Hitokiri Izo, or: more myth than fact?
When you hear "manslayers (hitokiri) of the Bakumatsu", what comes to mind? Maybe the fictional Himura Kenshin: someone who has mastered the sword and ruthlessly kills scores of people. Or perhaps some image based on jidaigeki where our cool assassin-hero draws his sword and cuts down half a dozen (or more) well-armed samurai in the blink of an eye.
Hitokiri Izo's career as an assassin is not like that.
Researchers seem to generally agree that Izo was said to have been involved in 9 assassination incidents because surviving records, such as letters and personal diaries, mention his name.
Of those 9, we know with a high degree of certainty that he couldn't have been involved in the assassination of Tada Tatewaki because Tada was killed in Kyoto while Izo was in Edo. It tends to be fairly impossible to kill someone who lives two weeks' travel away and still show up for work the next morning.
Of the remaining 8, one was not an assassination: although a group of assassins, including Izo, were sent after two merchants-become-samurai, Hiranoya Jusaburo and Senbeiya Hanbei, they did not kill them, partly because of their original status as townsmen and partly because of the pleas of their families. Hiranoya and Senbeiya were staked alive and naked by the riverside for public display, instead of being killed. Humiliated but alive.
Of the remaining 7, Izo's involvement in three is questionable.
The first is the assassination of Kagawa Hajime, who was beheaded inside his home. The general consensus seems to be that this was done by Tanaka Shinbei of Satsuma or Hagiwara Toraroku of Himeiji, and that Izo may or may not have been present but didn't do the killing.
The second is the assassination of Ikeuchi Daigaku, who was attacked on his way home from a banquet in Osaka. That one is questionable because there's so little information: somehow Izo's name has become attached, but the names and identities of others who would have been there seem to not have been written down.
The third is the four yoriki incident, in which some thirty men from Tosa, Satsuma, Choshu, and Kurume stormed the station at Ishibe-juku and killed four men who were being transferred from Edo to Kyoto, Watanabe Kinzaburo, Mori Magoroku, Ogawara Juzo, and Ueda Sukenojo. Takechi Hanpeita's diary lists 12 men from Tosa who took part but Izo's name is not included.
That leaves us with 4 incidents where we're actually sure Izo was involved. Notice I said involved. You see, contrary to that image of Himura Kenshin, lone assassin, most assassinations carried out during this period involved groups of people and it can be fairly difficult to figure out who did the actual killing. Quite a lot of these incidents also did not involve any swords at all.
Like I said, Hitokiri Izo may be more myth than fact.
In Izo's case, the 4 incidents he was actually part of are:
Inoue Saichiro: a group of four invited Saichiro to a restaurant, got him drunk, then strangled him with a tenugui on the way home and threw his body into the river.
Honma Seiichiro: a group of eight waited for Seiichiro to leave a restaurant drunk and tried to overwhelm him. A fight ensued, Seiichiro was stabbed in the side and then beheaded, and his body was thrown in the river.
Bunkichi the maekashi: a group of three took him to the river, strangled him with a cord, and staked his dead body out for everyone to see. This, perhaps, was their most popular assassination. Bunkichi had worked for a money-lender and people really, really hated him. To the tune of impaling the dead body with a bamboo pole and throwing rocks at it.
Ugo Shigekuni: a group of four attacked Shigekuni while he was asleep in the home of the Kujo family, where he was hiding. When he attempted to escape (because the two assassins inside the room apparently did a poor job killing a sleeping person), he was cut down by Izo who was waiting outside. This may have been the only assassination where Izo is actually using his sword to kill someone.
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