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heygutlcssa · 3 years

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NAME: Velma Meyer SPECIES: Human ORIENTATION: Closeted Bisexual GENDER: female BIRTH DATE: January 1st 1933

APPEARANCE

She’s real old hollywood. Every hair in place, red lips to match fiery red hair. She’s sharp as a tack and could form a fist as good as any man. She’s a tough chick, a beauty queen. She hides sad eyes behind a stern face. It’s difficult to get her to truely smile. Cold girls like her are thorns and stone.

face claim: Diane Lane

RELATIONSHIPS

FAMILY: Jonas (Father) ; Leah (Mother) ; Tobias ( deceased / Brother)

SIGNIFICANT OTHER: Raefer “Riff” McClellan ( ex-boyfriend / deceased)

CHILDREN: Verse dependent

PERSONALITY

She’s cold. Cold and sharp and mean. She could win you over with a smile if she ever bothered to show it. She’s hard because she has to be. She’s wild as they come; a man walking around in a woman’s skin.

NEED TO KNOWS

Velma didn’t used to be as mean and vicious as she is now. She was positively sweet when Riff first asked her to go steady in 1949. She’d written the phone number to her folks Grocey store in Hell’s Kitchen on his arm in her red lipstick. Told him to call her at three. He spent the entire afternoon trying to find a phone he could use to call her.

Her parents store doesn’t perform that well. They don’t own the building and the store itself is in a basement with the store sign often being stolen. The Bodega over in San Juan Hill is much more popular.

She only started being nasty after her older brother was mugged and killed by being drowned in a rain barrel over a dollar.

She’s pretty abusive toward Riff, but also very sweet on him. She often hits him with whatever blunt object is closest and when she can’t find anything to be mad about she accuses him of cheating. She doesn’t like Tony mainly because she’s insecure of her own sexuality and can see quite clearly that Riff is in love with Tony. She’s always trying to steer him towards straighter living just to spite Tony. Thus far her abusive nature towards Riff has gotten him his GED as he did try to bend over backwards to please her. Nothing really works..

Graziella is her only really good friend. She’s always nice to her, even after she started dating Riff.

She knows Ice is sweet on her, but after Riff she’s not to dedicated into being in a relationship again.

She’s fluent in German and does most of the english talking for her folks, but really only speaks German at home.

#about velma #tw; domestic violence #tw: death mention

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shiftyskip · 7 years

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John T. “Johnny” Julian

Below is a very bad photo that is believed to be Julian, I am not sure it is accurate. Do not take me for 100% but it is attached to his memorial page linked to ancestry. Might be him might not be

John Taylor Julian was born in April 5, 1924 in Alabama to Alfred and Leah Julian. He had an older sister, Mary, and older brother, Alfred. His mother would have Walcie, his younger sister, a year after his birth. His younger brother Robert was born the year after Walcie. His parents might have also had two other children, Peggy

Since I cannot find much about his childhood I will leave most of his background empty. I will let you know if I find out more.

Julian was from the small town Sipsey, Alabama, which was a Mining area. Julian had brown hair and blue eyes. He graduated high school and worked in a Coal factory before his enlistment. He was 5′10 when he enlisted on May 20, 1943 in Fort McClellan, Alabama. It is know he was currently living by himself at the time.

During training, he met Edward “Babe” Heffron. The two men thought the other talked funny. Julian had a “strong Southern drawl”. Babe joked around him saying that he was from the “south” too, then explained he was from South Philly. Babe describes him as quiet, handsome, clean cut, believed in God, “believed in everything I believed in” as Babe said, and believed he was going to go home.

Babe and Julian became best friends during Jump School and figured they better stick together for better or for worse. Julian and Babe made a promise they’d go buy a farm together if they survived the war. Babe, Julian, and J.D. Henderson made a pact that if one of them were hit and died, the other two would be the ones to go visit the parents. “Look, if anything happens to me, make sure you do this or that.”

In Aldbourne, England, Julian was sent to 1st Platoon and Babe was sent to be with another South Philly boy “Wild Bill” Guarnere in 2nd Platoon. Babe and Julian still saw each other. Shortly after their arrival, Julian went on a weekend trip to London with Babe and Jim Campbell. They went to Piccadilly Circus and eventually ended up at an “after-hours club” called Bow and Arrow. There they heard a lady sing “A Nightingale Sang In Berkeley Square” for them after they gave her a cigarette.

Julian jumped into Holland with Easy and didn’t show much to “prove himself”.

January 1, 1945. Julian was out on patrol with 1st Platoon. There was only seven or eight men in his group and the were sent to see where everyone, including the enemy was. Julian was front and center of his patrol and had just neared a railroad tracks when the Germans opened fire. He was shot through the neck. No one could reach him, because if they tried to rescue him, Germans opened fire any time someone moved towards the boy. Johnny Martin was sent to find Babe. “No, not Julian,” Babe said before leaving his foxhole, gun, and his squad to find his friend. Babe wanted to get him away from the Germans to get his class ring, wallet, and wristwatch to return home. That was part of his promise to Julian’s family.

Although they made many attempts to get to Julian, no one could reach him. Babe tried to get him from every angle but each time was pushed back. Eventually, another platoon pushed the Germans back and the 1st Platoon rescued Julian’s body. He had bled out while they were trying to rescue him.

When they got his body around nightfall, they asked Babe if he wanted to see it. Babe turned them down because he couldn’t handle seeing his friend that way. He was shaking and left to his thoughts. “I never thought it was gonna be him,” Babe said. “You never get over something like that....Julian was a good kid. We took care of each other,” Babe continued.

After the war, Babe never forgot his promise to Julian. After 12 years, he wrote Julian’s mother a letter. She called him and told him, “Babe. you don’t have to travel to ‘Sipsey’, Alabama.” At first, Babe thought she didn’t want to think about the loss of her son, but she was with her daughter in New Jersey, who had just had a baby.

Babe visited her at her daughter’s house. Babe said that he broke down but that Julian’s mother “was a better soldier than I was. Stiff upper lip. Didn’t show emotion.” Babe gave her the regimental scrapbook, which he only had one of. He told her that she deserved it and that Julian would want her to have it. He believes Julian was looking down at him, saying, “good job, well done.”

Babe was forever effected by Julian’s death. Even during interviews, he was pained to talk about Julian. Every New Year’s Day, Babe thought of Julian, making him hate New Year’s. Both him and Guarnere hated the holidays and just preferred to be left alone during them.

Babe wasn’t open about the war. He never told his wife or daughter about his experiences. He says the only reason he started telling his son-in-law was because of a saying: “If you keep a hero’s name in the public’s eye, the person never dies.” After that he started talking about Julian more and more, trying to keep his legacy from dying.

Around the time Band of Brothers came out, Babe and others went to Europe to visit the graves of their friends. Babe visited Julian’s grave in Luxembourg. Every time he visits, he says a pray, leaves some flowers, and moved on. He went about fifteen times in total.

Babe at Julian’s grave

#profiles #john t julian #band of brothers #real band of brothers #julian band of brothers

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capecoddaily · 6 years

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Deck: Here's what happened in Plymouth…Towns: PlymouthTopic: Police BlotterHub Category: Police and FireAuthor: CapeCodToday StaffTeaser: Here's what happened in Plymouth…Main Image: Thumbnail Image: Body: Plymouth Police Department Media Log Page: 1 Dispatch Log From: 08/22/2018 Thru: 08/23/2018 0600 - 0600 Printed: 08/23/2018 For Date: 08/22/2018 - Wednesday Time Call Reason Action 0620 Alarm Sounding Accidental Location/Address: [PLY P02402] PRESTIGE WAY 0644 Abandoned Vehicle Report Location/Address: SPRING LN 0648 Alarm Sounding Accidental Location/Address: [PLY P04679] PLYMOUTH TOWN HALL - COURT ST 0733 Property Damage Report Location/Address: [PLY P04551] Haverty & Feeney - SAMOSET ST 0738 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: SPENCER DR 0744 Alarm Sounding Accidental Location/Address: [PLY 431] DEVERS, LEAH - JAN MARIE DR 0839 Property Damage Taken/Referred to Other Location/Address: [PLY P02271] VERC PLYMOUTH MOBIL - COMMERCE WAY 0902 B&E Burglary Report Location/Address: [PLY P00361] ZION LUTHERAN CHURCH - COURT ST 0912 Check Wellbeing Transported Location/Address: [PLY P00661] VILLAGE GENERAL STORE - STATE RD 0930 Disturbance General Spoken To Location/Address: [PLY P02977] Plymouth Development Corp. - COURT ST 0931 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: LEYDEN ST 0943 Disturbance General Report Location/Address: BREWSTER ST 0953 Parking Complaint Area Search Negative Location/Address: [PLY P04065] PLYMOUTH COURT LOCKUP - OBERY ST 1007 Warrant Service Attempt Unable to Serve Location/Address: LONG POND RD 1022 Property Damage Info Exchange Location/Address: [PLY P02760] PILGRIMS PROGRESS - COURT ST 1034 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: MICAJAH POND RD 1129 Alarm Sounding Building Checked/Secured Location/Address: [PLY 8] MURPHY, KEVIN B - BEACH PLUM LN 1148 Assist citizen Services Rendered Location/Address: TJ MAX - SHOPS AT 5 WAY 1152 Police With Ambulance Transported to Hospital Location/Address: [PLY P04094] PLY REHAB & HEALTH CARE CENTER - SOUTH ST 1220 Community Policing Activity Community Policing Location/Address: [PLY P00073] ALGONQUIN HEIGHTS - ALGONQUIN TER 1225 Motor Vehicle Accident Info Exchange Location/Address: SPRING LN 1259 Motor Vehicle Accident Info Exchange Location/Address: COURT ST Plymouth Police Department Media Log Page: 2 Dispatch Log From: 08/22/2018 Thru: 08/23/2018 0600 - 0600 Printed: 08/23/2018 1311 Cruiser Accident Report Location/Address: [PLY P02556] MYLES STANDISH LIQUORS - COURT ST 1355 Alarm Sounding Accidental Location/Address: FEDERAL FURNACE RD 1403 Parking Complaint Services Rendered Location/Address: [PLY P01923] SANTANDER BANK (SOVEREIGN) - NORTH ST 1422 Larceny No Services Necessary Location/Address: CHERRY ST 1430 Property Damage Report Location/Address: [PLY P01093] LOBSTER HUT - TOWN WHARF 1440 Motor Vehicle Accident Info Exchange Location/Address: COMMERCE WAY 1447 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: [PLY P02080] EAST BAY GRILL - WATER ST 1451 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: [PLY P02513] PLYMOUTH CROSSINGS ASSISTED LIVING FACILITY - SOUTH ST 1456 Unwanted Guest Gone on Arrival Location/Address: [PLY P01761] SUPER STOP & SHOP - STORE#469 - SAMOSET ST 1550 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: [PLY P04393] PLYMOUTH COUNCIL ON AGING - NOOK RD 1601 Found Property Report Location/Address: [PLY P00534] TOWN WHARF ENTERPRISES - TOWN WHARF 1638 Property Damage Report Location/Address: [PLY P01957] OCEAN STATE JOB LOT - CARVER RD 1640 Alarm Sounding Building Checked/Secured Location/Address: [PLY P03994] BAY STATE COMMUNITY SERVICES - COURT ST 1702 Attempted Service Summons Unable to Serve Location/Address: SAMOSET ST 1712 Suicidal Person Transported to Hospital Location/Address: [PLY P03467] NEW HOPE CHAPEL OF PLYMOUTH - COURT ST 1714 Community Policing Activity Community Policing Location/Address: [PLY P00073] ALGONQUIN HEIGHTS - ALGONQUIN TER 1718 Motor Vehicle Accident Info Exchange Location/Address: [PLY P02314] BED BATH & BEYOND - COLONY PL 1735 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: GRANDVIEW DR 1754 Police With Ambulance Transported to Hospital Location/Address: PALMER RD 1801 Parking Complaint Gone on Arrival Location/Address: RUSSELL ST 1819 Alarm Sounding Building Checked/Secured Location/Address: LITTLE SANDY POND RD 1820 Attempted Service RMV/Lic Rev Unable to Serve Location/Address: ROCKY HILL RD 1851 Threats Cancelled Response Location/Address: CHAMPLAIN CIR 1917 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: MCCLELLAN DR Plymouth Police Department Media Log Page: 3 Dispatch Log From: 08/22/2018 Thru: 08/23/2018 0600 - 0600 Printed: 08/23/2018 1920 Suspicious Activity Unfounded Location/Address: HOPKINS RD 1924 Motor Vehicle Accident Info Exchange Location/Address: [PLY P00073] ALGONQUIN HEIGHTS - ALGONQUIN TER 1929 Suspicious Activity Area Search Negative Location/Address: [PLY P01918] BANK OF AMERICA - SAMOSET ST 2018 Transfer Fire Transfer Fire Location/Address: STATE RD 2024 Animal Complaint Services Rendered Location/Address: COTTONTAIL TRL 2034 Motor Vehicle Complaint Area Search Negative Location/Address: [PLY P03315] DUNKIN DONUTS - SAMOSET ST 2100 Suspicious Activity Gone on Arrival Location/Address: SUMMER REACH - SUMMER ST 2110 Suicidal Person Transported to Hospital Location/Address: POST N’ RAIL AVE 2123 Found Property Report Location/Address: [PLY P02689] PLYMOUTH HARBORMASTER - TOWN WHARF 2128 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: HIDDEN COVE 2238 Drug Overdose Report Location/Address: BARTLETT RD 2254 Suspicious Activity Spoken To Location/Address: SHIP POND RD 2316 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: OLMSTEAD TER 2341 Suicidal Person Spoken To Location/Address: ELLISVILLE GREEN For Date: 08/23/2018 - Thursday 0028 Alarm Sounding Building Checked/Secured Location/Address: [PLY P03187] SMARTPAK - GRISSOM RD 0032 Transfer Fire Transfer Fire Location/Address: [PLY P02746] HOME FOR LITTLE WANDERERS - SHIP POND RD 0058 Disabled MV Services Rendered Location/Address: ROUTE 3 0122 Alarm Sounding Building Checked/Secured Location/Address: [PLY P03187] SMARTPAK - GRISSOM RD 0337 Abandoned Call Building Checked/Secured Location/Address: [PLY P01902] ENTERGY - ROCKY HILL RD 0451 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: PACKARD ST 0518 Transfer Fire Transfer Fire Location/Address: HOLMES RD 0548 Transfer Ambulance Transfer Ambulance Location/Address: CLAM PUDDING

#Cape Cod Daily News

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decorfrontline · 6 years

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Some of Our Favorite EHD-Inspired Interiors

New Post has been published on http://www.decorfrontline.com/index.php/2018/03/27/some-of-our-favorite-ehd-inspired-interiors/

Some of Our Favorite EHD-Inspired Interiors

They say that imitation is the most sincere form of flattery and if that is the case then, my friends, we here at EHD are VERY flattered. Over the years we have attempted, failed, and succeeded at a countless number of projects. We take risks, try to be original, informational and inspirational and then put it out on the blog for you every day in hopes that what we put out there for you will somehow inspire or help you in your own lives. So when there is a project that hits and people are inspired by it enough to recreate it in their own space it’s like having our design cake, and eating it too. We thought it might be fun to start showcasing some of the EHD-inspired interiors over here on the blog every so often for a handful of reasons. 1) You guys are seriously talented and need to be recognized, 2) Hopefully seeing these readers versions might inspire you to recreate a project for your own space and 3) It makes us happy to see your spaces and what you do to them. Let’s get into it.

You might remember this ‘Spanish Kitchen‘ Makeover that we did a few years back, well Shelley Tumlin took it and recreated it in her vintage camper and we are obsessed. Those blue cabinets, that peel and stick tile and even the faded oil paintings are a dead match. She actually rents out the camper in Florida and we are very tempted to make a reservation in the very near future, so we can cook ourselves a tiny little meal in that tiny little kitchen on the beach.

I am sure you all remember Brady’s ‘DIY Channel Tufted Headboard‘. He turned an awkward bedroom size into a focal point by creating a wall to wall channel tufted headboard in green velvet none the less. He created a step by step tutorial over on the blog and it spawned some pretty amazing versions that were inspired by the original.

French For Pineapple took the concept and went very moody (and busty with it) by using this graphic black and white marble print in her bedroom. Talk about a statement wall. We love it.

Bright Green Door took things to another level with this beautiful version in faux leather that is flanked by two storage units providing a cozy little bedding nook to doze off in every night. We love the dark cabinets paired with the warmer tone of the leather and that quilt gives the room so much personality.

Mandi Johnson For A Beautiful Mess decided to take the project into the dining room and her results are pretty amazing. Not only did she take it all the way from floor to ceiling but also added in a storage bench. Pretty genius and that space looks so inviting.

Amelia Hannah who also hails from Utah (like Brady) created her own version in her bedroom in the same fabric as ours and we love it. Those hanging lights are such a good solution as well to help free up nightstand space and highlight the art she has leaning on the ledge of the headboard.

In addition to some of the DIY projects that we have showcased, we have also got some submissions from the budget room design boards that we have pulled together. The ‘Modern Traditional Bedroom‘ a few years back was recreated by Sarah Aguilar with a few slight adjustments and we love seeing her own take on it.

Our ‘DIY Pillow & Leather Strap Headboard‘ which we created for the Dorm Room shoot also got some love by a reader who created their own version.

This much more refined and paired down version which was submitted by Brynn Harlock is pretty impressive. This room is so happy and inviting and we love seeing her version of the DIY on the wall.

But Brynn didn’t just stop with that one gorgeous room. She used Birdie’s nursery turned guest room for our ‘Styling To Sell‘ series as inspiration for her own guest room.

We had to do a double take with this one, as we have an almost identical shot and the rooms look so similar. We love seeing her take on it, and that focal wall with the tree mural wallpaper gives the room so much character without having to add a lot of other elements in.

And last but not least Brynn also submitted her version of this little reading nook from our California Spanish project.

She made it personal with her own collection of art and we love that she added that brass light in, to contrast against the blue wall. Well done Brynn, can’t wait to see what you come up with next.

After we published our ‘How To Add Character To Basic Architecture – Wood Paneling‘ we got this submission from Leah McClellan, who used the inspiration and roundup of DIY’s to create her own focal wall.

She added an accent wall of horizontal wood paneling in this nursery and the results are pretty inspiring. What kid wouldn’t want to call that their room?

And our last submission’s for this EHD Inspired roundup came from Brady’s ‘Peel & Stick Floor Tile DIY‘. If you remember the original post, he redid his kitchen floors for just $50 with some vinyl peel and stick tiles, which inspired a few readers to attempt it in their homes.

Jordan Rudd gave her old linoleum floors a brand new look in her kitchen, and we have to say her little Frenchie looks so happy sitting on those new floors.

And Natalie Duncombe submitted her kitchen where she used the same DIY and we love how bright and graphic the new floors look.

It’s a pretty impressive roundup and we love seeing how you guys transform your spaces. If you have tried any of our projects or have created a room, vignette, or space inspired by anything you have seen here on the blog we would love to see it and include in our next “EHD-Inspired” post. Email your photos to: [email protected] and you just might see it up here on the blog.

The post Some of Our Favorite EHD-Inspired Interiors appeared first on Emily Henderson.

#Interior Design

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onlineproof-blog · 7 years

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New Post has been published on https://www.onlineproofreadingservices.net/how-to-do-scientific-proofreading-correctly-on-your-own/

How to Do Scientific Proofreading Correctly on Your Own?

Do you feel that punctuation corrections and editing is just a waste of time? In writing, it is always important to edit and proofread your work to make sure it does not contain any mistakes. Good writing is important, so you should not skip the process of editing and proofreading your paper. In scientific proofreading, you need to give yourself enough time to read your work to check if there are mistakes. If you do not have the time to read your work, you can get help from the best online proofreading services.

Peculiarities of Scientific Papers Proofreading

What makes scientific papers hard to proofread? This paper is a scientific written report of an original research, but which format is prescribed by institutions to their students or those looking to publish to their journals, let’s say. These publications also have rules about the formatting and sections involved. In many cases, it has…

Title

Keyword list

Abstract

Introduction

Without bullets but with prose

Materials and methods

Results

Discussion

References

Appendices

Tips for Proofreading Scientific Papers

Do not rely on spelling checkers: If you need to do scientific editing, you should not rely on spelling checkers alone. Checkers are helpful tools, but in some instances, they cannot check all the mistakes. Spell checkers have limited dictionary and vocabulary too.

Grammar checkers: If you do proofreading scientific papers, do not use grammar checkers because they cannot identify each mistake. They will not also give you thorough explanations on how you should edit your paper. They may not even detect mistakes in grammar if the words are spelled correctly.

Proofread one at a time: If you try to revise and identify many things, you will lose your focus. With that, proofreading will be less effective. It is easier to get rid of mistakes if you are not checking the spelling and the punctuation at the same time.

Read slowly – In scientific paper editing, reading your paper slowly and per each word is important. You need to read your paper aloud to know if there are awkward words. When you read too quickly or silently, you may skip mistakes or some corrections.

Separate text into individual sentences: If you are in the process of editing scientific papers, you need to read every sentence separately, looking for punctuation, spelling or grammar mistakes. If you are editing a printed copy, you can use an opaque object such as a ruler to isolate the lines you are working on.

Circle each punctuation mark: For scientific English editing, you need to circle punctuation marks, and then ask yourself if you use the punctuation correctly.

Read the paper backward: For scientific and medical proofreading, you need to read your paper backwards. Begin with the last word on the last page of your paper. You need to read every word separately. In the process, you can spot for wrong word usage. You can also focus on spelling later. But again, see to it you are correcting only a type of an error for each reading.

Proofreading is a learning process: you should not just look at mistakes when you proofread. You also need to learn recognizing and correcting new mistakes that come your way.

Grammar Check and Scientific Editing Service Professional Service

Whenever you need grammar check, you can get professional help online. Online professional service offers scientific and proofreading services for students. They cover all academic materials, which include dissertations, PhD theses, journal articles, conference papers, research proposals, books and others. The service makes sure to proofread your paper by using their skills and experience. They make sure that their customers ‘paper is free from spelling and grammatical errors.

Expert Advice on How to Proofread

Richard Nordquist: According to Richard, there are things needed to do to final check on your paper to ensure it is from mistakes. Here are some of his tips:

Give it a rest: If you are done composing your paper, you need to proofread it with fresh eyes, so you need to set it aside and go back to it later. If you have fresh eyes, the more likely you can spot mistakes.

Double-check proper names, figures and facts: In addition to punctuation correction, you need to ensure that all details in your paper are accurate.

Look for one type of error at a time: Read your text many times, concentrating on your sentence structures, spelling, punctuation and word choice.

Review a hard copy: Print out a copy of your text, then read it line by line. Doing this will help you catch mistakes that you missed.

Read your text aloud: You need to read your text aloud or better yet ask your colleague or friend to read it aloud for you. With that, you can hear if there are irrelevant or awkward words you have written.

Leah McClellan: There are things you need to keep in mind when you do a final check of your paper. Here are some of her tips:

Do not proofread until you are completely finished with the actual writing and editing: If you are not yet done with editing, do not proofread your text because you may feel that there are still details you need to include or remove.

Be sure that there are no interruptions and distractions: Turn off social media and email, hide your phone, or shut your TV or music off. Print your document and read your text as another alternative.

Forget the story and content: In proofreading, you need to analyze sentence by sentence. Do not read your paper in the usual way. Focus on grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Finally, editing and proofreading are important before you submit your paper to ensure it does not contain any mistakes. In proofreading, give yourself enough time to read so that you can catch all the mistakes.

For the best results, hire only our expert scientific proofreading help today!

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likoma · 7 years

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Of course you don't need an editor. Wait, is there a comma after "Of course"?

Of course you don’t need an editor. Wait, is there a comma after “Of course”?

How am I supposed to know when to use italics and when to use quotes?

Do they teach that in English class? No. How about in the masters in literature? Doubtful. Where are you supposed to learn how to format your book?

How about from an editor?

The Apple Pie Hubbub was a significant novel for me, because that’s when I first started using verbs. — Steve Martin

My first books were written, “just…

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passthesourcream · 7 years

Text

Of course you don't need an editor. Wait, is there a comma after "Of course"?

Of course you don’t need an editor. Wait, is there a comma after “Of course”?

How am I supposed to know when to use italics and when to use quotes? Do they teach that in English class? No. How about in the masters in literature? Doubtful. Where are you supposed to learn how to format your book? How about from an editor? The Apple Pie Hubbub was a significant novel for me, because that’s when I first started using verbs. — Steve Martin My first books were written, “just…

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scribero-blog · 8 years

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What’s the difference between editing and proofreading? Jan. 10

The discussion about the definition of proofreading and its difference from editing is pretty long. Here is what Leah McClellan thinks:

“A lot of beginner writers and even more experienced writers wonder: What’s the difference between editing and proofreading?

And what’s copyediting?

Then there’s developmental editing, substantive editing, and stylistic editing. Structural editing, line editing, project editing, technical editing, and fact checking. Even proofreading is sometimes (erroneously) called editing, although there is such a thing as editorial proofreading.

Gah! What’s a writer to do?

If you Google “types of editing” you’ll get all sorts of confusing information. On top of that, in the blogging world an “editor” is sometimes more of a WordPress geek or administrative assistant than anything.

But it’s not really all that complicated. And every writer should have a good understanding of the editing and proofreading process. Even if you never hire or work with an editor or proofreader, you should be taking care of these steps yourself.

And chances are good you already are.

Stages of writing

Editing is probably the most confusing concept whereas copyediting and proofreading are fairly specific. Let’s take a look.

Any type of writing ideally goes through four stages in order: writing, editing, copyediting, and proofreading.

We know what writing is, so let’s skip that part and move on to editing.

Editing definitions are confusing partly because of the overlap with writing early in the editing process. And later, a bit of a blur occurs between final copyediting and proofreading.

Plus, professionals use terms in their own way, and that might be different from the ways others use them. Publishing houses, editorial service companies, and freelancers all have their own definitions within certain boundaries.

For example, developmental and substantive editing are often used interchangeably. Stylistic editing can be performed as a separate step, but it’s more often part of some other editing process. And copyediting is usually synonymous with line editing—but not always.

Let’s look at editing as improvements made after the writing is in fairly good order but before focusing on small details.

This stage is most often called developmental or substantive editing.

The big picture: Developmental or substantive editing

Think of a novel. The first step in the editing process is developmental editing, sometimes called substantive editing.

During this process, editors review the entire manuscript from a broad perspective and suggest improvements in organization, structure, and consistency. They might also point out problems with characterization, point of view, tension, or conflict. Or maybe the story has too much dialogue or the setting needs more detail.

At this stage, editors don’t focus on fixing awkward sentences, misspelled words, or punctuation. Instead, a developmental editor’s job is to improve the story itself—the big picture—from beginning to end. This applies to non-fiction writing as well.

And bloggers, by the way, do the same thing with their blog posts, especially the lengthy epic posts. The big picture has to be in place before detailed editing can begin.

Developmental editing can blend into substantive editing, which focuses on the finer points of structure: chapter or paragraph organization, transitions, and even sentences. It all depends on the company or organization and how they’re defining editing.

Substantive editing can also refer to heavy copyediting (discussed below), and it can mean almost a complete rewrite at the sentence and paragraph level. As you can see, there’s an overlap in each direction.

In your own writing—let’s say a blog post—developmental editing includes deciding on details you want to include or delete. Organizing your information and refining your focus is also a part of this stage. And if you’re using an extended metaphor, you’ll want to be certain it’s carried through the entire blog post, as in this case.

When the blog post is in 100% solid shape—or you think it is—it’s time for copyediting.

The fine-tuning: Copyediting

Also called line editing, copyediting takes place mainly at the sentence level.

It means correcting grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Awkward sentences are reworded, and verbiage is eliminated for conciseness. Excess passive verbs are exchanged for active verbs, and transitions might be added in between and within paragraphs.

Style issues can also be a focus during this stage. In my own writing, for example (even in this blog post), I have a tendency to use formal, academic language even when I want a casual tone. By reading out loud, I can spot it and improve it since I don’t talk that way (far from it).

Consistency issues are also checked such as capitalization, hyphenation, and numbers spelled out or represented as numerals (four vs. 4). Plus, lists are checked for parallelism; each item should have similar structure and start with the same part of speech (nouns, verbs, etc.).

Think of it this way:

Copyediting isn’t the big picture, but it doesn’t require a microscope.

You can break it down into three different types: heavy, medium, and light copyediting.

Heavy copyediting is the kind that blurs into substantive editing as described above. It can mean almost a complete rewrite at the sentence level.

But it could also mean working with a non-native, non-fluent English writer. The content might be fantastic from a developmental perspective, but sentences are cumbersome, paragraphs need better organization, and word choices aren’t the best. And that means heavy copyediting.

Light copyediting means the writing has little need for improvement. Wordiness is corrected here or there, punctuation or a subject-verb agreement mistake is corrected, or a few sentences are broken up or joined for clarity.

In some cases, light copyediting is what the writer has requested of a freelance editor regardless of actual existing issues. In this case, only the most glaring or problematic issues are corrected.

Medium copyediting, of course, comes in between light and heavy.

And by the way, you might see copyediting spelled copy editing (with a space) or even copy-editing (British). I prefer copyediting since it’s a single concept just like copywriting, which is always spelled as one word.

The goal of copyediting is to produce writing that’s as close to perfection as any writing can ever be. But one final step is critical, and that’s proofreading.

Now put it under the microscope: Proofreading

No matter how skilled a copyeditor is, proofreading requires a different focus. And even if a copyeditor is an excellent proofreader, the two tasks should be done separately.

And that applies to writers doing all the work on their own. When you’re thinking about grammar and style, you won’t see that extra space or missing quotation mark.

It’s like using a different part of your brain for writing and copyediting and another part for proofreading.

Proofreading is science, editing is art.

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Here are two ways to remember what proofreading is about:

1. Proofreading proves the article or manuscript is ready to be published.

Everything else is—or should be—done.

2. Proofreading makes tiny adjustments and corrections, not big changes.

A proofreader scrutinizes the writing for minor spelling errors, extra or missing spaces, missing or double end punctuation, margin consistency, fonts, numbering, and so on. With website copy, links are checked for accuracy, and a proofreader might even examine keywords and meta data behind the scenes.

If copyediting errors are found, professional proofreaders check back with the copyeditor (if one exists) rather than make the changes themselves.

Proofreading can overlap into copyediting

Like types of editing, proofreading doesn’t have strict boundary lines. Proofreaders don’t ignore misspelled or incorrectly used words (peak instead of pique, for example) that a copyeditor missed.

But whether a proofreader has liberty to make changes depends on the job definition within a publishing house or other company. Sometimes a large company employs editorial proofreaders who have more leeway with copyediting than typical proofreaders. Other times, only one or two editors do all the editing and proofreading work.

At a small local newspaper, for example, a freelance writer might submit articles to the only person who sees them before they’re published: the editor. That editor might be one of several department editors, but if the budget is tight, copyeditors or proofreaders don’t exist. And in that case, editors either approve articles as they are or handle copyediting and proofreading themselves (or pass it on to an assistant editor).

For your own proofreading:

If you’re reworking convoluted sentences or replacing technical jargon with more common words, you’re not proofreading. You’re still in the copyediting stage, and it’s best to start fresh with proofreading or you’ll miss something.

If you do find a bigger problem while proofreading, you could highlight it and return to it later. That way, you won’t lose your proofreading focus.

But be sure to re-proof the entire paragraph when you make changes during this last stage. It’s very easy to introduce new errors when switching between proofreading and copyediting. (Ever see a double or missing word in a blog post? Yep, that often happens at this stage.)

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Remember, developmental and substantive editing are the main types of editing, and they’re all about the big picture.

Copyediting is a separate entity, and it focuses on fine-tuning at the sentence level.

Proofreading is a completely different step. It requires a microscope (so to speak), and it’s done only when all other editing is complete.

Your turn! What challenges have you faced while editing or proofreading your own writing? Have you worked with an editor or proofreader? What was your experience like? Comments and questions are always welcome.”

Source: http://simplewriting.org/whats-the-difference-between-editing-and-proofreading/

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