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The Ambiguous Political Relationship Between Lazare Carnot and Félix Le Peletier
On the surface, and even at a deeper ideological level, a lot divides these two men. Félix Le Peletier became one of the most well-known republican opponents of the Directoire period (among the famous opponents of this period are Bernard Metge, Xavier Audouin, Antonelle, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Gracchus Babeuf, Victor Bach, although some of them were not aligned on the same ideals—for example, Metge was a liberal follower of the Constitution of Year III and anti-Babouvist), whereas Lazare Carnot was one of the most important members of the Directoire. Carnot was much more conservative on many points compared to Félix Le Peletier. However, their relationship is far more complex than simply being sworn enemies.
Here is an excerpt from their complex relationship: "In early November 1795, upon Carnot's recommendation, Félix Le Peletier was offered a position as a commissioner of the Directoire in the department of Seine-et-Oise. He rejected it with surprising virulence, informing Carnot that he regarded him as a tyrant and would continue to work to overthrow him. Carnot-Feulins, in his Histoire du Directoire, asserts, however, that Félix Le Peletier and his brother had close relations and frequently conversed. In 1796, when the Conjuration des Égaux was suppressed, Carnot led the operation. Yet, Félix Le Peletier escaped the police. Was this with Carnot's complicity? It seems hard to believe, especially since an archival document suggests that he narrowly escaped a police dragnet because he was detained in a café on Rue des Deux-Écus with a soldier. However, when in May 1796, he dared to publish his Second Reflections on the Present Moment, a strong indictment in favor of equality and common happiness, it is certain that he benefited from effective protection. At the same time, an arrest warrant signed by Carnot was issued for Félix Le Peletier, 'accused of conspiracy against the internal and external security of the Republic.' Despite this, Félix Le Peletier acted quite freely in Paris and Versailles. Was Carnot playing a double game? One might assume so. There is testimony to support this. A passage from the Mémoires sur Carnot by his son claims that during the Grenelle uprising, Carnot warned Félix Le Peletier the very morning that the police were about to intervene. Félix Le Peletier supposedly shared this warning with several others. Finally, the close ties between Carnot and Félix Le Peletier are evident during the Hundred Days. Carnot was appointed Minister of the Interior. On his recommendation, Félix Le Peletier was appointed commissioner of the Empire in the department of Seine-Inférieure, where he lived. Elected to the Chamber of Representatives after the May 1815 legislative elections, he went to Paris and was offered the Legion of Honor by Carnot, which he refused."
What is strange is that Félix Le Peletier never forgot that Carnot was responsible for the death of his friend Gracchus Babeuf (whom he was very close to). I believe that while Félix Le Peletier was a staunch activist, he did not believe in the death of a republican martyr and was prepared to continue living and fighting without abandoning his friends. After all, Félix Le Peletier accepted help from his childhood friend Saint-Jean d’Angely when he was persecuted by Bonaparte and nearly deported. So, he might have accepted help from Carnot as well, even though his friend Gracchus Babeuf had been condemned to death, for in any case, Félix could have done nothing.
What I personally find intriguing is Carnot's attitude. I mean, he clearly saw that Félix was not a real threat and decided to protect him. That is to his credit. Yet, he led a repression against the Babouvists, including Félix Le Peletier's friends. I get the impression that Carnot overestimated the "danger" posed by Gracchus and his Babouvist associates compared to other elements under the Directoire regime, and that’s why Carnot acted this way.
Perhaps this is one of the reasons why Gracchus (and Buonarotti) spared Carnot from most of the criticism, while he was virulent against Cochon, the Minister of Police, and Grisel, despite the terrible ordeals Gracchus endured, such as being transported in a metal cage from Paris to Vendôme. The reason may be that Carnot at least protected some of his friends, in addition to other reasons I’ve mentioned here. Indeed, in the last letter Gracchus sent to his friend Félix, he told him that he knew Félix would be spared, even though Gracchus was to be executed, as you can see here.
But the fact that Carnot wanted to recruit Félix Le Peletier offers a plausible explanation for why Émile Babeuf might have worked for Carnot, specifically on a mission during the Hundred Days, as shown here. Indeed, Émile Babeuf, like Félix Le Peletier, aligned with Bonaparte during the Hundred Days. Now, we know that Félix Le Peletier was a protector of the Babeuf family and very close to them (he considered them as a family, and vice versa, not to mention their shared political views on several points). So it’s likely that if Carnot wanted Félix Le Peletier to work for him, Félix could have served as an intermediary for Émile Babeuf to send a letter to Lazare Carnot. This now makes more sense to me, considering what happened between Carnot and Gracchus Babeuf.
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Have you ever stopped and wondered why we call the majestic sounding instrument with the winding pipes an 'organ'? Not only is this organ a staple of orchestral scores and hymns in churches, but its sound has had an incredible impact on music for centuries. Its ability to create soaring melodies or sad dirges depending on how it's played provides us with a very unique experience that evokes different emotions when heard. But what inspired its name? What made someone coin the term “organ” to describe this wonderful musical instrument? In this post, we will explore the history of organ music- from its origin stories to today’s modern technology in order to answer these questions and discover how it got its iconic name! Introducing Organ Music If you are a fan of classical music, then chances are you have heard the wondrous sound of an organ at some point in your life. This majestic instrument has a rich history and fascinating origins that date back centuries. Perhaps you have wondered about how it came to be or why it is still so popular today. The story of organ music is both awe-inspiring and captivating. From ancient Greece and Rome to medieval Europe, it has played a part in many important moments throughout history. If you are curious to learn more about this fascinating topic, read on! The Role of the Pipe Organ in Early Music When we think of early music, many of us might immediately picture grand and ornate cathedrals filled with the powerful sound of a pipe organ. This instrument played a pivotal role in this era, providing the musical backdrop for religious services and other important events. Despite being hundreds of years old, the pipe organ remains one of the most fascinating instruments of all time, with its intricate mechanics and beautiful sounds. With its ability to produce a wide range of tones, from deep and rich to clear and piercing, it's easy to see why the pipe organ became a cornerstone of early music. From Bach to Handel, many of the greatest composers in history have incorporated the pipe organ into their works, leaving us with a rich legacy of music that continues to inspire and captivate us today. How the Use of Organs Changed Over Time Throughout history, the use of organs has changed dramatically. What was once an instrument used solely for worship in churches has morphed into something so much more. In the early days of organ playing, it was considered a very prestigious skill, with only the most talented musicians being asked to play. Over time, however, organs have become much more accessible to the general public, and their role has expanded beyond just religious settings. Nowadays, we see organs being played in a huge variety of different venues everything from weddings to concerts to sporting events. It’s amazing to see how this instrument has evolved, and it’s exciting to think about what new uses we might discover for it in the future. How Modern-Day Organs Differ from Their Predecessors Over time, we've seen incredible improvements in modern medicine, with technological advancements making it possible to cure illnesses that would have been impossible to cure in the past. One area where this is especially true is organ transplantation. Today, we have access to an impressive range of organs that differ from their predecessors in so many ways. One way in which modern-day organs differ is that they come with a lower risk of rejection, thanks to improved immunosuppressive therapies. This has been a game-changer for people in need of organs, offering them a better quality of life following surgery. Another area of improvement is in organ preservation. Organs can now be kept in perfect condition for longer periods of time, making it even easier for hospitals to find the right match for a patient. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, we can only expect our organs to get even better and more advanced, offering even more hope to those in need.
How Digital Technology is Changing the Landscape of Organ Music Ah, the majestic sounds of the organ! For centuries, its deep resonant tones have been an essential part of church services, concerts, and even ominous movie soundtracks. But did you know that the organ is also undergoing a digital revolution? Digital technology is creating a whole new world of possibilities for organ music, from advanced sound generation to interactive performance tools. Imagine an organ that can imitate the sounds of a full orchestra, or one that allows you to create your own unique tones with the touch of a button. With digital technology, the possibilities are endless, and the future of organ music looks brighter than ever. The Future of Organ Music The future of organ music is a fascinating topic, with endless possibilities and exciting trends. As technology continues to evolve at lightning speed, new techniques, and tools are emerging that will revolutionize the way we experience this timeless instrument. From advanced sound systems to more sophisticated software, the potential for creativity and innovation is truly boundless. At the same time, there is a growing appreciation for traditional styles and historical techniques, which are being preserved and reimagined by a new generation of organists. Whether you're a die-hard fan or simply curious about the future of music, there has never been a more exciting time to explore the world of organ music. Conclusion: From its roots in the ancient worlds of Greece and Rome to its integral place in religious and classical music for centuries, to its emergence as a new form of digital audio, organ music has experienced a diverse journey through time. Whether it’s being used in a large Gothic cathedral or a small home studio, the power of this instrument remains undeniable. As contemporary society moves towards embracing new technologies and digital instruments, there is no doubt that the organ will continue to evolve. Even if it may not be at the forefront of popular music like it once was, the spirit and history behind this iconic instrument will always remain. Despite the years that pass by, one thing is certain: The classic sound of an organ will live on forever! FAQS: How do I play the organ? You can start by familiarizing yourself with the basics of organ music, such as what notes make up a chord and how to read sheet music. From there, you can explore different playing techniques, like alternating between two hands or using foot pedals for additional notes. Lastly, don’t forget to have fun experimenting with various sounds and styles. With practice, you’ll be able to perfect your own unique approach to the instrument. What is the difference between a pipe organ and an electronic organ? A pipe organ produces sound through air-powered pipes, while an electronic organ uses electrical circuitry to generate tones and sounds. While the pipe organ is traditionally known for its ability to produce a large range of tones and dynamics, electronic organs can provide more versatility in sound design and are often more affordable. What type of music do people typically play on an organ? Organ music is often associated with religious services and classical recitals, but the instrument has been used to play a variety of genres over the years. It can be heard in jazz, blues, rock, pop, and even hip-hop music. No matter what kind of music you’re into, there is sure to be an organ sound that will fit your taste. What are some tips for taking care of my organ? Make sure to regularly clean the keys and keep the instrument in a dry, dust-free environment. If you’re storing an electronic organ for a long period of time, be sure to unplug it and store it away from direct sunlight or other sources of heat. Additionally, ensure that all cords and cables are secure before playing to avoid any potential hazards. Taking proper
care of your organ will prolong the instrument’s life and help it maintain its beautiful sound.
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My review of 2019
January:
So I recently graduated from community college in the previous December, and I started university at HT with a scholarship for piano performance. Honestly I thought going to a HBCU was going to be weird, but turns out I’m not much of an outcast. It was a nice transition to a new setting and new people and a breath of fresh air! It was amazing having a practice room to myself and the mental thought of “getting to know my music” became a reality although my first piano lesson with my new professor was strange. His impression of me was way different than what I thought. Although he is a outstanding teacher, he might have overthought what I was capable of.... him assigning me my pieces and they consisted of Bach French suite No. 5 in G Major, Mozart sonata K.332 in F Major, Chopin Nocturne in D-flat Major, Chopin Scherzo No.2 in b-flat minor, and the most memorable piece IMHO Ravel’s Une Barque Sur L’Ocean from Miroirs.
February:
So still settling into a new university and meeting new people (although I just stayed in the music building bc that’s where all my classes were) it was Black History Month. Being apart of the choir at school and the only ensemble they offered, we were pretty busy with a lot of performances BUT it was enlightening too. Everyone has been so welcoming and coming from a background in classical music I’ve been introduced to Gospel music not only for voice, but piano. From accompanying spirituals to gospel it really has opened my eyes that music doesn’t have to be so strict. It is a way of expressing emotions and from then on I took my repertoire more seriously in the sense each piece had its own “character.”
March:
This month is a crucial one, not only did I find my “clique” at school, but they only consisted of two people. Ant and KayP. Not going to use their names but these two were the only two that understood who I was and I understood who they were. We might have drifted a little bit since one has graduated but in the mean time, during these few months, have been my shoulder to cry on. They were very talented vocalist who taught me a lot in the sense of accompanying and vice versa. Since our school is small, our “accompanist” was my piano teacher, so every rehearsal was around his schedule, until I came into the picture. They really pushed me to get out of my comfort zone and really get me to where I need to be. During this time, I was still working retail and I have a true appreciation for those who commit full time to retail because lemme tell y’all. That shit is a lot of work. Especially around holidays. Balancing out school and work was a struggle, but I managed through especially when I don’t have a piano at home. I have to go to school to practice and with retail, all my extra time would be working.
April:
By this time, everyone is stressing because of finals, but luckily since I grabbed an associates degree from COmmunity college, I didn’t have to take my core classes and cry. Music classes were all my focuses were on especially performance. I had a few performances in between for our seminar where we perform in front of all the music students, and for me, being a pianist, I didn’t have to rely on my teacher for rehearsals and accompanying. I just focused on me and this got me ready for our benefit concert that I was honored to be a part of. KayP being the current Miss HBCU and queen of the school, decided to raise money for students of troubled pasts who have really turned their lives around in college and made a great GPA would be rewarded with scholarship money that we raised. I was the one who got to close the whole show out and it truly was an amazing experience. Being able to perform for a great cause is always heart warming and I will cherish that moment forever.
May:
So the semester comes to an end and I have juries (where we perform our pieces in front of the faculty and get graded ) what I did not know is that since our school is so small, they invite and pay other professors from the biggest university next to us UT Austin and have them come sit and grade us as well. That to me was a shock moment, because coming from a university in a small town before we had enough people and knew everyone. Community college DIDNT have juries for piano which was odd, but this was a perfect opportunity to really put my hard work into good use. After juries, I did splendid with a few mistakes that I was able to recover from, and lemme tell y’all. No performance is perfect. And I have accepted that. My piano teacher hooked me up with one of his good friends who owns and directs her own music school and I became a piano teacher there. Oddly, I’m the youngest teacher there with no doctoral degree and am working on a BA still..... but none the less, this transition really opened my eyes.
June:
School is finally out, and I reduced my retail job to just Saturday. I finally got my reputation as a teacher at my new job and gained students rather quickly to where I was almost booked up Monday through Friday. With little to no teaching experience it was a trial and error process. I was taking over a studio of a former teacher who had visa issues. So all his students were a tad skeptical with me more so their parents. But after observing lessons and learning their names it was only a matter of time that I was teaching them and really became someone they look up to. It started off rocky because I wasn’t used to a build your own schedule, from what I’ve experienced with teaching at a music school is that someone does the schedule for you. Not in this case, so having to communicate and try to accommodate every students schedule was a tough start, but once I got used to it, the ride was easy from there. Unfortunately, most students were gone on vacation so I had to work with only a few who stayed in town and accommodate those who were in town for that week. That aside, my communication improved after constantly talking with parents 24/7.
July:
This is where life gets exciting. My boyfriend had surprised me with tickets to go to Chicago. I would go back because the city is amazing and food is delicious and it’s easy to get around in Chicago. It was a nice break from work and really helped me bond with my partner. During this time we had two cats. One names Roger and the other Gladys. So a little back story, when I moved in with my partner, his cats basically adopted me. Gladys was a daddy’s girl and kept to Todd mostly but she was very seeet with me and made adorable monkey noises when you picked her up and cuddled with her. She was diagnosed with cancer and the year before that we made the decision to remove her tumor and hope that she would live a healthy life. Well this is where the tumor came back full force and in Chicago, I was a wreck because I felt bad enjoying my time away and leaving her at home. My partner (who is the mature one in our relationship) had a sit down with me about what to do with her and I lost it. He didn’t want to put her down either, but it was for the best. We agreed to keep her comfortable until we knew it was time. Before the month ends tho, we are back home and my sisters boyfriend sends me a text saying he is serious about her and wants to marry her. The retail I work for is a jewelry store and he had asked me to help pick out a diamond for my sister since he knew what she wanted. So this was the good news. We find the diamond, and have it set in her favorite setting and my boyfriend who is full of surprises gets me a ticket to visit her in LA.
August:
So my birthday month is here, and I fly out to LA to deliver the ring to my now sisters fiancé and they fly out to Italy and he does the deed and she says yes. Happy note. But as school starts back up for the new semester, my partner had a issue to where he would be in a state to where he couldn’t move much due to a unusual circumstance. And before that we decided to put Gladys down. It was a tough decision but we gave her the best life we could ever had hoped for her and I was emotionally drained from everything. Having to keep a positive attitude for my students and going to school and being an adult in general. The only way I got thru this period is from my best friend and coworker who knows what it’s like to go through life and it’s always better to have an open mind and ear to talk to. I call her my mamma because she’s like a mother figure to me but also a amazing friend. Without her, I probably wouldn’t have been mentally there at all for anyone. In the time of summer until now I haven’t had a chance to practice because I forgot to mention that i had a Jr recital coming up which is why my repertoire was so big.
September:
After everything passed and I’m in a better mental state, I proceed to my schedule of school and work and find a time to practice in between. What’s great about this month is that since the semester just started, I had plenty of time to catch up on my practice and really get my lessons to become productive in shaping and understanding different musical styles. My partner is all better and life is great because I was in the best part of my life. Doing well in school, amazing texting job, and a best friend who is there for me and most importantly my partner. He’s been my rock since we first met and I can always rely on him and vice versa. He understood that with my free day off that I needed to spend it practicing and told me to go for it and be as productive as I can. I honestly wasn’t used to that kind of support but I am grateful.
October:
This is where reality hits and my recital is next month. I get very crazy about everything. I had all my music learned but because of my indecisiveness, I kept changing how I shaped everything and my mind goes blank. Probably a dark time for me because I didn’t know how to handle this kind of stress. I’ve put on hour long recitals before and the only thing different this time is that I’m getting graded and want to make such a great impression to further my education to a dictator degree. The dress was eating me alive and on top of that, one of my students decided he wants to enter in a competition and I say why not. Let’s do it. Getting him ready for that and keeping my sanity was hard to do but I managed. He did well, but not well enough to get a medal but his parents were very impressed with how quickly he progressed with me. That’s always a plus, right?
November:
The month has come for me to have my big recital and I invited all my friends and coworkers and they all made it. I was truly nervous but if you don’t get nervous, are you even human? It turned out wonderful although the first piece (Bach French suite) was shaky, I had to tell my self that I was having fun and everyone here is here to support me and want me to do well. That little talk was a confidence booster and ended the recital flawlessly. After my recital, my job has their student recitals so my focus was all on my students doing the best they can and having fun. This month was fun because I was selected to do masterclasses for piano students through out my job and it was very enlightening to see how talented the new generation of musicians are! Only positive comments because I couldn’t honestly find anything wrong with any of the students performances and their teachers are amazing.
December:
So getting all my students ready for their recital was a big time investment but totally worth it because they all performed so well and I honestly cried bc I felt like a proud parent LOL. But after that was time for the semester to end up and one class was making me go crazy. Everything ended well and I had ALL A’s and one B but I know what to expect for next semester and everything will be great. Honestly this year has me all sorts of fucked up with emotions and I proved to myself that when I stay committed, I can really achieve what I want. This year was a great year for me and a way to end a decade because when 2020 starts, I know what I need to do and where I need to be.
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Yuja Wang at Symphony Center

I’m trying to recall when I first encountered the playing of Yuja Wang. Quite possibly, it was the YouTube video of a ten-year-old girl, ripping through the Toccata by Francis Poulenc. Seeing a child tear up a piano piece that used to be a favorite of Vladimir Horowitz was sobering indeed. I think I posted the video on Facebook in amazement, and a friend commented, “Of course - it’s Yuja Wang!” At that point, I had no idea who she was.
Now, having recently turned 33, she has an astonishing track record behind her, having played some of the most difficult piano music in the repertoire, and made it look relatively simple. A few years ago, I bought my partner a ticket to hear her perform the Prokofiev Third Piano Concerto with the CSO, and it was an absolutely thrilling performance. Since then, we’ve said her name with awe and respect. Wang has gained a reputation for performing in spiked heels and platform shoes, and in glamorous, revealing gowns. While her clothes for this recital left her well-covered, there were so many sparkles on the dress she wore in the first half that you practically needed sunglasses to watch her.
Her solo recital in Chicago on February 16 was filled with surprises. A note tucked into the program cautioned that “the order of the works performed during this afternoon’s recital is at the discretion of the artist and may not match the order listed in your program.” No indeed, it did not, and I pity the listeners unfamiliar with the works included, who may have been struggling to figure out what the heck Yuja was playing at any given moment. I knew we were in for some fun when she chose to open the program with Scriabin’s Sonata #4, which was supposed to open the 2nd half of the program. Not too many pianists would start with something that wild. Ravel’s Une barque sur l’ocean, which followed, was all watery flow and shimmer. After that came Berg’s Sonata, Op.1, a work that I have heard many times before, but which had always seemed sort of clumsy and unsuccessful to me. Clearly, the music needed an advocate like Wang to render it transparent and lyrical, evocative of the Scriabin that had preceded it. Following that with Bach’s Toccata in C minor brought a note of Innigkeit to the music it would have lacked if we’d heard it before the Berg.

Changing to a bright yellow gown for the 2nd half, she finally got around to the Andante in C from Galuppi’s Sonata #5. It felt tender and gentle, and set the tone for a series of pairs of Chopin and Brahms pieces. The Mazurka in A minor was followed by the Intermezzo in E minor, Op. 119 #2, the Mazurka in C# minor and then the Intermezzo in C# minor, Op. 117, #3, and then the Chopin Mazurka in F major, and the Romance in F Major from Op. 118. These were some of Wang’s best performances. She played the difficult music with ease, which allowed her to bring out the warmth and expressive richness of the pieces.
Following all that Romantic lyricism, Wang tore into one of the most difficult piano pieces ever written, the Sonata #5 of Scriabin. She really caught both the flash and the languor of this work, playing all the mood-swingy changes for all they were worth. I thought she’d surely end there, but she followed it with the Secreto from Mompou’s Impressions intense, a work that was simplicity itself. What a lovely way to mark the end of the program. But, of course, the audience wasn’t about to call it a day. There was a lot of standing and cheering and clapping, rewarded with two encores: the “Carmen” Fantasy of Vladimir Horowitz, and Franz Liszt’s transcription of Schubert’s Gretchen am Spinnerad. Now that’s the way to end a program!
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Les effets de la musique en fonction de ses genres
Chant grégorien : basé sur les rythmes de la respiration, il donne une impression d’espace. Excellent pour travailler, se concentrer, méditer, il atténue le stress.
Baroque : les mouvements lents de Bach, Haendel ou bien Corelli donnent une sensation de stabilité, d’ordre, de sécurité et créent un environnement stimulant pour les travaux intellectuels.
Classique : la transparence et la clarté de compositeurs tels que Haydn ou Mozart améliorent la concentration, la mémoire et la perception spatiale.
Romantique : c’est la musique la plus chargée émotionnellement (Chopin, Liszt, Wagner) car elle recouvre toute la gamme des sentiments, de la plus grande tristesse à l’exaltation mystique.
Jazz, blues : les multiples formes « classiques » du jazz peuvent évoquer, comme la musique romantique, toutes les émotions humaines, mais elles ont un impact plus tonifiant sur l’organisme.
Rock : certaines formes « classiques » du rock stimulent les passions, d’autres relâchent les tensions intérieures. C’est la musique dont les effets divergent le plus d’une personne à l’autre.
Heavy metal, punk, grunge : Ces musiques, généralement écoutées très fort, affectent directement le système nerveux en sollicitant de manière excessive les tympans et les nerfs auditifs. D’où des réactions physiologiques immédiates telles que l’augmentation des battements cardiaques, de la respiration, de la tension, etc.
Techno : Cette musique de synthèse (non acoustique) exempte de mélodie, la pulsation est construite sur les battements cardiaques et conduit à une homogénéisation collective. Contraint à s’adapter, l’organisme est conduit dans un état de transe, dans une version technologique des rituels de possession.
Sacrée : orientales, occidentales traditionnelles ou modernes, toutes les musiques sacrées ont la particularité de distendre le temps et l’espace et de faire passer le cerveau en « ondes alpha ». C’est pourquoi elles sont propices non seulement à l’éveil spirituel mais aussi à la relaxation et à la réduction des douleurs.
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I love vinyle #771 J.S. Bach - Oratorio de Noël - Harnoncourt, Version 1, 1973, de Bach à Tunström

Petite contribution au maintien en vie de nos disquaires préférés... Celui-là vient du CrocoJazz, 64 Rue de la Montagne Sainte Geneviève, 75005 Paris. J36 J.S. Bach - Oratorio de Noël - Harnoncourt, Version 1, 1973 de Bach à Tunström
L'occasion faisant le larron, je me réécoute ce soir l'Oratorio de Noël de Bach. Superbe coffret Teldec, Telefunken 3LP accompagné de la partition. Payé une petite fortune : 2€. (C'est pas comme ça que je vais sauver CrocoJazz, mais j'aurais essayé...)
« Jauchzet, frohlocket, auf preiset die Tage » « Jubilez, chantez d'allégresse ! Louez ces jours merveilleux ! » (C'est d'actualité, non ?)
Le Chœur n°1 :
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Merveilleuse sinfonia introduisant la seconde partie :
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L’ œuvre emprunte du matériel à diverses cantates profanes antérieures. Très belle interprétation d'Harnoncourt, qui signe aussi de longs textes sur les difficultés de l’interprétation et de l’articulation. Récitatifs, chœurs er airs (quasi tous merveilleux) s’enchaînent dans une grande homogénéité sans qu”on sente le « collage. » J'ai toujours un problème avec les chœurs ou les airs chantés par des enfants, même si ça fait authentique. Heureusement, ils ne sont pas nombreux. (Le chef a abandonné cette pratique pour son enregistrement de 2007.) Pour ceux que ça intéressent, ma version préférée de l'Oratorio reste celle de Philippe Herreweghe, 1989. (VIRGIN) En CD uniquement. (Version alternative : Ton Koopman, 1996.) -----------------------------------------------------

Je croise ça avec le souvenir d'un roman de Göran Tunström du même nom.
Un chef d'orchestre revient dans la ville de son enfance pour y diriger l'Oratorio de Noël de Bach. C'est l'occasion d'un retour sur son passé familial. J'ai un souvenir un peu confus des détails juste que la construction foisonnante pouvait déconcerter, mais ce livre m'a laissé une forte et très bonne impression. (Car j'avais enchaîné avec Le buveur de lune.) Ces romans sont ressortis dans la collection Thesaurus d'Actes Sud, avec le titre Oeuvres Romanesques 1, il n'y a jamais eu de tome 2 ! Mort en 2000, Tunström laisse semble-t-il une oeuvre considérable très partiellement traduite. 6 romans non traduits, 10 recueils de poésie, un roman posthume, etc. L'oratorio a été adapté au cinéma en 1996 par Kjell-Åke Andersson.
« OK. Il s'agit donc d'une musique utilitaire composée pour la Noël 1734. Jean-Sébastien utilise la parodie : musique profane pour des textes sacrés. (...) Ecoutez maintenant ! Et de ma poche je sortis un petit magnétophone à cassettes. - Jauchzet, frohlocket... les trompettes... Je tournai le magnétophone face au chœur, le balançai en rythme, commençai à diriger Concentus Musicus en cherchant à évincer Harnoncourt, regardai le chœur tout en piétinant les bandes rouges de mon écharpe :
– Le chœur... wiener den höchsten... un thème qui tombe, doucement, la même émotion que dans le profane. Schweitzer, Albert, je veux dire, nous dit cependant au début du siècle que ces chœurs-là conviennent mieux au but sacré, mais que les airs par contre... pschhh ! Emotion typique, le thème arrive... remarquez la hiérarchie dans les instruments, timbales, trompettes, jubilation ! Jubilation, mes amis, pam, pam, pam. Bon, à nous, maintenant, un deux...
Jauchzet, frohlocket, auf preiset die Tage ! Rühmet, was heute der Höchste ge-than ! »
« Mais lire, c’était possible. Ouvrir un gros livre et s’enfoncer dedans! la jungle sur une page, un fleuve impétueux de l’autre côté. Personne ne peut vous atteindre sur l’étroite corniche entre le Point et la Lettre Majuscule. Comme un cloporte il peut se glisser entre le papier et le mot, rester immobile, parfois jeter un coup d'oeil un peu plus loin. Il peut chatouiller le dos des mots et lui seul les entendre rire. Il peut errer dans la forêt des mots où les jeux de lumière sont si beaux et, à chaque tournant du texte, découvrir du nouveau : des mots comme des arcades, comme des feuillages d'arbres, comme des corps ou des flammes. D'étranges animaux circulent, poussant des cris qui lui sont inconnus. Il y a là des villes secrètes, des villages, de curieuses embarcations et des gens qui discutent en un tas de langages. » Göran Tunström, L'Oratorio de Noël, Actes Sud.
L' œuvre entière :
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« Chassez vos craintes, cessez vos plaintes, Entonnez votre chant plein de joie et d'allègresse ! »
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"IL Y A DES AMITIÈS FOUDROYANTES QUI FONDENT LES ÂMES D'UN SEUL ÉCLAIR." (LAMARTINE)
UNE IDÉE MUSICALE : TELEMANN: «Musique de table» Sinfonia «Conclusion» in E minor TWV 50:5 https://youtu.be/0DKRHAk7xvU Contemporain de Bach, Telemann est l’un des compositeurs allemands les plus célèbres de son époque notamment par sa production atteignant les 6000 œuvres. Il marque par son goût de la nouveauté la transition entre l’âge baroque et la période classique.
UN PEU DE LITTÉRATURE
(...) Quand je sens qu'un soupir de mon âme oppressée Pourrait créer un monde en son brûlant essor, Que ma vie userait le temps, que ma pensée En remplissant le ciel déborderait encor !
Jéhova ! Jéhova ! ton nom seul me soulage ! Il est le seul écho qui réponde à mon coeur ! Ou plutôt ces élans, ces transports, sans langage, Sont eux-mêmes un écho de ta propre grandeur !
Tu ne dors pas souvent dans mon sein, nom sublime ! Tu ne dors pas souvent sur mes lèvres de feu : Mais chaque impression t'y trouve et t'y ranime, Et le cri de mon âme est toujours toi, mon Dieu !
Alphonse de Lamartine. - Le cri de l'âme -
UNE PEINTURE - "La famille de Monseigneur, dit le Grand Dauphin", 1692 Pierre Mignard (1612-1695)
A Paris, Mignard devient la coqueluche des grandes dames du Royaume pour ses talents de portraitiste. Il réalise également des compositions de grandes tailles, notamment au Château de Versailles. En 1687, c'est la consécration : l'artiste est anobli par le roi puis nommé premier peintre à la mort de son prédécesseur : Le Brun. Il sera par la suite promu directeur de l'Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture. .
Pierre Mignard, considéré comme l'un des plus célèbres peintres classiques français, meurt à Paris le 30 mai 1695, laissant derrière lui une oeuvre exceptionnelle dans laquelle figurent entre autres les portraits des personnalités de toute une époque (Molière, Bossuet, Madame de Sévigné...).
https://culturejai.fr/
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Peter Serkin, 72, Dies; Pianist With Pedigree Who Forged a New Path
Peter Serkin, a pianist admired for his insightful interpretations, technically pristine performances and tenacious commitment to contemporary music, died on Saturday morning at his home in Red Hook, N.Y., in Dutchess County, near the campus of Bard College, where he was on the faculty. He was 72.
His death, from pancreatic cancer, was announced by his family.
Mr. Serkin was descended from storied musical lineages on both sides of his family. His father was the eminent pianist Rudolf Serkin; his maternal grandfather was the influential conductor and violinist Adolf Busch, whose musical forebears went back generations.
By 12, Peter Serkin was performing prominently in public, and he soon seemed poised to continue the legacy of his father, who was known for authoritative accounts of the central European repertory.
His first two recordings, made for the RCA label when he was 18, confirmed this impression. One was a buoyant, lucid and probing account of Bach’s “Goldberg” Variations that many critics compared favorably to Glenn Gould’s influential version; the other was a glowing, preternaturally mature account of Schubert’s spacious late Sonata in G, Op. 78.
Yet, though he was proud of his heritage, Mr. Serkin found it a burden. Like many who came of age in the 1960s, he questioned the establishment, both in society at large and within classical music. He resisted a traditional career trajectory and at 21 stopped performing, going for months without even playing the piano.
He traveled to India, touching down in Nepal and Thailand, and lived for a while in Mexico with his wife at the time, Wendy Spinner, and their baby daughter.
Recalling those years in a 1987 interview with The Boston Globe, Mr. Serkin said that back then performing was often “a painful ordeal” for him, and that he could not bear all “that harping by musicians and critics on how you play, as if that’s the central issue.”
This pressure was compounded, he added, by the fact that his family “took music so seriously, in the Old World sense of being a kind of religion,” and maintained “such identification with our being musicians” that it was necessary “for me to just drop that.”
By challenging his legacy, he sought to claim it on his own terms, and contemporary music became central to his artistic identity. Yet Mr. Serkin disliked being called a “champion” of contemporary music, as if the music of his own time occupied some different realm and required expert advocates.
Throughout his career, he presented recital programs that juxtaposed the old and the new: 12-tone scores and Mozart sonatas; thorny pieces by the mid-20th-century German composer Stefan Wolpe and polyphonic works from the Renaissance. Admirers of his playing appreciated how he drew out allusions to music’s past in contemporary scores, while conveying the radical elements of old music.
He played almost all the piano works of Schoenberg, Stravinsky and Wolpe. He also introduced dozens of pieces, including major works and concertos, written for him by composers like Toru Takemitsu, Charles Wuorinen and, especially, his childhood friend Peter Lieberson.
Reviewing Mr. Serkin’s 1985 recording of Mr. Lieberson’s Piano Concerto No. 1, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Seiji Ozawa, the critic Tim Page wrote in The New York Times that Mr. Serkin seemed to him “America’s pre-eminent young pianist — his intelligence and perceptivity invariably take the listener to the heart of the music.”
Peter Adolf Serkin (his middle name was in honor of his grandfather) was born in Manhattan on July 24, 1947, the fifth of seven children of Rudolf Serkin and Irene Busch Serkin. (A daughter died in infancy.) During his childhood he mostly lived on his parents’ farm in Guilford, Vt., not far from Marlboro College, the site of the summer Marlboro Music Festival, founded by a group of artists including Rudolf Serkin and his grandfather Adolf Busch.
Irene Serkin, like her father, played the violin, which was young Peter’s first instrument. But he was drawn more to the piano.
Nevertheless, Rudolf Serkin acknowledged that he had not given his son much encouragement early on. “I doubted he was talented,” he said in a 1980 New York Times Magazine profile of his son. “He was so full of tension when he played; I didn’t realize that was his real gift.” He said that having been compelled by his own father to be a musician, he “was reluctant to push Peter.”
At 11, Peter Serkin enrolled at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, where his father was teaching. (Rudolf Serkin later became the institute’s director.) There he studied with the master Polish-born pianist Mieczyslaw Horszowski, who became a major influence, as well as the American virtuoso Lee Luvisi and his father.
After graduating at 18, Mr. Serkin took an apartment in New York, avidly listened to recordings by Frank Zappa and the Grateful Dead, and explored Buddhist and Hindu spiritual teachings. He found the pressure of playing in public, and simply of being a Serkin, almost crippling.
“Up until then I was playing concerts largely out of compulsion, and not much new music,” he said in a 1973 New York Times interview. “I had just fallen into it without ever deciding for myself that it was what I wanted to do.”
After his time off and restorative travels, he resumed performing with renewed satisfaction. That he had found the right balance was suggested by the success of two three-LP albums, both recorded in 1973, when he turned 26, both of which earned Grammy Award nominations.
The first offered Mozart’s Piano Concerto Nos. 14-19, with Alexander Schneider conducting the English Chamber Orchestra. The performance splendidly balanced Schneider’s Old World approach to Mozart with Mr. Serkin’s youthful, rethought playing.
The second was a complete account of Messiaen’s “Vingt Regards sur l’Enfant-Jésus,” a set of 20 solo piano “contemplations” on the infant Jesus composed in 1944. It is music of extraordinary difficulty lasting two and a half hours, alive with cluster chords and evocations of bird calls, moments of mystical bliss and stretches of driving intensity.
In conjunction with the recording Mr. Serkin played the piece, from memory, more than two dozen times in concert halls and colleges, sometimes backed by a light show. Messiaen heard him play it at Dartmouth and was “really too kind,” the pianist recalled in the Boston Globe interview: “He told me that I respected the score, but that when I didn’t, it was even better.”
That same year he formed the chamber ensemble Tashi along with three like-minded colleagues: the clarinetist Richard Stoltzman, the violinist Ida Kavafian and the cellist Fred Sherry. The group’s signature piece was Olivier Messiaen’s “Quartet for the End of Time,” an alternately meditative and ecstatic work in eight movements lasting nearly 50 minutes. Tashi performed it more than 100 times, often with its young players dressed in dashikis or tunics, and recorded it to acclaim in 1975. The group essentially disbanded in the late 1970s after several internal upheavals.
Though Mr. Serkin never completely shook off the early perception of him as “the counterculture’s reluctant envoy to the straight concert world,” as the Times critic Donal Henahan called him in an admiring 1973 profile, over time he reconciled to the ways, even the dress protocols, of that classical world and developed productive associations with artists like the Guarneri String Quartet, the mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson (who had married Peter Lieberson) and the conductors Seiji Ozawa, Herbert Blomstedt, Robert Shaw and Pierre Boulez.
Having children also gave him an emotional mooring that he cherished, even during periods of marital strain. Karina Serkin Spitzley, the only child of his marriage to Ms. Spinner, which ended in divorce in 1979, survives him, along with four children from his second marriage, to Regina Touhey Serkin (from whom he was divorced in 2018): Maya, Elena, Stefan (named after Stefan Wolpe) and William Serkin; and two grandchildren. His brother, John, and his sisters Elizabeth, Judith and Marguerite also survive him. Another sister, Ursula, died last year.
Mr. Serkin relished teaching, and held posts at institutions including the Mannes School of Music and the Juilliard School in New York, and, in recent years, Bard. He so enjoyed spending summers teaching at the Tanglewood Music Institute that he bought a home in the Berkshires and lived there for years.
During the 1989-90 season, realizing a long-held ambition, he took a program of 11 works he had commissioned on an extended tour. The composers included the elder masters Takemitsu, Leon Kirchner, Hans Werner Henze, Alexander Goehr and Luciano Berio, as well as Mr. Serkin’s contemporaries Oliver Knussen, Bright Sheng, Christine Berl, Tobias Picker, Tison Street and Mr. Lieberson. To prepare, Mr. Serkin had played no solo recitals the previous season.
“Not many people would make that kind of sacrifice,” Walter Pierce, a concert presenter in Boston who arranged for Mr. Serkin to play the program at Jordan Hall, said at the time, since it represented a “year out of the circuit” and would cost an artist “a lot of money.”
To that Mr. Serkin answered: “Maybe I’ll pay some kind of price in my career, but I don’t even think about it. I’d rather deal with something I believe in.”
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Après les incendies de Californie, l'assurance couvre à peine la reconstruction
Assurance SANTA ROSA, Californie - Les équipes de construction ont déjà installé le cadre de la nouvelle maison de Cheri Sharp, mais elle se demande toujours si la reconstruction la plus destructrice de Californie a détruit son ancienne maison viticole il y a près d'un an. Elle a dû puiser dans l'épargne-retraite pour couvrir un manque à gagner de 300 000 $ dans la couverture d'assurance de son propriétaire. "Nous avons juste pensé que nous étions pris en charge", a déclaré Sharp, 54 ans, à propos de sa police d'assurance. "Si je devais recommencer, je changerais probablement d'avis et bougerais." Les incendies de forêt qui ont dévasté la Californie du Nord en octobre 2017, faisant 22 morts et détruisant plus de 5 500 structures, ont laissé de nombreuses personnes à Sharp: sous-assurées et obligées de trouver de l'argent pour construire une nouvelle maison. Santa Rosa était la ville la plus touchée, avec des quartiers entiers brûlés. Selon les chiffres du bureau des permis de la ville, à la fin du mois d’août, seulement neuf des 2700 maisons unifamiliales perdues ici avaient été reconstruites. Environ 520 autres étaient en construction. De nombreux propriétaires affirment avoir engagé des négociations avec les compagnies d’assurance pour obtenir des fonds supplémentaires afin de couvrir les coûts de construction d’une maison à la périphérie de la baie de San Francisco. Cela, associé à la concurrence entre voisins pour les équipes et les matériaux de construction, a laissé de nombreux propriétaires de centaines de milliers de dollars dans le rouge. Pour Alex Apons, 34 ans, originaire de Santa Rosa, le manque d’assurance à son domicile dans le quartier de Coffey Park était de 200 000 dollars. Sa femme et lui voulaient rester parce qu’ils avaient un bébé en route et qu’ils avaient tous deux des racines familiales profondes dans la région. Ils ont utilisé chaque dollar d'assurance qu'ils ont reçu pour rembourser l'hypothèque de leur maison de quatre ans qui a brûlé. Il n'y avait plus rien pour un acompte sur la construction. "Nous avons dû vider notre compte bancaire", a déclaré M. Apons, aujourd'hui père d'un petit garçon de cinq mois, Etienne. "Après tout, nous envisageons un paiement mensuel de 1 000 $ de plus que ce que nous avions auparavant." Les autres victimes des incendies sont encore déchirées par l’indécision qui les a empêchées de se reconstruire - restent-elles et supportent-elles les coûts ou recommencent-elles ailleurs? "L'idée de quitter la Californie est très difficile, mais d'un autre côté, je ne sais pas si je peux me remettre de tout ce traumatisme sans me retirer de tous les stimuli", a déclaré Katherine Gaynor, 67 ans, également ancienne Coffey. Résident du parc Outre l'incendie de Santa Rosa, plusieurs autres incendies majeurs survenus le même mois ont fait sortir des milliers de maisons ailleurs dans le comté de Sonoma et dans le comté voisin de Napa. En avril, près des deux tiers des victimes de l'incendie voulaient se reconstruire, mais la plupart devaient encore régler leurs réclamations d'assurance pour leurs biens et leurs biens, selon une enquête réalisée par United Policyholders, une organisation à but non lucratif basée à San Francisco. politiques. Les deux tiers des répondants ont déclaré être sous-assurés en moyenne de 317 000 $. Les experts du secteur de l’assurance avertissent que de nombreux Californiens dont les maisons ont été détruites lors des incendies de cette année découvriront également que leurs politiques ne couvriront pas le coût d’une nouvelle maison, entraînant des retards de reconstruction similaires. Jusqu'à présent en 2018, les incendies de forêt ont dévasté environ 1 000 miles carrés dans certaines parties de Shasta, Trinity, Mendocino, Lake, Colusa et Glenn. Plus de 1 200 maisons ont été détruites et neuf personnes sont mortes. Les compagnies d'assurance évaluent les maisons en fonction de facteurs tels que leur taille, leur prix d'achat et le prix des maisons qui les entourent. Peu de propriétaires mettent à jour leurs politiques chaque année pour faire face à l'inflation, aux coûts de main-d'œuvre et de matériaux et aux mises à niveau de la maison qui augmentent la valeur de la maison. Les compagnies d'assurances veulent garder les primes faibles pour rivaliser avec leurs concurrents et attirer des clients. Lorsque l'épouse d'Apons, Heather, a appelé sa compagnie d'assurance ce mois-ci pour demander un devis d'assurance habitation, l'agent a fourni un montant qui lui rapporterait 340 000 $ de moins que le prix actuel pour reconstruire sa maison. L'agent a déclaré qu'une meilleure couverture augmenterait considérablement leur prime, a-t-elle rappelé. "Je préfère" Je m'en fiche. Je ne veux plus jamais être sous-assuré ", a-t-elle déclaré. Après des incendies massifs dans le sud de la Californie ces dix dernières années, le Département des assurances a constaté que les compagnies d’assurance minimisaient les coûts de remplacement pour les clients potentiels et omettraient ou Une fausse impression de sécurité est fréquente chez les assurés, car la plupart d’entre eux comptent sur les compagnies d’assurance pour obtenir des détails, a déclaré Amy Bach, directrice exécutive de United Policyholders, un groupe de défense des consommateurs d’assurance. "Les gens soupçonnent qu’ils soient surassurés", at-elle déclaré. Bach a déclaré que les experts en sinistres de l'extérieur de la ville n'évaluent pas toujours correctement les logements dans la région de San Francisco. Dans le comté de Sonoma, la valeur des propriétés augmente d'environ 10% chaque année, selon Pacific Union Real Estate, un groupe immobilier de premier plan dans la région. Jim Whittle, avocat en chef du groupe commercial American Insurance Association, a déclaré qu'il incombait aux consommateurs de s'assurer qu'ils avaient suffisamment d'assurance. Après des catastrophes de masse, "il y aura presque toujours des situations où les gens n'ont pas tout ce qu'ils voulaient ou ce à quoi ils s'attendaient", a déclaré Whittle. Sharp et son mari, Paul, se sont tenus les mains un matin en arpentant la construction de leur nouvelle maison sur la propriété de Santa Rosa où ils ont élevé leurs enfants, organisé des fêtes dans la cour et apprécié le coucher du soleil. Ils savent qu'ils ont recours à l'épargne-retraite pour financer le projet, ce qui compliquera leur vie et leurs déplacements en vieillissant.
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Les XX and music Conservatoire de Paris Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy (French, 1851–1931) Poème des rivages (1919-21) on Kant sublime and Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch, 1853–1890)
Les XX and music Conservatoire de Paris Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy (French, 1851–1931) Poème des rivages (1919-21) on Kant sublime and Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch, 1853–1890)
Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy (French: [vɛ̃sɑ̃ dɛ̃di]; 27 March 1851 – 2 December 1931) was a French composer and teacher.
Vincent d'Indy, ca. 1895 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy#/media/File:D%27Indi_Vincent_Postcard-1910.jpg
Life[edit]
Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy was born in Paris into an aristocratic family of royalist and Catholic persuasion. He had piano lessons from an early age from his paternal grandmother, who passed him on to Antoine François Marmontel and Louis Diémer.[1] From the age of 14 he studied harmony with Albert Lavignac. At age 19, during the Franco-Prussian War, he enlisted in the National Guard, but returned to musical life as soon as the hostilities were over. The first of his works he heard performed was a Symphonie italienne, at an orchestral rehearsal under Jules Pasdeloup; the work was admired by Georges Bizet and Jules Massenet, with whom he had already become acquainted.[1] On the advice of Henri Duparc, he became a devoted student of César Franck at the Conservatoire de Paris. As a follower of Franck, d'Indy came to admire what he considered the standards of German symphonism.
Vincent d'Indy, sculpture by Antoine Bourdelle In the summer of 1873 he visited Germany, where he met Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms.[1] On 25 January 1874 his overture Les Piccolomini was performed at a Pasdeloup concert, sandwiched between works by Bach and Beethoven.[1] Around this time he married Isabelle de Pampelonne, one of his cousins. In 1875 his symphony dedicated to János Hunyadi was performed. That same year he played a minor role – the prompter – at the premiere of Bizet's opera Carmen.[1] In 1876 he was present at the first production of Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle at Bayreuth. This made a great impression on him and he became a fervent Wagnerite. In 1878 d'Indy's symphonic ballad La Forêt enchantée was performed. In 1882 he heard Wagner's Parsifal. In 1883 his choral work Le Chant de la cloche appeared. In 1884 his symphonic poem Saugefleurie was premiered. His piano suite ("symphonic poem for piano") called Poème des montagnes came from around this time. In 1887 appeared his Suite in D for trumpet, 2 flutes and string quartet. That same year he was involved in Lamoureux's production of Wagner's Lohengrin as choirmaster. His music drama Fervaal occupied him between 1889 and 1895.
Inspired by his own studies with Franck and dissatisfied with the standard of teaching at the Conservatoire de Paris, d'Indy, together with Charles Bordes and Alexandre Guilmant, founded the Schola Cantorum de Paris in 1894. D'Indy taught there and later at the Paris Conservatoire until his death. Among his many students were Isaac Albéniz, Leo Arnaud, Joseph Canteloube (who later wrote d'Indy's biography), Pierre Capdevielle, Jean Daetwyler, Arthur Honegger, Eugène Lapierre, Leevi Madetoja, Albéric Magnard, Rodolphe Mathieu, Darius Milhaud, Helena Munktell, Cole Porter, Albert Roussel, Erik Satie, Georges-Émile Tanguay, Otto Albert Tichý, Emiliana de Zubeldia and Xian Xinghai, Ahmet Adnan Saygun. Xian was one of the earliest Chinese composers of western classical music See: List of music students by teacher: C to F#Vincent d'Indy. While A. A. Saygun became one of the pioneers of classical music in Turkey.
Few of d'Indy's works are performed regularly today. His best known pieces are probably the Symphony on a French Mountain Air (Symphonie sur un chant montagnard français, also known as Symphonie cévenole) for piano and orchestra (1886), and Istar (1896), a symphonic poem in the form of a set of variations in which the theme appears only at the end.[1]
Vincent d'Indy in 1913. Among d'Indy's other works are other orchestral music (including a Symphony in B♭, a vast symphonic poem, Jour d'été à la montagne, and another, Souvenirs, written on the death of his first wife; he later remarried), chamber music, including two of the most highly regarded string quartets of the latter nineteenth century (No. 2 in E major, Op. 45, and No. 3 in D-flat, Op. 96), piano music (including a Sonata in E minor), songs and a number of operas, including Fervaal (1897) and L'Étranger (1902). His music drama Le Légende de Saint Christophe, based on themes from Gregorian chant, was performed for the first, and possibly last, time, on 6 June 1920. His comédie musicale had its premiere in paris on 10 June 1927. His Lied for cello and orchestra, Op. 19, was recorded by Julian Lloyd Webber and the English Chamber Orchestra conducted by Yan Pascal Tortelier in 1991. As well as Franck, d'Indy's works show the influence of Berlioz and especially of Wagner.
D'Indy helped revive a number of then largely forgotten early works, for example, making his own edition of Claudio Monteverdi's opera L'incoronazione di Poppea.
His musical writings include the co-written three-volume Cours de composition musicale (1903–1905), as well as studies of Franck and Beethoven.
D'Indy died where he was born, in Paris.
Political views[edit]
D'Indy was a committed monarchist, joining the League of la Patrie française during the Dreyfus affair. He was anti-Semitic, but did not extend this bias to his Jewish colleagues.[1]
Critical reaction[edit]
Vincent d'Indy, photo: Library of Congress Opera critic Arthur Elson, writing in 1901, while appreciating d'Indy, prefers another composer.[2]:343–44
Of the younger men, Vincent d'Indy (1851– ) has shown himself abreast of the times, and his Fervaal, with a libretto of "rhythmic prose," is a worthy example of the school of operatic realism and musical complexity. [...] But the most prominent composer for the Paris stage at present is Alfred Bruneau. [...] [I]n Le Réve [sic] (1891), on a libretto from Zola's novel, he began the career that has won him his present position.
In a post-Wagner age under "the artistic domination of Bayreuth," Elson describes two "paths" in contemporary opera, one path being more conservative[2]:350–51
while the other has led to the uttermost regions of modern polyphony and dissonance. [...] Among the more radical group, corresponding to Bruneau, d'Indy and Franck, the most daring work has been done by Richard Strauss.
In Elson's opinion, those following the more conservative path are Cornelius, Goetz, Humperdinck, Goldmark, Saint-Saëns and Massenet.
Legacy[edit]
The private music college École de musique Vincent-d'Indy in Montreal, Canada, is named after the composer, as is the asteroid 11530 d’Indy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy
Symphony on a French Mountain Air, Op. 25 by Vincent D’indy (1886) https://youtu.be/ojHuauK7vlg
Vincent d'Indy Poème des rivages Op.77 (1919-21) Part I https://youtu.be/SnPH-6mim60
Movements/Sections 4 movements Calme et Lumière. Agay (Méditerranée) La joie du bleu profond. Miramar de Mallorca (Méditerranée) Horizons verts. Falconara (Adriatique) Le mystère de l'Océan. La Grande Côte (Golfe de Gascogne) http://imslp.org/wiki/Poème_des_rivages%2C_Op.77_(Indy%2C_Vincent_d%27)
The Conservatoire de Paris (pronounced [kɔ̃.sɛʁ.va.twaʁ də pa.ʁi]; English: Paris Conservatory) is a college of music and dance founded in 1795 associated with PSL Research University. It is situated in the avenue Jean Jaurès in the 19th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Conservatoire offers instruction in music, dance, and drama, drawing on the traditions of the "French School".
In 1946 it was split in two, one part for acting, theatre and drama, known as the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique (CNSAD), and the other for music and dance, known as the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris (CNSMDP). Today the conservatories operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Communication.
Franco-Prussian War and the Third Republic[edit] In the Franco-Prussian War, during the siege of Paris (September 1870 – January 1871), the Conservatory was used as a hospital. On 13 May 1871, the day after Auber's death, the leaders of the Paris Commune appointed Francisco Salvador-Daniel as the director - however Daniel was shot and killed ten days later by the troops of the French Army. He was replaced by Ambroise Thomas, who remained in the post until 1896. Thomas's rather conservative directorship was vigorously criticized by many of the students, notably Claude Debussy.[2]
Piano class of Charles de Bériot in 1895 with Maurice Ravel on the left During this period César Franck was ostensibly the organ teacher, but was actually giving classes in composition. His classes were attended by several students who were later to become important composers, including Ernest Chausson, Guy Ropartz, Guillaume Lekeu, Charles Bordes, and Vincent d'Indy.[2]
Théodore Dubois succeeded Thomas after the latter's death in 1896. Professors included Charles-Marie Widor, Gabriel Fauré, and Charles Lenepveu for composition, Alexandre Guilmant for organ, Paul Taffanel for flute, and Louis Diémer for piano.[2]
Gabriel Fauré[edit]
Fauré in his office at the Conservatoire, 1918 Lenepveu had been expected to succeed Dubois as director, but after the "Affaire Ravel" in 1905, Ravel's teacher Gabriel Faurébecame director. Le Courier Musical (15 June 1905) wrote: "Gabriel Fauré is an independent thinker: that is to say, there is much we can expect from him, and it is with joy that we welcome his nomination."[14]
Fauré appointed forward-thinking representatives (such as Debussy, Paul Dukas, and André Messager) to the governing council, loosened restrictions on repertoire, and added conducting and music history to the courses of study. Widor's composition students during this period included Darius Milhaud, Arthur Honegger, and Germaine Tailleferre. Other students included Lili Boulanger and Nadia Boulanger. New to the staff were Alfred Cortot for piano and Eugène Gigout for organ.[2]
The modern era[edit]
The CNSMDP new building at the Cité de la Musique. The Conservatory moved to facilities at 14 rue de Madrid in 1911.[2]
Henri Rabaud succeeded Fauré in 1920 and served until 1941. Notable students were Olivier Messiaen, Jean Langlais, and Jehan Alain. Staff included Dukas and Jean Roger-Ducasse for composition, Marcel Dupré for organ, Marcel Moyse for flute, and Claire Croiza for singing.[2]
Claude Delvincourt was director from 1941 until his tragic death in an automobile accident in 1954. Delvincourt was a progressive administrator, adding classes in harpsichord, saxophone, percussion, and the Ondes Martenot. Staff included Milhaud for composition and Messiaen for analysis and aesthetics. In 1946, the dramatic arts were transferred to a separate institution (CNSAD). Delvincourt was succeeded by Dupré in 1954, Raymond Loucheur in 1956, Raymond Gallois-Montbrun in 1962, Marc Bleuse in 1984, and Alain Louvier in 1986. Plans to move the Conservatory of Music and Dance to more modern facilities in the Parc de la Villette were initiated under Bleuse and completed under Louvier. It opened as part of the Cité de la Musique in September 1990.[2]
Currently, the conservatories train more than 1,200 students in structured programs, with 350 professors in nine departments.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris
Les XX was founded on 28 October 1883 in Brussels and held annual shows there between 1884 and 1893, usually in January–March. The group was founded by 11 artists who were unhappy with the conservative policies of both the official academic Salon and the internal bureaucracy of L'Essor, under a governing committee of twenty members. Unlike L'Essor ('Soaring'), which had also been set up in opposition to the Salon, Les XX had no president or governing committee. Instead Octave Maus (a lawyer who was also an art critic and journalist) acted as the secretary of Les XX, while other duties, including the organization of the annual exhibitions, were dispatched by a rotating committee of three members. A further nine artists were invited to join to bring the group membership of Les XX to twenty; in addition to the exhibits of its Belgian members, foreign artists were also invited to exhibit.[1]
There was a close tie between art, music and literature among the Les XX artists, during the exhibitions, there were literary lectures and discussions, and performances of new classical music, which from 1888 were organised by Vincent d'Indy,[2] with from 1889 until the end in 1893 very frequent performances by the Quatuor Ysaÿe.[3] Concerts included recently composed music by Claude Debussy, Ernest Chausson and Gabriel Fauré. Leading exponents of the Symbolist movement who gave lectures include Stéphane Mallarmé, Théodore de Wyzewa and Paul Verlaine.[1]
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Les_XX
Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch, 1853–1890)
Self-Portrait, 1887, Art Institute of Chicago https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project_(454045).jpg
Flowering Plum Orchard (after Hiroshige), 1887. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bloeiende_pruimenboomgaard-_naar_Hiroshige_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
The Starry Night, June 1889. Museum of Modern Art, New York https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
The Church at Auvers, 1890. Musée d'Orsay, Paris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Church_in_Auvers-sur-Oise,_View_from_the_Chevet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Starry Night Over the Rhone, 1888. Musée d'Orsay, Paris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background, 1889. Museum of Modern Art, New York https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Van_Gogh_The_Olive_Trees..jpg
Wheatfield Under Thunderclouds, 1890, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_under_thunderclouds_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Wheatfield with Crows, 1890. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#/media/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_crows_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləm vɑn ˈɣɔx] (About this sound listen);[note 1] 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. His suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty.
Born into an upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling, but became depressed after he was transferred to London. He turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881, having moved back home with his parents. His younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, contain few signs of the vivid colour that distinguished his later work. In 1886, he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and local landscapes. His paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include series of olive trees, wheat fields and sunflowers.
Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor, when in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homoeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later.
Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the public imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius, the artist "where discourses on madness and creativity converge".[6] His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his painting style came to be incorporated by the Fauves and German Expressionists. He attained widespread critical, commercial and popular success over the ensuing decades, and is remembered as an important but tragic painter, whose troubled personality typifies the romantic ideal of the tortured artist.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh
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L'histoire de la musique classique, contée par Aissa Hamada

La musique classique est (surtout pour les jeunes) une musique de vieux, qui ne doit s’écouter que pendant la lecture ! C’est d’ailleurs totalement agréé par les chercheurs puisqu’une musique soi-disant « classique » n’existe pas. Son adjectif ne désigne qu’une partie de l’histoire musicale occidentale. Elle reflète ainsi une période prédéfinie par les spécialistes. En effet, la musique classique a été composée il y a bien longtemps et l’accord et la façon de la jouer ne sont plus définis tels que les compositeurs l’avaient écrit.
Le Moyen-âge
La musique du Moyen-âge n’est pas définie par les experts ! précise Aissa Hamada sur son compte Twitter. C’est par ailleurs une période bien longue où coexistent les manières de chanter héritées des religions chrétiennes antiques et les œuvres portant en germe le développement ultérieur du chant classique.
La musique médiévale a généralement un lien avec la liturgie chrétienne. Les peuples de cette époque emploient en général le mot « sacré » pour désigner un chant « religieux ». Ils utilisent parfois le terme « musique profane » pour les autres versions de la musique médiévale : instrumentale, chanson, etc.
Le chant grégorien
Ce type de chant est toujours pratiqué dans les églises (plus précisément les églises catholiques) à l’heure actuelle ! C’est principalement un air monodique, c'est-à-dire qui utilise une seule voix et tout le monde chante la même mélodie.
Chaque chanson possède une couleur uniforme et bien déterminée puisqu’elle est basée sur un seul mode comme la musique d’origine indienne. Les experts ont classé le chant grégorien comme étant une musique modale par opposition à la musique tonale utilisant à la fois le mineur et le majeur jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Toutes les œuvres tonales ne possèdent pas cette coloration qui est uniforme puisque la réduction à seulement deux modes est complétée par une succession d’accords de couleurs diversifiées (superpositions de notes).
Les premières polyphonies
Aissa Hamada décrit la polyphonie comme étant une « marque de fabrique » de la musique classique venant de l’Occident au XIIe siècle. Elle comprend principalement de nombreuses voix, notamment plusieurs mélodies en simultanée.
L’interprétation du récital médiéval est l’affaire des professionnels, des musicologues et des artistes. Le système de notation peut varier d’un pays et d’une époque à l’autre et tout interprète est tenu de faire preuve d’esprit scientifique, d’imagination et de goût pour pouvoir faire revivre le chant de cette époque.
Les grandes écoles
La Flandre et surtout la France ont dominé la production de la musique savante. Les Français ont utilisé quelques divisions (Saint-Martial, Notre Dame, Ars Antiqua, Ars Nova, Ars Subtilitor) pour la caractérisation des époques et des écoles qui se sont succédées dans le pays, particulièrement dans le nord.
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La Renaissance
La Renaissance est une ère de transition pour la musique quand elle a mis en place une tonalité. Les polyphonies sacrées somptueuses et d’une grande complexité ont été découvert durant cette période.
Les chants instrumentaux qui sont auparavant improvisés deviennent semi-écrits grâce à des tablatures qui peuvent guider l’improvisation. Ces dernières sont écrites à la fin du XVIe siècle comme pour les virginalistes anglais.
La musique sacrée s’est déplacée de la France jusqu’en Italie durant la Renaissance et l’école franco-flamande dominant au XVe siècle a cédé la prééminence aux écoles vénitiennes et romaines au cours du XVIe siècle.
Le luth
C’est un instrument musical ressemblant de près à la guitare moderne, ayant une forme de poire qui provient de la Perse. Le luth accompagne les chanteurs de cette époque et il est expressif d’un répertoire bien distinct.
Le virginal
A l’époque de Byrd, il n’y avait pas encore de piano et son invention n’a même pas été envisagée. Il a vécu durant le règne de la reine Elisabeth 1ère et c’est ainsi que les chercheurs l’ont classé comme étant un compositeur élisabéthain.
Il n’a pas joué du piano, mais il fait partie des virginalistes anglais selon les musicologues.
Cet instrument fascine particulièrement Aissa Hamada.
L’époque baroque
Elle se situe entre 1600 et 1750. Le genre baroque n’est pas vraiment baroque comme on le prétend disent les spécialistes de la musique. Ce terme est emprunté à l’historique de l’art puisque à cette époque les églises et tout l’ensemble de l’architecture sont « baroques ».
Les grandes constructions ont des formes bizarres et leurs ornements sont très compliqués par rapport aux ornements apportés aux structures durant la Renaissance. Cela signifie que le terme baroque désigne le côté architecturale mais pas musicale de l’époque.
L’influence de la musique d’origine italienne est immense au début de cette période puisqu’elle va donner une grande unité à celle de l’Europe continentale et atteindre la Pologne.
Cette période a choisi une tendance très expressive. Elle s’est développée du début du XVIIe siècle jusqu’à la moitié du XVIIIe siècle avec une multitude de formes toutes aussi admirables les unes que les autres.
L’opéra et la musique classique dramatique
Les années 1600 ont vu naitre les premières constitutions de musique classique dramatique ayant donné naissance au fameux Opéra.
Le Moyen-âge et la renaissance ont tous deux participé à l’avènement de cette tendance selon les spécialistes. Il faut noter que le terme « musique classique dramatique » est né au XVIIe siècle.
Le contrepoint
Le genre de musique classique durant l’époque baroque s’affirme avec la conceptualisation et la continuité de la basse. Elle fait preuve d’une grande expressivité et s’agrémente des plus beaux ornements.
Ce type de chant s’enrichit d’un contrepoint élaboré et se pare d’harmonies raffinées chatoyantes qu’Aissa Hamada admire particulièrement.
Baroque italienne
L’Italie est le berceau de l’Opéra selon les chercheurs puisque c’est le pays qui l’a vu éclore dans les années 1600 plus précisément à Florence. Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) a conçu pour la première fois le style baroque italien.
Ce style a connu un succès phénoménal et s’est répandu rapidement comme une tache d’huile dans toute l’Europe.
Baroque française
La tendance musicale venant de l’Italie s’est bloquée en France sous l’influence du compositeur et violoniste Jean-Baptiste Lully et du claveciniste et organiste François Couperin (le Grand).
Elle prend par la suite une forme spécifique dans tous les pays, accompagnée d’une création d’écoles distinctes les unes des autres.
Baroque anglaise
Georges Friedrich Haendel est un compositeur allemand devenu par la suite un citoyen anglais. Il s’est rendu en Italie où il a été influencé par la musique classique italienne. C’est suite à cela qu’il a décidé de résider en Angleterre pour le restant de sa vie. C’est également dans ce pays qu’il a fondé une académie royale de musique avant de se faire naturaliser anglais.
Il a composé des œuvres religieuses et dramatiques qui font partie jusqu’à aujourd’hui des grandes œuvres classiques baroques. Il a fusionné ses inspirations à l’image du compositeur allemand Sébastien Bach et est parvenu à une tout autre dimension esthétique très puissante.
Cette ère a fécondé plusieurs expressions musicales adoptées par les amateurs de classique comme Aissa Hamada : le choral, la toccata, la cantate, la sonate, l’oratorio, le concerto grosso, la passion, le motet, etc.
Baroque allemande
Le compositeur allemand Jean-Sébastien Bach a démontré dans ses chefs-d’œuvre la possibilité d’utilisation d’un tempérament égal. Cela est dû au théoricien allemand Wreckmeister. Parmi ses œuvres, les plus connus sont « le Clavier Tempéré », « Variations Goldberg », « L’Art de la fugue », « Passion selon Matthieu », etc.
Qu’est-ce que le tempérament égal ?
Le « tempérament égal » est la méthode théorique consistant à partitionner une octave pour obtenir douze intervalles chromatiques égaux. Ce moyen ne donne aucun intervalle pur, à part l’octave, mais il fait pourtant partie des fondements de la musique classique de l’Ouest.
Cette innovation a permis de moduler la pièce, c'est-à-dire de passer par des tonalités différentes durant le même morceau, de transposer la mélodie dans différentes tonalités et de jouer dans les tons majeurs.
Les instruments utilisés durant la période baroque
Les instruments se sont perfectionnés durant cette ère. Le violon a atteint la perfection technique avec le luthier Stradivarius.
Le violoncelle s’est étoffé, le luth s’est estompé et l’épinette a été remplacée par le clavecin. Entre autres, la trompette baroque ou trompette en ré a été l’instrument caractéristique de l’époque.
L’époque classique
La musique classique a été constituée durant la période classique. Bien que Mozart, prénommé Wolfgang Amadeus, ne soit pas l’initiateur de cette ère, il fait partie de son illustre représentant.
La musique dite « classique » est reconnaissable à l’oreille et on peut déterminer sa période centrale. Elle procure une impression de simplicité et de clarté comparée à celle de l’époque baroque et la théorie du contrepoint n’est plus présente.
La musique de cette période est classée art d’une civilisation bourgeoise, policée et urbaine, d’une religiosité moins tragique et moins affirmée que celle de toutes les époques antérieures.
Certains genres s’affirment durant à ce moment (la symphonie et la sonate) après leur apparition en Italie. L’orchestre moderne et le piano sont également apparus durant l’ère classique. Elle a ensuite connu un épisode préromantique au début de l’année 1768 (mouvement « Sturm und Drang »).
La symphonie
Le discours musical est articulé par l’orchestre entier dans la symphonie et ne dialogue pas avec le soliste comme dans un concerto.
Mozart a composé la symphonie numéro 25 à l’âge de 18 ans. Une tonalité de sol mineur donne à cette dernière une couleur tragique. La réalisation aérée de tous les baroques d’Amsterdam a mis en valeur cet art apprécié par Aissa Hamada.
Le quatuor à cordes
Il est apparu au XVIIIe siècle et c’est une formation regroupant deux instruments, le violoncelle et l’alto. Cette composition est généralement destinée à être jouée par des amateurs de musique de bon niveau mais seulement en privé.
Composer un quatuor n’est pas un exercice facile, il est destiné aux grands compositeurs. La ligne mélodique ressort particulièrement bien. La clarté caractérisant cette variété a besoin de la maîtrise du contrepoint.
L’orchestre s’efface la plupart du temps devant le son mélodique joué à la main droite tandis que la main gauche se contente de quelques trémolos dans le « concerto pour piano » numéro 21 de Mozart.
Il a un don unique qui a charmé les auditoires avec une musique gracieuse typique de cette époque.
Le XIXe siècle
Le XIXe siècle est marqué notamment par le romantisme allemand, influence qui se fait sentir jusqu’au début du XXe siècle. Des courants nationaux se sont émergé pendant la mi-XIXe siècle et qui se sont positionnés pour la continuité du romantisme.
Le vent de révolution
Le XIXe siècle a été classique en ce qui concerne la forme mais il a été plutôt révolutionnaire dans l’esprit. Le commencement du 4ème mouvement de la Symphonie numéro 5 de Beethoven a été plein d’enthousiasme juvénile.
La transition du classicisme vers le romantisme a été marquée par Carl-Maria Von Weber dont la composition de Freischütz a eu une influence sur Wagner.
Les romantiques
Franz Schubert (terminal des classiques et premier des romantiques) et les compositeurs de la génération 1810 (Schumann, Chopin, etc.) ont exploré les circonvolutions de l’âme avec le langage harmonique subtil qui fait rêver Aissa Hamada.
Les œuvres de Mozart ou Haydn ont évolué dans les pays germanophones sous la plume des musiciens et poètes romantiques pour devenir un brin élitiste, un genre majeur de la musique classique.
Le Polonais dans le monde parisien
Fryderyk Chopin, ou Frédéric Chopin pour les Français, est apparu en Europe avec un tout autre langage musical. Il a stupéfié ses contemporains comme Robert Schumann avec une couleur de musique inimitable en raison de l’influence du folklore polonais.
L’influence de la musique dite populaire dans celle qui est savante a fait de Chopin un précurseur.
Le romantisme tardif
Le plus illustre représentant du romantisme tardif est Johannes Brahms. Il a marqué ses compositions par le respect des anciens musiciens et les formes très classiques venant de Beethoven. Il a réussi à insuffler la mélancolie, la noblesse et surtout la vigueur dans ses chefs-d’œuvre.
Il a composé sa toute première symphonie en 1876 tout en se dressant insensiblement dans cette époque tourmentée.
Liszt, le témoin
Ferenc (Franz) Liszt est né à Hongrie en 1811 et appartient à la génération 1810. Il a composé ses ouvrages en 1850 comme la « Sonate en si mineur » ou « Dante-Symphonie », etc. Il n’a pas cessé d’évoluer son langage musical durant sa vie. Ses dernières œuvres ont annoncé la venue du XXe siècle (« Lugubre Gondole » et « Nuages gris »).
Liszt est un musicien généreux et visionnaire ayant beaucoup influencé et soutenu Richard Wagner.
Wagner
Richard Wagner est né en 1813 et constitue le puissant pôle de répulsion ou d’attraction dans le monde de la musique classique. C’est un artiste total et complet qui a su révolutionner le type de l’opéra tout en réalisant une synthèse organique orchestrale, musicale et textuelle.
Son œuvre inspirée de la légende germanique, de la mythologie, du mythe du Graal et du christianisme est complètement spirituelle confirme Aïssa Hamada. Il incarne le génie musical allemand dans sa démesure et sa grandeur.
La mère patrie
Les musiciens nordiques tels que Grieg et Sibelius ou Smetana et Dvorak de l’Europe Centrale ont été célèbres après Chopin. La mère patrie correspond au mouvement de redécouverte du folklore et des racines ayant une liaison avec les aspirations politiques.
Le poème symphonique « Finlandia » composé par Jean Sibelius a évoqué la nature de la Finlande ainsi que la résistance contre l’oppression russe.
Le cas des compositeurs russes (Moussorgski, Rimski-Korsakov, Borodine, Glinka) est différent de celui des musiciens finlandais. Le tout premier conservatoire n’a été fondé dans le territoire de la Russie qu’en 1862. Les musiciens russes n’ont pas ainsi été formés dans une académie et leur folklore est consubstantiel à la musique locale.
La fin de siècle
Le langage harmonique a évolué de nouveau à la fin du XIXe siècle. Cette évolution a pris diverses directions tout en préfigurant l’éclatement de la composition musicale du XXe siècle.
Le XIXe siècle ne s’est pas achevé en 1900 puisque des musiciens du XXe siècle tel que Rachmaninov ou Richard Strauss ont témoigné de la persévérance des esthétiques nées durant cette époque.
Un extrait de la dernière œuvre de Franz Liszt (La Lugubre Gondole II) possède une tonalité qui se brouille. Il annonce l’avenir de la musique classique occidentale.
L’enchanteur Debussy
Claude Debussy s’est inscrit dans le vaste mouvement d’enchantement du monde entier en réaction à la mécanisation et à l’industrialisation. Sa musique est qualifiée par les chercheurs et les amateurs d’impressionniste, mais il aime plutôt les poètes symbolistes et les peintres ainsi que les préraphaélites anglais.
Il n’y a aucun romantisme dans les compositions de Debussy, mais elles possèdent la capacité étonnante d’évoquer tous les mystères de la nature de façon extraordinaire.
Le XXe siècle musical
Le XXe siècle a vu un évènement stupéfiant : les recherches des experts et des théoriciens musicaux remontant à l’époque baroque tout en se basant sur la tonalité. C’est le début de la période où il n’y a plus de nouveaux progrès possibles puisque tout a été inventé affirme Aïssa Hamada.
Il n’y a plus une unité stylistique au XXe siècle puisque c’est une époque où la recherche technologique et la crise se sont installées. De nombreuses possibilités se sont ouvertes aux compositeurs et aux musiciens du XXe siècle.
- L’utilisation du langage musical à partir du ton (Rachmaninov, Mahler, Richard Strauss, Ravel, etc.) - L’utilisation des tendances grégoriennes ou des modes exotiques qui sont nouvelles chez Messiaen et Debussy - L’utilisation des musicalités populaires - La recherche d’une toute nouvelle sonorité : musique électronique, musique concrète - La possibilité la plus radicale est de tout détruire et de recommencer à zéro
Le Sacre
Le « Sacre du Printemps » en 1913 a été considéré comme l’œuvre de la musique moderne. Igor Stravinski l’a superposé de tonalités et de rythmes différents tout en créant un chef-d’œuvre profondément original.
Le « Sacre » raconte le déroulement d’une fête ou d’une cérémonie sacrificielle en Russie païenne imaginaire. La musique a été qualifiée de « sauvage » par les détracteurs et le ballet de Nijinski a scandalisé le public parisien lors de sa première interprétation.
Le dodécaphonisme
Anton Webern fait partie des premiers sortants de l’Ecole de musique à Vienne. Il est l’élève d’Arnold Schönberg et a repris la technique dodécaphonique (les œuvres sont caractérisées par la série de douzaine de sons).
Le matériau originel a été travaillé en fonction des règles complexes et strictes qui renouent avec l’âme des contrapuntistes de l’ère baroque. Un de ses ouvrages les plus aboutis a été les « variations pour piano op.27 ». Ce chef-d’œuvre est difficilement accessible à cause de sa sécheresse émotionnelle, de sa complexité et de l’utilisation des séries dissonantes.
Les modes colorés
Olivier Messiaen utilise les modes à transpositions limitées qui possèdent chacun une signification et une couleur particulière dans son œuvre « Vingt regards sur l’enfant Jésus ». Le mode 2 domine dans son ouvrage « Regard du père ».
La particularité des compositions de Messiaen est qu’il aperçoit réellement les couleurs quand il entend de la musique, c’est le cas unique de synesthésie.
La notation musicale
L’improvisation musicale très présente n’a cessé d’évoluer et a donné naissance à de nouvelles notations musicales. L’écriture a engendré des façons de conduire, de diriger et de penser la musique autrement.
Ces expansions ont provoqué la rupture momentanée avec les musiques traditionnelles et les airs de cours puisque de nombreux grands compositeurs musiciens ont continué à les utiliser.
La notation musicale a permis à des œuvres d’être plus conséquentes. Le problème en liaison à la mémorisation a été repoussé grâce à ce système qui a également poussé plusieurs compositeurs à créer des projets encore plus ambitieux.
La musique notée a permis de lutter contre l’oubli en devenant utile dans son enseignement selon Aïssa Hamada.
Conclusion
La « musique savante » a hérité de la civilisation juive et grecque en Occident. Les deux traditions ont coexisté pendant le millénaire précédant la période chrétienne. Ce sont les Grecs qui ont posé le fondement de toute la relation entre les mathématiques et la musique tout en imaginant le système de la musique notée.
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Things to do in Montréal February 24 to March 2
With the idea of spring in the air, Montréal celebrates with one of the biggest winter festivals in the world, MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE, along with more inspiring dance, theatre, art, film and music, plus some top-talent hockey, indie video games and outdoor fun.
Winter city lights
Montréal is no stranger to winter festivities – we’ve been celebrating winter like a a pro for 375 years – while these last 18 winters have been even brighter with the wonderful MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE winter arts, culture and fine dining festival. From Feb. 23 to March 11, the fest shines with an all-new program of performing arts, diverse fine dining options, all-nighter event Nuit blanche on March 4, and the free and family-friendly downtown outdoor site. That’s where you’ll find great local food and drink (sample Québec cheeses, sip Cabral porto, roast marshmallows over open fires), live music and performances such as X-Lumina, and more unique activities: take a ride on the illuminated Ferris wheel, glide down the urban ice slide and zip line, and try your hand at a classic Canadian sport with Curling en lumière.
Activities for all
Among the many free things to do this winter, try tobogganing or ice skating on the Mountain or visit Mammouth Village at the Olympic Stadium Esplanade, featuring skating, ice slides, activities for little kids. If you’re starting spring break early, begin with a visit to the extremely spring-like Botanical Garden’s Butterflies Go Free event – and explore the tropics at the Biodôme or space at the Planetarium, all part of the many worlds at the Montréal Space for Life. Play board games, video games and more all for free at Festival Montréal Joue, Feb. 25 to March 12, including local indie games at the SAT on Feb. 25 and activities at libraries. Or play a game of cricket, ultimate Frisbee or even quidditch at the Ministry of Cricket (and Other Homeless Sports). If you or your kids love the comic book universe of Astérix, see the characters step off the page at Grévin Montréal wax museum. Watch the Montréal Canadiens as they take on the Blue Jackets on Feb. 28 and the Predators on March 2 at the Bell Centre, or go cheer on Montréal’s CWHL stars Les Canadiennes as they skate hard in the Clarkson Cup Playoffs, Feb. 24-26.
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Une publication partagée par MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE (@mtlenlumiere) le 9 Févr. 2017 à 6h28 PST
Food and drink
Along with the MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE festival’s many gastronomic delights – dozens of incredible local and international chefs, multi-course meals, workshops, food-focused tours! – you’re sure to stay warm in winter with a big bowl of pho or Japanese authentic ramen, a cup of tea at Montréal’s tea houses, a signature winter cocktail at one of Montréal’s Hidden Bars, or an evening of decadence next to Montréal’s coziest fireplaces. And for sweet tooths, why not spoil your inner child at Montréal’s candy shops.
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Stage and screen
This year’s impressive winter-spring dance program includes Perm Opera Ballet’s rendition of Swan Lake, presented by Les Grands Ballets at Place des Arts Feb. 22-26, while dance meets rock concert in Helen Simard’s Idiot at La Chapelle Feb. 27 to March 3, and the incredible Dana Michel performs her work Mercurial George at Usine C, Feb. 28 to March 3, while Flamenco Vivo presents the fabulous Lo Esencial by Luis de la Carrasca, Feb. 28 at Le Gesù and it’s Flamenca Night on March 1 at Le Balcon Cabaret Music-Hall. In theatre, laugh along with farcical play Noises Off at the Segal Centre or Centaur Theatre’s comedy Bakersfield Mist. In film: watch indie films and step into the Virtual Reality Garden and Not Short on Talent installation at the Phi Centre, see Children of Men at the Canadian Centre for Architecture on March 2, and America Wild 3D at the Montréal Science Centre, while the Massimadi Afro-Caribbean LGBTQ film festival runs Feb. 21 to March 4 at various venues and 360-degree, surround sound film experiments astound at SAT Fest. And test your film knowledge: did you know that these movies were filmed in Montréal?
Ce chef-d’oeuvre est à voir au #MBAM, profitez-en dès maintenant! http://ift.tt/2mpgy3U Commandé avec “La Danse” (1950-1952) pour décorer le foyer du Watergate Theatre de Londres, “Le #Cirque bleu” est une #oeuvre emblématique de #Chagall. This #Masterpiece is on view now at the MMFA, don’t miss it! http://ift.tt/2kBVTsL Commissioned along with “The Dance” (1950-1952) to decorate the new auditorium of the Watergate Theatre in London, “The #Blue #Circus” is an emblematic work in Chagall’s oeuvre. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), “Le Cirque #bleu”, 1950-1952. Nice, Musée national Marc Chagall, dépôt du Musée national d’art moderne – Centre Pompidou, Paris. © SODRAC & ADAGP 2017, Chagall ®. © CNAC / MNAM / Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. Photo Gérard Blot #mbamchagall
Une publication partagée par Musée des beaux-arts Mtl (@mbamtl) le 17 Févr. 2017 à 10h14 PST
Museums and galleries
Among this season’s excellent museum exhibitions, don’t miss the wonderful paintings, costumes and music of CHAGALL: COLOUR AND MUSIC, featuring 340 works by the Russian-French artist at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Part of the 375th programming, kanien’kehá:ka (Mohawk) artist Skawennati’s solo exhibition Tomorrow People explores time and identity in analog and digital forms at Oboro. See Scottish artist Graham Fagen’s video and music-based installation The Slave’s Lament at Galerie de l’UQAM. And at the Musée d’art contemporain, moving works by foremost Mexican artist Teresa Margolles, as well as Québec artist Emanuel Licha’s Now Have a Look at This Machine documentary installation – the museum also hosts its music-and-art night event Nocturne on Feb. 24. In Old Montréal, Belgian artist Wim Delvoye provokes at DHC-ART. Never Apart’s winter exhibition celebrates Black heritage, Indigenous women and more, plus film Paris Is Voguing on Feb. 24. Salon des nouvelles musiques video exhibition reflects on the music of tomorrow through past composers’ views of the future at Place des Arts Salle d’exposition. Elsewhere, you’ll find art in the “underground city” pedestrian network and in the city’s most stunning churches and other sacred sites.
Classical concerts
Among the many highlights of MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE is music, including dozens of classical concerts at beautiful venues. This week, unwind with I Musici de Montréal at the Montreal Museum of Fine Art’s Bourgie Hall on Feb. 24, Daniel Taylor and Suzie Leblanc at Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel on Feb. 25, Ensemble Caprice playing the Complete Bach Cantatas at Bourgie Hall on Feb. 26, Alain Lefèvre‘s Sas Agapo at the Maison symphonique on Feb. 26, a string quartet marathon evening on Feb. 28 at Bourgie Hall, and pianist Jean-Philippe Sylvestre on March 1 at Bourgie Hall. Meanwhile, on Feb. 24, Jean-François Rivest conducts the Orchestre Métropolitain at Place des Arts in a concert inspired by nature, and on Feb. 25 Vasily Petrenko conducts the Orchestre symphonique de Montréal and pianist Javier Perianest at Place des Arts, Festival Montréal/Nouvelles Musiques brings Martin Matalon’s Le Scorpion score (for Luis Buñuel’s The Golden Ageto) to Cinquième Salle on Feb. 26, and Pro Musica presents the Hagen Quartet at Place des Arts on Feb. 27.
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More live music
On Friday, L.A. rock stars Maroon 5 play the first of two nights at the Bell Centre, Simply Saucer perform psych-rock mayhem at Bar le Ritz P.D.B., while Tchami and Mercer bring off-the-hook electro dance music to New City Gas. On Saturday, British singer-songwriter Benjamin Francis Leftwich plays his heart out at Café Campus, Sydney-based electro-pop production duo Cosmo’s Midnight go live at Newspeak, the SAT throws its Domesicle party with Music Is My Sanctuary, while NGHTMRE, Peking Duk and Jackal get us dancing at New City Gas. Meanwhile, among this week’s MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE shows: Bobby Bazini at Metropolis on Friday, Champion and his G-Strings electro-symphony at Club Soda on Saturday, French singer Benjamin Biolay on Feb. 26 at Place des Arts, Black Joe Lewis & The Honeybears at La Sala Rossa on Feb. 27, Danish singer Agnes Obel on Feb. 28 at Place des Arts, and on March 2, The Tea Party wows at Metropolis, Leif Vollebekk shines at La Tulipe, and Milk & Bone’s Camille Poliquin plays solo as KROY at Théatre Fairmount.
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At the same time, Black History Month Montréal presents a weekend of music featuring Lee Fields & The Expressions at L’Astral and jazz stand-outs Aaron Diehl, Adam Birnbaum and Cécile McLorin Salvant at Centre Pierre-Péladeau on Friday, followed by a soul, Motown and disco evening with Dawn Tyler Watson at Le Balcon on Saturday, and on Sunday Malian kora master Ballaké Sissoko and French cellist Vincent Segal at Gesù and Khari Wendell McClelland in Searching for the Sound of the Underground Railroad at Le Balcon. Sunday night also brings the sweet electro-pop sounds of Vallis Alps to Bar le Ritz P.D.B. On March 1, join singer-songwriter icons Rickie Lee Jones and Madeleine Peyroux in a stellar double bill at Place des Arts, rock with Billy Talent at the Bell Centre, or get into the serious groove of Thundercat at the SAT. Singer Ariane Moffatt joins the Orchestre symphonique de Montréal for an OSM POP concert at Place des Arts on March 1-2. And Arcade Fire’s Tim Kingsbury is Sam Patch at Bar le Ritz P.D.B. on March 2. For more, check out where to hear live music in Montréal.
Up next:Spring break for families in Montréal
The post Things to do in Montréal February 24 to March 2 appeared first on Tourisme Montréal Blog.
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