#mechanics of micropipettes

[microlitseo]

What are the fundamental mechanics of micropipettes, and how are they utilized in laboratory settings?

In the intricate world of laboratory equipment, micropipettes stand as indispensable tools for precise liquid handling. These marvels of technology play a pivotal role in various scientific experiments, enabling researchers to measure and transfer tiny volumes of liquids with unparalleled accuracy. Let's delve into the fundamental mechanics of micropipettes and their crucial utilization in laboratory settings.

Understanding Micropipettes:

At the heart of every micropipette lies a sophisticated mechanism designed to accurately dispense liquid volumes ranging from microliters to milliliters. The micropipettes price may vary depending on their features and specifications, but their significance in laboratory workflows remains unmatched.

Types of Micropipettes:

Micropipettes come in different types to cater to diverse laboratory needs. One common distinction lies in their operation mode, with manual and automatic micropipettes being the two primary categories. Manual micropipettes require manual adjustment of volume, while automatic micropipettes offer electronic control, enhancing precision and efficiency.

The Mechanics Behind Micropipettes:

The functionality of micropipettes revolves around a few key components. A piston mechanism, housed within the pipette, creates a vacuum or positive pressure to draw in or expel liquids. The pipette tip, typically made of plastic, serves as a vessel for liquid transfer. A volume adjustment knob allows users to set the desired volume accurately.

Utilization in Laboratory Settings:

Micropipettes find extensive application across various laboratory settings, from research laboratories to clinical diagnostics and beyond. Their precise liquid handling capabilities make them indispensable tools in fields such as molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, and pharmaceuticals.

Molecular Biology:

In molecular biology, micropipettes are used for tasks such as DNA amplification (PCR), DNA sequencing, and nucleic acid purification. Accurate dispensing of reagents and samples is crucial for the success of these experiments, making micropipettes invaluable assets.

Biochemistry:

Biochemists rely on micropipettes for protein assays, enzyme kinetics studies, and protein purification processes. The ability to handle small volumes of liquids with precision is essential for maintaining the integrity of biochemical samples and reagents.

Microbiology:

In microbiology laboratories, micropipettes are indispensable for culture preparation, microbial identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Accurate dispensing of culture media, antibiotics, and microbial suspensions is critical for obtaining reliable results.

Pharmaceuticals:

Pharmaceutical companies utilize micropipettes for drug formulation, quality control, and drug discovery processes. Precise dispensing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), excipients, and solvent solutions is essential for ensuring the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products. 

Conclusion:

Now, it won’t be wrong to say that Micropipettes serve as the backbone of laboratory operations. It enables researchers to handle liquids with precision and accuracy. Whether in molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, or pharmaceuticals, these versatile instruments play a crucial role in advancing scientific research and discovery. While the micropipette price may vary, their value in laboratory workflows remains unparalleled. As technology continues to advance, we can expect further innovations in micropipette design and functionality, further enhancing their utility in laboratory settings. 

[flammableengineering]

The expanse is a really silly show because it takes itself really seriously, the sets are so good, and it applies the Serious Filter (dark and contrasty). then sometimes the prop work and VFX are really bad. Like the sci-fi instrument for extracting a chip out of a dead guy is clearly an off the shelf micropipette. Or the brilliant mechanic plugs a hole going to the vacuum of space by using Space Hot Glue to put a binder over it.

[sscientifique]

SScientifique: India's Leading Micropipette Manufacturer Empowering Precision in Every Drop

In the intricate world of scientific research and diagnostics, accuracy isn’t optional—it’s essential. At the heart of most lab processes lies the need for consistent and ultra-precise liquid measurement. This is where micropipettes play an irreplaceable role. As a cornerstone tool in laboratories worldwide, micropipettes enable researchers to handle fluids with micro-level precision.

Among India’s most trusted names in this space is SScientifique, a leading manufacturer of micropipettes and scientific instruments based in Uttar Pradesh, India. For over a decade, SScientifique has dedicated itself to developing world-class lab tools that combine innovation, affordability, and uncompromising quality.

This article explores why SScientifique stands out as the preferred choice for Indian and global laboratories alike, especially when it comes to micropipettes.

Understanding the Importance of Micropipettes in Laboratories

Micropipettes are precision instruments used to aspirate and dispense accurate volumes of liquid, usually in the microliter (µL) range. They are widely utilized across:

Molecular biology

Biochemistry

Clinical diagnostics

Pharmaceutical research

Academic and teaching labs

Environmental science labs

A variation of even 1 µL in measurement can lead to significant discrepancies in experimental outcomes. Hence, researchers rely heavily on micropipettes that offer reproducibility, ergonomic design, and easy calibration.

SScientifique: A Pioneer in Indian Micropipette Manufacturing

With headquarters and manufacturing units located in Uttar Pradesh, SScientifique has positioned itself as a leading force in laboratory instrument production, particularly in the realm of micropipettes. Here's why they are a top choice:

1. Indigenous Design & Engineering

Unlike many Indian suppliers who import and rebrand products, SScientifique develops and manufactures its micropipettes domestically. This allows for complete control over product quality, innovation, and cost.

2. Wide Range of Products

SScientifique offers an extensive selection of single-channel and multi-channel micropipettes, catering to varying needs:

Fixed volume micropipettes for repetitive tasks

Adjustable volume micropipettes for versatile applications

Low-retention tips and accessories

Each pipette is tested rigorously to comply with ISO 8655 standards for accuracy and precision.

3. Ergonomic and User-Friendly Design

Designed with laboratory professionals in mind, SScientifique micropipettes feature:

Lightweight construction

Comfortable grip

Smooth plunger mechanism

Convenient volume setting with clear digital display

This ergonomic build reduces hand fatigue during prolonged pipetting sessions.

4. Affordable Without Compromise

SScientifique provides laboratory tools that rival international brands in performance—yet are priced to suit Indian budgets. The brand's commitment to affordability empowers even small-scale laboratories to access high-precision tools.

5. Customer-Centric Service

Beyond manufacturing, SScientifique is recognized for its stellar support services:

Calibration and maintenance

Spare parts availability

Technical support and training

Their responsive team ensures clients receive fast, reliable assistance post-purchase.

Why Choose SScientifique Micropipettes?

Here are the key benefits that make SScientifique micropipettes the instrument of choice for laboratories:

✅ High Accuracy: Every unit is factory calibrated and tested to ensure minimal error and maximum repeatability.

✅ Ease of Operation: Easy volume setting, tip ejection, and lightweight handling improve efficiency.

✅ Universal Compatibility: Compatible with standard pipette tips available in the Indian and global markets.

✅ Durable Construction: Built with high-grade plastics and corrosion-resistant internal parts.

✅ Customization Options: Available in bulk with private branding and special configurations for institutional buyers.

What Customers Say

"We transitioned to SScientifique micropipettes last year, and the improvement in handling and accuracy was immediate. Highly recommended for research use." — Dr. Shalini Prasad, Biotech Researcher, Delhi

"Affordable and sturdy, SScientifique's pipettes are ideal for educational institutions like ours. We no longer depend on overpriced imports." — Prof. Ramesh Yadav, Department of Chemistry, Lucknow

Other Lab Instruments by SScientifique

SScientifique is more than just a micropipette manufacturer. Their extensive catalog includes:

Centrifuges (manual and digital)

Incubators and Hot Air Ovens

Compound and Digital Microscopes

Lab Glassware and Plasticware

Surgical Instruments

Digital Balances

This makes SScientifique a one-stop destination for laboratory procurement needs across education, research, healthcare, and diagnostics.

Bulk Orders & Distribution

SScientifique welcomes institutional buyers, resellers, and government tenders. The company provides:

Special pricing for large orders

Institutional branding on products

Timely delivery across India

PAN India dealership support

Future Innovations: What’s Next?

With the growing demand for automated and digital lab tools, SScientifique is actively investing in R&D to introduce:

Electronic micropipettes with digital calibration

Multi-channel pipettes for 96-well plate handling

Eco-friendly lab consumables

The brand envisions becoming India’s most innovative and trusted lab instrument supplier by 2030.

How to Order

Ordering SScientifique micropipettes is quick and hassle-free:

☎⃣ Call: +91-73747707507 📧 Email: sales.sscientifique@gmail.com 🌐 Website: www.sscientifique.com

Customer inquiries are usually answered within 24 hours. Shipping is available across India and select global markets.

Final Thoughts

In the competitive world of scientific instruments, SScientifique stands out by combining reliability, affordability, and innovation. Their micropipettes are built to serve the precise demands of Indian researchers, educators, and scientists.

Whether you're equipping a high-tech biotech lab or a college practical classroom, choosing the right pipette is crucial—and with SScientifique, you're choosing excellence made in India.

Empower your research with precision you can trust. Choose SScientifique Micropipettes today.

[accumax]

Micropipette Accuracy vs. Precision: What’s the Difference? | Accumax

It is essential to achieve dependable and reproducible outcomes while working in a laboratory. The two main focal points that concern the performance of micropipettes are accuracy and precision. Even though these terms are used as synonyms quite often, there is a difference particularly with respect to liquid handling devices such as micropipettes.  

We develop and manufacture micropipettes with the best accuracy and precision. In this blog we will discuss how Accumax micropipettes achieve accuracy and precision in the laboratory.  

Accuracy vs. Precision: The Discrepancies

Accuracy: Accuracy describes how close a measured value is to a benchmark. E.g,. For Pipettes, this means delivering the exact volume of liquid specified. A precise pipette will dispense 100 µL if set to dispense 100 µL. An accurate pipette will dispense 100 µL (or very close to it) while adjusted to 100 µL

Precision: Precision is better described as the repeated consistency of measurements. A precise pipette will dispense a certain quantity repetitively. That certain amount of liquid may not be the target amount, but a precise micropipette will always dispense that amount consistently.

Example Scenario

High Accuracy, Low Precision: The pipette delivers volumes close to the target (e.g., 99 µL, 101 µL, 100 µL) but with variation.  

High Precision, Low Accuracy: The pipette consistently delivers the same volume (e.g., 95 µL every time) but is far from the target.  

High Accuracy & High Precision: The pipette consistently delivers the exact target volume (e.g., 100 µL every time).  

You need both Accuracy and Precision to arrive at reliable lab results. 

How Accumax Ensures Accuracy and Precision at the Same Time

Our Micropipettes are built to provide optimal performance. This is how we achieve optimums:  

Superior Calibration & Quality Control: We calibrate our Micropipettes through rigorous processes to ensure that they comply with international requirements (ISO 8655) and they are tested for accuracy and precision before they leave the factory. 

Ergonomic & Consistent Design Accumax Micropipettes offer:   

One of the lowest plunge force action to improve liquid handling

The magnet-assisted piston mechanism ensures a distinct separation between the first and second stop without relying on a heavier spring.

It requires lower insertion and injection forces for tips to attach and detach. 

Lightweight, Autoclavable and fits universal tips:  With Accumax Micropippettes unlike standard type, there is increased repeatability and decreased variation which provides reliable results in important tasks such as PCR, ELISA, and cell culture.

Why Accumax Micropipettes?

Built for Precision – Ensures accurate and reliable liquid handling.

Lowest Plunge Force – Crafted to ensure smooth and effortless operation.

Magnet Assisted Piston – To deliver unmatched precision and consistency.

Easy Tip Ejection – Shock proof tip ejection with unique shock absorbing mechanism.

Versatile range – You can get single-channel or multi-channel types that handle different amounts.

Accuracy and precision are both essential for reliable pipetting. While accuracy ensures you’re close to the target volume, precision guarantees consistency across multiple uses. Accumax Labs micropipettes are designed to excel in both, making them an excellent choice for laboratories that demand precision, reliability, and efficiency.

Upgrade your lab with Accumax micropipettes and experience the difference in performance!

Also Read: Micropipette Guide: Types, Applications and More

Blog Source -- Micropipette Accuracy vs. Precision: What’s the Difference?

[labotronicsscientific]

Fixed Volume Micro Pipette LB-21FVP

Labotronics fixed-volume micropipette offers pipetting of 5000µL with precise volume-locking, a low-force ejection mechanism, and high-temperature autoclave compatibility at 121°C. With durable, chemically resistant tip cones, it’s ideal for rigorous lab tasks that demand consistent accuracy and endurance.

[subjectnamemissing]

So was mouth pipetting a norm because of lax safety standards , technological limitations, or cost? It sounds like (all the overview articles so far mention at least) the replacement for mouth pipetting was mechanical pipettes. Was hand pipetting not good enough? Pasteur pipettes were at least 18th century. Micropipettes at least 1957.

[science-selected-yura15cbx]

Mechanics of human embryo compaction | Nature

[zjhq]

1. Precise and accurate. This laboratory instrument is designed with an advanced spring mechanism for unimpeded movement. It provides clear, smooth liquid release with high precision.

2. Ergonomic and intuitive operation. Transfer liquids with ease with our lightweight micropipettes. Its large grip provides a great grip. In addition to the soft grip, our laboratory pipettes have a soft plunger for increased user comfort when pipetting for extended periods of time.

3. Clean, reliable results. Our laboratory pipettes are half autoclavable at 121°C and 15 PSI for 10-15 minutes. They ensure maximum sterilization to prevent any cross-contamination in precision laboratory applications.

4. Complete packaging. Each pipette box includes a calibrated micropipette, 1-2 compatible pipette tips, calibration tools, ISO 8655 calibration certificate (valid for 1 year), micropipette holder and complete user manual .

5. Quality History. With more than 30 years of experience in the life science industry, SHENGCHUANG has created reliable products such as micropipettes, bottle top dispensers, electronic burettes and other laboratory instruments and equipment used by professionals in over 45 countries .

[danwerscalesindia]

Scientific Method Behind Micropipettes Accurate Measurements in Lab Work

 

 Introduction:  Danwer Scales India

Micropipettes are essential tools for laboratory work because they allow professionals to precisely handle and transfer small quantities of liquid. We will explore the science underlying micropipettes in this blog post, as well as their useful usage advice and significance in a variety of scientific applications.

Basics of Micropipettes Understanding

Specialized tools called micropipettes are used to precisely measure and transfer tiny liquid amounts. Their application is crucial in a number of scientific fields, including as biology, chemistry, medicine, and more. A micropipette's shape enables precision aspiration and dispensing, making it an essential tool for researchers whose work depends on precise measurements.

Precision Measurement Science

Micropipettes work by combining mechanical and air displacement technologies. Setting the desired volume causes it to be sucked into a disposable tip through air displacement in the mechanism. Micropipettes are calibrated to provide consistent and precise volumes during each aspiration and dispensing cycle, which results in their precision. When working with samples that call for particular concentrations or ratios, this accuracy is essential.

Use of Micropipettes: Uses and Importance

Micropipettes are used in a variety of scientific procedures and studies. They are used to carry out polymerase chain reactions (PCR), transfer reagents, prepare samples for analysis, and create serial dilutions. Their ability to measure accurately makes them very useful for precise activities like molecular biology, cell culture, and drug development. Micropipettes can be relied upon by researchers to provide accurate results, reducing errors and increasing the dependability of their investigations.

Optimal Micropipette Tips for Use

Calibration: To guarantee the accuracy of micropipettes, routine calibration is necessary. Observe the manufacturer's instructions about calibration frequency and techniques.

Choose the right disposable tip size for the specified volume range when selecting a tip. To provide precise measurements, the tip must work with the micropipette.micropipettes

Avoid Air Bubbles: To maintain precise quantities, always remove any air bubbles from the tip before aspirating a liquid.

Plunger Control: To prevent variations in the aspirated volume, apply steady, consistent pressure to the plunger.

Ergonomic Handling: Use a relaxed grasp to avoid using too much force, which could skew the results of your measurements.

Price and Considerations for Micropipettes

Micropipettes can be expensive or inexpensive depending on the brand, model, and features. Budgetary concerns are crucial, but it's crucial to put quality and accuracy ahead of money. Purchasing a dependable micropipette lowers the possibility of experimental errors and ensures correct results.

Conclusion

Micropipettes are essential instruments for laboratory work because they enable scientists to produce precise and reliable results for a range of scientific applications. Scientists can use the power of micropipettes to progress their study and add to our knowledge by comprehending the scientific ideas underlying them, adhering to proper usage procedures, and choosing high-quality equipment.

[microlitseo]

How to Train New Lab Staff in Proper Pipetting Techniques?

Accuracy and precision are a paramount in any laboratory environment. Research, diagnostics, or industrial processes depend on proper pipetting skills for reliable results and reproducible tests. However, new lab personnel typically have difficulty with the right technique for handling liquids, and it can lead to problems and inefficiency.

To assist novice trainees to become skilled and confident, there needs to be a carefully planned training program. This blog guides you through training practices on how to instruct lab staff in proper pipetting techniques using liquid handling instruments including micropipettes, bottle top dispensers, and pipette fillers.

We also discuss how to choose the most suitable mechanical pipette suppliers to supply high-quality instruments to maximize laboratory efficiency.

Training procedures of new Lab Staff in Pipetting Techniques

Understanding the Basics of Pipetting

Before exposing trainees to equipment, it is necessary to establish a fundamental knowledge of pipetting. These are:

Why is pipetting done in the lab?

The need for precision and accuracy.

The different types of liquid handling devices used in a lab.

Introduction to Different Pipetting Tools

A key element of training involves introducing new laboratory members to a range of pipetting instruments, their uses, and appropriate usage situations.

a) Micropipette

A micropipette is a delicate instrument for the movement of extremely minute amounts of liquid, usually between microlitres and millilitres. Training should comprise:

Correct handling and grip.

Choosing the appropriate volume.

Correct aspirating and dispensing liquid technique.

Prevention of contamination using sterile tips and backflow prevention.

b) Bottle Top Dispenser

For larger quantities, a bottle top dispenser is an essential equipment that enables efficient and safe dispensing of liquids from bottles. Trainees need to learn:

Installation and setting up of a dispenser in the right way.

Liquid volume adjustments.

Maintenance and cleaning of the lab instruments.

c) Pipette Filler

A pipette filler is used to support the pipetting process by managing quantities of fluids, utilizing plastic or glass pipettes. Training must include:

Selecting the right pipette for the experiment.

Regulation suction rate.

Hold firmly to prevent breakage.

Hands-on Training: Pipetting Practice Step-by-Step

Now, after learning about the instruments, it's time to shift to hands-on training. These steps will ensure trainees cultivate proper pipetting techniques:

Correct Setup

Ensure the workplace is clean and neat.

Choose the right instrument micropipette, pipette filler, or bottle top dispenser for the procedure.

Utilize all the calibrated pipettes correctly throughout the experiment.

Hold and Handle

Demonstrate how to hold a micropipette almost vertically.

Teach how to place tips without touching them.

Significant usage of smooth and even plunger pressure.

Aspirating Liquid

Let the pipette tip below the surface of the liquid.

Push and release in movement to move the plunger slowly and smoothly.

This aspirating process will reduce the formation of bubbles in the solution.

Dispensing Liquid

Hold the tip through the brim of the receiving vessel.

Dispense the liquid slowly and withdraw the tip smoothly.

Utilize the second stop of the plunger to provide a complete liquid release.

Proper Disposal and Cleaning

Properly dispose of tips in appropriate biohazard waste.

Clean and store liquid handling equipment properly to prolong its lifespan.

Common Pipetting Mistakes and How to Prevent Them

During training, some required points must be highlighted among the common pipetting mistakes and solutions. Such as,

Unreliable Pipetting Techniques

This results in variations in volume and incorrect results. To counter this, it is important to get lab staff to develop a habit of maintaining a consistent grip, maintaining a constant angle of pipetting, and consistent speed in aspirating and dispensing liquids. These small yet important habits can enhance reproducibility and reduce errors.

Picking the Wrong Volume

During pipetting, no one desires to jeopardize experimental outcomes. To answer this, students should be instructed on how to properly set and calibrate volumes on micropipettes and bottle-top dispensers. Demonstrations by hand can reinforce correct techniques so that the desired volume is precisely measured each time.

Using the Wrong Type of Pipette

This is also a frequent problem that compromises accuracy. Laboratory procedures demand certain pipettes, and making the right choice is imperative. Training must incorporate learning how to select the correct pipette filler or mechanical pipette supplier equipment for the requirements of the experiment. Know-how about the differences among various pipetting equipment avoids unwarranted mistakes and proper use in laboratory operations.

Sample Contamination

It can be a severe issue that would undermine results and impact research integrity. While experimenting, contamination may often result from the repetition of using a single pipette tip for several samples, if liquid is touched, or while pipetting in a non-sterile area.

This way of contamination can be prevented by following best practices such as replacing the pipette tip between experimenting samples, not touching liquids directly, and working within the sterility wherever needed. 

Choosing the Appropriate Mechanical Pipette Supplier

Maintaining accuracy and longevity of equipment in the lab can be helpful for seamlessly conducting experiments. Pipette vendor selection can overview different factors to consider, including precision and calibration requirements, longevity, ease of maintenance, and availability of instrument spares.

Compatibility with laboratory protocols also allows for smooth integration into workflows. Proper selection of vendors by laboratories allows for the use of reliable equipment to support accurate experimentation.

Embracing Regular Competency Assessments

Of all the options, routine testing of the equipment is necessary. The routine tests can be followed as practice drills with dye solutions to check pipetting procedures, observation and feedback training to correct in real time.

Conducting these tests in between the experiment workflow, may ensure laboratory personnel remain competent and constantly improve their pipetting techniques, leading to more enhanced experimental results.

Conclusion

The training for pipetting techniques of new lab staff is fundamental to maintaining the efficiency and accuracy of laboratory operations. Properly laid out training programs on different instruments for handling liquids, such as micropipettes, bottle top dispensers, and pipette fillers, to prevent duplicate errors and confidence among trainees.In addition, sourcing high-quality instruments from reputable mechanical pipette companies like Microlit can play a significant role in providing accuracy in lab operations. Through support of best practices, provision of hands-on training, and regular competency assessment, labs are able to maintain high levels of accuracy and reliability in their research and testing activities.

[mayuris-posts]

Among the many discoveries that changed The course of our lives is test-tube baby treatment. The first baby born through a test tube was Louis Brown on July 25th, 1978. Her birth marked the arrival of an era which promised parenthood for many who could not conceive naturally.

What is so special about the Test-Tube process?

This is a procedure wherein human embryos were cultivated outside the human body (in-vitro) and then transplanted into the womb of a mother or carrier. That’s how the term “in-vitro fertilization” comes into IVF was popularized. The test-tube baby treatment and IVF procedures (In-vitro fertilization) are one and the same.

In vitro simply means in glass or in fertilization is the process of fusion of eggs from females & sperm from males. This fusion is made in petri dishes by embryologists. The embryo formed is then transferred to the womb of the intending mother. It follows the same process of growth for 9 months as normal conception.

The production of eggs requires hormonal injections to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple mature eggs.  On the day of harvest, which is about 1- to 14 days from the commencement of stimulation injections, the eggs are taken out of the ovaries using a very thin and long needle called a micropipette. This procedure is performed under general anaesthesia and in an OT. The extraction of eggs is the job of experts.

The process of handling eggs and achieving fertilization is done in the embryo lab. Special techniques avoid ice formation within eggs & sperms. These techniques require expertise with the utmost accuracy.

We at Yash IVF follow the Day 5 transfer of the embryo, which means, after the fusion of an egg with sperm, embryos are formed. We wait till day 5 of embryo transfer (Blastocyst stage), as Blastocyst stage transfers are considered the most successful and likely to result in a conception and live birth.

Any woman under 35, who is unable to conceive after a year of active sex life, should consult a fertility expert. There are a few medical conditions which delay conception.

Unexplained infertility, Blocked fallopian tubes, Male factor infertility, older patients who desire to have a child, Low ovarian reserve, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Endometriosis, and Premature Ovarian Failure. These conditions can be controlled to achieve pregnancy through various assisted reproduction procedures.

An IVF procedure is multidisciplinary and requires teamwork, technology, and dedication to culminate in success. IVF is emotionally and financially taxing. Choosing the right fertility clinic is an important decision that will affect your future positively or negatively.

Let’s clear a few doubts about Test-tube baby.

Can test-tube babies have babies too?

Yes, that is what IVF stands for. Parenthood for all. The first IVF birth occurred in the late 1970s. To date, more than 5 million children have been born through IVF, as it is developing for betterment. There are many cases where test-tube babies have given birth to babies and all are healthy.

Are test-tube babies designed or artificial?

Through IVF, one cannot choose specific baby traits and have a customized baby. Doctors select the best quality embryos and not the genes. Test-tube babies are not artificial or designer babies, as one cannot select specific characteristics. The correct terminology is Assisted Reproduction Technology. So it is assisted and not Artificial.

Can the Sex of the baby be Chosen through IVF in India?

Absolutely not. Gender selection & discrimination is strictly prohibited at Yash IVF. Through IVF, the babies are born and not the gender created.

Are test-tube babies designer or artificial?

Through IVF, one cannot choose specific baby traits and have a customized baby. Doctors select the best quality embryos and not the genes. In the natural process, the body selects the best sperm & egg by various mechanisms, and the same processes are developed under laboratory conditions. Test-tube babies are not artificial or designer babies, as one cannot select specific characteristics.

Are Test-Tube Babies the only legacy for the Rich and Famous?

IVF is an expensive process because of the controlled environmental & procedural conditions. However, the costs of IVF are within the reach, making it affordable for many couples. Financial assistance through EMIs is available at Yash IVF, Pune, Deccan.

To conclude, test-tube babies or IVF babies are the same terminologies. IVF is a modern term which replaced test-tube babies. IVF is a boon and changed the way babies are born. Having a healthy baby is more important than the gender of the baby. IVF has given hope to many childless couples. There are many IVF or test-tube baby centres available at the nook and corner of the city. Choosing the right fertility clinic is the most challenging task.

We at Yash IVF have a transparent policy in place regarding the finance and treatment protocols, which are tailor-made, as the journey of every IVF is different. Cost to pregnancy is the real investment and the success rate of Yash IVF is around 70%. Do visit us to know more. 

[bonebrokebuddy]

Danny is just regarded as the fuckin strange occult wizard man of chemistry. The best (and worst) part is that he’s so damn used to the way his parents taught him how to do chemistry that he doesn’t give instructions with proper measurements when demonstrating the lab in class. Like, what are the moles? What are the measurements that are needed for this? What materials will you need? Nah. 

Danny opens the demonstration with, “Just a warning, half of the steps I will be showing you in this demonstration will not actually be featured in the lab. I didn’t have [chemical], [chemical], or [chemical] but I did purchase some household cleaning and beauty products from dollar tree that I finished isolating them out of 30 minutes before class."

“And for [chemical], you can make it out of these two, so that’s taken care of.” 

“I made sure to order more but it won’t come in until next Wednesday. So don’t worry, when you do this lab yourself, you will not need to do these steps, but I figured it would be a good learning experience.”

“I only had the time to dilute the chemicals before this period, so I apologize.”

“Dr. Fenton? 

“You want me to buy water? No. I’ll dilute the chemicals myself. I don’t really have proper PPE besides gloves and safety goggles, so I’ll just have to make do.” 

But it’s just something he’s done so much before the verbal instructions are like, “Put enough in until it looks like there’s enough” 

For the lab instructions for the students, he has a worksheet with the the actual recipe in standard measurements but when he’s showing the class how it’s done? Rough measurements BABEY

The way he’s doing it, there should be a massive fucking margin of error and he should absolutely not be getting the product he wants because that’s not how chemistry should Work. The lab required a micropipette and he’s doing it by eye. 

Like, maybe people who have 30+ years working in their field with something they have done a bajillion times. But absolutely not a 25 year old who has a degree in Mechanical Engineering and got his PhD last year! And even then, doing it by eye is just asking for you to fuck up and waste your materials. 

Why does Danny work as a chemistry teacher when he has a degree in Mechanical Engineering? Well, Danny got an emergency teaching certificate because he took a lot of chem classes in college and Gotham Academy was desperate. The chem teachers in Gotham have had a trend of getting themselves in deep shit from criminal organizations threatening them to order chemicals needed to manufacture [x] toxin or drug. And they’d agree because it was for a ridiculous price, but if the chem teachers weren’t able to supply them enough or the criminals couldn’t get what they got the chemicals for to work, they’d blame it on the chem teacher and not their shitty chemistry practices or storing, and they’d get killed. So, Gotham is running short on demand for chemistry teachers. It’s also how Danny found out what was in the fear toxins. Small criminal organizations didn’t have big reach to other means to get chemicals in bulk so they’d go to where they know chemicals can be ordered: schools for chem. And the small criminal organizations try to replicate the toxins based off what they’ve heard is in them. Based off the previous Chemistry teacher’s ordering history, Danny was able to get a fairly good guess to what’s in it.  And if Danny was Really good at chem (like fictional mad scientist level good), then through tinkering around, he was able to find out what was missing. Tim is now baffled.  

How the fuck this guy who teaches the shop classes also know enough about chemistry that he can make a fear toxin antivenom without ridiculously high-tech equipment with stupid levels of precision measuring????

Danny just shrugs if he’s asked. He’s used to helping his parents in the lab. I mean, do you think the Drs Fenton actually praticed good sterile technique? Or proper lab safety? Or actually measured or recorded their experiments by moles or standard measurements or anything? Or isolated chemicals from anything but cheap household cleaners? Or ordered at anything less than the highest concentration they could and diluted it themselves because they weren’t going to pay for water.  Fuck no. They learned how to adapt based on what they had and learned how to do it based on sight, smell, heat, color, taste, etc. (​Yes, taste. There’s a reason ectoplasm is stored in the fridge and it’s because they think it’s safe for human consumption. It’s one of the reasons the Drs. Fenton were dismissed by the scientific community. Their experiments didn’t have precise measurements and had a very low chance of the results being replicated because of how they did it. The biggest challenge Danny had in chem classes in college was writing lab reports.

He almost always got his results right but couldn’t explain it, because it was just “I did it until it felt right” and the profs did Not accept that so he had to get used to actually using standard measurements. And now here we are in the aftermath of Danny’s lab for fear antitoxin in Gotham Academy. He was trying to be relatable with these Gotham kids and give them a lab that would be practical and something that they’d actually use to get on the kid’s good graces.

And now he’s being investigated by Batman. 

... Fuck.

Short DPXDC Prompts #468

Danny is a Chemistry teacher at Gotham Academy. His favorite student is Tim. He shocks the students by teaching and creating a Fear Antitoxin for the kids to learn as part of their curriculum.

[accumax]

Micropipette Troubleshooting: How to Fix Common Pipetting Issues

Accurate pipetting is essential for reliable lab work, and maintaining consistency can be difficult when issues arise. At Accumax, we recognize the significance of precise liquid handling for achieving the best results. Here’s a guide to help you troubleshoot and resolve some common pipetting problems.

1. Inconsistent Volume Dispensing Cause:

This issue often arises from improper calibration or pipetting technique.

Solution: Make it a habit to regularly calibrate your micropipettes and practice smooth, consistent plunger operation. Avoid pressing or releasing the plunger too quickly, as this can lead to inconsistencies.

2. Dripping or Leaking Tips Cause: A poor tip fit or damaged internal seals are common causes.

Solution: Always use high-quality tips that fit securely on the pipette. Regularly check O-rings and seals, replacing them as needed to ensure a proper seal.

3. Air Bubbles in the Sample Cause: Incorrect aspiration techniques, such as tilting the pipette or aspirating too quickly, can introduce air bubbles.

Solution: Keep the pipette vertical while aspirating, and pull the liquid up at a controlled, steady speed. Pre-wetting the tip before aspiration can also help improve volume consistency.

4. Sticky Plunger Movement Cause: This can happen due to residue buildup or mechanical wear over time.

Solution: Clean the piston regularly and lubricate it according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. If the issue persists, consider having the pipette serviced to prevent further wear or damage.

5. Incorrect Volume Delivery Cause: User error or damage to the pipette can lead to inaccurate volume delivery.

Solution: Always pre-wet the pipette tip for viscous liquids, maintain a consistent speed while pipetting, and visually inspect the pipette mechanism for any signs of damage.

Best Practices for Reliable Pipetting Regular Maintenance: Make it a habit to clean and calibrate your pipettes regularly.

Proper Tip Usage: Always check that the tips you use are compatible and of good quality to ensure a proper seal.

Consistent Technique: Develop a steady hand and apply uniform pressure to minimize errors.

Precision in pipetting is essential in any laboratory. At Accumax, we are dedicated to enhancing your workflow with dependable equipment and support. We are a renowned global manufacturer of laboratory liquid handling instruments since last 2 decades. By following these guidelines, you can troubleshoot effectively and uphold the high standards your lab requires.

Read More:  Micropipette Troubleshooting: How to Fix Common Pipetting Issues

[labotronicsscientific]

Fixed Volume Micro Pipette LB-17FVP

Labotronics fixed volume micropipette is designed for precise 250 µL dispensing, featuring a low-force ejection mechanism and secure volume-lock system for consistent accuracy. Fully autoclavable at 121°C, it meets stringent sterilization standards. Chemically resistant, spring-loaded tip cones enhance durability and make maintenance easy.

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Pruning Shears

Flowers are harvested with sharp knives or electric pruning shear. On standard carnations two to three nodes and on spray carnations three to four nodes are left on the shoots for the next flowering. Flowers should be cut in the early morning when plants are turgid. Standard carnations are harvested as open flowers or in the bud stage. Spray carnations are harvested with two flowers open and the rest showing color. Flowers are handled carefully to avoid breakage and bruising. It is important to expose flowers to a 40° to 48°F environment as soon as possible to reduce plant temperature. Precooling the flowers maintains quality and increases longevity.

Above all else, investment in a pair of high-quality pruning shears is mandatory. One manufacturer even has a special hand grip designed for left-handed people, swivel handles and a model with blade removal for maintenance. For miniature roses, there are smaller versions of these pruning shears which rely on a smaller, straight-edged blade surface. For removal of large woody canes at the bud union, a pruning saw will allow access for flush removal. Attempts to use pruning shears for these jobs usually result in damage to the bud union. It is best to approach cane removal with a proper saw designed specifically for the job. For cutting large-diameter canes a pair of lopping shears with 30- or 45-cm handles can facilitate the cutting without placing too much pressure on the hands. Again, attempts to cut large-diameter canes with pruning shears will require a lot of extra strength. Lopping shears with long handles solve the strength problem and make the cut clean and sharp. Invest in a small wire brush (about 5 cm wide by 75 cm deep) to help remove loose bark from the bud union. Such treatments can often encourage basal breaks and stimulate new growth since growth often finds it impossible to break through the heavy tree-like bark encountered on older bushes. Finally, save on profanities while pruning by buying a good strong pair of leather gauntlet gloves or hand gloves that are puncture-proof. There is nothing as irritating as a thorn under the nail to cause a string of words rarely heard in a rose garden!

Harvesting is done manually when the capsules are dry at the ends of the branches. Pruning shears are used to cut branches and also remove inflorescence containing 15–20 capsular fruits. Once harvested, the fruit are carried in baskets to a land or a warehouse where, after drying, they will be processed in specific equipments or manually. The machines separate the capsules from the seeds and classify them for subsequent packing in polyethylene bags, where they remain preserved for more than five years in perfect condition without any plant protection treatment (Cruz et al., 2008).

Human beings disseminate all kinds of pathogens over short and long distances in a variety of ways. Within a field, humans disseminate some pathogens, such as tobacco mosaic virus, through the successive handling of diseased and healthy plants. Other pathogens are disseminated through tools, such as portable mini electric garden shears, contaminated when used on diseased plants (e.g., pear infected with fire blight bacteria), and then carried to healthy plants. Humans also disseminate pathogens by transporting contaminated soil on their feet or equipment, using contaminated containers, and using infected transplants, seed, nursery stock, and budwood as mentioned previously. Finally, humans disseminate pathogens by importing new varieties into an area that may carry pathogens that have gone undetected, by traveling throughout the world, and by importing food or other items that may carry harmful plant pathogens. Examples of the role of humans as a vector of pathogens can be seen in the introduction into the United States of the fungi causing Dutch elm disease and white pine blister rust and of the citrus canker bacterium, in the introduction in Europe of the powdery and downy mildews of grape, and, more recently, in the rapid spread of sorghum ergot almost throughout the world (Fig. 2-20).

The primary fungi of an ambrosia beetle are abundant in a gallery only when larval stages are present (Kajimura and Hijli 1992). Thus, the best isolates of primary fungal symbionts can be made a month or two after initial infestation. Galleries are exposed by sawing thin sections from the infested bole. It is important to work as quickly and as aseptically as possible, using alcohol-flamed saws, wood chisels, and/or pruning shears. Adult insects can be removed, and visible fungal growth within the several-millimeter-diameter gallery can be isolated using sterile fine forceps. Thin slices or chips of galleries should be preserved, dried, and mounted, or mounted directly on slides with fixative mounting medium, such as lactophenolaniline blue, for later study.

Ambrosia fungi in the genus Corthylus and most Xyleborus species generally form a thick, whitish palisade layer on the walls of galleries if eggs and/or larvae are present. That fungal growth can be isolated easily by streaking or spot plating on isolation media (see next section on “Culture”).

Fungal growth usually is not so evident on the gallery walls or larval cradles of xylomycetophagous insects; thus, small slices and chips of wood should be removed aseptically for plating. Slices or fragments of galleries can be placed aseptically in a sterile moist chamber (Appendix I) to encourage fungal growth in the absence of actively feeding larvae, so that primary ambrosia fungi can be isolated, often within a few days, before contamination from saprobic fungi.

Live beetles trapped in flight or taken from galleries are difficult to handle because of their small size and smooth cylindrical shape. A simple vacuum apparatus consisting of a sterile micropipette tip with a small aperture attached to a rubber hose fixed to a vacuum pump or vacuum line allows one to pick up individual beetles and transfer them easily from dish to dish or to sterile glass slides for dissection.

Beetles can be surface disinfected to reduce the presence of nonmycangial microbes by washing in sterile 0.1% HgCl2 solution or dilute sterile bleach (NaHCl2) for 2–4 minutes, followed by several rinses in sterile water. Investigators can also free adult beetles of external nonmycangial microbes by placing them alternately in plates of sterile wet filter paper for 18 hours and then on dry sterile filter paper for 6 hours. Several transfers typically remove most external microbes. Individual beetles can be stored on sterile moist filter plates for months at refrigerator temperature until needed for dissection and isolation. Prevention of dehydration appears to be the critical factor for keeping them alive during long-term storage.

The process of harvesting in Stevia is very important to obtain the highest leaf biomass yield with the most desirable quality and quantity of the sweet compound of steviol glycosides with a desirable taste. The time to harvest Stevia crop varies dependent on the place and time. The first harvest generally can be done 4 months after cultivation and the subsequent harvest is suggested to be done once every 3 months or 40–60 days later. Generally, three commercial harvests can be done every year. Optimum biomass and steviol glycoside quality and quantity can be obtained at the stage of flower bud initiation. It is suggested to cut the branches about 5.0 cm above the ground with tree branches powered pruning shears before stripping the leaves. As the tips of the stems contain as much steviol glycoside as the leaves, they can be added to the harvest yield. It is recommended to cut the stems leaving about a 10 cm portion above the ground to induce the emergence of new flushes, for the subsequent harvest (Kassahun et al., 2013). Benhmimou et al. (2017) reported that the optimal yield depended on the harvesting time and the yield of summer harvesting (August) was higher than that of autumn harvesting (October).

One of the important processes after crop harvesting is drying the Stevia leaves in the best way. The herb should be immediately dried after harvesting by placing on a net or screen. The plants can be dried in full sun, shade, or by passing hot dry air over the plant leaves. This drying process with heat lasts for 24–48 h to obtain completely dry leaves at 40°C–50°C. It should be noted that excessive heat or longer drying time could lower the stevioside level of dried leaves. A dehydrator machine can also be used to dry the Stevia leaves (Singh et al., 2014; Zewdinesh et al., 2014). Samsudin and Aziz (2013) reported that the quality of Stevia leaves dried in a hot air dryer at 50°C temperature for 6 h was better in terms of sweetness, nutrient content, and color of leaves. After applying any of the drying methods, the dry leaves should be packed and stored in a dry and cool place for further utilization (Zewdinesh et al., 2014).

Azaleas are pinched to increase shoot numbers, plant size, floriferousness, and also as a mechanism for timing flowering. The first mentioned reasons will be discussed in this section on vegetative development, while the use of pinching to schedule flowering will be considered in the section on flowering.

The final size of azalea plants will be largely determined by the number of times plants are pinched, if growing conditions are satisfactory. In many places, azaleas are only pinched once each year, but the plants could be pinched every 3 to 4 months if faster increases in size were desired. This can only be done under protected conditions or in climates where low temperatures are not encountered. The expenses encountered in indoor culture must be considered, but new vegetative growth could always be occurring under the proper environmental conditions. A night temperature of 65°F and long days will enhance vegetative growth. Fertilization programs would have to be more precise than under conditions where plants are only pinched once annually. Carbon dioxide injection has also been suggested for maximum growth.

Pinching can be done manually or chemically, but most plants are pinched with powerful battery operated pruning shears or electric clippers. Some propagators use the pinch as a way to get cuttings so the plants serve dual roles as stock plants and eventually as flowering plants. If such a practice is followed then the pinch involves the removal of shoots about 3 to 4 inches long. If cutting production is not an objective of pinching, then only the tips of the shoots need to be removed. More leaf axils then remain, so one might expect more lateral shoots than when a harder pinch is made.

There are different chemicals that have been used to pinch azaleas. The fact that azaleas are multibranched plants makes chemical pinching worthwhile. Fields of azaleas that might require weeks to be pinched can be chemically pinched in hours, so labor costs are significantly reduced. The crop will be more uniform in development as well, as all plants are pinched at the same time.

Off-Shoot-O was the first chemical pinching agent of economic importance (Stuart, 1967, 1975) but its use has declined. Effectiveness of Off-Shoot-O is influenced by temperature, relative humidity, stage of apex development, and cultivar. The chemical works by physically damaging the apex, and the material has to come in contact with the apex for pinching to occur. One can tell within about 24 hours if shoot tip damage has occurred.

Dikegulac (Atrimmec) was the second prominent chemical pinching agent. Its mode of action is biochemical, so the chemical does not have to come in direct contact with the apex. The material is translocated through the phloem, and DNA synthesis is affected (Bocion et al., 1975; de Silva et al., 1976). It is not affected as much by the factors that influence the effectiveness of Off-Shoot-O (Larson, 1978). The effectiveness of Atrimmec cannot be determined until at least 2 weeks after its application. Lateral shoot initiation and development are delayed compared to those on plants that are manually pinched, and new leaves are often very narrow. Some azalea growers do not use Atrimmec alone, but prune the large, long shoots to get the desired plant shape, break apical dominance, and then apply Atrimmec 2 days later to stimulate lateral branching.

Other new chemicals are being tried, but EPA label clearance is lacking at this time.

Every mycologist has his or her preferred collecting paraphernalia, and to a degree preferences depend on the taxa being collected. At least four items are required for collecting macrofungi: (1) a tool for cutting and digging, (2) a container or wrapping material for each specimen, (3) a larger container for transporting specimens in the field and back to the lab, and (4) a label for each specimen.

A thick-bladed, moderately sharp knife can be used to cut woody substrata or dig in soil. Some collectors carry both a knife and a trowel for collecting sporocarps from soil. Different types of fungi occurring on wood require different types of collecting equipment. An ax or hatchet often is needed to extract wood to a depth sufficient to enable identification of the host if it is unknown. However, a mallet and wood chisel, a heavy sheath knife, or a folding knife with a locking blade are usually sufficient for removing the fungus. A pair of electric bypass pruning shears and a folding pruning saw are also helpful for cutting smaller diameter twigs and branches to a uniform length. Care must be used to avoid undue damage to the plant if collecting from a living tree (Figs. 8.10 and 8.11).

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Lupine Publishers | Comparison of Invasive & Non-Invasive Tear Break up Time Measurement Techniques in Contact Lens Users

Lupine Publishers | Trends in Ophthalmology Open Access Journal

Abstract

Purpose: To compare invasive and non-invasive techniques for measuring tear break-up time (TBUT) in contact lens users.

Methodology: Comparison of invasive and non-invasive TBUT was done on a sample of 30 contact lens users (60eyes) ages limit from 15 to 30 years of females at Department of Ophthalmology, Madinah Teaching Hospital (MTH) Faisalabad by applying non probability convenient sampling technique. This descriptive cross sectional study was completed in duration of 6 months from October 2018 to March; 2018. An appropriate informed consent was taken from each participant under study. Video keratograph and Bausch and Lomb keratometer were used to measure non-invasive tear break up time. Flourescein tear break up time was performed by Slit Lamp using flourscein strip. Averages of three readings were recorded of each technique to ensure accuracy. Data was analyzed by One-way ANOVA test in SPSS software version 20.

Results: There is insignificant difference between invasive and non-invasive TBUT technique at level of 5% confidence interval.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between values of invasive and non invasive tear break up time. Each of three techniques can be applied for measuring tear film stability.

Keywords: Tear break-up time; TBUT; Invasive; Non-invasive; Keratometer; Video keratograph; Contact lens users

Introduction

Tear film is transparent liquiform coating that overlies cornea and conjunctiva. It has a trilaminar arrangement with an outlying lipid, an intermediary aqueous and the inner most mucous layer. Cornea is transparent optical refracting medium that lies immediately beneath tear film. Tear film spreads over corneal epithelium with each blink. Tear film and cornea are in mutual relationship confirming each other’s integrity. A healthy tear film significantly contributes to provide regular, smooth optical interface by filling corneal surface irregularities. A vascular cornea mainly counts on tear film for nutrition. Tear film absorbs environmental oxygen supplying it to cornea. Moreover, vital nutrient glucose seeps into the tear film through palpebral conjunctival vessels, from where it is supplied to cornea [1].

A stable tear film is representative of consistency and integrity of tear film. Assessment of tear film stability provides information about dynamic behavior of tear film. Tear film destabilizes in a specific time period following a blink. Early destabilization of tear film is indicative of tear film instability which can result in dry eye [2]. Many factors affect tear film stability including senile changes, ocular conditions like blephritis, meibomian gland dysfunction or any primary ocular surface disorder, hormonal changes, drugs like contraceptives, anticholinergic, antidepressants, antipsychotics, vitamin A deficiency, environmental changes and use of contact lenses [3]. Stable tear-film is fundamental necessity for successful contact lens usage. CL splits tear film in pre-lens and post lens segments affecting its biochemical and biophysical properties. Contact lens placement mainly interrupts lipid layer of tear film, rendering a thinner lipid phase pre-lens segment of tear film due to which evaporation occurs earlier irrespective of contact lens material [3] Tear BUT mechanism with contact lens is different as compared to tear-breakup time mechanism of tear film without contact lens. Contact lens mainly disorganize lipid layer as polar components of lipid layer show more affinity towards contact lens surface. Thinning of lipid layer increases evaporation rate which leads to tear film instability [4].

Furthermore increased phospholipase level has been reported in contact lens user’s tear film. It causes oxidation and degradation of phospholipids which in turn leads to lysophospholipids and diacylglycerides production. These are highly unsaturated and unstable. Hence earlier disruption of lipid layer occurs, reducing tear film stability [5]. Thus tear film stability measurement signifies its role as an imperative investigation procedure especially in contact lens users.

Materials and Methods

A description cross-sectional study with sample of 60 eyes of 30 females’ subjects was conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, Madinah Teaching Hospital (MTH) Faisalabad in months of October 2018 to March 2018. Female contact lens users, belonging to age group from 15 to 30 years were recruited through non probability convenient sampling technique. Any subject with corneal or conjunctival disease, traumatic or drug and surgical history were excluded. Pregnant ladies and with astigmatism higher than ±0.75D were also excluded. After taking consent and complete history of ocular and systemic diseases, surgery and contact lens use the following procedure was applied in succeeding order on all subjects (Figures 1 & 2).

Non-invasive TBUT measured through video keratograph, Galile 4 (ziemer). In this technique mires was projected on ocular surface &focused clearly. Subject was asked after one complete blink to stop blinking. Examiner observes mires and elapsing seconds were counted until mires become distorted or diffused. Procedure was repeated and average of three readings was recorded as non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT) by video keratograph. Non-invasive tear breakup time was also measured using manual Bausch & Lomb keratometer (Topcon OM-4). Circular mires were focused clearly and subject was asked to stop blink after one complete blink. Mires were observed and time was recorded in seconds using stopwatch until distortion. Procedure was repeated thrice and an average was recorded as non-invasive Tear breakup time by keratometer.

Standard invasive method for tear breakup time measurement was performed at last because instillation of fluorecein may affect the values of NITBUT. Fluorescein strip was gently touched in upper conjunctiva to stain tear film. This stained tear was recognized through slit lamp, using cobalt filter and wide beam under low magnification (6X-10X). Post-blink time taken for the first black spot appear in green dyed tear film was considered. Three recordings were taken and an average considered as invasive fluorescein tear breakup time (FTBUT). The measurements obtained binocularly from each subject were expressed as mean standard deviation. The analysis was done by entering whole data into the software of SPSS version 20 by ANOVA test.

Results

Comparison of an invasive fluorescein tear break up time (FTBUT) technique to two non invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT) techniques was performed on 60 eyes of 30 female contact lens users of age 15-30 years. Mean value of video keratograph tear break up time (VK TBUT) of right eye is 7.807±2.965 sec, mean value of keratometer tear break up time (KM TBUT) of right eye is 7.797±2.981 sec and mean value of flourescein tear break up time (FTBUT) of right eye is 6.656±1.675 sec, which is less as compared to non-invasive TBUT values.

Mean value of video keratograph tear break up time (VK TBUT) of left eye is 8.042±3.454 sec, mean value of keratometer tear break up time (KM TBUT) of left eye is 7.744±2.847 sec and mean value of flourescein tear break up time (FTBUT) of left eye is 6.285±2.057 sec and is less as compared to non-invasive TBUT values. Comparison of mean values of tear break up time (TBUT) obtained by applying ANOVA analysis, shows that significance value for right eye data is 0.164 and for left eye data is 0.297 which is greater than 0.05 and therefore, there is no statistically significant difference between mean values of all the three techniques.

Discussion

Purpose of conducting this study was to compare invasive and non-invasive techniques to measure TBUT among contact lens users as contact lens strongly alter tear film and its components. Results showed there is no such significant difference between either. A study by Jeong et al. [6] on two groups one with eye dry subjects other was control group was organized to see the difference between keratograph and flourescein tear break up time. Similar to our study, they stated that there is no difference between invasive and non-invasive tear break up time (r=0.66, p<0.001) and (r=0.77, p<0.001).

Hong et al. [7] conducted a prospective study on 44 patients of dry eye and 41 normal subjects and performed one non-invasive technique and flourescein strips, schirmer 1 and inferior tear meniscus height as invasive technique. Results depicted there is significant difference between non-invasive tear break up time and invasive tear break up time. Contrary to this, present study disagreed as there is no significant difference. They use different methods for invasive tear break up time and their study was on two groups one with dry eye and one group was healthy. Johnson and Murphy published a study in which there was no difference between two methods for instillation of flourescein by micropipette and flourescein strips. They conclude that flourecein volume affects the tear film dynamics [8]. Likewise in our study we only used the flouresein strips with same concentration to avoid the effect of flouresein volume.

On the other hand, a study performed on two separate groups i.e. group 1 (control) and group 2(dry eye) showed there is significant difference between invasive and non-invasive procedures. Corneal topographer as non-invasive and break up time and schirmer 1 test used as invasive tear break up time. The non-invasive tear break up time was lower than invasive tear break up time in both groups and concluded that non-invasive is good method for diagnosis of dry eye [9,10]. While our study was performed on same group of contact lens users and flourescein strips with slit lamp as invasive method.

Conclusion

The research revealed that values of invasive tear break up time and non-invasive tear break up time measured through video keratograph and Bausch and Lomb keratometer, have no significant difference in contact lens users. Each of the three techniques can be applied for measuring tear film stability. It is concluded that noninvasive techniques are theoretically and practically more sound for assessment of tear film stability in cases where fluorescein is contraindicated i-e pregnant women, asthmatic patients, history of allergies etc. Non- invasive techniques should be procedure of choice for investigating tear break up time in soft contact lens users to avoid deposits and staining of soft contact lens.

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