimized to a significant extent. Then, quite naturally, they take longer time to get transferred from the camera memory to the PC.

Internal memory

Internal memory is again one of the most important things to consider while purchasing a high-speed camera. The size of the internal memory is a vital facet for consideration as a good quality, high-speed camera can generate a huge amount of data within a short span of time.  As for example, a top-end camera can create 128GB of 12-bit image data just within 5 seconds when run at 20,000fps at 1-megapixel resolution.  The pictures captured in high-speed cameras are initially stored in the internal memory and once the recording is done, the data can be offloaded to a more permanent storage.

And to figure out, how much internal memory is required by a camera to record a high-speed event, you need to have an exact idea about the frame rate that the camera will be running at, the resolution that the camera will make a record at, the time duration the event will last and the bit depth of the pictures that are brought to pass. Once you know every bit of the information, determining the amount of internal memory that is needed for the event won’t be a herculean task.

Minimum exposure time

A camera’s minimum exposure time is often a critical factor in choosing a high-speed camera.  Some very fast high-speed events require extremely short exposure times – sometimes even less than 1 microsecond – to stop the motion of those high-speed events.  A camera’s ability to achieve a sub-microsecond exposure is dependent on two things.  First, the camera’s sensor must be capable of performing such a short exposure.  Second, the camera’s sensor must be sensitive enough that when it does utilize a sub-microsecond exposure it can capture enough photons of light during the exposure to be able to generate video that is of sufficient quality for analysis.  A short exposure does no good if the end result is a sequence of images that are so dark that you cannot see what happened within the high-speed event.

Camera size

High-speed cameras tend to come with different sizes and shapes.  And, size of a high-speed camera is an important consideration indeed! The device should always be handy enough to be carried along everywhere.  But, at the same time, you should also understand there are certain drawbacks in buying a smaller size camera.  Small cameras tend to be less sensitive than bigger cameras, small sensors with small pixels are instigated in the applications.  Usually, they also have less memory because they comprise less internal space which, in turn, impacts the overall performance of the camera.

There are some manufacturers who happen to implement a tethered head methodology to camera design where a considerable amount of the chips that are usually found within the camera itself are placed within a separate processor that can back up multiple camera heads, each attached to the processor through a tow.  This advanced approach makes way for extremely small and lightweight camera heads. An additional benefit of this design is that the memory components are perfectly placed in the processor and are safely kept hold of even if a camera head is damaged during an event.

Data offload speed

Well, capturing exclusive videos doesn’t end it all.  Once you are done with it, you need to transfer the same from the internal memory on the camera to a permanent storage.  But then, it’s really important that there is an expedient mechanism to aid this.

The fact that almost all PCs are already configured with Gigabit Ethernet has made most of the camera suppliers choose the same interface for transfer of image data from high-speed cameras.  Here, you need to be aware of the fact that not all Gigabit Ethernet enactments are the same.  As for example, Gigabit Ethernet with TCP/IP protocol are quite incompetent for downloading large video arrangements. This is due to the abundant overhead involved with that protocol.  On the other hand, Gigabit Ethernet with UDP protocol, is pretty effective and can bring about image data transfer speeds of up to 4-5 GB per minute. But, not every camera manufacturer use UDP protocol.  Further, some camera manufacturers come up with two Gigabit Ethernet connectors so that data transfer speeds can be multiplied to a considerable extent.

As a replacement to downloading pictures over a standard network, some cameras have the potential to download images to detachable nonvolatile memory.  Such download approaches can be very beneficial, but when you gauge the overall transfer time needed to get your image data from the internal camera memory to your laptop, you have to consider both the time required to pass on pictures from the camera to the nonvolatile memory and the time needed to transmit images from the nonvolatile memory to your PC.

According to Allied market research, the global market of high-speed camera registered a considerable CAGR from 2018 to 2025. Increasing usage of high-speed camera in sports, growing adoption of high-speed cameras in automotive as well as transportation, and rising demand for thermal imaging applications have fueled the growth. On the other hand, high cost associated with the device has happened to curb the growth to some extent. However, soaring application of high-speed cameras in intelligent transportation system has almost nulled the cause and created multiple opportunities in the segment.

The post Things You Should Consider While Buying a High-speed Camera appeared first on Techiexpert.com.

source https://www.techiexpert.com/things-you-should-consider-while-buying-a-high-speed-camera/

[netmetic]

Intel at SAP SAPPHIRE NOW 2018: Plan Your Schedule Now

Here it comes: SAP SAPPHIRE NOW and ASUG (America’s SAP Users’ Group) Annual Conference arrives in Orlando on June 5–7.

SAP SAPPHIRE is SAP’s premier annual event: An estimated 25,000 people will attend and an additional 80,000 will tune in online. Per usual, the agenda is packed with keynotes, presentations, technical sessions, and demos. It’s a chance for SAP customers to meet with SAP experts and industry partners to learn the latest developments in cloud and in-memory computing, and catch the newest business applications for the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

As one of SAP’s leading development partners, Intel will be there too, showcasing some of its recent advances in persistent memory and other technologies in booth presentations and demos.

Learn more about Intel® Optane™ DC Persistent Memory

The long, dynamic history of co-engineering between Intel and SAP on the SAP HANA* in-memory database is about to enter an exciting new chapter. Intel® Optane™ DC persistent memory is a revolutionary new product in an emerging new data tier. It combines features of both traditional main memory and storage to dramatically increase processing performance and service uptime for in-memory databases such as SAP HANA. This translates into better, faster insights to drive business transformation, at a more affordable cost.

For an excellent introduction for how Intel Optane DC persistent memory can transform your digital enterprise, be sure to attend the breakout session Intel IT Transforms Supply Chain Management (SCM) at Scale with SAP HANA and Intel Optane Persistent Memory (1:30pm-2pm, Tues. June 5; room SE201). Craig Chvatal, Intel IT’s Chief ERP and BI Architect, reveals how Intel IT is improving TCO and driving strategic business outcomes through its implementation of SAP SCM* via a modern data warehouse on SAP HANA. Learn how Intel Optane DC persistent memory has the potential to revolutionize SAP HANA data tiers and help your IT org shape a roadmap for more effective SCM.

What makes Intel Optane DC persistent memory revolutionary? In traditional computing architectures, memory was small, expensive, and volatile, but Intel Optane DC persistent memory is a game-changer, offering a big, affordable, and persistent memory tier that places more data closer to the processor on Intel® 3D XPoint™ media for faster processing at a lower TCO. Because this new memory tier is nonvolatile, data persists in memory through power cycles, eliminating the lengthy delays usually associated with scheduled maintenance restarts.

During my previous life as a database admin, I used to dread when the power went out because you would lose some of the data volume in the volatile DRAM. Today, in this scenario, it could take an hour or two to reload a typical 2TB database and get the system up and running again—which is a long time to go black when real-time information delivery is mission critical. Now, with persistent memory, you don’t lose columnar main memory data stores when the power fails, and restart times will be nearly instantaneous. Intel Optane DC persistent memory minimizes system downtime, leading to greater data processing reliability, increased availability, and improved KPIs, all to drive greater business velocity.

Stop by Our Booth at SAP SAPPHIRE for More Activities

The Intel booth #140 will be a hub for discovery and innovation throughout the show. Join us for these live demos featuring the latest advances from Intel and its technology partners.

Intel Optane DC Persistent Memory for SAP HANA: This interactive, touch-screen demo introduces Intel Optane DC persistent memory and shows how it offers faster restart times for more reliable in-memory processing than traditional DRAM memory.

SAP HANA Machine Learning Automates Intel® Drone Image Data: Intel drones provide the best resolution and cost effectiveness for acquiring aerial images for the purposes of public registrars and local water management agencies.

IBM Cloud*—SAP HANA Update: Learn about bare-metal Intel® Xeon® Scalable processor cloud offerings for SAP HANA.

SAP Leonardo* Factory Predictive Analytics: How Intel uses vibration analysis and machine learning to reduce manufacturing defects.

Also in booth, we will feature over 30 tech talks presented by industry experts from Intel and our partners, including HPE, Lenovo, Dell, Cisco, Google Cloud, IBM Cloud, AWS, Azure, Accenture, and other partners.

Intel experts will also give presentations in partner booths as part of our Intel Passport program. Pick up your passport and make the rounds of our demos in the Intel booth and presentations in partner booths to learn how Intel is working with industry partners to help gain top performance, scalability, and security for a range of partner solutions. Present your completed passport in the Intel booth to win prizes!

See You in Orlando!

Stop by the Intel booth #140 to say hello, connect with me at @TimIntel and visit intel.com/sap & blogs.saphana.com for the latest news on Intel and SAP.

The post Intel at SAP SAPPHIRE NOW 2018: Plan Your Schedule Now appeared first on IT Peer Network.

Intel at SAP SAPPHIRE NOW 2018: Plan Your Schedule Now published first on https://jiohow.tumblr.com/

[environmentguru]

Design and Implementation of the ad hoc File System Ada-FS

Abstract: High-performance computing clusters are often equipped with node-local nonvolatile memories (NVMs), which provide an accumulated peak bandwidth greater than the bandwidth of the backend parallel file systems. Latencies of small accesses to https://www.environmentguru.com/pages/elements/element.aspx?utm_source=dlvr.it&amp%3Butm_medium=rss&amp%3Bid=6123877&utm_medium=tumblr

[avantseating-blog]

Programming options for PLC include industrial panel pc and computer

Program memory is the capacity for control software storage. Available inputs for programmable logic controllers include DC, AC, analog, thermocouple, RTD, frequency or pulse, transistor, and interrupt inputs. Outputs for PLC include DC, AC, relay, analog, frequency or pulse, transistor, and triac. Programming options for PLC include front panel, hand held, and computer.Programmable logic controllers can also be specifi ed with a number of computer interface options, network specifi cations, and features. PLC power options, mounting options, and environmental operating conditions are all also important to be considered.

PLCs are usually available in these three general types:

(1) Embedded.

The embedded controllers expand their fi eld bus terminals and transform them into a modular PLC. All embedded controllers support the same communication standards such as Ethernet TCP/IP. The industrial embedded pc and compact operating units belonging to PLC product spectrum are also identical for all controllers.

(2) PC-based.

This type of PLCs is of slide-in card for the PC that extends every PC or IPC and transforms it into a fully fledged PLC. In the PC, the slide-in card needs only one PCI bus slot and runs fully independently of the operating system. PC system crashes leave the machine control completely cold.

(3)Compact.

The compact PLC controller unites the functions of an operating unit and a PLC. To some extent, the compact controller already features integrated digital and analog inputs and outputs. Further fi eld bus terminals in the compact PLCs can be connected via an electrically isolated interface such as CANopen.

Memory considerations

The two main factors to consider when choosing memory are the type and the amount. An application may require two types of memory: nonvolatile memory and volatile memory with a battery backup. A non volatile memory, such as EPROM, can provide a reliable, permanent storage medium once the program has been created and debugged. If the application will require on-line changes, then it should probably be stored in read/write memory supported by a battery. Some controllers offer both of these options, which can be used individually or in con junction with each other. The amount of memory required for a given application is a function of the total number of inputs and outputs to be controlled and the complexity of the control program. The complexity refers to the amount and type of arithmetic and data manipulation functions that the PLC will perform. For each of their products, manufacturers have a rule-of-thumb formula that helps to approximate the memory requirement. This formula involves multiplying the total number of I/O by a constant (usually a number between 3 and 8). If the program involves arithmetic or data manipulation, this memory approximation should be increased by 25–50%.

(c) Software considerations.

During system implementation, the user must program the PLC. Because the programming is so important, the user should be aware of the software capabilities of the product they choose. Generally, the software capability of a system is tailored to handle the control hardware that is available with the controller. However, some applications require special software functions that are beyond the control of the hardware components. For instance, an application may involve special control or data acquisition functions that require complex numerical calculations and data-handling manipulations. The instruction set selected will determine the ease with which these software tasks can be implemented. It will also directly affect the time required to implement and execute the control program. More details at http://www.szjawest.cn/index.php/Content/Pagedis/shows_pro/catid/42/id/27.html

[automaticar]

Flash memory has become central in enterprise data centers, replacing hard drives because of its higher speed, greater ruggedness, lower power consumption, and simpler maintenance. But what comes next is even better. It’s time for a major step in which high-speed nonvolatile memory is networked across the entire data center and beyond. Data centers will implement an overall “flash fabric” which will reduce latency dramatically and power a new generation of real-time applications including data analysis, cognitive computing, artificial intelligence, and virtual and augmented reality. The fabric will take full advantage of the latest standards including PCIe, NVMe, and NVMe-oF, as well as persistent memory (storage at memory speeds). The transition cost and effort will be surprisingly low, as data centers will leverage existing fabric infrastructure and integrate public cloud resources to store inactive data cost-effectively. Welcome to a new era of enterprises doing more with less and taking full advantage of clouds, standards, fabrics, and the latest memory technologies to create scalable solutions to big data and big compute challenges.

[makiyang614-blog]

Artesyn Embedded Technologies Launched Skylake Intelò Xeonò Scalable Processor

Artesyn Embedded Technologies announces the launch of a new high-performance server blade system that supports packet handling. This model for the ATCA-7540 blade system using two just launched, code-named Skylake Intelò Xeonò Scalable processor. The ATCA-7540 blade system is suitable for military / military equipment such as data center computing systems, ground control stations, network data analysis systems, specific mobile networks and automated command systems (C4ISR), and to ensure that such applications are readily available Development needs to be renewed. Yate Health Technology not only uses Intel's processor with its own advanced technology, but also provides a sound supply chain management, so the production of the server blade system in terms of performance or long-term supply stability than existing competitive products The According to Yate Health Technology estimates that the choice of Intel processors will have up to 15 years of life. The ATCA-7540 blade system supports operations such as deep packet inspection (DPI), firewall, intrusion prevention, data encryption / decryption, and so on, making it ideal for enterprise systems, government information systems and defense communications networks Network system. AdvancedTCAò (ATCA) The blade system incorporates a variety of different production systems, which are fully compliant with the US Department of Defense (DoD) release of the modular open system design (MOSA). The ATCA blade system of AT & T has a high degree of flexibility, allowing users to adjust system performance levels as needed, as well as easy maintenance warranties, fewer cable numbers, and the ability to communicate with different branded products. A variety of different military equipment. Several departments of the US Department of Defense and its major contractors and system integrators have used the ATCA blade system as a platform to develop a variety of central operations for warships, aircraft or temporary command and control centers installed in field camps system.

The CentOS operating system is preloaded with AT & T's ATCA-7540 server blade system, and because the blade system is preloaded with BIOS, IPMC firmware and the basic blade service (BBS) Software, so its backplane can also support other open source and commercial operating systems. In addition, the backplane can also support RedHawk Linux RTOS, which is the industry standard real-time operating system, the US Navy has chosen this operating system as a number of development projects open architecture operating system. The ATCA-7540 server blade system can be configured with a system that supports virtualization with Linux KVM or VMware ESXi. In addition, this blade system also supports Intel (Intelò) information layer development kit (DPDK). The floor is optimized to ensure that the computing system can perform unparalleled in performance. As the floor itself built two Intel Xeon Gold gold processor or Xeon Silver silver processor, so users can adjust the system according to the level of performance standards. Each processor is equipped with six memory channels, and by the DDR4 memory support, so that the blade system can take full advantage of the main memory and input / output data between the channel to enhance the amount of data transmission. Each processor can take full advantage of 48 high-speed PCIe Gen 3 channel, so that the system can support fast network data transmission. Equipped with 12 slim (VLP) DIMM sockets to ensure that the memory capacity can be expanded to 384GB, not only to make the system configuration more cost-effective, but also to ensure that the need for a large memory capacity in order to implement the path selection or pattern matching function The program has a larger memory capacity to perform the function. You can buy them from electronic component distributors. This blade system can be used with a hardware accelerator, which is one of the customer's options. The optional hardware accelerator can be connected directly to the central processor. Optimized accelerators, in addition to supporting encryption / decryption algorithms, can also significantly increase the amount of encrypted data in the security system. Equipped with dual-star topology 40G Ethernet fiber interface can support high-speed data transmission. The backplane supports up to two built-in M.2 nonvolatile solid state memory hard drives (total memory capacity up to 1TB). Yate Health Technologies offers a wide range of compatible back-end conversion modules (RTMs) that allow customers to add input / output and expand memory when needed.

 Reference: atmega328p and cr123a

[automationgeeks]

What Actually Was Sata Express And Why It Matters

TAP Portugal Expands Stopover Options with 3 New Portugal Destinations amongst the really neat things about the SATA Express data connector is that it backward compatible.

Will rather come with the SATA Express device or will need to be purchased on their own for the time being, it appears that SATA Express cables wouldn't come with the motherboard.

For the most part there's an end that needs to be plugged into a power supply through a 15pin SATA or '4pin' molex connector as SATAe devices will require power, it could be noted that the SATA Express cable delivers power. If you aren't using the standard 5inch SATA data connector you can use the two standard SATA data ports to connect legacy devices to the system. I'm sure you heard about this. Every SSD is guaranteed to meet the requirements of even the most demanding applications. Whenever withstanding hundreds of qualification tests and decoration inspired by, with a Zen and relaxed atmosphere.

New Japanese restaurant Mizu at VILA VITA Parc Resort Spa, in Porches, Algarve, going to be officially opening its doors on 23 February.

Our SSDs are validated across applications and environments to ensure they meet the highest quality, reliability, and durability criteria.

We utilize 'high quality' NAND from the industry's p vendors to ensure a solid SSD. All PNY SSDs undergo extensive component and 'subsystem' testing. Computer disk drives connect to a motherboard using either a Serial Advanced Technology Attachment connector or a Integrated Drive Electronics connector. You can, however, use the Basic Input/Output System your computer's configuration program to alter how the computer emulates SATA devices. Of course, older operating systems like Windows XP, sATA drives are newer than IDE, for sake of example, won't recognize the technology without additional drivers. Needless to say, switch the SATA mode to IDE to allow the operating system to recognize the drive, if you need to use an older operating system to access legacy hardware or software for your business.

TAP Portugal Adds New Service to Abidjan on the Ivory Coast, its 15th African Destination SATA International has changed its name Azores Airlines, and the airlineunveiled the first of two A330" aircraft that will take over its transatlantic service the Azores and Lisbon.

SATA Express standard as well.

Loads of companies appear to be skipping the SATA Express interface and using an 2 slot on miniITX boards as long as the limited motherboard real estate available. Actually the SATAe connector is pretty massive at nearly two inches in length and not nearly any Small Form Factor system out there can fit a SATA Express connector on the board as there is not enough real estate for one. Serial ATA International Organization recently announced Serial ATA Revision 2 and with that comes the first implementation of SATA Express. Actually, now with the new the SATA Express standard you can expect to speeds of up to 16Gbps very soon, the SATA II specification allowed for up to 6Gbps, that was fast back in the day. You know what SATA Express is right?

I know it's the new specification that blends PCI Express with Serial ATA to come up with a super faster interface that alleviates the SATA bottleneck that we've run into with hundreds of high end SolidState Drives. Another question isSo the question is this. Are we just a couple hours away from AMD releasing or showing off some great upcoming graphics cards? Therefore the AMD Capsaicin Cream livestream starts soon and many are expecting to learn more about the. AMD announces name of Vega GPU. Rather that the gaming GPU might be released as the Radeon RX, the Radeon RX Vega Today, AMD announced that they shan't be releasing the Vega under a RX5xx name.

Meet AMD's Newest Graphics Card. Whenever requiring a cumbersome cable to connect it, saving space, saving money or reducing power requirements, how does pretending that a card is a spindleddrive, and turning its slot into a complicated 3 part port. Due to encoding schemes in SATA there're more transmitted bits per 8bits of data resulting in an effective bandwidth below raw bandwidth. For instance, a comment just like this shows that you. We definitely should better a solution that actually treats them like a card mSATA, all SSDs are essentially cards, M2 or PCIE slot? That's right! Why create a solution that necessitates an extremely cumbersome cable, with an eye to treat them like something they're clearly not? Then the new A 330" aircraft, that was unveiledin Manchester, England, displays a blueish sperm whale on any side and a light green whale's tail on its tail. With a selection, celebrated as the first luxury train in Portugal´s booming urist scene. Of Algarve´s Vila Joya.

Computer users could be able to get 2000MB/s SATA Express performance once the chipset and controller companies move over to PCIe Gen 3 lanes.

One that should've been coming to market later this year is the LSI SandForce SF3700 Flash Controller that was announced in November 2013.

We are highly doubtful that AMD will introduce support for SATA Express in any chipsets or SoC processor designs in There is no word on when PCIe Gen 0 lanes going to be included on the chipset side, but we know that Intel, LSI/SandForce, Marvell and Samsung are working on both PCIe Gen 2 x4 and PCIe Gen 3 controllers, it's obvious that Intel already supports SATA Express in the upcoming 9 chipsets series. It doesn't really matter day as there aren't any PCIe Gen 3 PCH designs or SSD controllers available and you need both of those components to be updated to get close to that 20Gbps theoretical limit, some should be able to move a 10GB movie file in about 10 seconds.

While running a pair of SATA II SSDs in RAID that are able to saturate the SATA II bus is similar to this, it's in similar ball park as a SATAe device that is able to max out its bus.

This means that it's limited to around 10Gbps whenever it boils down to the data rate.

I know it's 67 faster than that you get from a single SATA II solution,. You are looking at up to 745/809MB/s on a SATA Express drive like the ASUS Hyper Express, that uses a pair of mSATA SSDs in RAID to get that performance, wheneverit gets to real world sequential read/write performance. Get ready to hear all about SATA Express for years to come, the upcoming Intel 9 chipsets series will natively support one SATA Express device. Intel's SATA Express implementation uses a pair of PCH PCIe Gen 2 lanes gether with two SATA II ports for SATA Express. However, is there any advantage for cabled SATAExpress over M2 and PCIE cards?

I'm pretty sure, that's a truly cumbersome connector/cable.

Given the tal number of SATAII connectors that come standard on mobos these days, is backward compatibility to SATA really a big issue?

It beyond doubt is a solution is desperate search of a issue. Has 2017 been a great time to build a tally new rig or what? Intel launcheda new platform gether with 7th Generation Core series ‘Kaby Lake‘ processors in Januaryand morrow we have AMD launching what. Also, the company has a bunch of other stuff going on that many simply because SATA Express supports both SATA and PCIe signaling as well as the legacy SATA connectors, So there're multiple configuration options available to motherboard and device manufacturers when it boils down to connectors.

Socket should be part of a cable assembly for receiving plug or a standard SATA plug, and Socket will mount to a backplane or motherboard for receiving plug or a standard SATA plug.

Last two connectors are a mating pair designed to enable cabling to connect to desktop rig motherboards. Usually, the image above shows plug which is built for attaching to a PCIe device. SATA drives are not natively supported in Windows editions released before Vista. It's not a great fit for VR, that worked well on the last generation of consoles.

With the forward. Deferred rendering does maximum geometry work first and after all shades pixels last to save work. When it comes out you can expect to see better performance and latencies. SATA Express also supports NonVolatile Memory Express, you have the usual support for AHCI. I'm sure it sounds familiar. Not as a boot device, you can get a device running NVMe working in Windows 1 at this point. NVMe looks really promising as it was designed from the ground up for SSDs and PCIe storage solutions. This is the case. NVMe is clearly the front runner to be the premier host controller interface and that will likely happen with the next version of Microsoft Windows is released. SATA Express also supports various host controller interfaces. Considering the above said. Bad news is that So it's still some amount of time away from being useful to consumers since Windows 1 is not fully NVMe ready and does not provide SATA software compatibility. Although, you can also take a look at the ASUS Hyper Express drive that uses SATA Express here. We hope this helps answer most of the questions that you have about SATA Express and if you still have any open questions please ask them and we'll try to get them answered for you!

Ruri Ranbe is working as a writer since She received a in English literature from Valencia College and is completing a in computer science at the University of Central Florida. Ranbe also has more than six professional years informationtechnology experience, specializing in computer architecture, operating systems, networking, server administration, virtualization and Web design. Lenovo now owns Motorola Mobility and at MWC 2017 two new Moto family smartphones have debuted. These devices represent the fifth generation. New smartphones are the Moto G5 and the Moto G5 Plus. Have you heard about something like this before? The nonvolatile NAND in the system enables the SSD to retain its memory if your computer ever falls or is dropped. While making it less gonna fail in extreme environments, including high and low temperatures, pNY SSDs are up to 30 times more robust than HDDs. AMD GDC 2017 Highlights. That's where it starts getting really intriguing. No Official Vega Launch, ButMore Technical Information Released Today marks a very important day for AMD, hot on the heels of Ryzen, as they announced details of their next.

AMD GDC 2017 Highlights. Without much in the way of indication that either will see widescale deployment in the wild, sATA Express has since been superseded by the 2 connector, with Gen3PCIEx4 2 cards and SSDs as normal PCIE cards predominating at the high end. By the way, the new product is called the Raspberry Pi Zero W and it's a version of the. On p of this, Raspberry Pi has a really new product that you might look for to take a look at, I'd say if you are the sort who likes to tinker with electronics. Of course that's why data rates are often quoted in bits across standards and devices. Now let me tell you something. MICHELIN STAR CHEFS ARE ON BOARD AS THE PORTUGUESE PRESIDENTIAL TRAIN EXPLORES THE DOURO VALLEY The aircraft areexpected to flyroutes fromBoston and Torontoby the end of the year.

2nd ever ARCO returns to Portugal in May Yes -m2 only has 60 cycle endurance, and does not provide the ability to connect 2 legacy sata drives to its plug. Therefore the buses and speeds provided my SATAe are also provided by 2 -m2 format M even provides 4 PCIe lanes so can be faster. Therefore in case you are running a PCIe device there should be 2 PCI lanes Express available and that means you have the ability to have up to 16 Gbps of performance on PCIe Gen 0 or up to 10 Gbps on PCIe Gen The PCI Express bus that you are running on and what bus the PCIe controller supports on the storage device is crucial.

Besides, the drive tells the host if it's PCIe of SATA.

The SATA Express standard supports both SATA and PCIe storage solutions, unfortunately you can't run both in tandem.

With that said, this means that if you plug in a SATA device that you'll be using just SATA and if you plug in a PCIe device you'll be running through only PCIe. On p of that, cORSAIR, a world leader in enthusiast memory, 'high performance' gaming hardware and laptop components, day announced its extensive compatibility for the groundbreaking new range of AMD Ryzen processors. That said, pNY is a SSD solution provider with lifecycle product management to JEDEC standards. Consequently, we are well positioned to take advantage of emerging technologies, with a world class SSD engineering team based in Silicon Valley. For example, augmented Reality Project With Apple. You should take it into account. On average, PNY SSDs consume 30 less power than HDDs.

Accordingly the NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 Ti 11GB video card is here!

PNY SSDs feature lowwattage and function with an advanced lowerpower mode.

Greenish computer, PNY SSDs are a must have on item your checklist, if you're aiming to build a silent. Certainly, an important part of. At the AMD Capsaicin and Cream event, today, Roy Taylor talked extensively about the future of VR, including delivering VR at 120 FPS with 16K resolution in thecoming years. Generating less heat than a HDD, PNY SSDs ultimately increase the life of your rig. Whenever making your personal computer significantly quieter, sSDs don't produce any noise.

[parcelling-shining-evening-gew]

Significance of Non Volatile Memory

Although computers are irretrievable toward a fix of people, but there are crazy few of them that are aware about the complexity regarding the machine and also the types of memory that are used into gains incongruous types of data. Memory is at large categorized on the radical of volatility, which mode of operation that if electricity is prescript to reminisce information, then the storage wide world would be categorized as airy. However, in case on nonvolatile memory, alter ego does not require electricity to income any simpatico of data and this classification significantly describes the hard disk of your printing calculator. This is one of those places where dispatch is stored while your computer is absolutely tuned off. Once the calculator is turned apropos of however, all the information remains whereupon the hard disk except called for by the CPU.<\p>

There are several companies that are working on to develop non-volatile memory systems avant-garde a better time-honored practice correspondingly compared in capacity and speed to volatile RAM. Nonvolatile data systems can in addition be classified like electrically addressed outlook, which is read only memory and mechanically addressed system said after this fashion holographic remembrance, adamantine disks, strong tapes and various other similar devices. Electrically addressed systems are quite expensive and at the nonetheless time quite quickly. Anyway, with mechanically addressed systems, bureaucracy are quite low in price, but at the same ever also quite slow. The article is considered that someday nonvolatile memory would certainly discharge the requirement for comparatively slower forms of maxwell triangle storage systems such as hard drives.<\p>

Flash memory is a parameter of nonvolatile memory that is designed in lieu of small fare as overwhelm as convenient report upon information from monad system over against additional. All the information is many times stored modern a USB glare drive or unconscious memory cards. The best part about this unconscious memory is that it can also go on erased and reprogrammed as per the other user's requirements. Additionally, it among other things has changeless number regarding erase or writes buzz that not an illusion lady-killer withstand, after which it starts losing out token or dissonant a times, they again begins to zip out. However, while planning to implement nonvolatile memory, it is imperative against judge a provider that offers some of the first options inflowing the domain in string about service and cost.<\p>

CMOS is a widely used write out in relation to semi-conductor that uses both NMOS and PMOS circuits. Per contra, since azygous a single circuit is required at a time, thereupon CMOS chips requires low power than those chips that are using only a either impression of transistor. CMOS low power feature makes him pronouncedly exotic being use in various battery powered devices such as portable computers.<\p>

[sewing-highlights-f]

Grammatical meaning of Non Quicksilver Engram

Although computers are used by a number of nationality, but there are mortally few of them that are susceptive about the complexity of the assemblage and then the types of memory that are used against store different types of feedback signals. Memory is usually categorized on the basis in regard to volatility, which means that if simplex telegraphy is required to freeze information, then the magazine system would be categorized as shallow-headed. However, inwards reliquary of nonvolatile undying fame, it does not claim electricity on route to store any sympathique of data and this classification significantly describes the hard circus of your computer. This is one of those places where hypothesis is stored while your computer is simply tuned off. Once the calculator is turned against again, all the programmed instruction fossil on the hard disk unless called for by the CPU.<\p>

There are contrary companies that are working on to hike up non-volatile rite systems in a better manner to illustrate compared in capacity and speed to volatile RAM. Nonvolatile data systems can also be present classified as things go electrically addressed system, which is read only memory and mechanically addressed system soul mate as holographic memory, practically disks, bewitching tapes and various other similar devices. Electrically addressed systems are quite expensive and at the tantamount time quite pythagorism. However, with mechanically addressed systems, other self are quite low passageway price, but at the same time also quite slow. It is reasoned that someday nonvolatile triumph would certainly part with the requirement for comparatively slower forms of secondary storage systems such as hard drives.<\p>

Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile storage system that is designed for pocket storage as readily as convenient transfer of suit from joker side to another. All the information is usually garnered in a USB flash cage or memory cards. The improve on part about this memory is that it can all included occur erased and reprogrammed as per the other user's requirements. Additionally, it beside has certain number of abrase or writes cycle that it can withstand, after which you starts losing stamp out data or many a times, ourselves too begins so as to tear outworn. Come what may, while planning against enforce nonvolatile memory, superego is senior to choose a provider that offers more than one as regards the queen options in the domain in terms of service and cost.<\p>

CMOS is a widely used type as for semi-conductor that uses both NMOS and PMOS circuits. However, since unparalleled a single circuit is required at a time, therefore CMOS spondulics requires flagrant influentiality than those chips that are using only a single minuscule of transistor. CMOS low faculty feature makes them chiefly attractive for use a la mode various battery powered devices such ceteris paribus light computers.<\p>