SeaWorld's captive-born orcas
I decided to compile a list of all SeaWorld's captive-born orcas, from Kalina, the very first Baby Shamu, in 1985 to Kyara, the final calf produced by the breeding program, in 2017. As in my previous post on life expectancy, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths are not included as they skew live birth data, and there is no accurate information on their frequency in free-ranging populations. Whales that are still alive at the time of this post (June 2023) are bolded. Whales that died prior to weaning age (3 years) are italicized (this is colloquially when a birth is considered "successful").
Kalina (F) b. 1985, age at death - 25 years
Baby Shamu 2 (F) b. 1986, age at death - 12 days
Orkid (F) b. 1988, age - 34 years
Katerina (F) b. 1988, age at death - 10 years
Kayla (F) b. 1988, age at death - 30 years
Taima (F) b. 1989, age at death - 20 years
Takara (F) b. 1991, age - 31 years
Keet (M), b. 1993, age - 30 years
Taku (M) b. 1993, age at death - 14 years
Nyar (F) b. 1993, age at death - 2 years
Keto (M) b. 1995, age - 27 years (lives at Loro Parque)
Unna (F) b. 1996, age at death - 18 years
Sumar (M) b. 1998, age at death - 12 years
Tuar (M) b. 1999, age - 23 years
Tekoa (M) b. 2000, age - 22 years (lives at Loro Parque)
Nakai (M) b. 2001, age at death - 20 years
Kohana (F) b. 2002, age at death - 20 years (died at Loro Parque)
Ikaika (M) b. 2002, age - 20 years
Skyla (F) b. 2004, age at death - 17 years (died at Loro Parque)
Kalia (F) b. 2004, age - 18 years
Halyn (F), b. 2005, age at death - 2 years
Trua (M) b. 2005, age - 17 years
Nalani (F) b. 2006, age - 16 years
Malia (F) b. 2007, age - 16 years
Sakari (F) b. 2010, age - 13 years
Makaio (M) b. 2010, age - 12 years
Makani (M) b. 2013, age - 10 years
Kamea (F) b. 2013, age - 9 years
Amaya (F) b. 2014, age at death - 6 years
Kyara (F) b. 2017, age at death - 3 months
In the 32 years SeaWorld's breeding program was running, 30 live calves were born. Of that 30, 15 are still alive today, for an overall "success rate" of 50%. 9 (60%) of that 15 were born during the second half (2001-2017) of the program's existence.
Of the 30, 28 (93%) survived their first year, the time period during which the majority of wild mortalities occur. 26 (87%) survived to weaning age. When removing the whales who died before weaning age, overall survivorship to present day is 57%, and survivorship to present day for the second half of the time period is 69%.
Excluding these whales who died before weaning, the survival data is:
Born 1985-1989: 20% still living (one whale: 34 years)
Born 1990-1999: 57% still living (age range: 23-31 years)
Born 2000-2009: 67% still living (age range: 16-22 years)
Born 2010-2017: 75% still living (age range: 9-13 years)
Average age at death of all deceased whales: 17 years
Average age of all living whales (as of June 2023): 20 years
Of course, true survivalship cannot be accurately determined until many years from now, when all of them have passed away. But it is evident that during the 32 years of the breeding program's existence, husbandry and veterinary care drastically improved, a fact reflected in the survivalship data. I expect that, had the program not been cut off, we would have seen the current trend continue... survival rates steadily increasing, and whales living longer lives. In conclusion, it's unfair and inaccuate to state that SeaWorld's killer whale breeding program was a failure, or that it produced only sickly calves that died young.
Fun fact: Keet, SeaWorld's first* male calf, is currently 30 years old, the average life expectancy of a wild male! May there be many more birthdays ahead of him!
*Kyuquot is SeaWorld's oldest living captive-born male at 31 years, but he is not included in this list as he was born at Sealand of the Pacific and moved to SeaWorld when he was 1 year old.
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(Asking as someone genuinely wanting to learn)
I saw the GIF's you shared with the orcas and noticed floppy dorsal fins - is this normal in captive orcas? And do you know what causes it?
Hope this is okay! Your blog has opened my eyes to a lot of stuff to do with captive cetaceans which I really appreciate! :) 🐳
Hello! Thank you for your kind words!
As for floppy dorsal fins... in short, we don't know for sure! Bent and collapsed dorsals do occur in the wild, although at an exponentially lower rate than in captivity. While this often appears linked to animals in poor health, many floppy-finned individuals live normal lifespans.
Meanwhile, in human care, 100% of adult males and some females have at least some level of dorsal fin collapse.
The most popular theory is that collapsed fins have to do with water pressure. Cetacean dorsal fins do not contain bone, but rather are made entirely of a dense yet pliable connective tissue called collagen. Wild orcas spend most of their time swimming and diving for food. Because so much of their time is spent under the surface, the water pressure supports their dorsals and allows the collagen to strengthen. In managed environments, however, orcas spend a lot more time at the surface, interacting with their care staff. Without the constant water pressure, the collagen fibers do not fully harden and eventually the fin collapses under its own weight.
There is anecdotal evidence that surface-hunting populations of wild orcas (for example, those that feed on sharks) have a higher rate of dorsal collapse than others (I have not found the proper source for this yet, so take it with a grain of salt). This might also may explain why so many sick individuals experience collapse—they float at the surface rather than diving to hunt, allowing their collagen to weaken. This also works in tandem with the theory that warmer temperatures encourage the collagen to soften, since it's typically significantly warmer above the surface.
Genetics also appear to play some role in dorsal fin collapse. Katina, the 46-year-old matriarch of the SeaWorld Orlando pod, and her 15-year-old daughter Nalani (pictured below) both have noticably bent dorsals, particularly for females.
(Image credit to @girlwiththeorcatattoo)
Meanwhile, Kasatka, the late matriach of the San Diego pod, and her daughters and granddaughters all have much straighter fins, despite living in an essentially identical environment. Interestingly, Kasatka's son Nakai (pictured below in 2015), had the straightest dorsal fin of any captive male for nearly 20 years before it finally flopped over.
There are other orcas that confound our understanding of collapse. Corky and Orkid (pictured below), 57 and 33 years old respectively, both have lovely, tall, perfectly straight dorsals, despite Corky spending years in an extremely undersized tank at Marineland of the Pacific before transferring to SeaWorld San Diego in the 1980s.
Ulises (pictured below), who at a whopping 44 years old is the oldest male orca in human care, has only a flopped tip rather than a completely collapsed fin.
Even Tokitae (pictured below), who has spent over 50 years in a far-too-small tank at Miami Seaquarium, has an almost completely straight dorsal.
I summary, we really don't know for sure. What we do know is collapsed dorsal fins do not seem to have a negative impact on their health, and that it is absolutely not the result of "depression" or mistreatment, as is often touted in activist circles. Emotions definitely don't affect collagen!
I hope this is helpful! Thank you for asking!
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