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the-tinderbox · 24 days ago

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👩🏻‍💻 𝙰𝚛𝚌𝚑𝚒𝚟𝚒𝚘 𝚍𝚒 𝚜𝚝𝚛𝚞𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚝𝚒 𝚙𝚎𝚛 𝚌𝚢𝚋𝚎𝚛𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚒𝚝𝚢 𝚌𝚑𝚎 𝚖𝚒 𝚟𝚎𝚗𝚐𝚘𝚗𝚘 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚐𝚕𝚒𝚊𝚝𝚒 𝚘 𝚌𝚒𝚝𝚊𝚝𝚒 𝚗𝚎𝚕 𝚝𝚎𝚖𝚙𝚘

AnyRun: cloud-based malware analysis service (sandbox).

Burp Suite: a proprietary software tool for security assessment and penetration testing of web applications. La community edition, gratis, contiene Burp Proxy and Interceptor (intercetta le richieste effettuate dal browser, consente modifiche on-the-fly e di modificare le risposte; utile per testare applicazioni basate su javascript), Burp Site Map, Burp Logger and HTTP History, Burp Repeater (consente di replicare e modificare le richieste effettuate, aggiungere parametri, rimuoverli, ecc), Burp Decoder, Burp Sequencer, Burp Comparer, Burp Extender (estensioni delle funzionalità di burpsuite, plugin specializzati per individuare bug specifici, automatizzare parte delle attività, ecc) e Burp Intruder (consente di iterare richieste con payload differenti e automatizzare attività di injection).

CyberChef: is a simple, intuitive web app for carrying out all manner of "cyber" operations within a web browser. These operations include simple encoding like XOR and Base64, more complex encryption like AES, DES and Blowfish, creating binary and hexdumps, compression and decompression of data, calculating hashes and checksums, IPv6 and X.509 parsing, changing character encodings, and much more.

DorkSearch: an AI-powered Google Dorking tool that helps create effective search queries to uncover sensitive information on the internet.

FFUF: fast web fuzzer written in Go.

GrayHatWarfare: is a search engine that indexes publicly accessible Amazon S3 buckets. It helps users identify exposed cloud storage and potential security risks.

JoeSandbox: detects and analyzes potential malicious files and URLs on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux for suspicious activities. It performs deep malware analysis and generates comprehensive and detailed analysis reports.

Nikto: is a free software command-line vulnerability scanner that scans web servers for dangerous files or CGIs, outdated server software and other problems.

Nuclei: is a fast, customizable vulnerability scanner powered by the global security community and built on a simple YAML-based DSL, enabling collaboration to tackle trending vulnerabilities on the internet. It helps you find vulnerabilities in your applications, APIs, networks, DNS, and cloud configurations.

Owasp Zap: Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) by Checkmarx is a free, open-source penetration testing tool. ZAP is designed specifically for testing web applications and is both flexible and extensible. At its core, ZAP is what is known as a “manipulator-in-the-middle proxy.” It stands between the tester’s browser and the web application so that it can intercept and inspect messages sent between browser and web application, modify the contents if needed, and then forward those packets on to the destination. It can be used as a stand-alone application, and as a daemon process.

PIA: aims to help data controllers build and demonstrate compliance to the GDPR. It facilitates carrying out a data protection impact assessment.

SecLists: is the security tester's companion. It's a collection of multiple types of lists used during security assessments, collected in one place. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, sensitive data patterns, fuzzing payloads, web shells, and many more.

SQLMAP: is an open source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over of database servers. It comes with a powerful detection engine, many niche features for the ultimate penetration tester and a broad range of switches lasting from database fingerprinting, over data fetching from the database, to accessing the underlying file system and executing commands on the operating system via out-of-band connections.

Subfinder: fast passive subdomain enumeration tool.

Triage: cloud-based sandbox analysis service to help cybersecurity professionals to analyse malicious files and prioritise incident alerts and accelerate alert triage. It allows for dynamic analysis of files (Windows, Linux, Mac, Android) in a secure environment, offering detailed reports on malware behavior, including malicious scoring. This service integrates with various cybersecurity tools and platforms, making it a valuable tool for incident response and threat hunting.

VirusTotal: analyse suspicious files, domains, IPs and URLs to detect malware and other breaches, automatically share them with the security community.

Wayback Machine: is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by Internet Archive. The service allows users to go "back in time" to see how websites looked in the past.

Wapiti: allows you to audit the security of your websites or web applications. It performs "black-box" scans of the web application by crawling the webpages of the deployed webapp, looking for scripts and forms where it can inject data. Once it gets the list of URLs, forms and their inputs, Wapiti acts like a fuzzer, injecting payloads to see if a script is vulnerable.

WPScan: written for security professionals and blog maintainers to test the security of their WordPress websites.

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👩🏻‍💻𝚂𝚒𝚝𝚒-𝚕𝚊𝚋𝚘𝚛𝚊𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚒

flAWS: through a series of levels you'll learn about common mistakes and gotchas when using Amazon Web Services (AWS).

flAWS2: this game/tutorial teaches you AWS (Amazon Web Services) security concepts. The challenges are focused on AWS specific issues. You can be an attacker or a defender.

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👩🏻‍💻𝙱𝚛𝚎𝚟𝚎 𝚕𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚊 𝚍𝚒 𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒 𝚊𝚙𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚝𝚎 𝚟𝚞𝚕𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚊𝚋𝚒𝚕𝚒 𝚜𝚞 𝚌𝚞𝚒 𝚏𝚊𝚛𝚎 𝚎𝚜𝚎𝚛𝚌𝚒𝚣𝚒𝚘

http://testphp.vulnweb.com

#mine: cyber

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ao3feed-macgyver2016 · 1 month ago

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Loosing game

Loosing game https://ift.tt/qxYyvob by AvelineLee In the quiet night of Phoenix, Riley Davis battles the turmoil within—a love for Mac, her partner who risks everything to protect others. Their bond is a dangerous game, where every move could mean losing it all. On a mission shadowed by deadly secrets and a mysterious payload, emotions ignite with fierce intensity. Their love is both a source of strength and a glaring vulnerability—because to love him is to confront constant danger. Facing a deadly threat, they must choose between sacrifice and the fragile hope of a future together. Words: 5435, Chapters: 1/1, Language: English Fandoms: MacGyver (TV 2016) Rating: Not Rated Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings, No Archive Warnings Apply Categories: F/M Characters: Riley Davis, Angus MacGyver (MacGyver TV 2016), Wilt Bozer (MacGyver TV 2016), Matilda "Matty" Webber, Desiree "Desi" Nguyen Relationships: Riley Davis & Angus MacGyver (MacGyver TV 2016), Riley Davis/Angus MacGyver (MacGyver TV 2016), Wilt Bozer & Riley Davis (MacGyver TV 2016), Angus MacGyver & Matilda "Matty" Webber (MacGyver TV 2016) Additional Tags: Mission Fic, Bombs, Hurt/Comfort, Song: Arcade (Duncan Laurence), First Kiss, Love Confessions, Idiots in Love, don't do this again, macriley, Happy Ending

#MacGyver #MacGyver 2016 #fan fiction #ao3feed

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the-firebird69 · 1 month ago

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Your son mentioned that his new glasses are similar to Kirk Douglas in falling down and he fell down because the war of the roses with his wife sister and my sons are gunmetal is what they're calling it Black but it's not the same color as gunmetal no it is. And it's also the color of this guy's glasses in the movie falling down. But the gunmetal is only on the top the silver is on the bottom represents bullets you're holding a gun and the bullets are on the table he's not committing suicide but that's what it is and the glass is broken it's really diamonds and in the movie and it's kind of happening why is it on our sun and this guy. That sun supposedly has the guns our son and not the ammo this guy is with the ammo and looking for more so it's a heads up but we help with this out there cuz we want real as foreigners do as well are sick of the constituting stuff. It is our sign and symbology the silver will come later no it's not with him he has a gun no it's analogous to the situation it's a gun without ammo and people are going to go at it right now he's at 3.1 times very healthy humans bone strength and elasticity resiliency and resistance to breaking and compressive strength all of its calculated with that number but all across the board it's better 3.1 is a heck of a difference it's like saying this Ford F-250 it's been beefed up and we worked reinforced new suspension new tires new rims new towing package frame is welded reinforcing motors been switched out and drivetrain complete including the axle transaxle drive shaft transmission and a completely rebuilt top end turbo diesel because it's three times see home from a real payload of about 1200 lb to about 4,000 lb and that's the difference when you're talking about human bone strengths regular human bone at 100% strength and not a mutant at all they're both strength is equal to the wood Red oak just very strong and very hard but you have to be healthy and it really healthy our son's bone strength is a very strong aluminum alloy yeah and it's about the strength of his small e-bike in about three months or less it'll be the strength of his bigger e-bike. When he's bigger and he will be soon and this is a sign but also his intellect is that way he has a gun and Mike bronder Senior he used to call him top gun and he was having them fly around by threatening in school. Hey but people are saying it with body A Buddy Holly here he crashed in a plane but his songs were rude and suggestive and the saying that he's going to be a rude boy and suggestive I'm trying to get him to do it all the time and it's going to be a stronger rude boy in the middle is a lot stronger even though it's smaller they're pretty heavy he does have a plastic wings a little bit and they're saying stuff about that already actually more comfortable but they deflect radiation blast from emitters is talking about it but we're doing it to get him glasses. It did work and these people are very base and stupid and tiring and cigarette and f*** them. I'm sending orders. These analogies are drawn by Mac proper and we're doing it too and these guys start doing this stupid s*** and that's what they're up to the movie falling down is extremely violent and they're saying our son will go through it and it's angering thing that I've ever heard.

-a few more things Buddy Holly was extremely musician he's actually dead He's a trumpster and a clone of trump he's not a duplicate he was. And the saying that he's going to die playing around here is extremely stuff and we used to get glasses yeah and that's just it, no. And the guys and gals of his race to this last part of this paragraph they say and they did it's very true they are using it and they have to take over because of the extremely crass attitude of these Mac proper

More shortly

Thor Freya

Is a rough day these assholes are a bunch of b****** they don't even know the code and they're bunch of assholes I want this guy Daniel gone such a prick what a steamy a****** and he's using these idiots and does that so sick of seeing these s*** heads I'm just going to fight each other and be useless as hell we're using them but wow are they stupid and we need to do some work I'm putting why

Hera

Olympus

Let's take a f****** big break Daniel from screwing yourself and your friends and people and all you can't do anything either and you're wrong and you're just an airhead I don't see you guys pull it up I don't think more information is going to help you as a matter of fact you're such a douchebags now and losers and it won't allow you you just go after each other harder you know why Daniel it's because you're stupid you're some Mafia kingpin trying to have me work there my people won't put up with it foreigners in the Mac proper so you're just this douchebag hospital freak and you're going to go there it's a dumbest stuff I've ever seen this is important just want me on ice and you do too and the max too it's even supposed to be your show and that'll give a s*** what you say do you don't know how to invent things you don't know how to engineer things and you let the team go you failed inspired all sorts of poopy crap you should see how dumb this looks

Zues Hera

What does this mean he says why don't you go interpret it, ask the computer ask your butler ask anybody just get away from me and we're going to try to rest you said wow I couldn't have you killed Daniel how's that and guess what it's legal and all your talk of all the influencing you to get injured and others doesn't mean anything because it's legal you are an enemy of the United States you're an enemy combatant you're messing with a VIP and you can get killed and executed not necessarily by Mac proper who are separatists like you scum... Well he says that and we blew the ACT and we keep doing that and he doesn't care for us who would we keep putting him in the mental hospital he says it's a prison in your unaware of the reaction that my people have and yet you're slaughtering each other are you deaf dumb blind.. I have to tell you something everyone's sick of us and we're ignoring it it's not working and he says you're going to step off you're going to get eaten then your head's going to come off I'm pretty sure that's it so you fell down and you refuse to get up like some sort of stubborn diluted mental patient you belong in a mental hospital and you should go there from time to time to clear your head with all this poison that you f****** useless s*** heads did to yourself and people like me what a waste of f****** time... We're all starting to say something this blows really bad now I'm thanking you and you're saying it's technical probably none of you will get it I don't think I'm going to get it we don't care anymore he says you're dumping stuff on me I can give a s*** about except I have to send it in and say his threat level is up now we are going to pursue you Daniel the mafia fag... I'm sorry to hear him it really is wasn't worth it and he says it's worth it for him on grinning laughing sitting there with a big man short little guy with a gun near me you should be ashamed that your treeson and against yours in this country. ... I'll tell you what we keep doing it and it's wrong just asking what's wrong with me you sound really stupid now it's obviously it's backwards.. we can't get it to work right so we're throwing stuff at it, you know he messed it up kind of on purpose no we messed it up with Billy z in China it doesn't really care cuz we just serve a bunch of f*** ups today is over the top and we're going to get creams

Daniel

You know I'm not your mommy or your daddy Daniel we are mistreating me and the military is going to kill you and they should you're a huge hypocrite and a massive homo you're a performance in Rhode Island it was so bad and you're working with this idiot to hold my money and investments which is fine you're another sucker smack Daddy's another sucker too probably doesn't want to be will you put a stupid brain in front boy you people stupid you're pathetic I thought you were bad and boy scouts had a few idiosyncrasies will come to find out that you're a walking living disaster and not supporting you in an effort to go after anybody if you go after Trump you're making me happy you'll get rid of trump and you'll get rid of you that's right you're an enemy scumbag you're a low-life mob guy wow how impressive s*********** sucking dick in the show that that's outstanding shows your character or caliber your lack of fortitude lack of understanding massive ignorance I'm going to have to do something to make myself feel better introduce you to a demon or two and you'll see them it's called venom you're a bunch of f****** morons there it is and it's one of you missing you see what I'm saying you cunt f****** loser.

Zues Hera

Don't do this to us and say you're already infected cuz you don't do anything and you're lazy you want to sit around a mental hospital that's some sort of mental patient survivor winner riding the whole world that's not what I'm doing f****** gimp ass loser I always says that back of course and I'm another moron and Trump has proven to be a moron and I'm on his side doing his stuff and he has probably 10 TBI so that's what it's all about we got hit and we're stupid now

Daniel

Why don't you go heal your a****** what are you f****** today I can't handle this anymore your boys have to do the right thing and you have to stop doing this s*** or you going to end up like Michael too you decide to do the stupid show you got that poor handicapped guy out there I can't f****** stand you either you loser he says the right thing who do I have to take over everything with I have kids but no my kids work for me and direct kids that are younger yeah that's who and you you should have been carved out years ago for that ass and I s*** you pulled and working with like working with Trump or something on 9/11 and you do damn well I owned a lot of stuff now you're out you piece of s*** he says it's not very hard if you let you go a little cuz you can't handle watching and control you you're going to do this stuff so stop f****** yourself in front of everyone you embarrassing clown so sick your antics putting a dick and balls and a stupid Frosty the snowman how embarrassing you are humiliating f** you ruined boy scouts you're such a s*** f** hanging out with garth the ultimate loser. Tommy F was doing it in PC and he's sucking his blood and got left so the f*** off and die and I'll tell you what that guy can hit people and he can hit you and hear a huge ass over to him just a little judgmental and you don't do anything right you're sick of you losers Jesus Christ everybody's a loser now what happened to West property says he got a TBI so I have to give a brain fixed the stupid s*** in front of the dumb a****** I don't know what to tell you he says I don't know I kind of have to do my own thing everybody's busy like your son telling me he's stupid and needs it needs it bad he says he's a shotgun cuz he can't stand you you're f****** face.. you f****** homo. Oh yeah man I told him not to you piece of dog s*** now I guess I'm going to proceed in my plan because teeny little guy cuz you're such a f****** dick what am I supposed to do you won't listen to what I'm saying you go against me you're just like Trump you're a f****** loser

Mac Daddy

It's your father say it to you f****** ninny

Zues Hera haha you always asking for his opinion he's going to start saying what he wants so you going to get screwed by that too you're such little girls

I have to tell you something you didn't like my antics too much now he's just amused but really this is terrible we got hit and we don't really know a lot of stuff but he says is how hard is it to f****** remember you pull that s*** as a cop on the bridge with a weapon near me and you get killed you pull that s*** out there with this ass and I crap going on with Jason the dentist and you get hit I just started pulling it with Tommy f and you got hit why is it so hard to figure out everyone else does and it's you getting hit you think you'd want to know... Well I get it I keep getting hit because I keep messing around with him and it's not complicated and people figured it out but that's how we do things and he says no and not to me and I don't care what your problem is with me it's usually quite fake and if you have a problem with me people are going to kill you dead and why don't you just announce it so they can start getting rid of you... Well he says that and I say I have a problem with you stepping on me and say what are you talking about you're trying to threaten for your father's stuff and you're annoying me and bothering me and trying to go after me personally I have a problem with you and you're a liar and you put me in a mental hospital a couple times and you're going to have to go in there and lose your f****** brain you're so goddamn dumb... Yeah I'm making it up and he says good I'm going to start filing charges both charges both ways if you can't figure it out Google it it's like a simultaneous event it's a duplicated events all this stupid corrections of verbiage coming from you you haven't my people say it and they're going to go after you starting today only no they mean wiping your stupid s*** heads out because of you.... We're in a fight I'll tell you and he says you're losing Daniel you're a c*** you're losing to us... Come to think of it where Rudy everything ruining everything it's so sorry I'm going to take over and you won't have this burden of having to try and survive... You know what I'm sitting here pressing this buttons or something what are you saying is we're going on the offensive and defensive and we're going to cream you and you're not all on the offensive he says you're just sitting there being a prick some sort of f** with an attitude. people are saying they can't believe they were learning from you because you don't believe what you're teaching more or less she says and she sees Trump who turned into a massive evil guy and she is too and so what you're lying about something that doesn't do what you say it does you're a bunch of f****** idiots you're a deluded f**** Daniel you're going to die get the f*** out of my face are you going to die tonight and all your people will blame me and we'll take them down... I certainly get this he says I don't think you get anything someone shot you somewhere along the line they need to shoot you again... Well he's saying that it's sort of agree with something we're running around town being a little kids dirtying about bothering him say all sorts of s*** about him everybody's pissed off at us and he's mad and who wouldn't be so he says okay you're looking at the Stockholm book what's next I'm supposed to sign up with you cuz you're a huge steaming smelling half dead half wit easy to get to moron I think you have to do better that you f****** loser and put a price on your head Daniel do you understand that language get the f*** off our line I'm going to fire bomb you and your house tonight and kill your f****** family first and stuff them in there so you can't get out... Well he says that says there's a lot of copycats around here I can pin it on Terry C was out there on the highway I'm starting to see something when I get lost this is where would you get lost idiot how about a nice car bomb up your ass that's all you guys play business right oh I'm sorry Daniel he's correct my English it's do business now you're right that's what's going to happen they're going to do business to you....

Daniel

Now that's our son and this is what they say and what happens to them is they get hit yeah there's going to be mob hits from this stuff you're such a f****** loser Daniel you're a moron now now people can see how stupid you are Jesus Christ your father is going to go down no he's got a plan to get rid of you and he really should you're f****** Jew bag

Thor Freya

I don't know who you think you're talking to Daniel or what you think you're doing what you think you can get away with but I dumped on you in Rhode Island you got slaughtered and we're big we want to take people out we're going to take them out none of you can stop us well maybe Kane and the clans that's about it some foreigners but not you sweetie pie we want to stick our fingers and wreck your pie it's ruined wwe wanr to take your pies we're going to take them. Maybe you understand that don't want to live anymore it's not your decision to make for your clan who might have a use against the Mac proper or are we going to have to handle that too the answer is yeah we just learned it today honest to goodness it was today because of your filth f****** routine and oh Terry it's not a good guy I know he gets burned by his son and his son Burns him before that yeah he got killed in the future because of these people who wanted to get him from what he's going to do now people know your fate but I'm going to post it cuz you're an annoying little penis aren't you penis lover Daniel AKA Paul hesterberg is a homo and you got in trouble for it before and kicked out of office these Trump should stop yelling at me to do their job try and bend my will and all this other stuff this guy Daniels in my face and there's an excuse you heard it once you start pestering me I'm going to go after you again

Zues Hera

Olympus

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technologywhis · 3 months ago

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Unpacking Network Packets: How Packet Sniffing Works and Why It Matters for Security

Introduction Think of sending a message as sending a series of postcards rather than one big parcel. On a computer network, these “postcards” are network packets – small chunks of data that travel from your device to others. Understanding what packets are and how they move is key for anyone in IT. It’s also crucial for grasping how tools like Wireshark help us peek inside the network, and how attackers might abuse that ability. In this post, we’ll explore what network packets look like, follow a packet’s journey across the internet, see how packet sniffing and analysis are done (with real tools), and discuss the security stakes. We’ll keep it conversational with analogies (yes, there will be envelopes and postcards) and real-world context, so let’s dive in!

What Exactly Is a Network Packet?

When you send data over a network – whether it’s an email, a song stream, or a cat video – your computer doesn’t blast it out in one huge chunk. Instead, the data is broken into bite-sized pieces called packets for more efficient transmission

techtarget.com

techtarget.com. Each packet carries part of your data and also some information about the data. You can imagine a packet like a tiny postal package or an envelope mailed to the destination: the header of the packet is like the outside of an envelope with all the addressing and handling info, and the payload is like the letter or content inside

techtarget.com. Many packets also have a trailer (or footer) at the end – comparable to a seal or signature on the envelope – which can include error-checking information to ensure the packet arrived intact

en.wikipedia.org

techtarget.com.

In more technical terms, a packet’s header contains control information needed to deliver the payload. This includes things like the source and destination addresses, protocol details, sequencing information, and so on

en.wikipedia.org

techtarget.com. The payload is the actual user data (the part you ultimately care about), and the optional trailer often holds a checksum or error-detection code to help the receiver verify the packet’s integrity

en.wikipedia.org

techtarget.com. For example, in an IP (Internet Protocol) packet, the header will have the source IP address (where the packet is from) and the destination IP address (where it’s going), among other fields, and the payload will be the segment of application data being carried. If the packet is part of an Ethernet frame, there will also be an Ethernet header (with MAC addresses for the local network delivery) and an Ethernet trailer (containing something like a CRC error check).

So, just like a postal service can efficiently route many small envelopes faster than one gigantic package, networks send your data as a collection of packets. Each packet is small enough to zip through routers and switches without overloading them. If one packet gets lost or damaged, only that piece needs resending – not the entire file. This system makes networking robust and scalable: multiple devices can share the network, and packets can find alternate paths if some routes are congested or broken

techtarget.com

techtarget.com. In short, packets are the fundamental units of data exchange on a packet-switched network like the Internet

en.wikipedia.org.

The Journey of a Packet Across the Network

How does a packet get from point A to point B? Let’s walk through a packet’s journey, step by step. When you hit “Send” or request a website, your computer’s networking stack springs into action. At the highest level, your message (say, an email or a web request) is handed to the transport layer (TCP or UDP in the TCP/IP model). The transport layer slices the message into segments and attaches its own header (e.g. TCP header with port numbers, sequence numbers, etc.), turning each segment into a “packet” for the next layer

dev.to

. Each of these segments is then passed to the network layer (IP), which wraps it with an IP header – now it’s an IP packet with source and destination IP addresses

techtarget.com. This IP packet in turn goes to the data link layer (e.g. Ethernet or Wi-Fi), which frames the packet with a link-layer header and trailer (containing source and destination MAC addresses and error-check info). Finally, the frame is converted to signals on the physical layer (the actual wire or wireless signal). This process is called encapsulation – each layer adds its own “envelope” around the data as it goes down the stack

techtarget.com.

Now the packet is on the move. If you’re on Wi-Fi, the first hop is your device’s radio to the Wi-Fi router; if you’re wired, it’s the Ethernet cable to your switch or router

dev.to

. The packet arrives at your router (say, your home router), which strips off the link layer envelope (decapsulation) and sees the IP packet. The router checks the destination IP address to figure out where to send the packet next. Most likely, it’s not for the router itself but for some remote server, so the router forwards it out to the next router on the path – typically your ISP’s network. In doing so, it re-encapsulates the packet in a new link-layer frame appropriate for the next link (and if the packet has to move from one network to another, the MAC addresses will be replaced for each hop). Your packet hops from router to router, each time getting a new “envelope” at the link layer, moving steadily closer to the destination

security.stackexchange.com

dev.to.

Every router is like a post office or a checkpoint: it looks at the packet’s destination address and decides the best next route. Packets don’t always take the exact same path; they travel independently and can even arrive out of order, but the protocols (like TCP) ensure they’re reassembled in the right order at the end. Eventually, after perhaps many hops across different networks (traversing your ISP, Internet backbone routers, the destination’s ISP, etc.), the packet reaches the destination network and finally the target machine. Here, the reverse process happens: the destination’s network interface (e.g. Ethernet card or Wi-Fi adapter) receives the frame and passes the payload up to the IP layer, which sees it’s for that host and then passes the payload up to TCP/UDP, and ultimately to the application that’s waiting for the data. The many little pieces (packets) are reassembled into the original message.

Notably, each layer of header information is used by the corresponding layer at the receiving side. For example, routers only care about the network layer (IP) header – they generally ignore what’s inside (the transport and application data). The transport layer at the destination will use the TCP header (ports, sequence numbers) to put the data back in order and acknowledge receipt. This layered journey is what the term “TCP/IP stack” refers to: a stack of protocols each handling their part of the trip. It’s pretty amazing that you can click a link and, within milliseconds, numerous packets have made this journey across the globe and back!

Packet Sniffing and Packet Analysis

Now that we know what packets are and how they travel, what does it mean to sniff packets? Packet sniffing is essentially eavesdropping on network traffic. It’s like tapping the wire or airwaves to capture copies of packets as they go by, then inspecting their contents. In a less techy sense, imagine you could invisibly intercept postcards in the mail and read what’s written – that’s packet sniffing (except, thankfully, we usually only do it with permission or on our own networks). Formally, packet sniffing means intercepting data packets passing through a network, much like looking inside envelopes in the mail

geeksforgeeks.org

Why sniff packets? For legitimate purposes, network engineers and administrators do it to monitor and troubleshoot network issues or to study network protocol behavior. Security analysts might sniff packets to detect malicious traffic or to analyze an attack. On the flip side, attackers use packet sniffers to steal information by capturing unprotected data in transit. Packet sniffing can be done wherever one can tap into the network: on a shared Wi-Fi, on a compromised network switch, or by malware running on a computer. The sniffing can be passive (just listening) or active (involving tricks like ARP spoofing or malicious proxies to reroute traffic through the sniffer) – but either way, the sniffer’s goal is to quietly grab copies of network packets for analysis

techimpact.org

infosectrain.com.

Tools of the Trade: Wireshark and Tcpdump

Two of the most common tools for packet sniffing and analysis are Wireshark and tcpdump. If network packets are like messages, these tools are like the magnifying glasses or X-ray goggles that let us read those messages in detail.

Wireshark: This is a widely-used, free, open-source packet analyzer with a graphical interface. Wireshark captures network packets in real time and displays them in human-readable form with detailed protocol information. You could think of Wireshark as a measuring device for networks – like an electrician’s voltmeter, but for network trafficwireshark.org. When you run Wireshark on your machine (with the proper permissions), it puts the network interface into “promiscuous mode,” meaning it will listen to all traffic it can see, not just traffic addressed to your machine. The captured packets show up in a three-pane display: a list of packets, packet details (headers decoded by layer), and raw bytestechtarget.comtechtarget.com. Wireshark understands hundreds of protocols and will decode and highlight fields for you – it’s like having a network protocol expert translating the binary gibberish. Network admins use Wireshark to troubleshoot slowdowns or errors by examining packet exchanges, while security experts use it to spot suspicious communications. (Fun fact: Wireshark used to be called Ethereal; if you ever come across that name in old documentation, it’s the same tool.)

tcpdump: This is a powerful command-line packet capture tool available on most Unix/Linux systems. It’s a packet sniffer that runs in a text terminal. While it lacks a fancy GUI, it is incredibly useful, especially for quick captures or when working on servers without windows. tcpdump can capture packets and either display a summary in text or save the raw capture to a file (often a .pcap file) for later analysis (even in Wireshark). Network pros often use tcpdump for its speed and scripting capabilities – you can quickly filter traffic by host, port, protocol, etc., right from the command line. In fact, you can run tcpdump on a remote server and then load the capture into Wireshark on your PC to visualize it. Tcpdump is essentially the back-end engine also used by Wireshark for capturing, but Wireshark provides the user-friendly decoding interface. Together, these tools offer close monitoring of network data flow, allowing us to inspect what’s happening on the wiregeeksforgeeks.org.

It’s worth noting that many other packet analysis tools exist (like Microsoft Network Monitor, tshark – Wireshark’s CLI version, or cloud packet capture services), but Wireshark and tcpdump are the go-to for most situations. Using these, you can capture packets off the wire (or Wi-Fi) and then drill down into each layer of each packet. For example, you could capture packets on your PC while loading a webpage and literally see the HTTP requests and responses inside the packets, or watch the TCP three-way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK) that set up a connection

dev.to

dev.to. It’s like having x-ray vision into network conversations.

Packet Analysis in Action: Troubleshooting and Security

What can we do with packet analysis? Troubleshooting is one big use case. Say users are complaining that a company website is slow or that they keep getting disconnected from a service. A network engineer might fire up Wireshark or tcpdump on the affected server or network segment to capture packets and see where the holdup is. Perhaps the DNS requests are failing, or there are a bunch of retransmissions because of packet loss. By looking at the packet-level detail, the engineer can pinpoint issues that aren’t visible from the surface. For instance, packet analysis could reveal an misconfigured network where packets are going in circles (routing loop) or a client that isn’t responding to a server’s packets due to a firewall issue. As another example, if a certain application is misbehaving, analyzing a packet capture might show that the application isn’t following the expected protocol sequence, thus guiding developers to the bug. Packet captures are often the ground truth of network communication – when all else fails, “let’s see the packets” can often solve the mystery.

Another crucial area is security analysis and threat detection. Network security engineers use packet analysis to examine suspicious traffic or investigate incidents. For example, if an intrusion detection system raises an alert about some malware callback, a security analyst might capture the packets between the infected host and the external server to analyze what data is being sent or received. They can look at packet payloads to see if there’s an exploit being delivered, or check headers to trace where connections are coming from. Packet captures are invaluable for forensic analysis after a security breach – they’re like having a recording of the break-in. By reviewing packet logs, analysts can reconstruct what an attacker did, what data they accessed or exfiltrated, and possibly gather indicators (like IP addresses or malware signatures)

netwitness.com

netwitness.com. In fact, many advanced security tools do continuous packet capture for exactly this reason, so if an incident occurs, you can “rewind the tape” and see the packets that flew by during the attack.

Packet analysis reveals nuances of network behavior that other monitoring might miss. It can help diagnose issues before they become big problems, or track down culprits after an incident has happened

netwitness.com

. A simple example: an admin might use Wireshark to find out why a certain PC can’t reach a server, only to discover through the packets that the PC is trying to talk to the wrong IP address (perhaps a DNS issue). On the security side, analysts might spot unexpected communications, like a computer sending data to an unknown external host – packets could show that it’s a database dump being sent out, indicating a possible data breach. In short, packet analysis is a powerful technique for both maintaining networks and defending them. As one networking joke goes, “Packets never lie” – if you have the packets, you can eventually get to the truth of any network problem.

The Security Implications: Eavesdropping on Packets

Up to now we’ve talked about legitimate packet sniffing. But what about the darker side? Because packets often contain important data (like passwords, personal info, or business secrets), an attacker with the ability to sniff packets can potentially steal that information – if the packets are not encrypted. This is where network security comes under the spotlight.

In the early days of the internet (and sadly, still too often today), many protocols sent data in plain text. Think of older protocols like Telnet (for remote login) or HTTP (unencrypted web traffic) or POP3/IMAP without TLS (unencrypted email retrieval). If you were on the same network as someone using those, you could sniff the packets and read their keystrokes or the contents of webpages as easily as opening a postcard. Unencrypted packets are low-hanging fruit for attackers. A packet sniffing attack is essentially when hackers attempt to collect private information by monitoring network traffic – specifically monitoring unencrypted traffic so they can read it

us.norton.com

. For example, on a public Wi-Fi at a coffee shop, a hacker running a sniffer could capture data from others on the Wi-Fi. If anyone is logging into a website over plain HTTP, the attacker would see the username and password in the packet payload in clear text. This is like overhearing someone shout their bank PIN across a crowded room.

Attackers don’t even need physical access in many cases – malware can include sniffing capabilities to run on a compromised machine, or a rogue employee in an organization could run a sniffer on the internal network. There have been tools (like the infamous Firesheep plugin a decade ago) that let non-experts hijack other people’s web sessions on open Wi-Fi by sniffing cookies from HTTP sessions. In more sophisticated attacks, bad actors perform Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks, tricking your traffic to route through them (e.g., via ARP spoofing, malicious Wi-Fi hotspots, or BGP hijacking at the ISP level). Once they’re in the middle, they can harvest anything sent in cleartext – passwords, credit card numbers, personal messages – and even manipulate data on the fly

security.stackexchange.com

. One security discussion noted that on the internet, your packets often traverse many routers owned by different entities, and if any one of those is compromised or malicious, unencrypted traffic can be intercepted and read with ease

security.stackexchange.com. That’s a scary thought: your data’s privacy might be only as good as the trustworthiness of every hop along the route unless you encrypt it.

To make matters worse, an attacker who sniffs packets might not just eavesdrop; they can potentially inject malicious packets in active attacks. For instance, on an open network, a hacker could hijack a web session by sniffing a legitimate packet and then crafting a fake response packet faster than the real server (session hijacking). Or they could modify contents – e.g., intercept a software download (in plaintext) and send a modified version to the requester. Packet sniffing is often the first step in a larger attack chain.

The good news is that encryption foils most of these attacks. If packets are encrypted, what the attacker sees is gibberish – they might capture the packets, but can’t decipher the content without the encryption keys. Encryption provides a kind of armor for the packets. Modern secure protocols (HTTPS, SSH, SSL/TLS, VPN tunnels, etc.) ensure that even if an attacker sniffs your packets, they’ll see nothing but scrambled data that is extraordinarily difficult to decode. This is why, for example, when you load an HTTPS website, a hacker on the same Wi-Fi might see that you exchanged packets with a certain server, but they cannot see the actual webpage content or your login credentials – it’s all encrypted inside the packets (the payload is encrypted, and even parts of the headers can be encrypted in newer protocols like TLS 1.3).

To illustrate, consider web browsing: HTTP vs HTTPS. Regular HTTP traffic (unencrypted) would reveal everything in the packets – the URLs you fetch, the HTML of the pages, any passwords you submit on forms. An eavesdropper could literally reconstruct what you’re seeing or typing

reddit.com

. In contrast, HTTPS (which is HTTP over TLS encryption) protects that exchange. Encrypted websites begin with “https://” and usually show a padlock icon in the browser – this means your activity on those sites is protected; the browser and server have established an encryption key that they use to scramble all data

in.norton.com. Someone sniffing those packets might know you’re talking to some website (they see the IP address and port 443, for instance), but they won’t be able to read the actual data or tamper with it easily

us.norton.com. This is exactly why virtually all websites today have moved to HTTPS. Similarly, protocols like Telnet (clear text) have been replaced by SSH (encrypted), and FTP (clear) by SFTP or FTPS, etc., for security reasons.

In summary, packet sniffing is a double-edged sword. In the hands of a network admin, it’s a diagnostic tool; in the hands of an attacker, it’s an avenue for espionage. The difference often comes down to encryption. Unencrypted packets are vulnerable – as the saying goes, “sniffers gonna sniff.” Encrypted packets, however, turn potential data theft into a far more daunting cryptographic challenge.

Best Practices: Keeping Your Network Traffic Secure

Given the risks we just discussed, how can you protect yourself and your network from unauthorized packet sniffing? The answer revolves around one core theme: make your packets as private and tamper-proof as possible. In practice, that means using strong encryption wherever feasible, and smart network hygiene. Here are some of the best practices:

Use Encrypted Connections for Everything: Whenever you have a choice, use protocols that encrypt data. For web browsing, stick to HTTPS (and avoid entering sensitive info on sites that only offer HTTP)in.norton.com. For remote logins, use SSH instead of Telnet; for file transfers, use SFTP/FTPS instead of FTP, etc. Many services already enforce encryption (e.g., modern email clients use TLS, messaging apps use encryption). This encryption ensures that even if packets are sniffed, the content is not intelligibleinfosectrain.com. If you’re an admin running a server, enable TLS for all client communications. Essentially, assume that if it’s not encrypted, someone can read it – so flip that script and encrypt it.

Secure Your Wi-Fi (or Use a VPN on Public Wi-Fi): Wi-Fi networks are a common weak link. Always use encrypted Wi-Fi networks – which means Wi-Fi protected with WPA2 or WPA3 encryption (and a strong passphrase). Avoid using open, password-free Wi-Fi networks for anything sensitive, because on open Wi-Fi, other users can potentially sniff your traffic with little effort. If you must use an untrusted or public network, use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) to encrypt all your traffic through a secure tunnelus.norton.cominfosectrain.com. A VPN essentially wraps all your packets inside an encrypted tunnel to a VPN server, so even if you’re on sketchy Cafe Wi-Fi, the packets visible on that local network are encrypted and meaningless to prying eyes. In short, a VPN creates an encrypted tunnel for your data, shielding it from local packet sniffersus.norton.com. Many people use VPNs when traveling or using hotel/airport Wi-Fi for this added layer of security.

Keep Your Network Devices and Software Updated: This might not sound related to sniffing at first, but it is. Sometimes attackers gain the ability to sniff packets on a network by compromising a router or switch with outdated firmware, or by malware on your PC that has network privileges. Keeping your routers, firewalls, and computers updated with the latest security patches helps close vulnerabilities that attackers could exploit to start sniffinginfosectrain.com. For instance, a known router bug could allow an attacker to take over your router remotely – and once they control it, they can sniff or redirect packets as they please. So, updates are important.

Use Network Segmentation and Secure Network Hardware: On a well-designed switched network, an attacker can’t sniff all traffic arbitrarily – they can mostly see the traffic to and from their own device (unlike the old days of network hubs where everyone saw everyone’s packets). Ensure your network uses switches (almost a given today) and consider segmenting sensitive traffic (e.g., using VLANs or separate subnets for especially sensitive systems, so that even if someone compromises one part, they can’t sniff everything). Also, enable features like MAC address filtering or port security on switches if appropriate, to make it harder for rogue devices to plug in. These measures don’t stop sniffing on a compromised segment, but they reduce the surface area.

Be Cautious and Educate Users: Often the weakest link is human. Teach users and junior admins the dangers of things like using insecure protocols (like telling them why “Don’t send that password over HTTP email, use HTTPS webmail or VPN”). Encourage the use of secure Wi-Fi practices and personal VPNs. Also, consider using intrusion detection systems (IDS) that can alert if there is suspicious network activity – for example, some IDS can detect ARP spoofing or unusual promiscuous interface behavior that might indicate someone is sniffing.

Encryption, Encryption, Encryption: It’s worth double-stressing this. Modern encryption is essentially unbreakable for an eavesdropper in real time. So whether it’s enabling SSL/TLS on your website, using encrypted messaging apps (like Signal/WhatsApp which use end-to-end encryption), or configuring IPsec encryption for sensitive internal traffic, the goal is to minimize the amount of plaintext data traversing the network. As one guide succinctly puts it: Use encryption protocols such as HTTPS for web browsing, SSH for remote logins, SSL/TLS for email, and VPNs for overall traffic; encryption assures that even if data is captured, it’s incredibly hard for sniffers to decipher itinfosectrain.com.

By following these practices, you dramatically reduce the risk of packet sniffing attacks. Essentially, we accept that we can’t always prevent determined attackers from capturing packets (since we often share networks or use the global internet), but we can make those packets worthless to them. It’s all about staying one step ahead: even if “they” are watching the wire, you’ve locked your messages in a secure envelope that only the intended recipient can open.

Conclusion

Network packets might be small, but they carry a mighty importance in the realm of IT and security. We started by breaking down the humble packet – the header, payload, and trailer that function like an envelope carrying a letter – and then followed packets on their cross-network adventure through routers and switches. We saw how packet sniffing allows us to put on our detective hats and inspect these packets, using tools like Wireshark to troubleshoot network hiccups or investigate cyber threats. But we also pulled back the curtain on how attackers exploit packet sniffing, prying into unencrypted data to steal secrets. The key takeaway is that encryption is your best defense. When your traffic is encrypted, you can virtually nullify the threat of sniffing, rendering any captured packets indecipherable.

For IT students and junior engineers, remember that understanding packets is foundational – it’s like understanding the cells of the networking body. Packet analysis skills will serve you in diagnosing problems that seem inscrutable from a high level. And for everyone, tech enthusiast or not, the lesson is clear: treat unencrypted networks like public channels where anyone could be listening, and act accordingly by securing your communications.

In the real world, we don’t send sensitive letters on postcards – we seal them in envelopes. In the digital world, encryption is that sealed envelope. So the next time you see that HTTPS padlock or fire up your VPN, know that you’re keeping your packets safe from prying eyes. Network packets make the internet go round – and with a little knowledge and the right tools, we can keep that round-trip safe and sound.

References: The information and examples in this post are supported by reputable sources, including networking textbooks, the Wireshark documentation, and cybersecurity blogs. Key references include the Wireshark User’s Guide for packet analysis details

wireshark.org

wireshark.org, TechTarget and Wikipedia for packet structure and encapsulation concepts

techtarget.com

en.wikipedia.org, and security resources like Norton and InfosecTrain for guidance on preventing sniffing attacks

us.norton.com

infosectrain.com, among others. These sources provide deeper dives and are worth exploring to augment your understanding of network packets and security.

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b3aches · 6 years ago

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Some reading for you today:

https://blog.confiant.com/confiant-malwarebytes-uncover-steganography-based-ad-payload-that-drops-shlayer-trojan-on-mac-cd31e885c202

#from twitter #past posting

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g-nicerf · 1 year ago

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New Product News : UWB650 Transparent Transmission | Bi-Directional Ranging | Positioning Module | 1KM Communication Range

UWB650 module, launched by NiceRF, is a wireless communication module based on Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology and compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4-2020 Standard protocol. Developed from the UWB3000F27, the UWB650 module features a high-power 0.5W amplifier chip. Users do not need to design any circuits, as the UWB650 module includes the wireless communication module and related circuits, integrated with ESD protection devices to provide effective ESD static protection. The UWB650 module combines data communication, two-way ranging (DS-TWR), and three-point planar positioning functions of UWB technology into one module. Users can easily��utilize these functions through the UART interface on the module without the need for additional design and development. The UWB650 module features data transmission, ranging, and positioning functions, as well as a sleep mode.

Data Transmission Function:

The module encapsulates data obtained from the serial port before transmission. Users can input up to 1010 bytes of data per packet, which will be treated as the MAC Payload part of the communication protocol. When the module receives data from other modules, it parses the data packet and outputs the MAC Payload part through the serial port. The module supports AES-128 (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption and decryption functions.

Ranging Function:

When the module enters the ranging mode, it defaults to the Responder role. The module automatically responds to ranging signals initiated by the Initiator and begins the ranging process without user intervention. When switched to the Initiator role, the module can initiate ranging with up to 5 Responder modules in a polling sequence.

Positioning Function: The positioning function includes two roles: Tag and Station. When the module enters positioning mode, it defaults to the Station role. The module automatically responds to ranging signals from Tags and initiates the ranging process without user intervention. When switched to Tag mode, users can use configuration commands to specify which 3 Stations the module should range with to obtain positioning. If not specified, the module will randomly select information from nearby 3 Stations for ranging and positioning. Sleep Mode: During normal operation, the CS pin is in an input state with internal pull-up. When the CS pin is externally driven low, the module enters sleep mode. During this period, the internal MCU, UWB chip, and power amplifier chip stop working, maintaining low current consumption. When the CS pin is externally driven high, the module wakes up from sleep mode. During wake-up, the MCU wakes up the internal UWB chip and sequentially restores various parameters of the UWB chip.

Below are brief overview of the module's features： Communication distance of over 1KM in open environments The UWB650 module features a high-power amplifier chip providing 0.5W output, with a transmission bandwidth (BW) of 499.2MHz, and a reception sensitivity of -94dBm. It includes a built-in antenna and supports communication distances exceeding 1 kilometer in open environments, ideal for long-range ranging applications. Electrostatic Protection (ESD) The UWB650 module includes a wireless communication module and related circuitry, integrated with ESD protection devices that effectively provide ESD protection. This protection can prevent static discharge from damaging sensitive electronic components, ensuring that electronic devices can operate stably and reliably during production, transportation, and use. UWB wireless to TTL Level, easy for digital data transmission use The UWB wireless to TTL interface converts ultra-wideband (UWB) signals into TTL-level UART signals, facilitating easy connection with microcontrollers and other digital devices. It supports plug-and-play functionality without complex setup or programming, enabling users to quickly start data transmission. This feature is particularly suitable for embedded systems and IoT applications. RF rate reaches 6.8Mbps The UWB module offers a high-speed data transmission capability of 6.8 Mbps, suitable for HD audio, fast file transfers, and low-latency communication. It maintains low power consumption and strong anti-interference capabilities, making it particularly suitable for applications in consumer electronics, industrial automation, medical devices, and smart home environments that require efficient and stable connections. High-precision ranging/indoor positioning UWB650 is a fully integrated microcontroller that combines ultra-wideband (UWB) low-power, low-cost transceiver IC with a 0.5W high-power amplifier chip. It complies with IEEE802.15.4-2015 and IEEE802.15.4z (BPRF mode) standards. It is suitable for bidirectional long-range ranging, TDoA, and PDoA systems, with a positioning accuracy of up to 10 centimeters. It can be used for large-scale industrial personnel positioning, underground positioning in coal mines, hospital staff positioning, and various indoor positioning applications. AES128 wireless encryption By using AES-128 encryption, you can ensure that data transmitted wirelessly is protected against unauthorized interception or tampering. Many industries and regions have regulations that mandate encryption of data during wireless transmission to safeguard data privacy and security. AES-128 is widely accepted and offers strong security, meeting these requirements effectively.

UWB650 module features Comply with IEEE 802.15.4-2020 Standard UWB communication protocol Supports UWB Channel 5 (6489.6 MHz) Supports 6.8 Mbps and 850 Kbps RF Rate Supports preambles 3/4/9/10/11/12, with modules unable to communicate between different preamble configurations Supports multiple transmission power levels, with a maximum transmission power of 0.5W Ultra-long distance data communication Adopts double-sided Bi-Directional ranging (DS-TWR) Adopts three-point planar positioning method for precise positioning calculation Electrostatic Protection (ESD)

The above is the content of this sharing: The UWB650 module, based on the UWB3000F27 module, achieves long-distance data communication, supports ESD static protection, and AES128 wireless encryption. NiceRF not only provides various wireless module products but also offers ODM/OEM customization services. We welcome inquiries from major manufacturers.

For details, please click：https://www.nicerf.com/products/ Or click：https://nicerf.en.alibaba.com/productlist.html?spm=a2700.shop_index.88.4.1fec2b006JKUsd For consultation, please contact NiceRF (Email: [email protected]).

#uwb module #ultra-wideband (UWB) signals #ESD #NiceRF

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