#latest jobs matric base

[kkginfo]

TS High Court Recruitment 2022: High Number of Telangana High Court Jobs.. Graduation Qualification and Typing is enough.. | KKG INFO

TS High Court Recruitment 2022: High Number of Telangana High Court Jobs.. Graduation Qualification and Typing is enough.. | KKG INFO

Telangana State High Court has released notification to fill various vacancies today (July 26). According to this notification, Telangana State High Court has issued a notification to fill the posts of Copyist and Typist. Telangana High Court Typist and Copyist Recruitment 2022: Telangana State High Court has released notification to fill various vacancies today (July 26). According to this…

[aryacollegeofengineering]

Trending Engineering Educational Sectors

Engineering Educational Sector

Since years, the engineering activities have been the core enablers of civilizational transformation. New technologies, engineering systems and products have been and continue to be the at the centre in sectors related to food, water, hygiene, clothing, housing, defense, energy, manufacturing, transportation, and in healthcare, education, entertainment, finance, governance, etc. Hence, despite the evolution of many other industry-specific courses, engineering education at best engineering colleges in Jaipur remains as one of most attractive options for students across the world.

A huge number of students continue to enrol in engineering courses as Industry 4.0 and Net-Zero Transition technologies present many bright career opportunities. Further, as engineering education mainly focusses on strengthening analytical and problem-solving skills, many engineering graduates find it easy to use their education for other career pursuits.

According to the research conducted by the experts of engineering colleges Jaipur, there are companies about new job openings in FY23 as the country’s economy is on a growth trajectory. It is based on a survey among executive-level managers and HR leaders covering sectors like construction and engineering, auto and auto ancillary, education, hospitality, FMCG, banking, and finance, among others.  There are some emerging trends that are shaping the engineering education in the country today:

Outcome-based Education (OBE)

Outcome-based engineering education seeks to nurture students’ ability to conceive, design, implement, and operate complex value-added engineering products, processes, and systems in a modern team-based environment. Many progressive institutes are carefully defining their Program Educational Objectives, Program Outcomes, Program Specific Outcomes, Program-specific desired minimum level of competence for POs and PSOs, Course Outcomes, Course Articulation Matrices, Program Articulation Matrices, and also developing their monitoring systems for Course level and Program Level Outcome Attainment.

OBE’s implementation requires that students of top engineering college in Jaipur are repeatedly engaged in the core engineering processes like designing, predicting performance, building, and testing throughout the curriculum. Many universities and engineering institutes are making systematic reforms to implement OBE effectively through appropriate inclusion of inductive pedagogies like project-based learning (PBL), experiential learning, etc.  

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

UGC introduced CBCS to make higher education broad-based and promote learner-centricity, flexibility, and inter-disciplinarity. Extent of its implementation is an important parameter in NAAC accreditation process. NEP has also supported it. Some universities have already implemented CBCS in their engineering programs and many more are in the process of doing so.

Industry-specific programs

Many universities and institutes of top BTech colleges in Jaipur are including industry-specific engineering courses in their curricula. In these programs, the students are exposed to the latest engineering tools, technologies and trends in the engineering sector. The courses are also regularly updated from time to time.

Flexibility of External Courses

Many universities are offering flexibility to earn credits through MOOCs and courses at partner universities in India or abroad. In addition to facilitating several courses, some progressive universities have even entered partnerships with online education providers like Coursera and edX and free/paid access to these online courses to their engineering students.  Faculty are integrating these online courses in their curricula in many different ways. Also, some universities offer the option for doing a semester at some partner university abroad. 

Industry Internships

For many decades, one summer internship has been an essential component of almost all engineering programs of the list of engineering colleges in Jaipur. Earlier, only a few universities had also created a provision of a full semester-long internship in the final year. Now many more universities follow this model. While, there are serious difficulties in managing short-term summer internships, industry is much more interested in engaging students for this full semester-long final year internship.

Focus on Sustainability

Institutions of higher education have started to include sustainability in the curriculum of various disciplines across the globe.  Ability to consider sustainability related issues in engineering processes of planning, design, implementation, etc., is now considered as an essential desired program outcome of many engineering programs. Many universities are transforming their engineering curricula to include sustainability related topics in their courses. NAAC’s requirement of various green campus initiatives is also supplementing this trend.

Soft skills development

Communication and other soft skills are essential for engineers of engineering college Jaipur as they are expected to be proficient in presentation, organization, leadership, and conflict resolution. Increasingly the engineering institutes have been including soft skills development programs and courses in their curricula in many different ways. 

Building entrepreneurial and innovative abilities

Entrepreneurship and innovation have the potential of turning fresh graduates into job providers rather than job seekers. Understanding the true potential of entrepreneurship, institutes are building incubation centers to help students hatch their innovative plans. Engineering institutes are also providing all necessary support from finance to infrastructure to students today and many students have come up with successful start-ups because of this process. Some universities have started giving the option to students to work on their own start-ups in lieu of internships and/or projects work.

Conclusion

As industries and businesses across sectors are evolving by leveraging new technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Automation & Robotics, New Materials, New Manufacturing & Construction Technologies, Biotechnology, Clean Technologies, Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), High performance Computing, AR/VR, Blockchain, etc. Engineering institutes like best BTech colleges Jaipur are transforming their curricula to meet the new demands of the industry by including these technologies in their curricula and also adopting transformative approaches. Also, it includes increasing emphasis on industry internships, sustainability, soft skills, innovation, and entrepreneurship, as well as offering options for external credits and industry specific programs.

Many progressive universities are redefining and transforming their curricula and students experience in different ways. With these new trends, the engineering education is becoming ready for producing engineers who can take the country’s economy and technological might to newer heights.  For motivated students, the engineering education continues as a great gateway for some of the best career options. It also offers the opportunities to prepare themselves as change agents to transform the world and make it more beautiful, prosperous, happier, healthier, and sustainable.

Source: Click Here

[findlyjobs]

Sindh Institute of Child Health and Neonatology SICHN Jobs 2024

The Sindh Institute of Child Health & Neonatology, a project of the government of Sindh, is seeking the services of self-motivated individuals, preferably domiciled in Sindh province, for various positions across different departments.

The Sindh Institute of Child Health and Neonatology, established under the SICHN Act 2018, requires individuals for positions at its operational locations in Karachi. These positions are on a one-year contract basis, with the possibility of extension based on performance.

An advertisement for Sindh Institute of Child Health & Neonatology (SICHN) jobs, dated March 30, 2024, published in the Daily Express Tribune Newspaper, invites applications for vacant positions including guard, diabetic educator, manager RSDC, RSDC assistant, nurse, registrar, staff nurse, assistant professor, assistant head nurse, professor gynaecology, medical officer, head nurse, nutritionist, professor clinical affairs, professor, midwife, and associate professor in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Candidates with educational backgrounds ranging from Master's, DAE, MPhil, Matric, MBBS, PhD, MS, BA, Intermediate, to Bachelor's degrees are eligible to apply.

The deadline to apply for Sindh Institute of Child Health & Neonatology (SICHN) latest government medical jobs and others is April 14, 2024, or as per the closing date mentioned in the newspaper advertisement. For detailed instructions on how to apply for the latest job opportunities at Sindh Institute of Child Health & Neonatology (SICHN), please refer to the complete advertisement online.

View SICHN Jobs Advertisement and Apply Online Now

Sindh Institute of Child Health and Neonatology SICHN Jobs April 2024

[meldgaardbryant62]

Lowering the Nitrate Content material within Vegetables Through Shared Damaging Short-Distance Distribution and Long-Distance Transport.Supplemental Materials https//doi.org/10.23641/asha.14700228.Metabolites have got essential jobs inside bacterial residential areas, including since mediators regarding source of nourishment as well as energy change, cell-to-cell interaction, and antibiosis. Even so, sensing and also quantifying metabolites along with other chemical substances inside trials having extreme conditions throughout sea as well as nutrient articles employing fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based techniques remains a tremendous challenge. Here, all of us report the semplice approach based on in situ compound derivatization accompanied by elimination for investigation associated with metabolites as well as other chemicals within hypersaline samples, which allows the very first time direct LC-MS-based exometabolomics examination within taste matrices containing as much as A couple of Mirielle total mixed salt. The method, MetFish, does apply in order to molecules containing amine, carboxylic chemical p, carbonyl, as well as hydroxyl well-designed groupings, and it can end up being incorporated into possibly targeted as well as untargeted examination pipelines. Inside precise studies, MetFish supplied limits associated with quantification as low as 1 nM, vast linear powerful varies (approximately 5-6 requests of magn metabolomics in a number of hypersaline trials via various ecosystems and containing around Only two Mirielle dissolved salts.Hereditary heart disease is regarded as the recurrent birth defect as well as the top source of death to the unborn infant plus the very first year regarding lifestyle. Your wide phenotypic range regarding congenital cardiovascular disorders calls for specialist analysis and sophisticated repair medical procedures. Though these types of defects are already explained since 17 hundred years, it had been simply inside 2006 a general opinion international nomenclature was implemented, then a major international category within 2017 to assist have better treatments for patients. Developments throughout hereditary architectural, imaging, and also omics studies get uncovered systems <a href="https://gsk2982772inhibitor.com/amniotic-fluid-lactate-degree-being-a-diagnostic-application-with-regard-to/">endothelin receptor</a> regarding center development along with malformation in dog versions, however about 80% regarding congenital center defects have an not known hereditary beginning. Below, all of us summarize latest understanding of hereditary structurel center problems, intertwining specialized medical along with basic analysis viewpoints, with the aim for you to foster interdisciplinary partnerships with the innovative of every discipline. We also discuss staying problems within greater knowing congenital cardiovascular disorders along with supplying advantages of people. Predicted closing on the web book date for the Annual Writeup on Genomics along with Human Genetics, Volume Twenty two can be August 2021. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates pertaining to adjusted estimations.Function In the current digital world, text messaging is among the hottest techniques folks stay connected. Even though it can be described that people with aphasia encounter complications with text messaging, tiny info is accessible regarding how they actually do text message.

[easysourceservice]

Navigating the Work Landscape: The Impact of Manpower Outsourcing on the Future of Work

In a rapidly evolving business environment, the future of work is being shaped by innovative approaches to manpower solutions. One such transformative trend is the strategic utilization of manpower outsourcing, a practice gaining prominence in various industries. This article explores how this approach is influencing the job landscape, providing organizations with unprecedented opportunities for growth and efficiency.

Scale Up Without Borders

The concept of flexible, tailor-made manpower solutions has become a game-changer. Organizations can now scale up existing manpower swiftly to meet dynamic business needs. With time-bound ramp-ups, the flexibility offered by manpower outsourcing allows companies to adapt and expand without geographical constraints.

Performance-based operational expertise is a cornerstone of this trend. Comprehensive management of the employee life cycle ensures compliance visibility down to the last mile. Organizations may concentrate on essential business tasks and leave the complexities of workforce management to the professionals thanks to this dedication to operational excellence.

Access to Latest Technology

The integration of state-of-the-art technology is a key component of an effective manpower outsourcing agency. Web-based analytics dashboards provide real-time visibility into critical business and operational parameters. Automated payroll systems eliminate errors and enhance transparency in pay structures and payouts. The introduction of the mobile app streamlines attendance tracking, outdoor duty management, leave requests, and more.

Reduce Your Workload

Dedicated teams and account managers, equipped with published escalation matrices, ensure a seamless transition for organizations opting for manpower outsourcing. Being manpower-ready with functional tools and infrastructure, including the ability to deploy assets such as laptops and safety equipment, significantly reduces the workload on internal resources.

Enjoy the Expertise

Professional handling of employee induction, coupled with tailored training programs aligned with job requirements, is a hallmark of a manpower outsourcing agency. A team of subject matter experts facilitates knowledge sharing, provides advisories, and consults on the implementation of best practices.

Competitive Pricing

The advantages of tailor-made commercials for specific services and operational efficiency contribute to competitive pricing. Value-added services further enhance the overall cost-effectiveness of manpower outsourcing, making it an attractive option for businesses looking to optimize their resources.

The Final Words

The innovative landscape of manpower outsourcing is undoubtedly shaping the future of work. With a focus on flexibility, technology integration, reduced workload, expertise, and competitive pricing, organizations can navigate this evolving terrain and position themselves for success in the dynamic world of business.

[educationtech]

Trending Engineering Educational Sectors - ACEIT Jaipur

Since years, the engineering activities have been the core enablers of civilizational transformation. New technologies, engineering systems and products have been and continue to be the at the centre in sectors related to food, water, hygiene, clothing, housing, defense, energy, manufacturing, transportation, and in healthcare, education, entertainment, finance, governance, etc. Hence, despite the evolution of many other industry-specific courses, engineering education at best engineering colleges in Jaipur remains as one of most attractive options for students across the world.

A huge number of students continue to enrol in engineering courses as Industry 4.0 and Net-Zero Transition technologies present many bright career opportunities. Further, as engineering education mainly focusses on strengthening analytical and problem-solving skills, many engineering graduates find it easy to use their education for other career pursuits. 

According to the research conducted by the experts of engineering colleges Jaipur, there are companies about new job openings in FY23 as the country’s economy is on a growth trajectory. It is based on a survey among executive-level managers and HR leaders covering sectors like construction and engineering, auto and auto ancillary, education, hospitality, FMCG, banking, and finance, among others.  There are some emerging trends that are shaping the engineering education in the country today:

Outcome-based Education (OBE)

Outcome-based engineering education seeks to nurture students’ ability to conceive, design, implement, and operate complex value-added engineering products, processes, and systems in a modern team-based environment. Many progressive institutes are carefully defining their Program Educational Objectives, Program Outcomes, Program Specific Outcomes, Program-specific desired minimum level of competence for POs and PSOs, Course Outcomes, Course Articulation Matrices, Program Articulation Matrices, and also developing their monitoring systems for Course level and Program Level Outcome Attainment. 

OBE’s implementation requires that students of top engineering colleges in Jaipur are repeatedly engaged in the core engineering processes like designing, predicting performance, building, and testing throughout the curriculum. Many universities and engineering institutes are making systematic reforms to implement OBE effectively through appropriate inclusion of inductive pedagogies like project-based learning (PBL), experiential learning, etc.   

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

UGC introduced CBCS to make higher education broad-based and promote learner-centricity, flexibility, and inter-disciplinarity. Extent of its implementation is an important parameter in NAAC accreditation process. NEP has also supported it. Some universities have already implemented CBCS in their engineering programs and many more are in the process of doing so. 

Industry-specific programs

Many universities and institutes of top BTech colleges in Jaipur are including industry-specific engineering courses in their curricula. In these programs, the students are exposed to the latest engineering tools, technologies and trends in the engineering sector. The courses are also regularly updated from time to time.

Flexibility of External Courses

Many universities are offering flexibility to earn credits through MOOCs and courses at partner universities in India or abroad. In addition to facilitating several courses, some progressive universities have even entered partnerships with online education providers like Coursera and edX and free/paid access to these online courses to their engineering students.  Faculty are integrating these online courses in their curricula in many different ways. Also, some universities offer the option for doing a semester at some partner university abroad.  

Industry Internships

For many decades, one summer internship has been an essential component of almost all engineering programs of the list of engineering colleges in Jaipur. Earlier, only a few universities had also created a provision of a full semester-long internship in the final year. Now many more universities follow this model. While, there are serious difficulties in managing short-term summer internships, industry is much more interested in engaging students for this full semester-long final year internship. 

Focus on Sustainability 

Institutions of higher education have started to include sustainability in the curriculum of various disciplines across the globe.  Ability to consider sustainability related issues in engineering processes of planning, design, implementation, etc., is now considered as an essential desired program outcome of many engineering programs. Many universities are transforming their engineering curricula to include sustainability related topics in their courses. NAAC’s requirement of various green campus initiatives is also supplementing this trend. 

Soft skills development

Communication and other soft skills are essential for engineers of engineering college Jaipur as they are expected to be proficient in presentation, organization, leadership, and conflict resolution. Increasingly the engineering institutes have been including soft skills development programs and courses in their curricula in many different ways.  

Building entrepreneurial and innovative abilities

Entrepreneurship and innovation have the potential of turning fresh graduates into job providers rather than job seekers. Understanding the true potential of entrepreneurship, institutes are building incubation centers to help students hatch their innovative plans. Engineering institutes are also providing all necessary support from finance to infrastructure to students today and many students have come up with successful start-ups because of this process. Some universities have started giving the option to students to work on their own start-ups in lieu of internships and/or projects work.

Conclusion

As industries and businesses across sectors are evolving by leveraging new technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Automation & Robotics, New Materials, New Manufacturing & Construction Technologies, Biotechnology, Clean Technologies, Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), High performance Computing, AR/VR, Blockchain, etc. Engineering institutes like best BTech colleges Jaipur are transforming their curricula to meet the new demands of the industry by including these technologies in their curricula and also adopting transformative approaches. Also, it includes increasing emphasis on industry internships, sustainability, soft skills, innovation, and entrepreneurship, as well as offering options for external credits and industry specific programs. 

Many progressive universities are redefining and transforming their curricula and students experience in different ways. With these new trends, the engineering education is becoming ready for producing engineers who can take the country’s economy and technological might to newer heights.  For motivated students, the engineering education continues as a great gateway for some of the best career options. It also offers the opportunities to prepare themselves as change agents to transform the world and make it more beautiful, prosperous, happier, healthier, and sustainable.

[valueocelot01]

7 Closely-Guarded Politics Secrets Explained In Explicit Detail

This is predicted and is because of the difficulty of the fantastic-grained job. The diversity of actions will increase as a result of proliferation of latest ideas, after which decreases as brokers hone in on the fittest actions. From then on, the ConvNetPart can be high quality-tuned using as floor-truth the final tracker predictions on extremely assured frames (HCFs). However, considering begin time and meeting size simultaneously, then the maximal approval occurs within the areas the place two voters agree. At the identical time nonetheless, a minority of users look like spread out all through all the ideology house, presumably also invading a region populated by members of another social gathering. Figure 8: Comparison between the distribution of floor-truth customers and of our predictions, inside the latent ideology space. Top-left corner of Figure 6(a). To a lower extent, the same additionally happens in Figure 6(b). These regions of the confusion matrices allow to visualize the errors that we mentioned earlier - that is, wrong occasion classifications that develop into correct predictions when techniques are evaluated pole-clever.

E additionally appear to be unfold-out across the highest-left quadrant of the ideology space, which makes it troublesome to cluster them all together. Specifically in each subfigure, the scatter plot distribution reveals the place ground-truth customers of a given occasion are positioned within the shared ideology area. It reveals the high quality-grained confusion matrices of the 2 methods, along with the marginal distributions of both floor-fact and predicted labels. Such customers will be erroneously predicted as supporters of FdI by our method. Overlaid, the contour lines show the distribution of the take a look at-set customers predicted by our technique for that social gathering. Under this favorable laboratory situation, supervised classifiers are in a position to maximise their studying phase on knowledge situations in the training-set, and to successfully carry over what they learnt to the take a look at-set. An interesting consequence that clearly emerges from Tables 5 and 6 is the superiority of all of the approaches primarily based on SVC classifiers for the prediction step.

Independently on the methodology used for obtaining political ideologies and on the general approach to the task (e.g., semi-supervised or supervised), the three strategies leveraging an SVC consistently obtained the 3 best general leads to each the high quality- and coarse-grained tasks. In this paper, we present an method to supporting early-stage suggestions on societal and ethical dimensions of AI analysis. To answer certainly one of the primary analysis questions on this paper, we examine whether there exists a correlation between retweets rely and sentiment. Instead, unsupervised approaches, such as the one proposed in our work, are ready to better adapt to potential drifts. It is possible solely to formulate relatively common necessities for this process. Politicians of the same parties seem shut, that means that their posts are commented by the identical communities. Furthermore, it explains why the identical techniques obtain strikingly higher outcomes when evaluated for the prediction of poles as a substitute of events. Moreover, both strategies exhibit a bias in the direction of overestimating right-leaning events. For the long run, it will be interesting to guage and diagnose novel strategies for studying latent political ideologies and for predicting political leaning, via this visualization technique.

This represents a limitation of our technique for studying ideologies or an intrinsic limitation of working with noisy textual data, which inevitably results in flawed predictions at clustering time. Figure 7: Comparison of the confusion matrices, with marginal distributions, for superb-grained (occasion) predictions between our proposed method and the unsupervised technique by ? Overall, results introduced in Tables three and four and in Figure 7 exhibit that it is rather challenging to tell apart between the totally different parties that lay on the same facet of the political spectrum. Contrarily, now we have more difficulties in predicting far-proper and much-left events. Organizational fixes usually come from laws, and the type this regulation takes can have substantial results on organizational outcomes (bamberger2015privacy, ). This simplicity does not come by chance, somewhat, it is important and desired by the researchers: the issues to be approached are themselves so advanced that whichever components of complexity will be diminished (or no less than postponed), the reduction is always welcome. POSTSUBSCRIPT |. Thus, the objective of our dimension reduction is to infer these latent entities and their related textual content realizations. POSTSUBSCRIPT is the revenue described above. important news of this comparison for the positive-grained prediction task, while Table 6 presents results for the coarse-grained job.

[itsjobsinpakistan]

If you want to get 701 Regional Workshop EME Okara Cantt Jobs 2021, click and get these Pak Army Jobs Okara Cantt. Find all Jobs in Pak Army on Worker.Pk.

[pakarmyjobs2021]

Check out the latest Pak Army 303 Spares Depot EME Jobs 2021. Read complete details and advertisements before applying for the latest Pak Army Jobs 2021.

[kkginfo]

Telangana: Ongoing measurement exhibition in the state.. Allowed to fill 2,440 posts.. For full details.. | KKG INFO

Telangana: Ongoing measurement exhibition in the state.. Allowed to fill 2,440 posts.. For full details.. | KKG INFO

Job fair continues in Telangana state. The finance department has sanctioned 2,440 posts in education, archives and research departments. Telangana: Sarkar has once again given a good news to the unemployed in Telangana. The finance department said OK for some work. Notification for about 2500 posts will be released soon. Yes, the job fair continues in the state. The finance department has…

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Karachi May jobs 2021 | Latest jobs in Karachi May 2021 | Govt. Jobs in Printing & Stationery Department Karachi Jobs 2021 | Govt. Jobs in Karachi May 2021

[96thdayofrage]

Researchers modeled the impact of structural racism on viral transmission and disease impact in the state of Louisiana.

The higher burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection among Black people also amplified the virus's spread in the wider population.

Reparations could have reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the overall population by as much as 68 percent.

Compared with white people, Black individuals in the United States are more likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, more likely to end up in the hospital with COVID-19, and more likely to die from the disease.

Civil rights activists have long called for monetary reparations to the Black descendants of Africans enslaved in the United States as a financial, moral, and ethical form of restitution for the injustices of slavery.

Now, a study led by Harvard Medical School researchers suggests reparations could also have surprising public health benefits for Black individuals and the entire nation.

To estimate the impact of structural inequities between Black and white individuals, the researchers set out to capture the effect of reparation payments on the Black-white wealth gap in the state of Louisiana.

Their analysis, published online on Feb. 9 in Social Science & Medicine, suggests that if reparations had been made before the COVID-19 pandemic, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the state's overall population could have been reduced by anywhere from 31 percent to 68 percent.

The work was done in collaboration with The Lancet Commission on Reparations and Redistributive Justice.

"While there are compelling moral and historical arguments for racial-injustice interventions such as reparations, our study demonstrates that repairing the damage caused by the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow racism would have enormous benefits to the entire population of the United States," said study senior author Eugene Richardson, assistant professor of global health and social medicine in the Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School.

The disproportionate effects of COVID-19 on racial minorities—Black individuals in particular—have been well documented. Black people get COVID-19 at a rate nearly one and a half times higher than that of white people, are hospitalized at a rate nearly four times higher, and are three times as likely to die from the disease, according to the latest estimates from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.

The greater disease burden among Black people has caused tremendous loss of life and unspeakable suffering across these already vulnerable and disadvantaged communities. Notably, these effects have also spilled over and are driving transmission rates of the virus in the overall population, the study authors said.

Addressing the structural inequalities at the roots of this disparity through monetary reparations would not only radically decrease the impact of COVID-19 among the people who received reparations, the authors said, but would reduce the overall toll of the disease on a broader scale, benefiting the entire population.

The findings, the researchers said, powerfully underscores the truly global nature of the pandemic and the notion that a society is only as strong as its most vulnerable members.

"If we extrapolate these results to the entire United States, we can imagine that tens or hundreds of thousands of lives would have been spared, and the entire nation would have been saved much of the hardship it has endured in the last year," said Richardson, who is also the chair of The Lancet Commission on Reparations and Redistributive Justice.

For their analysis, the researchers paired sophisticated data analytics and computational tools with commonly used epidemiologic modeling methods to calculate the impact of structural racism on infection rates among Black and white populations in Louisiana. They chose Louisiana as an exemplar of the impacts of structural racism in the U.S. because it was one of the few states that reported infection rates by race in the early stages of the pandemic. For a control group, the researchers chose the relatively egalitarian population of South Korea.

The researchers noted that although modeling is used to understand many factors in the spread of an infectious disease, such as differences in infection risk based on whether passengers on a train sit with windows open or closed or individual variations in mask-wearing habits, it has rarely been used to capture the effects of social factors that can create vast disparities between populations, such as those seen between Blacks and whites in the U.S.

Richardson's recent book Epidemic Illusions explores the ways conventional epidemiology is constrained from proposing solutions that address the root causes of health disparities derived from the combined weight of centuries of racism, imperialism, neoliberal politics, and economic exploitation. One of the goals of the paper is to challenge the narrow ways people who work in medicine and public health measure and think about problems and solutions and to broaden the public imagination, thus opening new conversations about what challenges and opportunities are worth considering in global health and social science, Richardson said.

The study examined the initial period of the outbreak, before infection control measures were implemented, so any differences in infection rates between populations at that time would have been driven mainly by differences in the social structures, the researchers said.

For example, Louisiana has a population heavily segregated by race, with Black people having higher levels of overcrowded housing and working jobs that are more likely to expose them to SARS-CoV-2 than white people. In comparison, South Korea has a more homogenous population with far less segregation.

To probe how such structural inequities impact transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the researchers examined infection rates over time for the first two months of the epidemic in each location. During the initial phase of the outbreak in Louisiana, each infected person spread the virus to1.3 to 2.5 more people than an infected individual during the same phase of the outbreak in South Korea, the analysis showed. The study also showed it took Louisiana more than twice as long to bring the early wave of the epidemic under control as South Korea.

Next, the researchers used next-generation matrices to gauge how overcrowding, segregation, and the wealth gap between Blacks and whites in Louisiana could have driven higher infection rates and how monetary reparations would affect viral transmission.

The model showed that greater equity between Blacks and whites might have reduced infection transmission rates by anywhere from 31 percent to 68 percent for every person in the state.

This research comes at a time when many Americans are already thinking about the larger societal costs of structural racism, the researchers said. They noted, for example, that the nationwide movement to protest police brutality against Black people has been fueled by many of the inequitable outcomes exemplified so painfully by the coronavirus pandemic in the U.S.

"This moment has made it possible for a lot of people who had no reason to think about these inequalities to be very aware of them," said study co-author and Lancet reparations commissioner Kirsten Mullen, who was a member of concept development team for the National Museum of African American History and Culture.

Anti-racism in action

Richardson said that the research was designed to explore how reparations payments might have altered the trajectory of the coronavirus pandemic in the U.S. and how a different response to the disease could have helped mitigate the disparities fueled by social conditions that are vestiges of slavery. Such conditions, Richardson noted, include ongoing discrimination and structural racism in the form of redlining, overcrowding, over-incarceration, and the heightened use of lethal force in policing experienced by Black people.

Richardson said that historian and anti-racist scholar Ibram X. Kendi's description of the differences between racism and anti-racism were helpful in designing the study. According to Kendi, a racist policy is any policy that produces or sustains inequality or promotes the power of one racial group over another, whereas an anti-racist policy is any measure that produces or sustains equity between racial groups.

Richardson said that one important goal of the project was to attempt to harness the power of mathematical modeling for an anti-racist response to the coronavirus and beyond.

"When you look at a formula for transmissibility, it looks like an objective calculation," he said. "But where is lethal policing in that formula?"

Richardson noted that it was important to call attention to the systemic and structural elements of racism that can get lost in simplified models of disease.

What are reparations?

Mullen and study co-author William Darity, who recently published a book on reparations and have written in the press about the case for using reparation payments to fight COVID-19, defined reparations as a program of acknowledgement, redress, and closure for a grievous injustice. In this case, Mullen said, the atrocities are associated with periods of enslavement, legal segregation and white terrorism during the Jim Crow era, and racial strife and violence of the post-Civil Rights Act era, including ongoing inequities in the form of over-policing, police executions of unarmed Black people, ongoing discrimination in regard to incarceration, access to housing, and, possibly most important, the Black-white gulf in wealth.

Successful reparations programs include three elements: admission of culpability on behalf of the perpetrators of the atrocity; redress, in the form of an act of restitution; and closure, wherein the victims agree that the debt is paid and no further claims are to be made unless new harms are inflicted.

In this case, Mullen said, reparations would take the form of financial restitution for living Black individuals who can show that they are descended from at least one ancestor who was enslaved in the U.S. and that they self-identified as Black on a legal document at some point during the 12 years prior.

The financial restitution is designed to help close the Black-white wealth gap. Darity noted that it is important to distinguish wealth from income. Wealth is how much you own, and income is how much you earn. Greater wealth translates to greater stability for individuals and families across time. Greater wealth is also more strongly associated with greater well-being than greater income, Darity said, and disparities in wealth manifest as health disparities.

"Wealth is more strongly associated with familial or individual well-being," said Darity, who is the Samuel DuBois Cook Distinguished Professor of Public Policy at Duke University and a Lancet reparations commissioner. He noted that, according to the Federal Reserve Board 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances, the average Black household had a net worth $800,000 lower than the average white household, and that Black people, who represent 13 percent of the U.S. population, only own 3 percent of the nation's wealth.

"This dramatically restricts the ability of Black Americans to survive and thrive," Darity said.

To assess the effect of reparation payments on the trajectory of the pandemic, the researchers based their calculations on a model that would pay $250,000 per person or $800,000 per household to descendants of enslaved individuals—one of several proposed reparation models.

Every transmission is a social transmission

"Every transmission has a social cause," said study co-author and Lancet reparations commissioner James Jones, associate professor of Earth System Science and a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University.

For a brief moment when AIDS was in the spotlight during the late 80s and early 90s, people interested in social behavior became interested in mathematical modeling of disease, Jones said. While that interest largely waned, the COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the need to think about social science, inequality, social structure, behavior patterns, and behavior change, as well as how they fit together with how we understand and respond to epidemics, Jones said.

Even the simplest model must account for a rudimentary social structure, Jones said. At its most basic, this can be represented with a generalized estimate of how likely an infected person is to come into contact with a susceptible person. He explained that this number, R0 or "R-naught," is the average number of people an infected individual transmits the virus to. When R0 is less than one, no epidemic is possible because the number of people infected decreases. When R0 is greater than 1 an epidemic is possible. R0 also determines the total number of people who could potentially become infected or how many people would need to be vaccinated to end the epidemic. It can also be used to calculate the so-called endemic equilibrium—which determines whether a disease will continue to exist within a population, simmering constantly in the background or bubbling up seasonally, like influenza.

"That's the theory of infectious disease control in a single parameter," Jones said.

That seeming simplicity can make it hard to focus on the complex ways that infectious diseases move through the real world, the researchers said.

"It's important to highlight that R0 is not simply a function of the pathogen," Jones said. "It's a function of the society." Social and environmental factors like mobility, segregation, and the nature of the built environment help determine rates of infection, he said.

This is one important reason that diseases don't hit all people the same. Global R0 is an average of very different R0s for different groups of people. Some groups are more likely to interact only with members of their own group, some groups are more likely to come in contact with infected people, and some are more susceptible to the disease for other reasons, Jones said.

In this case, the researchers used mathematical models to help understand the differences in R0 for Black people and white people in Louisiana and to help think about how things would change if racism were less prevalent in America.

Absent those interventions, the researchers noted that Black Americans remain at an elevated and inequitable risk of becoming infected and dying during the COVID-19 pandemic and that this inequity will continue to fuel the pandemic for all Americans.

"Increasing equality would have huge benefits on infection rates for everyone," said co-author Momin Malik, who was a data science postdoctoral fellow at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University at the time the study was conducted.

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