#nonmalignant

[oliviapatriciasblog]

Getting a Marijuana Prescription in Florida: Easy or Hard?

The use of medical marijuana has become a significant topic of interest in recent years, particularly in states like Florida, where the legal landscape has evolved to accommodate patients in need. However, many potential patients still wonder: Is it hard to get a marijuana prescription in Florida? This article explores the process, eligibility requirements, and other key factors to help you understand how to obtain a medical marijuana prescription in the Florida State.

Understanding Medical Marijuana in Florida

Legal Background

In 2016, Florida voters passed Amendment 2, which expanded the medical marijuana program. This allowed patients with a wider range of qualifying conditions to access cannabis for therapeutic purposes. Since then, the state has continued to refine its regulations, making medical marijuana more accessible while ensuring it is used responsibly.

Qualifying Conditions

To be eligible for a medical marijuana prescription in Florida, a patient must have one of the following qualifying conditions:

Cancer

Epilepsy

Glaucoma

HIV/AIDS

Crohn's Disease

Parkinson's Disease

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Chronic nonmalignant pain

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Terminal conditions diagnosed by a physician

Other debilitating medical conditions of the same kind or class as those enumerated above

The Process of Getting a Marijuana Prescription

Step 1: Consult with a Qualified Physician

The first step in obtaining a medical marijuana prescription is to consult with a qualified physician who is registered with the Florida Medical Marijuana Use Registry (MMUR). Only these physicians can recommend medical marijuana for patients. During the consultation, the physician will evaluate your medical history and determine whether you qualify for medical marijuana based on your condition.

Step 2: Medical Evaluation

The physician will conduct a thorough medical evaluation to assess your eligibility. This evaluation includes a review of your medical history, current medications, and the severity of your symptoms. It is crucial to provide all relevant medical records and be honest about your health condition to ensure an accurate assessment.

Step 3: Registration with the MMUR

If the physician determines that you qualify, they will enter your information into the Florida Medical Marijuana Use Registry. This registry is an online database that tracks patient and physician activity related to medical marijuana. You will need to provide proof of residency, such as a Florida ID or utility bill, during this process.

Step 4: Apply for a Medical Marijuana ID Card

After being entered into the registry, you must apply for a Medical Marijuana Use Registry Identification Card. This card is required to purchase medical marijuana from licensed dispensaries. The application process involves submitting a completed application form, a copy of your state ID or proof of residency, and a passport-style photo. There is also a $75 application fee.

Step 5: Purchase from a Licensed Dispensary

Once you receive your medical marijuana ID card, you can purchase medical marijuana from any licensed dispensary in Florida. Dispensaries offer a variety of products, including flower, oils, tinctures, edibles, and topicals. Your physician may recommend specific types of products based on your condition and needs.

Challenges in Obtaining a Prescription

While the process is relatively straightforward, several challenges can make obtaining a medical marijuana prescription difficult for some patients.

Accessibility to Qualified Physicians

Not all physicians in Florida are registered with the MMUR, and finding a qualified physician can be challenging, especially in rural areas. Patients may need to travel long distances to consult with an authorized physician.

Financial Costs

The cost of obtaining a medical marijuana prescription can be prohibitive for some patients. Initial consultation fees can range from $150 to $300, and the cost of the medical marijuana ID card is $75 annually. Additionally, medical marijuana products are not covered by insurance, which means patients must pay out of pocket for their treatment.

Stigma and Misconceptions

Despite growing acceptance, there is still a stigma associated with using marijuana, even for medical purposes. Patients may face judgment from others or feel uncomfortable discussing their treatment. Overcoming this stigma requires ongoing education and awareness efforts.

Benefits of Medical Marijuana

Despite the challenges, many patients find that the benefits of medical marijuana far outweigh the obstacles. Medical marijuana can provide significant relief for patients with chronic pain, anxiety, PTSD, and other debilitating conditions. It offers an alternative to traditional pharmaceuticals, which can have severe side effects and lead to dependency.

Pain Management

Medical marijuana is particularly effective for pain management. It can help reduce chronic pain associated with conditions like arthritis, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis. Unlike opioids, which can be highly addictive, marijuana offers a safer alternative for long-term pain relief.

Mental Health Benefits

For patients with mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD, medical marijuana can provide much-needed relief. It can help alleviate symptoms and improve the overall quality of life, making it easier for patients to manage their conditions.

Improved Sleep

Many patients with chronic conditions struggle with sleep disturbances. Medical marijuana can promote better sleep by reducing pain and anxiety, helping patients achieve restful and restorative sleep.

Conclusion

While obtaining a marijuana prescription in Florida involves several steps and can present challenges, it is a manageable process for most patients. By understanding the requirements and following the proper procedures, patients can access the benefits of medical marijuana and improve their quality of life. If you are considering medical marijuana as a treatment option, consult with a qualified physician to determine if it is right for you.

[securemso]

A Comprehensive Guide For Hematology Medical Billing And Coding

What is Hematology Medical Billing and Coding?

Hematology is a branch of medical science that specifically examines the blood and blood-forming organs. In other words, it studies the working of bone marrow and other blood-related disorders. As far as Hematology medical billing and coding is concerned, it includes all practices for translating Hematological procedures into standard codes. These codes are submitted by healthcare providers to insurance providers for claim reimbursement. Hematological assessments mean identifying particular diseases. It focuses on hemophilia, anemia, leukemia, sickle-cell anemia, lymphomas, and various infections.

Hematological conditions can be categorized into two groups: malignant and nonmalignant blood disorders. Nonmalignant blood disorders focus on hemoglobinopathies. This includes thalassemia, sickle-cell anemia, and coagulopathies such as hemophilia. On the other hand, Hematological Malignant deals with the uncontrolled growth of cells present in the blood.

Read More...

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This Blog was initially posted at Secure MSO On November 9, 2023.

[arrangoiz]

Ten Signs of Malignancy on Ultrasound of the Breast

The 10 signs of malignancy include: Shadowing Hypoechoic echotexture Spiculation Angular margins Thick echogenic halo Microlobulation Taller than wide dimensions Duct extension Branching pattern Calcifications Well-defined smooth border and posterior acoustic enhancement: Are found in both malignant and nonmalignant lesions Layering / teacup mammographic microcalcifications: Are…

[osarothomprince]

How vinyl chloride, the chemical in the Ohio train derailment and used to make PVC plastics, can damage your liver — SLATK

[ad_1] Lire cet article en français Vinyl chloride – the chemical in several of the train cars that derailed and burned in East Palestine, Ohio, in February 2023 – can wreak havoc on the human liver. It has been shown to cause liver cancer, as well as a nonmalignant liver disease known as TASH, or […] How vinyl chloride, the chemical in the Ohio train derailment and used to make PVC plastics, can…

[cancertherapy]

Ways You Can Reduce Your Prostate Cancer

https://www.evernote.com/shard/s605/res/f0cadb2b-bb27-0ec0-385a-8c346b7761f9

The prostate, located in the pelvis, is a gland of the male reproductive system. The inferior vesical artery, Internal pudendal artery, and middle rectal artery carry blood to the prostate. Located at the base of the bladder and encircles the urethra, which originates from the bladder, the prostate may enlarge over time. Although in most cases this enlargement of the gland is nonmalignant, in some patients it's a malignant process, which means it is prostate cancer. 

Before getting into the discussion of how to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, Let’s get some basic ideas from the recorded data of the prostate cancer doctors in Bangalore regarding what is prostate cancer and what are the symptoms.

 The following are the two cases of prostate enlargement:

Pathophysiology 

Now let's discuss the pathophysiology of the situation. Why does the prostate enlarge?

Hormonal changes in testosterone and estrogen levels. Testosterone converts into a more potent form of testosterone, known as hydro testosterone.

Epidemiology

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is by far the most common form of prostate enlargement.

Prevalence increases with increasing age. It has been estimated that as much as 50% of male patients in their 60s are affected by BPH, and this rate gets increases as the patient grows older. It is a prevalent issue among elderly males. 

There is an increased risk in specific individuals with metabolic syndrome and obesity. For some patients, it is like a pregenetic disposition. 

Signs and Symptoms

So the enlargement of the prostate can lead to some signs and symptoms. Now, what are those symptoms, and how to identify them? The most common signs of prostate cancer are:

Difficulty initiating and maintaining urination is referred to as urinary hesitancy, Straining is expected in this situation

Intermittent urine steam is when urination is on and off during the whole day

Nocturia is when patients urinate at night time, often awake at night with the sense of urination

Encore voiding is when even after finishing urination, there would be a feeling of urinating again. When the enlarged prostate is pushing the bladder constantly, the patient tends to feel this. 

Dysuria is the state of burning sensation during initiating urination 

Post Void Dribbling is after completing urination, dribbling may occur. Residual urine after voiding due to the issue passing obstruction by prostate 

The inability to urinate is referred to as urinary Retention 

More warning signs and symptoms of prostate cancer are the following:

Fever and chills

Hot flashes and night sweats

Spinal cord compression(Cauda Equina Syndrome)

Urinary Incontinence 

Silent Renal Failure

Backpain 

Prevention of Prostate Cancer Through Diet and Exercise

What's more important is from a lifestyle perspective younger people. Because we think the process of cancer doesn’t start early on. Where lifestyle and dietary changes have really shown to have an impact early on as we are building our bodies in our teens and in our twenties and that's when it can make a difference. Physical exercise is important. Studies came out that say, men who survive prostate cancer are those who spend a certain amount of time exercising. But if we are looking for a big change, we have to start early in our lives. Unfortunately, medical science hasn’t come up with any drug so far to prevent prostate cancer yet. Some medications have been used for enlarged prostate to see if they reduce the risk of prostate cancer, but it hasn't been proven effective enough. While dealing with prostate cancer prevention, what we really would like to do at this point in time, since we can't prevent it, is to prevent the more aggressive high-risk prostate cancer. Only through certain lifestyle and dietary modifications, we may be able to accomplish that. 

Another thing that might help in reducing the risk of prostate cancer is losing weight. Data show that patients with high body mass index seem to Read more.

[drchiraggupta]

What Are Some Male Infertility Causes and Symptoms?

In cases of infertility, that is to say a couple has not been able to conceive despite a year or more of regular unprotected sex, male infertility may play a role in about half of them. No matter which partner is infertile or who has certain conditions that may make it more difficult to conceive, infertility can be a troubling and very frustrating for any couple to deal with. To conceive, men must be able to produce healthy sperm able to reach and penetrate the partner's egg. Best Urologist in Jaipur

 There are several possible causes and environmental factors that may impact male fertility. Varicocele is a swelling of veins draining the testicle, which may prevent the testicle from cooling properly and may result in reduce sperm count. Infection may interfere with the production of sperm or the health of sperm and may lead to blockages in the sperm's passage. Sexually transmitted diseases may play a role in this aspect of male infertility such as Chlamydia and gonorrhea. Inflammation of the prostate, inflamed testicles due to mumps and other urinary tract or reproductive organ infections may be to blame as well.

 Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen is ejaculated into the bladder during orgasm instead of out of the penis. Diabetes and various health conditions may cause this problem. Antibodies that attack sperm may inhibit fertility as well. These are immune cells that identify sperm as harmful and eliminate them. Men who have had a vasectomy may experience this condition more commonly than men who have not. Tumors, both cancerous and nonmalignant may affect reproductive organs or glands releasing hormones. Other possible causes of male infertility include undescended testicles, hormone imbalances, chromosome defects, sperm duct defects, celiac disease, sexual intercourse problems and certain medications. Urologist in Jaipur

 Environmental causes of male infertility may include pesticides, heavy metal exposure, exposure to radiation, overheating of the testicles and bicycling. Men who use illegal drugs, abuse alcohol, smoke tobacco, are stressed, have a vitamin deficiency, are overweight or underweight or who are older than 35 may also experience problems with infertility.

 The most obvious symptom of male infertility is the inability to conceive a child. Problems reaching orgasm or difficulty maintaining an erection may point to male infertility as well. What's more, pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area may be symptoms, as well as decreased facial or body hair and other signs or symptoms of hormonal and chromosomal abnormalities.

[rohit890]

Breast Lesion Localization Market Current Trends And Future Aspect Analysis 2031

Market Overview

The global breast lesion localization market size was USD 254 million in 2021 and it is anticipated to reach USD 390.6 million in 2031, growing at a rate of 4.4% from 2022-2031.

Breast lesion localization is a medical device used in the detection of malignant and nonmalignant tumors. It is used in the preoperative marketing of nonpalatable breast lesions. There are different types f breast lesion localization devices developed using different techniques: radiations, wires, radar, and electromagnetic. Breast lesion localization methods are used to detect the abnormalities in terms of a lump or tumor in the breasts. There are various types of breast lesion localization methods used across the globe to detect a lump or tumor in the breasts. However, the rapid increase in the number of women opting for preventive screening tests for breast cancer creates a highly conducive environment for the growth of the breast lesion localization market.

View Detailed Report Description: https://www.globalinsightservices.com/reports/breast-lesion-localization-market/

Market Dynamics

The major factor boosting the growth of the market is the increasing incidence of breast cancer. Breast cancer is among the most common diseases affecting women in developed and developing countries. As per the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women globally. Worldwide, there has been significant growth in the number of breast cancer cases. This can majorly be attributed to changing lifestyles, the increasing use of oral contraceptives, and the rising number of women undergoing cosmetic surgeries, such as breast enhancement.

Similarly, the growing rate of the aging population is also boosting the growth of the market. With age, the risk of developing breast cancer increases. Aging increases multipotent progenitors and decreases the number of myoepithelial cells, which line the breast’s milk-producing luminal cells and serve as tumor suppressors. As per the American Cancer Society, approximately 1 out of 8 invasive breast cancers develop in women less than 45 years. Conversely, approximately 2 out of 3 invasive breast cancers develop in women aged 55 and above.

The global breast lesion localization market report includes players such as Hologic, Inc. (US), Becton, Dickinson and Company (US), Merit Medical Systems (US), Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH (US), Argon Medical Devices (US), Laurane Medical LLC (France), Endomagnetics Ltd. (UK), Intramedical Imaging, LLC (US), Isoaid (US), Surgiceye GmbH (Germany), Ranfac Corp. (US), Mermaid Medical Group (Denmark), Izi Medical Products, LLC (US), Matek Medikal (Turkey), Tsunami Medical Srl (Italy), BPB Medica (Italy), Sirius Medical Systems B.V. (Netherlands), Molli Surgical Inc. (Canada), Sterylab S.R.L. (Italy), CP Medical (Georgia), MDL SRL (Italy), Biomedical Srl (Italy), Elucent Medical (US), Vigeo srl (Italy), and Medax Medical Devices (Italy).

About Global Insight Services:

Global Insight Services (GIS) is a leading multi-industry market research firm headquartered in Delaware, US. We are committed to providing our clients with highest quality data, analysis, and tools to meet all their market research needs. With GIS, you can be assured of the quality of the deliverables, robust & transparent research methodology, and superior service.

Contact Us:

Global Insight Services LLC

16192, Coastal Highway, Lewes DE 19958

E-mail: info@globalinsightservices.com

Phone: +1–833–761–1700

[phantomtutor]

SOLUTION AT Academic Writers Bay   CAT WBC disorders After completing this weeks assigned readings, Can anyone answer the following questions about disorders of the white cells. Choose 2 questions to answer What are the most common causes of leukocytosis in the hospital inpatient setting? Which medications can cause neutropenia and agranulocytosis? What are the most common causes of eosinophilia? What key WBC findings indicate an impending medical emergency and warrant immediate action? What are the indications for a bone marrow biopsy and aspirate? What is the role of molecular testing in the diagnostic workup of common WBC disorders? What is the role for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in nonmalignant hematologic disorders?     “CUSTOM PAPER” CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS CLICK THE BUTTON TO MAKE YOUR ORDER

[shreewecareclinic]

What is Hematology?

What is Hematology?

Overview of Hematology:

            The study of blood, blood-forming organs including bone marrow, and blood-related disorders and diseases is the subject of the medical specialty known as haematology. The Greek term for blood is where the word "heme" originates. Hematological examinations are used to identify and classify illnesses such haemophilia, anaemia, leukaemia, sickle-cell anaemia, lymphomas, and other infections.

Problems and diseases of the blood:

           Malignant and nonmalignant blood disorders are two categories for hematological disorders. Hemoglobinopathies like thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia, other anemias, and coagulopathies like hemophilia are examples of nonmalignant blood disorders. In addition to - and -thalassemia, hemoglobinopathies are genetic disorders characterized by defective hemoglobin structure, which can result in multi-organ issues and mild to severe anemia. Hemophilia and Von Willebrand disease, both of which are brought on by low levels of clotting factors in the blood, are other clotting disorders with hereditary etiology.

        Diet and lifestyle choices, among other things, may contribute to the development of other non-cancerous conditions such anaemia and pulmonary embolism. A haematological condition called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is characterised by an unusual decline in blood platelet concentration, which leads to internal bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, and bruises. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura has no recognised cause and is neither inherited nor communicable. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura typically develops in youngsters following a viral infection like chicken pox.

          People of all ages can be affected by malignant blood illnesses such as leukaemia, lymphomas, and myelomas. There are many potential causes of malignant haematological illnesses, including genetics, way of life, and environment. A myeloproliferative neoplasm known as polycythemia vera is a type of leukaemia marked by an excessive synthesis of red blood cells in the bone marrow, which makes blood more viscous and raises the risk of clots and heart attacks. Another myeloproliferative form of leukaemia called myelofibrosis occurs when the bone marrow makes too many stem cells, which causes inflammation and the creation of scar tissue. Hodgkin's lymphoma and other malignant lymphomas impact the lymphatic system and produce aberrant cells.

Testing for homology:

         For the diagnosis of haematological and non-hematological diseases and disorders, blood tests offer useful information. One of the most popular blood tests used to diagnose diseases is the complete blood count (CBC). The number of white and red blood cells, platelet count, hematocrit red blood cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, differential white blood count, and several additional red blood cell indices are among the haematological parameters assessed in a complete blood count (CBC). Complete blood counts are used to diagnose inflammatory illnesses, blood-related malignancies, anaemia, and infections.

The duties and range of haematology:

           Hematologists and hematopathologists both practise haematology. Hematologists are medical professionals who have completed additional years of haematology training. They manage a variety of haematological conditions, such as blood and bone marrow malignancies, and are directly involved in the treatment of patients. Medical professionals that specialise in clinical and anatomical pathology are called hematopathologists. They research not only blood and blood-related illnesses, but also the tissues and organs that utilise blood for physiological purposes, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus. Hematopathologists use tissue and blood samples to make diagnoses of diseases of the blood and lymphatic system.

           For their patients, haematologists who specialise in nonmalignant blood disorders use a variety of blood smears, tests, and molecular diagnostic tools to provide an accurate diagnosis. They occasionally assist with the long-term treatment of individuals with haematological illnesses.

          Malignant haematological condition specialists also need to be well-versed in other areas, such as infectious diseases. They can also focus on specific therapies, including bone marrow transplants, which are frequently used to treat blood malignancies. Another area of specialisation in the treatment of malignant haematological disorders is transfusion medicine.

 Shree We Care Hospital

We are proud to introduce you to Marathwada’s first & only comprehensive hematology (Blood disorders) & medical oncology (Cancer) clinic. We have well trained & qualified doctors from prestigious institutes like Tata memorial hospital and KEM Hospital, Mumbai.

[panvani]

As far as the DomiNoé stuff goes I mean. It's very tame and nonmalignant for a MochiJun relationship but that's not really the same thing as it being Healthy

[irispublisherscancerresearch]

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Cancer- An Opinion-Iris Publishers

Authored by  Binafsha Manzoor Syed*

Abstract

Testing Saliva is a novel approach and recent research trend in diagnostics of local oral and systemic diseases as liquid biopsy. In patients with oral submucous fibrosis where biopsy further raises the risk of malignant transformation, changes in the composition of saliva including electrolytes, proteins content and presence of RNAs, tumor markers and cells as a panel can potentially be used for early detection of oral cancers.

Introduction

Saliva is a watery product of salivary glands that maintains healthy oral mucosa by preventing it from drying, lubricating and moistening hard food bolus and helping in its swallowing and also limiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Saliva also provides a number of enzymes that initiate food digestion, there by starting carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Saliva is produced mainly by submandibular glands (71%), parotid (25%), sublingual (3-4%) glands and only minute quantity by mucosal and labial glands [1]. The salivary secretions are under control of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation producing thick and thin saliva respectively. It has been suggested to be an ultrafiltrate of the blood. It contains a number of enzymes, proteins and biochemicals which come from the blood by ultrafiltration, active transport or diffusion in the salivary glands as well as others added locally such as inflammatory markers, exfoliated cells, immune cells and microorganism as part of normal flora [2]. The water content of the saliva is very high (>99%) and the quantity of rest of the factors is very low in micro and nanograms. These contents of the saliva indicate local disease and some of them have been suggested as markers of systemic diseases [2]. According to the global epidemiological data oral cancers are among relatively low prevalent cancer (accounting for 3% of all cancers in men and 2% in women) [3] as compared to breast and lung cancer, but in countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh with high rate of betal nut chewing and smoking oral cancers are climbing high and creating a major health issue. This exposure results in development of inflammatory response leading to chronic lesions and fibrosis with potential risk of malignancy [4]. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a precancerous condition with high risk of malignant transformation. Biopsy of OSMF raises the risk of malignancy thus it is not indicated as a result patient are left to develop advanced disease to be diagnosed eventually causes high mortality rate after diagnosis. In a previously reported study including 1774 women of Pakistani origin, out of which 43% had OSMF only, while 26.6% has OSMF with malignancy and 30.2% had cancer without OSMF [5]. By looking at the rate of OSMF with and without cancer it can be said that the more than fifty percentage are at risk of malignant transformation which is quite high. Thus, increasing rate of oral cancers and resulting high mortality warrant alternative methods of diagnosis for oral cancer in patients with established OSMF. In this regard saliva has potential to play a role in early diagnosis of cancer. This study prevents a summary of the existing literature and theoretical framework to delineate the potential use of saliva as non-invasive biopsy for oral cancers in patients with OSMF.

Normal Composition of Human Saliva

Normal saliva is a mixture of almost all the component of plasma including water (>99%), electrolytes, enzymes, nonenzymatic proteins, immunoglobulins etc. The composition of the saliva changes with variation in the systemic circulation such as it gets thicker by reducing water contents in thirst and dehydration. The pH of the saliva also varies according to the buffering activity of the food mastication [2]. Similarly, when there is change in blood composition in disease stats there is variation in the composition of saliva. A systematic review of literature conducted recently (i.e., 2020) including 25 studies, evaluating targeted and non-targeted metabolites in cancer patients. These studies reported at least 140 metabolites out of which most frequently assessed were alanine, valine, leucine. Among breast cancer patient’s proline, threonine, and histidine in combination and monoacylglycerol showed high diagnostic potential in breast cancer patients while among patients with oral cancers choline, betaine, pipecolinic acid, and l-carnitine showed better diagnostic potential to determine early stage [6]. There is evidence suggesting altered composition of saliva in oral cancers which was not limited to any one component but there was a significant change in all the constituents ranging from electrolytes to the lipid metabolites and immunoglobulins [7]. Thus, analysis of the saliva could be a potential diagnostic tool in early detection of oral cancers.

Changes in Oral Submucous Fibrosis

In cases of smoking and betal nut chewing there are chances of accumulation of toxic chemicals damaging the mucosa [8]. In case of the failure of the antioxidant mechanism of the saliva there is a chance of chronic damage [9,10]. The oral sub mucous fibrosis and other pre-malignant lesions have shown to be associated with altered salivary composition which ranges from change in the normal constituents as well as addition of other serum markers such as interleukins and local cellular metabolites. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been reported to be significantly high in patients with OSMF and oral cancers as compared to controls [11]. Salivary chemerin showed significant difference among controls, patients with pre-malignant oral lesions and cancers. Thus, it has potential to differentiate the malignant lesions from pre-malignant conditions [12]. IL6 and IL8 have been studied and showed a significant potential in differentiating oral pre-malignant lesions from malignancy [13]. Sialic acid showed high concentration among pre-malignant and malignant lesions in the mouth as compared to healthy population [14]. The study on tumor markers including CYFRA-21-1, LDH and total protein were high among premalignant as well as in cancer patients while the comparison of the pre-malignant lesions and cancers was done the concentration was significantly higher among cancer patients [15]. A panel of biochemical components including hydrophilic metabolites, ornithine, o-hydroxybenzoate and ribose 5-Phosphatewere studied in pre-malignant and malignant lesions and reported to show high potential to differentiate between malignant and nonmalignant lesions [16]. The study suggested significant rise in the protein content of the saliva in cancer patients, there was also high electrolytes as compared to the normal controls. Immunoglobulins showed high concentration of IgG while lower concentration of IgA [7] (Figure 1).

Changes in Oral cancer

There are a number of studies which examined saliva in oral cancer patients with and without comparison with controls. A study assessed lipogenese products found a high level of free arachidonic acid and Hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and high level of linoleic acid in patients with oral cancers [17]. Gene micro-array technique suggested atleast 1679 genes showing varied expression in saliva of patients with oral cancers [18]. Further probing of gene profile and mRNA analysis suggested four mRNA in saliva including OAZ, SAT, IL8, and IL1b showed high potential to diagnose oral cancer early with sensitivity of more than 90% [19]. Another study focusing on 314 mRNAs found that two mRNAs including miR-125a and miR-200a were significantly lower in patients with oral cancers [20]. Another study has reported deranged level of mRNA 24 and mRNA27b in oral cancers [21]. Yet another study has reported significantly high level of mRNA21, mRNA 184 and mRNA145 in patients with oral cancers [22]. There are other markers such as Ki67 and cyclin D1 which have been studied in multiple cancers, they have also shown significant rise in saliva in patients with oral cancers [23]. The literature suggested high transferrin levels among cancer patient’s saliva [24]. Another study evaluated transcriptomes and proteome suggested significant rise in the levels of IL8, IL1B, SAT1 and S100P transcriptomes and IL1B, IL8 and M2BP proteomes in the saliva of patients with oral cancers [25]. Other studies later also confirmed significantly high concentration of IL8 and SAT1 in oral cancer patients [26,27]. The high level of IL6 has also been reported in oral cancer when comparing with precancerous condition [28]. The analysis of the valine, lactic acid and phenylalanine as a combine tool in saliva showed high sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value in accurately diagnosing oral cancer [29]. Serum tumor markers have also been reported to be raised in the saliva such as CA125 in patients with oral cancer [30]. Salivary e-cadherin has been reported to be very high among cancer patients [31].

Potential role of saliva as a diagnostic tool in oral submucous fibrosis in early detection of oral cancer

The brief review of literature has highlighted efforts being carried out to find a path for early diagnosis of oral cancers in situation of pre-malignant lesions. Looking at the OSMF as taking biopsy rises the risk of malignancy further resulting in high rate of advanced cancer with reduced survival. On the other hand, it is relatively easy to evaluate composition of saliva in patients with OSMF for early detection of oral cancer. The literature has shown potential chance of takin saliva as a mode of diagnosis. For that individual markers would not be able to play any significant role. Therefore, a panel of markers from all types of constitutes need to be studied together to find a reliable method. For instance, taking electrolytes, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL6, IL8), Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA), mRNAs, proteins and tumor markers and cells together would be a practical approach.

Conclusion

Saliva has a potential for use as a non-invasive mode of liquid biopsy and can be used as surveillance, screening and early detection of oral cancers in pre-malignant conditions where oral biopsy would further raise the risk of malignant transformation. However individual markers or the same group of markers might not be helpful thus taking a panel of all types of constituents would be appropriate approach.

Read More...FullText

For More Articles in Advances in Cancer Research & Clinical Imaging please click on https://www.irispublishers.com/acrci/

Indexing List of Iris Publishers: https://medium.com/@irispublishers/what-is-the-indexing-list-of-iris-publishers-4ace353e4eee

Iris publishers google scholar citation articles: https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=irispublishers&btnG=

[highlifemedicaldoctor]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Cancer

Crohn’s disease

Epilepsy

Glaucoma

HIV / AIDS

Seizures

Chronic muscle spasms

Multiple sclerosis

Parkinson’s disease

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Any ailment/condition “of the same severity/symptoms” (as determined by the recommending physician)

A terminal condition diagnosed by a doctor other than the physician issuing the certification

Chronic nonmalignant pain caused by a qualifying condition. You are also eligible if this pain originates from a qualifying condition and persists “beyond the usual course” of the disease.

[theblueskyphoenix]

BH6: Better Than Nothing

It was going to be one of those months. Oh, how he hated these months. He knew it had to be done but it didn’t mean he had to like it.

Click click click

Bob Aken sat as patiently as he could in the waiting room of San Fransokyo Medical Center, currently trying to solve a rubix cube. Or rather, was testing a new way to solve it. He had come up with many ways. It was the one of the few things he could do during times like this.

It’s one of the few things that doesn’t hurt my head, surprisingly.

Click click click

He sighed, glancing to his sides. This was the first time he would be going in alone. Usually he was accompanied by one of his parents for a short time before they would have to leave to go to work and come back after all was said and done. But… he was a grown man now. He got himself here and there was plenty of work to be done just so charges could be covered.

Click click click

Just so I can live another year.

“Bob Aken?”

Bob looked up, seeing two nurses at the door, one of them surveying the patients in the room. Bob stood up, putting his rubix cube away in his bag.

“That’s me.”

Both nurses gave a gentle look.

“Follow us.” One of them said.

Bob nodded, following them down the hallway.

And so it begins…

First stop was preparation.

Quick scans, tests, IV prep, injections, things Bob had done over hundreds of times. He was honestly numb to it all. Only thing he really paid attention to was what the MRI techs would be saying as they looked at the scans.

“Nonmalignant. Thank goodness.” He heard one of them say.

“Indeed. Just have to keep it that way.”

Nonmalignant… The only form of good news with this whole thing.

Preparation was soon over.

Now, it was time for treatment.

Bob was transferred to another room. In that room, was a nicely set up hospital bed, a monitor for tracking vitals and an IV bag that hanging on its stand, ready for use.

He remained silent as he lied down on the bed, one of the nurses getting him hooked up to the IV bag and monitor. Bob distracted himself by focusing on the label of the IV bag. Big  bold black letters on a yellow backdrop.

“CHEMOTHERAPY

DISPOSE OF PROPERLY AFTER USE”

“Alright, all set.” The nurse said, finishing her work. “Is there anything I can get for you, Mr. Aken?”

Bob shook his head.

“No. I have everything I need in my handbag… Though I guess, you could grab my rubix cube for me.”

The nurse nodded, digging through his bag, pulling out the rubix cube.

“Here you are.”

Bob took it, nodding.

“Thank you.”

He started to get work on it again, paying no mind to the nurse… or least, he tried. He hadn’t noticed till now, but the one who had been walking him through his usual routine was a nurse he hadn’t seen before. The other one present in the room, he knew very well.

Mary Fluton I believe is her name… So, who’s this one?

Bob took a glance at her name tag that hung loosely around her neck.

“Kim Reid - Intern”

Ah, that would explain it. Fresh blood. So, Mary is just here to make sure she does her job right.

Kim was keeping eye on the monitor and IV bag, making sure everything was as it should be.

Least she’s focused… Though, have to say, she seems a bit young to be an intern.

Bob shrugged it off, deciding to return to his rubix cube.

Click click click

“Never could solve one of those.”

Bob looked to see Kim was now looking at him, or rather, his rubix cube. He gave her a confused look, not saying anything. She glanced to the side, fiddling with her fingers.

“Sorry, just thought I’d try to make conversation to help pass the time.” She turned her attention back to the monitors. “I’ll leave you to it.”

Bob looked down at his rubix cube before looking to her.

“Would you… like me to show you one of my methods?”

Kim looked back to him, surprised.

“If you want.”

“Sure. Besides, need a break from the method I was currently developing anyway.”

He mixed up the rubix cube before starting on one of his sure fire methods, Kim watching intently. Within moments, the rubix cube was complete.

“And voila.” He said presenting the finished cube to her.

“Incredible.” She applauded. “That was so fast.”

Bob grinned a little.

“Thank you.”

“Think you could show me another one?”

“Don’t see why not.” Bob said as he scrambled the rubix cube, starting again. “I’ve developed 99 ways of solving this thing. Trying to see if I can get to 100.”

“Wow…” Kim smiled. “That’s amazing.”

“Well, when you’re stuck sitting in a bed for hours on end you have to do something to entertain yourself. This is just one of my ways of doing it.”

“Can’t blame you.” Kim frowned. “I take it from what I read on your chart this isn’t your first time?”

“Sadly not. I lost count but I’m pretty sure this is my 400th or so chemo appointment since my accident.”

Kim’s eyes went wide at this.

“How… long has this been going on?”

Bob stopped working on his rubix cube, lowering his head.

“... 5 years, in counting.”

“Goodness…” Kim brought a hand to her mouth. “You poor thing.”

“It is what it is.” Bob felt at his left temple. “They can’t remove the tumor due it being so small and because no methods exist to extract it safely yet. Most they can do is what we’re doing right now. Manage the symptoms and keep it from spreading. It’s not ideal but it’s the best they got.”

“I see…” Kim glanced at the monitors. “Still, I don’t imagine it’s been easy.”

“It hasn’t but I make due with what I can.” Bob sighed. “Had to give up a lot but… I guess being alive is better than nothing. Even if being alive means every few months of a year I have to go in and basically poison myself, lose my hair temporarily, be incapacitated and take medication to keep something from killing me. Even if being alive means I can’t pursue big dreams and have to settle for smaller ones. It’s better than just… dying and never being remembered as anything great. It’s better than just… being remembered as the kid who got himself sick because he went too far…” Bob closed his eyes. “It’s better than nothing…”

Kim hesitated for a moment before reaching a hand over, laying it over one of Bob’s. Bob looked up, his surprised eyes meeting with her gentle ones.

“I don’t want to give false hope, I prefer being honest with people but… if you ask me, I think you’re going to make it through this.”

“W… What…?”

Kim gave a small smile.

“You’ve been at this for five years. You’re still here and still fighting. That’s admirable, Mr. Aken.” Kim brought his hand away from his head, bringing her other hand over it. “I know it’s not much but… if you ask me, the fact you’re still here is amazing. Least, I think so.”

Bob’s heart skipped a beat at this.

“You… You really think so?”

Kim nodded.

“I can’t say what the future holds but at the very least, I’ll do what I can to help make it a better one.”

Bob was silent as he took all this in.

No one had ever said anything like that to him before. Sure… he remembered all the encouragements he’d get from the nurses in past but… this was different. It brought warmth to him and he wasn’t sure why.

He set his rubix cube down, bringing his hand over Kim’s.

“... Thank you.”

Kim smiled, nodding.

“Let’s both do our best.”

Bob nodded, a small smile crossing his face.

“Right.”

I’m not sure I understand what exactly is happening… but I’m determined to understand it.

It’s better than nothing.

[damilnermd]

Pituitaries... GI... and ALK... a great morning of interesting pathology discussions. #pathology #cancer #nonmalignant #barrettsesophagus #ALK #hcmc #vietnam (at Tan Son Nhat Hotel)

[emmanuilgrinshpun-blog]

Jules Bergman, Correspondent Extraordinaire

Bergman passed away in 1987 at the age of 57, though his memory lives on. A decade prior, Bergman learned he had a nonmalignant brain tumor and he underwent multiple surgeries to remove numerous growths. Bergman’s name lives on in many forms, one of which is the Jules Bergman award for excellence in reporting, which is awarded by The National Association of Physician Broadcasters. Bergman also appears in feature films “Apollo 13” and “Hidden Figures,” in addition to several documentaries. Emmanuil Grinshpun maintains it is vital that we keep the memory of champions of progress like Jules Bergman alive.

[jamaicars-blog]

Ardorxp

ArdorXP  Reviews & Description

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 ArdorXP

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 FAQ's

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