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What Are The Best Methods To Learn Oracle From Scratch?
Introduction
Oracle Database is one of the world's most widely used relational database management systems (RDBMS). It is a powerful tool for storing, managing, and retrieving structured data, making it a valuable skill for database administrators, developers, and data analysts. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced professional looking to upskill, learning Oracle from scratch can be rewarding. This article will guide you through the best methods to master Oracle efficiently.
Why Learn Oracle?
Before diving into the learning process, it is essential to understand why Oracle is a critical skill in the IT industry. Enhance your database management skills with our Oracle PLSQL Training in Chennai at Infycle Technologies. Some key reasons include:
High Demand: Oracle skills are highly sought by businesses and IT professionals globally.
Robust Performance: It offers advanced features like high availability, scalability, & security, making it ideal for enterprise applications.
Lucrative Career Opportunities: Oracle-certified professionals often secure well-paying jobs in database administration, cloud computing, and software development.
Integration with Cloud Technologies: Oracle Cloud services are becoming more popular, and learning Oracle can open doors to cloud-based roles.
Now that you know the importance of learning Oracle, let's explore the best methods to start from scratch.
Understand The Basics Of Databases
Before jumping into Oracle, it's crucial to have a solid understanding of database fundamentals. Some essential topics include:
What is a database? – learn how data is stored, retrieved, and managed.
SQL (Structured Query Language): Learning SQL basics such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and JOIN operations.
Normalization: Understanding how to structure databases efficiently.
Keys and Indexes: Learning about primary keys, foreign keys, and indexing for better performance.
Many free resources, such as tutorials and online courses, can help you get a foundational understanding of these concepts.
Take An Online Oracle Course
One of the most efficient ways to learn Oracle is by enrolling in an online course. Platforms like Infycle and Oracle University offer beginner-friendly Oracle database administration, SQL, and PL/SQL courses.
Recommended Courses:
Oracle SQL Fundamentals – Teaches the basics of SQL and database querying.
Oracle PL/SQL Programming – Covers advanced SQL features and procedural programming in Oracle.
Oracle Database Administration (DBA) Basics – Provides an introduction to managing Oracle databases.
These courses usually have hands-on labs, quizzes, and real-world projects to enhance learning.
Practice With Oracle Database Software
Hands-on experience is key to mastering Oracle. Oracle provides free versions of its database software that you can install and practice with, such as:
Oracle Database Express Edition (XE): A lightweight version of Oracle that allows beginners to practice SQL and PL/SQL commands.
Oracle Cloud Free Tier: Provides free cloud-based Oracle Database access for learning and experimentation.
Setting up a practice environment allows you to experiment with different SQL queries, create and manage tables, and explore Oracle's database features.
Read Oracle Documentation And Books
Oracle has extensive documentation that covers everything from installation to advanced database management. Some recommended Oracle books include:
"Oracle Database 12c SQL" by Jason Price – A comprehensive guide to SQL queries and database concepts.
"Oracle PL/SQL Programming" by Steven Feuerstein – An excellent book for learning PL/SQL programming in depth.
"Oracle DBA Handbook" by Kevin Loney – A must-read for anyone who wants to become an Oracle Database Administrator.
These books will give you a deep knowledge of Oracle's architecture and best practices.
Join Oracle Online Communities And Forums
Learning Oracle can be easier when you are part of an active community. Some of the best places to discuss Oracle-related queries and stay updated include:
Oracle Community (community.oracle.com) – The official forum for Oracle users and developers.
Stack Overflow (stackoverflow.com) – A great platform to ask technical questions and get solutions from experienced professionals.
Reddit (r/oracle & r/SQL) – A space where Oracle users share insights, news, and troubleshooting tips.
Engaging with these communities can provide valuable insights, troubleshooting support, and networking opportunities.
Work On Real Projects
Practicing with real-world projects is the best way to reinforce your learning. Try:
Building a simple database application – Create a database for inventory management, a customer relationship system, or an employee records system.
Solving SQL challenges – Websites like LeetCode, HackerRank, and SQLZoo offer SQL-based coding challenges.
Volunteering for small projects – Offer to manage databases for small businesses or contribute to open-source projects to gain experience.
Working on real-world problems will help you apply theoretical knowledge effectively and build a strong portfolio.
Get Oracle Certified
Earning an Oracle certification is a great step if you want to validate your skills and boost your career prospects. Some recommended certifications include:
Oracle Database SQL Certified Associate (Entry-level SQL certification)
Oracle Certified Associate (OCA) – Oracle Database Administrator
Oracle Certified Professional (OCP) – Advanced database certification
Oracle certifications improve your job prospects and demonstrate your expertise to employers.
Learn Oracle Performance Tuning
Optimizing queries and database performance is crucial once you are comfortable with Oracle basics.Enhance your journey toward a successful career in software development with Infycle Technologies, the Best Software Training Institute in Chennai. Topics to explore include:
Indexing Strategies: Using indexes effectively to improve query performance.
Query Optimization: Writing efficient SQL queries to minimize execution time.
Partitioning: Dividing large tables into smaller, manageable sections for performance benefits.
Database Security: Implementing security best practices to protect data.
Performance tuning skills are essential for advanced database roles, especially for Database Administrators (DBAs).
Gain Hands-On Experience In A Work Environment
If you're serious about making a career with Oracle, consider internships, freelance projects, or entry-level database jobs. Working in a real-time environment exposes you to practical challenges and industry standards.
Where to Look for Experience?
Apply for internships at IT companies or startups.
Freelance as a database developer or administrator.
Participate in Oracle-sponsored hackathons and coding competitions.
Practical experience will boost your confidence and make you job-ready.
Stay Updated With The Latest Oracle Trends
Technology constantly evolves, and Oracle updates its software with new features. Stay informed by:
Following Oracle's official blog and YouTube channel for updates and tutorials.
Attending Oracle conferences and webinars like Oracle CloudWorld.
Subscribing to industry newsletters and Oracle user groups.
Keeping up with the new trends ensures that your Oracle skills remain relevant and competitive.
Conclusion
Learning Oracle from scratch may seem challenging, but following a structured approach makes it achievable. Start with the basics, take online courses, practice with real projects, and engage in Oracle communities. Earning certifications and gaining hands-on experience will further strengthen your expertise. With dedication and consistent practice, you can master Oracle and open doors to exciting career opportunities in database management, development, and cloud computing.
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Database Courses
Introduction
Databases are essential for storing, organizing, and managing data in today's digital age. A database course equips you with the skills to design, implement, and maintain efficient and reliable databases.
Types of Databases
Relational Databases: Organize data in tables with rows and columns. Examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle.
NoSQL Databases: Store data in a flexible and scalable format. Examples include MongoDB, Cassandra, and Redis.
Key Skills Covered in a Database Course
Database Concepts: Understand database terminology, normalization, and data integrity.
SQL (Structured Query Language): Learn to query, manipulate, and manage data in relational databases.
Database Design: Design efficient database schemas and data models.
Performance Optimization: Optimize database performance through indexing, query tuning, and data partitioning.
Data Modeling: Create data models to represent real-world entities and their relationships.
Database Administration: Manage database security, backups, and recovery.
NoSQL Databases (Optional): Learn about NoSQL databases and their use cases.
Course Structure
A typical database course covers the following modules:
Introduction to Databases: Overview of database concepts and their importance.
Relational Database Design: Learn about database normalization and ER (Entity-Relationship) diagrams.
SQL Fundamentals: Master SQL syntax for querying, inserting, updating, and deleting data.
Database Administration: Understand database security, backup and recovery, and performance tuning.
Advanced SQL: Explore advanced SQL features like subqueries, joins, and window functions.
NoSQL Databases (Optional): Learn about NoSQL databases and their use cases.
Database Performance Optimization: Optimize database queries and indexes for efficient performance.
Case Studies: Apply learned concepts to real-world database scenarios.
Choosing the Right Course
When selecting a database course, consider the following factors:
Database type: Choose a course that focuses on relational databases or NoSQL databases based on your needs.
Course format: Choose between online, in-person, or hybrid formats based on your preferences and learning style.
Instructor expertise: Look for instructors with practical experience in database administration and design.
Hands-on projects: Prioritize courses that offer hands-on projects to gain practical experience.
Community and support: A supportive community of students and instructors can be valuable during your learning journey.
Career Opportunities
A database course can open doors to various career paths, including:
Database Administrator (DBA)
Data Analyst
Data Engineer
Software Developer
Business Intelligence Analyst
Popular Online Platforms for Database Courses
Udemy: Offers a wide range of database courses for all levels.
Coursera: Provides specialized database courses from top universities.
Codecademy: Offers interactive database lessons and projects.
edX: Provides database courses from top universities, including MIT and Harvard.
Pluralsight: Offers comprehensive database courses with video tutorials and hands-on exercises.
Additional Tips
Practice regularly: Consistent practice is key to becoming proficient in database management.
Stay updated: The database landscape is constantly evolving, so it's important to stay up-to-date with the latest technologies and trends.
Build a portfolio: Showcase your database projects and skills on a personal website or portfolio platform.
Network with other database professionals: Attend meetups, conferences, and online communities to connect with other database professionals and learn from their experiences.
By following these steps and continuously learning and practicing, you can become a skilled database professional.
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ORACLE APEX MEANING
Oracle APEX: Unlocking the Power of Low-Code Application Development
Oracle Application Express (APEX) is a powerful, low-code development platform nestled within the Oracle Database. This versatile framework offers a simplified, rapid way to create and deploy enterprise-grade web applications – all with minimal traditional coding required.
What Does Oracle APEX Do?
APEX provides a robust suite of tools that empower both professional developers and citizen developers (business users with limited coding expertise) to:
Build Sophisticated Web Applications: Craft visually appealing and feature-rich applications that run seamlessly across desktop and mobile browsers.
Maximize Database Integration: Leverage the full potential of your Oracle Database. APEX is deeply integrated, allowing you to effortlessly create apps that query, manipulate, and visualize database data.
Deploy with Ease: Deploy your APEX applications on-premises or within the Oracle Cloud, ensuring accessibility for users in various environments.
Enable Rapid Prototyping: Quickly iterate on ideas and transform them into working applications. APEX’s declarative development approach accelerates the process.
Maintain Scalability and Security: Build enterprise-grade applications that can handle large volumes of data and users while adhering to strict security standards that Oracle is known for.
Key Elements of Oracle APEX
Web-Based Development Environment: APEX offers an intuitive browser-based interface, eliminating the need to install complex software.
Metadata-Driven: Application definitions reside as metadata in the database, simplifying collaboration, auditing, and deployment.
Wizards and Components: Pre-built components (charts, reports, forms, etc.) and step-by-step wizards streamline development.
Theme Customization: Easily customize the look and feel of your applications to align with your branding and desired user experience.
Reasons to Embrace Oracle APEX
Accelerated Development: APEX’s low-code nature facilitates a significant reduction in development time compared to traditional hand-coding.
Database Integration Advantage: Seamless integration with the Oracle Database unlocks powerful possibilities for creating data-driven applications.
Cost-Effective: APEX is included with any Oracle Database license, making it a cost-conscious solution.
Strong Community: A large, active user community offers excellent support, tutorials, and shared knowledge.
Who is APEX For?
Professional Developers: Speed up routine development, focus on complex logic, and rapidly prototype business applications.
Citizen Developers: Empower business users with basic database knowledge to build tailored applications to resolve specific pain points.
Database Administrators (DBAs): Easily create database management tools and reports.
Oracle APEX in Action
APEX is used to build a wide range of applications, including:
Productivity and Workflow Management tools
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems
Sales and Inventory Tracking systems
Data Reporting and Dashboards
Custom Applications for Specific Business Processes
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You can find more information about Oracle Apex in this Oracle Apex Link
Conclusion:
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Sql Tools For Mac
Download SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT) for Visual Studio.; 6 minutes to read +32; In this article. APPLIES TO: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure Synapse Analytics (SQL Data Warehouse) Parallel Data Warehouse SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT) is a modern development tool for building SQL Server relational databases, databases in Azure SQL, Analysis Services (AS) data models, Integration. SQLite's code is in the public domain, which makes it free for commercial or private use. I use MySQL GUI clients mostly for SQL programming, and I often keep SQL in files. My current favorites are: DBVisualizer Not free but I now use. Oracle SQL Developer is a free, development environment that simplifies the management of Oracle Database in both traditional and Cloud deployments. It offers development of your PL/SQL applications, query tools, a DBA console, a reports interface, and more.
Full MySQL Support
Sequel Pro is a fast, easy-to-use Mac database management application for working with MySQL databases.
Perfect Web Development Companion
Whether you are a Mac Web Developer, Programmer or Software Developer your workflow will be streamlined with a native Mac OS X Application!
Flexible Connectivity
Sequel Pro gives you direct access to your MySQL Databases on local and remote servers.
Easy Installation
Simply download, and connect to your database. Use these guides to get started:
Get Involved
Sequel Pro is open source and built by people like you. We’d love your input – whether you’ve found a bug, have a suggestion or want to contribute some code.
Get Started
New to Sequel Pro and need some help getting started? No problem.
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APPLIES TO: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure Synapse Analytics (SQL Data Warehouse) Parallel Data Warehouse
SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT) is a modern development tool for building SQL Server relational databases, databases in Azure SQL, Analysis Services (AS) data models, Integration Services (IS) packages, and Reporting Services (RS) reports. With SSDT, you can design and deploy any SQL Server content type with the same ease as you would develop an application in Visual Studio.
SSDT for Visual Studio 2019
Changes in SSDT for Visual Studio 2019
The core SSDT functionality to create database projects has remained integral to Visual Studio.
With Visual Studio 2019, the required functionality to enable Analysis Services, Integration Services, and Reporting Services projects has moved into the respective Visual Studio (VSIX) extensions only.
Note
There's no SSDT standalone installer for Visual Studio 2019.
Install SSDT with Visual Studio 2019
If Visual Studio 2019 is already installed, you can edit the list of workloads to include SSDT. If you don’t have Visual Studio 2019 installed, then you can download and install Visual Studio 2019 Community.
To modify the installed Visual Studio workloads to include SSDT, use the Visual Studio Installer.
Launch the Visual Studio Installer. In the Windows Start menu, you can search for 'installer'.
In the installer, select for the edition of Visual Studio that you want to add SSDT to, and then choose Modify.
Select SQL Server Data Tools under Data storage and processing in the list of workloads.
For Analysis Services, Integration Services, or Reporting Services projects, you can install the appropriate extensions from within Visual Studio with Extensions > Manage Extensions or from the Marketplace.
SSDT for Visual Studio 2017
Changes in SSDT for Visual Studio 2017
Sql Server Data Tools For Mac
Starting with Visual Studio 2017, the functionality of creating Database Projects has been integrated into the Visual Studio installation. There's no need to install the SSDT standalone installer for the core SSDT experience.
Now to create Analysis Services, Integration Services, or Reporting Services projects, you still need the SSDT standalone installer.
Install SSDT with Visual Studio 2017
To install SSDT during Visual Studio installation, select the Data storage and processing workload, and then select SQL Server Data Tools.
Sql Management Studio For Mac
If Visual Studio is already installed, use the Visual Studio Installer to modify the installed workloads to include SSDT.
Launch the Visual Studio Installer. In the Windows Start menu, you can search for 'installer'.
In the installer, select for the edition of Visual Studio that you want to add SSDT to, and then choose Modify.
Select SQL Server Data Tools under Data storage and processing in the list of workloads.
Install Analysis Services, Integration Services, and Reporting Services tools
To install Analysis Services, Integration Services, and Reporting Services project support, run the SSDT standalone installer.
The installer lists available Visual Studio instances to add SSDT tools. If Visual Studio isn't already installed, selecting Install a new SQL Server Data Tools instance installs SSDT with a minimal version of Visual Studio, but for the best experience, we recommend using SSDT with the latest version of Visual Studio.
SSDT for VS 2017 (standalone installer)
Important
Before installing SSDT for Visual Studio 2017 (15.9.6), uninstall Analysis Services Projects and Reporting Services Projects extensions if they are already installed, and close all VS instances.
Removed the inbox component Power Query Source for SQL Server 2017. Now we have announced Power Query Source for SQL Server 2017 & 2019 as out-of-box component, which can be downloaded here.
To design packages using Oracle and Teradata connectors and targeting an earlier version of SQL Server prior to SQL 2019, in addition to the Microsoft Oracle Connector for SQL 2019 and Microsoft Teradata Connector for SQL 2019, you need to also install the corresponding version of Microsoft Connector for Oracle and Teradata by Attunity.
Release Notes
For a complete list of changes, see Release notes for SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT).
System requirements
Microsoft Sql Tools For Mac
SSDT for Visual Studio 2017 has the same system requirements as Visual Studio.
Available Languages - SSDT for VS 2017
Sql Server Tools For Mac
This release of SSDT for VS 2017 can be installed in the following languages:
Considerations and limitations
You can’t install the community version offline
To upgrade SSDT, you need to follow the same path used to install SSDT. For example, if you added SSDT using the VSIX extensions, then you must upgrade via the VSIX extensions. If you installed SSDT via a separate install, then you need to upgrade using that method.
Offline install
To install SSDT when you’re not connected to the internet, follow the steps in this section. For more information, see Create a network installation of Visual Studio 2017.
First, complete the following steps while online:
Download the SSDT standalone installer.
Download vs_sql.exe.
While still online, execute one of the following commands to download all the files required for installing offline. Using the --layout option is the key, it downloads the actual files for the offline installation. Replace <filepath> with the actual layouts path to save the files.
For a specific language, pass the locale: vs_sql.exe --layout c:<filepath> --lang en-us (a single language is ~1 GB).
For all languages, omit the --lang argument: vs_sql.exe --layout c:<filepath> (all languages are ~3.9 GB).
After completing the previous steps, the following steps below can be done offline:
Run vs_setup.exe --NoWeb to install the VS2017 Shell and SQL Server Data Project.
From the layouts folder, run SSDT-Setup-ENU.exe /install and select SSIS/SSRS/SSAS.a. For an unattended installation, run SSDT-Setup-ENU.exe /INSTALLALL[:vsinstances] /passive.
For available options, run SSDT-Setup-ENU.exe /help
Note
If using a full version of Visual Studio 2017, create an offline folder for SSDT only, and run SSDT-Setup-ENU.exe from this newly created folder (don’t add SSDT to another Visual Studio 2017 offline layout). If you add the SSDT layout to an existing Visual Studio offline layout, the necessary runtime (.exe) components are not created there.
Supported SQL versions
Project TemplatesSQL Platforms SupportedRelational databasesSQL Server 2005* - SQL Server 2017 (use SSDT 17.x or SSDT for Visual Studio 2017 to connect to SQL Server on Linux) Azure SQL Database Azure Synapse Analytics (supports queries only; database projects aren't yet supported) * SQL Server 2005 support is deprecated, move to an officially supported SQL versionAnalysis Services models Reporting Services reportsSQL Server 2008 - SQL Server 2017Integration Services packagesSQL Server 2012 - SQL Server 2019
DacFx
SSDT for Visual Studio 2015 and 2017 both use DacFx 17.4.1: Download Data-Tier Application Framework (DacFx) 17.4.1.
Previous versions
Unix Tools For Mac
To download and install SSDT for Visual Studio 2015, or an older version of SSDT, see Previous releases of SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT and SSDT-BI).
See Also
Next steps
After installing SSDT, work through these tutorials to learn how to create databases, packages, data models, and reports using SSDT.
Get help
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Table Auditing Using DML Triggers In Oracle PL/SQL
Step-1: Connect system & grant those privileges to a user(hr)
grant dba,select any dictionary,select_catalog_role to hr;
Step-2: connect the user(hr)
Step-3: Create 2 Table in this user. Like-
CREATE TABLE LOGGING_DATA_HDR ( LOG_ID NUMBER, TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2 (30 CHAR) NOT NULL, PK_DATA VARCHAR2 (500 BYTE), ROW_ID ROWID NOT NULL, LOG_DATE DATE NOT NULL, OPERATION_TYPE VARCHAR2 (1 BYTE) NOT NULL, DB_USER VARCHAR2 (100 BYTE), CLIENT_IP VARCHAR2 (40 BYTE), CLIENT_HOST VARCHAR2 (100 BYTE), CLIENT_OS_USER VARCHAR2 (100 BYTE), APP_USER VARCHAR2 (50 BYTE) ); ALTER TABLE LOGGING_DATA_HDR ADD ( CONSTRAINT LOGGING_DATA_HDR_PK PRIMARY KEY (LOG_ID) );
and
CREATE TABLE LOGGING_DATA_DTL ( LOG_ID NUMBER, COLUMN_NAME VARCHAR2 (30 CHAR), OLD_VALUE VARCHAR2 (4000 BYTE), NEW_VALUE VARCHAR2 (4000 BYTE) );
Step-4: Alter the LOGGING_DATA_DTL table
ALTER TABLE LOGGING_DATA_DTL ADD ( CONSTRAINT LOGGING_DATA_DTL_PK PRIMARY KEY (LOG_ID, COLUMN_NAME));
Step-5: Create this sequence
CREATE SEQUENCE LOG_ID_SEQ START WITH 1 MAXVALUE 99999999999 MINVALUE 1 NOCYCLE NOCACHE NOORDER;
Step-6: Create this package
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE DML_LOG AS TYPE GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL IS TABLE OF LOGGING_DATA_DTL%ROWTYPE; GC$APP_USER LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE; PROCEDURE ADD_LOG (IN_ARRAY IN GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL, IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2, IN_ROWID ROWID, IN_OPERATION_TYPE VARCHAR2); FUNCTION GENERATE_TRIGGER (IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2; FUNCTION GET_COMPOSITE_KEY (IN_TABLE VARCHAR2, IN_ROWID ROWID, IN_DELIMETER VARCHAR2 DEFAULT '-') RETURN VARCHAR2; PROCEDURE SET_APP_USER (IN_APP_USER LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE); FUNCTION GET_APP_USER RETURN LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE; END DML_LOG; /
Step-7: Create this package body
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY DML_LOG AS PROCEDURE ADD_LOG (IN_ARRAY IN GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL, IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2, IN_ROWID ROWID, IN_OPERATION_TYPE VARCHAR2) IS LN$LOG_ID LOGGING_DATA_HDR.LOG_ID%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT LOG_ID_SEQ.NEXTVAL INTO LN$LOG_ID FROM DUAL; INSERT INTO LOGGING_DATA_HDR (LOG_ID, TABLE_NAME, PK_DATA, ROW_ID, LOG_DATE, OPERATION_TYPE, DB_USER, CLIENT_IP, CLIENT_HOST, CLIENT_OS_USER, APP_USER) VALUES (LN$LOG_ID, IN_TABLE_NAME, GET_COMPOSITE_KEY (IN_TABLE_NAME, IN_ROWID), IN_ROWID, SYSDATE, IN_OPERATION_TYPE, SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'CURRENT_USER'), SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'ip_address'), SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'host'), SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'os_user'), GET_APP_USER); IF IN_ARRAY IS NOT NULL AND IN_ARRAY.COUNT > 0 THEN FOR INDX IN IN_ARRAY.FIRST .. IN_ARRAY.LAST LOOP IF IN_ARRAY (INDX).COLUMN_NAME IS NOT NULL AND (IN_ARRAY (INDX).OLD_VALUE IS NOT NULL OR IN_ARRAY (INDX).NEW_VALUE IS NOT NULL) THEN INSERT INTO LOGGING_DATA_DTL (LOG_ID, COLUMN_NAME, OLD_VALUE, NEW_VALUE) VALUES (LN$LOG_ID, IN_ARRAY (INDX).COLUMN_NAME, IN_ARRAY (INDX).OLD_VALUE, IN_ARRAY (INDX).NEW_VALUE); END IF; END LOOP; END IF; END ADD_LOG; FUNCTION GENERATE_TRIGGER (IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS LC$TRIGGER_STMT VARCHAR2 (4000); CURSOR LCUR$COLUMNS IS SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM USER_TAB_COLS WHERE TABLE_NAME = IN_TABLE_NAME ORDER BY COLUMN_ID; BEGIN LC$TRIGGER_STMT := 'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER ' || SUBSTR (IN_TABLE_NAME, 1, 23) || '_LOGTRG ' || CHR (10) || 'AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE' || CHR (10) || 'ON ' || IN_TABLE_NAME || ' FOR EACH ROW ' || CHR (10) || 'DECLARE ' || CHR (10) || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL DML_LOG.GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL;' || CHR (10) || 'LC$OPERATION VARCHAR2 (1);' || CHR (10) || 'PROCEDURE ADD_ELEMENT (' || CHR (10) || 'IN_OPERATION VARCHAR2,' || CHR (10) || 'IN_COLUMN_NAME LOGGING_DATA_DTL.COLUMN_NAME%TYPE,' || CHR (10) || 'IN_OLD_VALUE LOGGING_DATA_DTL.OLD_VALUE%TYPE,' || CHR (10) || 'IN_NEW_VALUE LOGGING_DATA_DTL.NEW_VALUE%TYPE)' || CHR (10) || 'IS' || CHR (10) || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL LOGGING_DATA_DTL%ROWTYPE;' || CHR (10) || 'BEGIN' || CHR (10) || ' IF NOT (IN_OPERATION = ''U'' AND IN_NEW_VALUE = IN_OLD_VALUE)' || CHR (10) || 'THEN' || CHR (10) || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.COLUMN_NAME := IN_COLUMN_NAME;' || CHR (10) || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.OLD_VALUE :=IN_OLD_VALUE;' || CHR (10) || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.NEW_VALUE := IN_NEW_VALUE;' || CHR (10) || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.EXTEND;' || CHR (10) || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL (LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.LAST) := LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL;' || CHR (10) || 'END IF;' || CHR (10) || 'END ADD_ELEMENT;' || CHR (10) || 'BEGIN' || CHR (10) || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL := DML_LOG.GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL ();' || CHR (10) || 'LC$OPERATION :=' || CHR (10) || 'CASE WHEN INSERTING THEN ''I'' WHEN UPDATING THEN ''U'' ELSE ''D'' END;' || CHR (10); FOR LREC$COLUMNS IN LCUR$COLUMNS LOOP LC$TRIGGER_STMT := LC$TRIGGER_STMT || ' ADD_ELEMENT (LC$OPERATION,''' || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME || ''',:OLD.' || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME || ',:NEW.' || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME || ');' || CHR (10); END LOOP; LC$TRIGGER_STMT := LC$TRIGGER_STMT || ' DML_LOG.ADD_LOG (LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL,''' || IN_TABLE_NAME || ''',:NEW.ROWID,LC$OPERATION);' || CHR (10) || 'END ' || SUBSTR (IN_TABLE_NAME, 1, 23) || '_LOGTRG ;'; RETURN LC$TRIGGER_STMT; END GENERATE_TRIGGER; FUNCTION GET_COMPOSITE_KEY (IN_TABLE VARCHAR2, IN_ROWID ROWID, IN_DELIMETER VARCHAR2 DEFAULT '-') RETURN VARCHAR2 IS PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION; LC$COLUMNS VARCHAR2 (512) := ''; LC$KEY VARCHAR2 (512); CURSOR LCUR$COLUMNS ( IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2) IS SELECT CON_C.COLUMN_NAME FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS CON_C, USER_CONSTRAINTS CON WHERE CON.CONSTRAINT_NAME = CON_C.CONSTRAINT_NAME AND CON.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'P' AND CON.TABLE_NAME = IN_TABLE_NAME ORDER BY POSITION; BEGIN FOR LREC$COLUMNS IN LCUR$COLUMNS (IN_TABLE) LOOP LC$COLUMNS := LC$COLUMNS || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME || '||''' || IN_DELIMETER || '''||'; END LOOP; LC$COLUMNS := RTRIM (LC$COLUMNS, '||''' || IN_DELIMETER || '''||'); EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SELECT ' || LC$COLUMNS || ' FROM ' || IN_TABLE || ' WHERE ROWID=''' || IN_ROWID || '''' INTO LC$KEY; RETURN LC$KEY; END GET_COMPOSITE_KEY; PROCEDURE SET_APP_USER (IN_APP_USER LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE) IS BEGIN GC$APP_USER := IN_APP_USER; END SET_APP_USER; FUNCTION GET_APP_USER RETURN LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE IS BEGIN RETURN GC$APP_USER; END GET_APP_USER; END DML_LOG; /
Step-8: Then create this trigger to generate automatically log register trigger.
set serveroutput on BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (DML_LOG.GENERATE_TRIGGER ('DEPARTMENTS')); END; /
Step-9: Copy the trigger and paste it in SQL command line for creating this required trigger.
Step-10: After that generate a DML statement.
Step-11: commit the DML.
Step-12: Now you can tracking the users when they have connected the schema and what change they made.
Thanks.
#sql#plsql#oracle#oracle dba tutorial#table auditing in oracle database#trigger in oracle#trigger in database
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Course Information
Nisa Trainings
Duration: 30 Hours
Timings: Weekdays (1-2 Hours per day) [OR] Weekends (2-3 Hours per day)
Training Method: Instructor Led Online One-on-One Live Interactive Sessions.
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Database Courses
Introduction
Databases are essential for storing, organizing, and managing data in today's digital age. A database course equips you with the skills to design, implement, and maintain efficient and reliable databases.
Types of Databases
Relational Databases: Organize data in tables with rows and columns. Examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle.
NoSQL Databases: Store data in a flexible and scalable format. Examples include MongoDB, Cassandra, and Redis.
Key Skills Covered in a Database Course
Database Concepts: Understand database terminology, normalization, and data integrity.
SQL (Structured Query Language): Learn to query, manipulate, and manage data in relational databases.
Database Design: Design efficient database schemas and data models.
Performance Optimization: Optimize database performance through indexing, query tuning, and data partitioning.
Data Modeling: Create data models to represent real-world entities and their relationships.
Database Administration: Manage database security, backups, and recovery.
NoSQL Databases (Optional): Learn about NoSQL databases and their use cases.
Course Structure
A typical database course covers the following modules:
Introduction to Databases: Overview of database concepts and their importance.
Relational Database Design: Learn about database normalization and ER (Entity-Relationship) diagrams.
SQL Fundamentals: Master SQL syntax for querying, inserting, updating, and deleting data.
Database Administration: Understand database security, backup and recovery, and performance tuning.
Advanced SQL: Explore advanced SQL features like subqueries, joins, and window functions.
NoSQL Databases (Optional): Learn about NoSQL databases and their use cases.
Database Performance Optimization: Optimize database queries and indexes for efficient performance.
Case Studies: Apply learned concepts to real-world database scenarios.
Choosing the Right Course
When selecting a database course, consider the following factors:
Database type: Choose a course that focuses on relational databases or NoSQL databases based on your needs.
Course format: Choose between online, in-person, or hybrid formats based on your preferences and learning style.
Instructor expertise: Look for instructors with practical experience in database administration and design.
Hands-on projects: Prioritize courses that offer hands-on projects to gain practical experience.
Community and support: A supportive community of students and instructors can be valuable during your learning journey.
Career Opportunities
A database course can open doors to various career paths, including:
Database Administrator (DBA)
Data Analyst
Data Engineer
Software Developer
Business Intelligence Analyst
Popular Online Platforms for Database Courses
Udemy: Offers a wide range of database courses for all levels.
Coursera: Provides specialized database courses from top universities.
Codecademy: Offers interactive database lessons and projects.
edX: Provides database courses from top universities, including MIT and Harvard.
Pluralsight: Offers comprehensive database courses with video tutorials and hands-on exercises.
Additional Tips
Practice regularly: Consistent practice is key to becoming proficient in database management.
Stay updated: The database landscape is constantly evolving, so it's important to stay up-to-date with the latest technologies and trends.
Build a portfolio: Showcase your database projects and skills on a personal website or portfolio platform.
Network with other database professionals: Attend meetups, conferences, and online communities to connect with other database professionals and learn from their experiences.
By following these steps and continuously learning and practicing, you can become a skilled database professional.
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Oracle DBA Tutorial Guide for Beginners
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Oracle Exadata Training
Oracle Exadata corporate course introduces Exadata database machine and allows you to run oracle database with high performance and scalability needed. Oracle Exadata entire online course includes Exadata architecture, DBA activities, Optimization techniques, Deployments and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
Nisa's oracle Exadata corporate course gives you in-depth knowledge about installation and configuration processes with hands-on practice and projects. You can also take the oracle Exadata certification exam.
Oracle Exadata corporate training objectives include Exadata storage server architecture, database machine configuration, storage Server administration, storage server statistics and Database performance optimization.
Advantages of the oracle Exadata course are:
Increases productivity
Reduce complexity
Fast access
Optimizes database
Availability and security
Course Content;
· Install Exadata Storage Server software and create storage cells on a VirtualBox platform
· Exadata Database Machine Components & Architecture
· Exadata Database Machine Networking
· Smart Scans and Cell Offloading
· Storage Indexes
· Smart Flash Cache and Flash Logging
· Exadata Hybrid Columnar Compression
· I/O Resource Management (IORM)
· Exadata Storage Server Configuration
· Database File System
· Migration to Exadata platform
· Storage Server metrics and alerts
· Monitoring Exadata Database Machine using OEM
· Applying a patch to an Exadata Database Machine
· Automatic Support Ecosystem
· Exadata Cloud Service overview
Some of the companies using oracle Exadata are Activision, Acxiom, Apple, Inc., AT&T Inc., Bank of America Corporation, Lorven Technologies and many more.
After completing the Oracle Exadata corporate training, trainees will learn about :
Introduction to Exadata Database Machine and architecture.
Exadata storage and server Configuration.
Using Smart Scan.
Migrating Databases.
Backup and Recovery.
Patching Exadata Database Machine.
Nisa training is one of the best platforms for IT corporate training. Nisa's Oracle Exadata beginner tutorial gives an overview of the Exadata Database Machine and architecture. In addition, It also includes its operations, site management and platform configuration. Students can take the oracle Exadata exam and get Oracle Exadata certification. Oracle Exadata certification is provided to the students. We provide 24/7 support to the trainees. Oracle Exadata study material is also provided to the trainees by an oracle Exadata expert. Join Nisa's Exadata Certification course and get placed in the top MNC companies.
For More information about the Oracle Exadata beginner tutorial, feel free to reach us.
Name: Albert
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Researching for 1Z0-497: Oracle Data Source 12c: Fundamentals
Passing the Oracle Data Source 12c: Basics examination (1Z0-497) will make exam candidates the Oracle Database 12c Licensed Implementation Expert certification. It will additionally make them an OPN Qualified Professional in Oracle 12c if they are used by a business that belongs to the Oracle Partner Network (OPN). Companion companies with employees who are accredited as OPN specialists get a higher level of expertise in the OPN program. Because of this, this credential makes you an extra appealing staff member to business that become part of the Oracle Partner Network. The 1Z0-497 examination is a standalone examination as well as is not part of any track. To earn the associated certification calls for just passing the test. There is no required training or other pre-requisites. The 12c data source will certainly be Oracle's flagship product for numerous years to find as well as this test will be a preferred one for time. This exam covers a number of the exact same topics as the 12c data source manager track however does not call for the very same depth of expertise. That claimed-- it likewise does not provide the very same degree of prestige. While this qualification generally would not be a direct stepping-stone to a placement as a DBA, it may cause a task with an OPN company that you can utilize in functioning in the direction of employment as an Oracle DBA. Similar to any Oracle accreditation examination, your primary step should always be to visit the topics web page on the Oracle University internet site. The OU topic lists are constantly total as well as will provide you with a roadmap of specifically what you need to discover when examining for the examination. The test will certainly never cover any product that is not somehow pertaining to the topics provided there. The 1Z0-497 exam has fifty-two topics gotten into twelve different disciplines. The areas covered by the test consist of the following: Oracle Database Software Application Administration & Configuration Oracle Database 12c New Features Maximum Schedule Architecture Back-up and also Recuperation Surveillance Providing Individuals and Safety Software Program Installment and also Maintenance Oracle Data Structures Oracle Database Instance Design Oracle Multitenant Design Oracle Network Architecture The exam has eighty-five multiple-choice or multiple-answer inquiries. You will certainly have an optimum of one-hundred as well as twenty minutes to address all of the questions. The passing score is seventy percent. Oracle tests have no partial credit rating for multiple-answer questions, they are either ideal or incorrect. Inquiries that are left unanswered are counted as incorrect. Therefore, you should constantly address every concern on the test-- even if that suggests picking a response at random Oracle Venezuela . Readily available on the Oracle 12c documentation web site is a 2-Day DBA manual. Reading this book would make a pretty good beginning in preparing for the examination. Much of the details because publication is on subjects appropriate to the test as well as the coverage level is similar to what you will be asked. The Oracle Learning Library has numerous interactive tutorials that go hand-in-hand with the 2-Day DBA guidebook that can likewise serve in getting ready for the test. Candidates that understand definitely nothing about Oracle could wish to read the Oracle Concepts guidebook first to get a firm grounding in the different aspects that compose an Oracle data source. This examination covers a number of subject areas to a rather shallow deepness. The examination does not need prospects to have considerable understanding of any solitary goal. As soon as you have actually obtained the topics from the Oracle College internet site, use them as a checklist while you prepare. Concentrate on finding out an affordable quantity of info concerning each subject instead of attempting to become an expert on any single subject or group of topics. Just after you fit that you recognize them must you schedule the test. Best of luck on the examination.
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Preparing on-premises and AWS environments for external Kerberos authentication for Amazon RDS
As database security becomes more and more essential to the success of a business, managing user access to databases effectively has always been a challenge to database administrators (DBAs) and security officers. Traditional database authentication is based on a username-password mechanism. This method unfortunately requires effort from both DBAs and users to maintain the credentials; it also incurs extra work for security officers from an auditing perspective. Integrating relational database authentication with a centralized authentication service such as Microsoft Active Directory (AD) is a common and proven practice to address this challenge. Kerberos is a network authentication protocol developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It uses tickets and symmetric-key cryptography to eliminate the need to transmit passwords over the network. The Kerberos ticket is a certificate issued by an authentication server, encrypted using the server key. Kerberos has been built into Microsoft AD and is designed to authenticate users to network resources, such as Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL, Amazon RDS for Oracle, Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL and Amazon RDS for SQL Server. Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL, Amazon RDS for Oracle, Aurora PostgreSQL and Amazon RDS for SQL Server support external authentication of database users using Kerberos and Microsoft AD, including those running on premises. This feature provides the benefits of single sign-on (SSO) and centralized authentication of database users. Keeping all your user credentials in the same AD saves you time and effort because you can have a centralized place for storing and managing them for multiple database instances. In this series of posts, we demonstrate how to authenticate database users for Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL, Amazon RDS for Oracle, and Aurora PostgreSQL with Kerberos, your on-premises Microsoft AD, and AWS Managed Microsoft Active Directory provided by AWS Directory Service. For external Kerberos authentication for Amazon RDS for SQL Server, please refer to this Blog. Trust between the on-premises AD domain and AWS Managed Microsoft AD domain For the users in your on-premises AD domain to access the Amazon RDS resources in the AWS managed domain, we need to establish a trust relationship between the two domains. Trust relationships provide a mechanism for one domain to allow access to the resources based on the login authentications of another domain. The flow of communication over trusts is determined by the direction of the trust: One-way trust – A unidirectional authentication path created between two domains. In a one-way trust between Domain A and Domain B, when Domain B has configured to trust Domain A, users in Domain A can access resources in Domain B; however, users in Domain B can’t access resources in Domain A. Two-way trust –Domain A trusts Domain B, and Domain B trusts Domain A. This configuration means that authentication requests can be passed between the two domains in both directions. AWS Directory Service supports both one-way and two-way trust. Unless you have specific business requirements, one-way trust is recommended for better security. With one-way trust between your on-premises domain and AWS managed domain, you configure the trust in your on-premises domain as one-way: incoming, and configure the trust in your AWS managed domain as one-way: outgoing. With this configuration, the on-premises domain takes the role of the trusted domain, and the Directory Service managed domain takes the role of the trusting domain. Validated authentication requests travel between the domains in only one direction—allowing accounts in your on-premises domain to authenticate against resources in the AWS managed domain. In this case, users are authenticated by the on-premises domain, whereas Amazon RDS interact only with the AWS managed domain. Directory Service supports two types of trusts: Forest trusts – When you configure a forest trust, you can allow any contiguous namespaced domain in the trusting forest to be accessible to any security principal in the trusted forest. You most likely configure forest trusts if your organization has two or more AD forests. Forest trust provides name suffix routing, which routes the Kerberos authentication requests to the correct domain. External trusts – External trusts enable you to configure one domain in one forest to trust a domain in another forest without enabling a transitive trust. With external trust, name suffix routing is not provided. Microsoft recommends forest trusts where possible. Forest trusts ensure that Kerberos is used whenever possible. Different database management applications running on different platforms (Windows or Linux) for different Amazon RDS engines require different trust types. Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and Aurora PostgreSQL have the following requirements: Forest trust is required by psql and pgAdmin running on a Windows client. These tools rely on name suffix routing, which is only provided by forest trusts to forward Kerberos authentication requests from an on-premises AD domain to an AWS Managed Microsoft AD domain. Both forest trusts and external trusts work for Java-based software on Windows (such as DBeaver) and for applications running on a Linux client (such as psql). For Linux and Java-based software, Kerberos can forward the authentication requests to the AWS Managed Microsoft AD domain based on the [domain_realm] section in the Kerberos configuration file (commonly known as krb5.conf). For Amazon RDS for Oracle, the trust type can be either forest trust or external trust, because the Kerberos configuration file (commonly known as krb5.conf) is required by SQL Developer and SQL*Plus (on both Windows and Linux) for cross-domain Kerberos authentication. In this post, we use one-way (on-premises domain: incoming and AWS managed domain: outgoing) forest trust between the on-premises domain and AWS managed domain, as shown in following architectural diagram. Initial infrastructure configurations For demonstration purposes, we created three AWS accounts. The account on-prem-account simulates your on-premises environment. Accounts aws-acc-1 and aws-acc-2 simulate your AWS environment: AWS Managed Microsoft AD is created in aws-acc-1 and is shared with aws-acc-2; Amazon RDS resources are created in both aws-acc-1 and aws-acc-2. AD users in on-prem-account log in to the Amazon RDS resources in aws-acc-1 and aws-acc-2 via Kerberos and Microsoft AD authentication from the Windows and Linux client joined the on-premises domain. Important Note: To follow this tutorial you’ll need 3 AWS Accounts. This tutorial will also incur costs of services involved in this demo including following services: Amazon Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) AWS Transit Gateway AWS Managed Active Directory Amazon RDS You are responsible for the costs related to your use of any AWS services used while running this Quick Start reference deployment. Prices are subject to change. For more information, see the Cost and Licenses section. The following are the details about the three accounts: on-prem-account – This account has two VPCs: one for the on-premises AD domain onprem.local and one for the on-premises Windows and Linux clients where the on-premises users log in to. The following table summarizes these details. VPC/Subnet CIDR on-prem-ad-vpc 10.10.0.0/16 on-prem-ad-vpc-sn 10.10.0.0/24 on-prem-client-vpc 10.11.0.0/16 on-prem-client-vpc-windows-sn 10.11.0.0/24 on-prem-client-vpc-linux-sn 10.11.1.0/24 aws-acc-1: We create Directory Service in this account. It has two VPCs. The first is for AWS Managed Microsoft AD ad.myaws.com; this directory service is shared with aws-acc-2. The other VPC is for Amazon RDS resources. The following table summarizes these details. VPC/Subnet CIDR aws-acc-1-mad-vpc 10.20.0.0/16 aws-acc-1-mad-sn-1 10.20.0.0/24 aws-acc-1-mad-sn-2 10.20.1.0/24 aws-acc-1-rds-vpc 10.21.0.0/16 aws-acc-1-rds-sn-1 10.21.0.0/24 aws-acc-1-rds-sn-2 10.21.1.0/24 aws-acc-1-rds-sn-3 10.21.2.0/24 aws-acc-2: This account has one VPC for Amazon RDS resources; details shown in following table. VPC/Subnet CIDR aws-acc-2-rds-vpc 10.31.0.0/16 aws-acc-2-rds-sn-1 10.31.0.0/24 aws-acc-2-rds-sn-2 10.31.1.0/24 aws-acc-2-rds-sn-3 10.31.2.0/24 We build our environment for external Kerberos and Microsoft AD authentication for Amazon RDS resources based on the preceding environments. Creating network connections between VPCs To allow on-premises users to access the Amazon RDS resources, network connections need to be in place among on-prem-account, aws-acc-1, and aws-acc-2. There are different options to build network connections between your on-premises infrastructure and the VPC, and network connections between VPCs. AWS Transit Gateway is one of the options and is recommended. AWS Transit Gateway connects on-premises networks and VPCs through a central hub. This simplifies your network and puts an end to complex peering relationships. It acts as a cloud router—each new connection is only made one time. We use AWS Transit Gateway to link VPCs when the VPC connection is required. The solid blue lines in the following diagram indicate the required network connections between VPCs. On-premises AD and AWS Managed Microsoft AD After you create the network connections between VPCs, complete the following steps: In the on-prem-account, we create a Windows EC2 server and promote it to be our on-premises AD and domain controller server with following details: VPC – on-prem-ad-vpc Subnet – on-prem-ad-vpc-sn IP – 10.10.0.192 Domain – onprem.local For instructions, see Set Up Your Environment for Trusts. In the aws-acc-1 account, we create an AWS Managed Microsoft AD with the following details: Edition – Standard Directory DNS name – ad.myaws.com Directory NetBIOS name – ad VPC – aws-acc-1-mad-vpc Subnet – aws-acc-1-mad-sn-1, aws-acc-1-mad-sn-2 IP – 10.20.0.59, 10.20.1.188 Directory ID – d-97671c6bae After creating the AWS Managed Microsoft AD, share it with aws-acc-2. The Amazon RDS resources in aws-acc-2 join this shared AWS Managed Microsoft AD. From aws-acc-1, sign in to the Directory Service console. On the Directories page, select myaws.com. On the Actions drop-down menu, choose Share directory. Select Share this directory with other AWS accounts. For AWS account IDs, enter the ID for aws-acc-2. Choose Add. The share status shows as Pending acceptance. From aws-acc-2, sign in to the Directory Service console. Under Active Directory, choose Directories shared with me. Select the directory ad.myaws.com shared by aws-acc-1 and choose Review. Review the directory sharing invitation, acknowledge the cost, and choose Accept. The directory share status in aws-acc-1 changes from Pending acceptance to Shared. Establishing a one-way forest trust Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL and Aurora PostgreSQL require a forest trust to enable name suffix routing. Name suffix routing allows us to configure how Kerberos authentication requests are routed when we configure a forest trust between two AD forests. Kerberos authentication for Amazon RDS for Oracle works with forest trusts and external trusts because the domain-to-realm mapping is provided by the Kerberos configuration file (krb5.conf). We use a one-way (on-premises domain: incoming, AWS managed domain: outgoing) forest trust in this series of posts because a forest trust is recommended and works for Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL, Amazon RDS for Oracle, and Aurora PostgreSQL. In on-prem-account, create a security group to have the following ports open between the onprem.local server and the VPC and subnets of the AWS Managed Microsoft AD: TCP/UDP 53 – DNS TCP/UDP 88 – Kerberos authentication TCP/UDP 389 – LDAP TCP 445 – SMB The following screenshot is an example of the inbound rules of a security group associated with the onprem.local server. For an on-premises corporate network, the firewall must have the following ports open between your on-premises clients and the VPC and subnets of the AWS Managed Microsoft AD: TCP/UDP 53 – DNS TCP/UDP 88 – Kerberos authentication TCP/UDP 389 – LDAP TCP/UDP 445 – SMB TCP/UDP 464 – Kerberos authentication UDP 123 – NTP UDP 137-138 – Netlogon TCP 135 – RPC TCP 139 – Netlogon TCP 636 – LDAPS (LDAP over TLS/SSL) TCP 3268-3269 – Global Catalog TCP 1024-65535 – Ephemeral ports for RPC ICMP – All In aws-acc-1, open the Amazon VPC console. Choose Security groups. Search for your AWS Managed AD directory ID. In the search results, select the item with the description “AWS created security group for directory ID directory controllers.” On the Outbound rules tab of that security group, choose Edit. Choose Add another rule. For the new rule, enter the following values: Type – All traffic Protocol – All Destination – The traffic that can leave your AWS managed domain controllers and where it can go in your on-premises network. Specify a single IP address or an IP address range in CIDR. Log in to the onprem.local domain controller server. In DNS, choose New Conditional Forwarder. For DNS Domain, enter the domain name of the AWS Managed Microsoft AD. For IP addresses of the master servers, provide the two IPs of the AD. You can ignore the red icon that appears next to the IPs. Choose OK. Creating an incoming forest trust You now create a one-way: incoming forest trust with AWS Managed Microsoft AD ad.myaws.com. On the loprem.local domain controller server, in Active Directory Domains and Trusts, choose Properties. On the Trusts tab, choose New Trust. Choose Next. For Name, enter the name of AWS Managed Microsoft AD (ad.myaws.com). Choose Next. For Trust Type, select Forest trust. Choose Next. For Direction of Trust, select One-way: incoming. Choose Next. For Sides of Trust, select This domain only. Choose Next. For Trust password, enter a password to use when we create the trust relationship in AWS Managed Microsoft AD in aws-acc-1. Choose Next. In the Trust Selections Complete section, review your settings and choose Next. In the Trust Creation Complete section, review your settings and choose Next. For Confirm Incoming Trust, select No, do not confirm the incoming trust. Choose Next. In the final section, choose Finish. Creating an outgoing forest trust Now you can create a one-way: outgoing forest trust in AWS Managed Microsoft AD ad.myaws.com on the Directory Service console in account aws-acc-1. On the Networking & security tab, choose Add trust relationship. For Trust type, select Forest trust. For Existing or new remote domain, enter onprem.local. For Trust password, enter your password. For Trust direction, select One-way: outgoing. For Conditional forwarder, enter 10.10.0.192. Choose Add. The one-way forest trust is established and verified successfully. After the trust is created, log in to the onprem.local domain controller server. On the Trusts tab, choose your domain (ad.myaws.com) and choose Properties. Make sure that the on-premises Microsoft AD domain name includes a name suffix routing that corresponds to the newly created trust relationship. Joining Windows and Linux clients to an on-premises domain Now we create an AD user joedoe@onprem in on-premises AD, and join one Windows client and one Linux client to the on-premises domain onprem.local. Later on, we log in to the Windows and Linux client as joedoe@onprem and connect to Amazon RDS resources with Kerberos and Microsoft AD authentication. Create an AD user joedoe in onprem.local, and make sure that Do not require Kerberos preauthentication is deselected. Create one Windows EC2 server and one Linux EC2 server in on-prem-client-vpc, and join the Windows and Linux server to the on-premises local domain. For the Linux client, configure the /etc/krb5.conf file as the following: [joedoe@ip-10-11-1-23 ~]$ cat /etc/krb5.conf # Configuration snippets may be placed in this directory as well includedir /etc/krb5.conf.d/ includedir /var/lib/sss/pubconf/krb5.include.d/ [logging] default = FILE:/var/log/krb5libs.log kdc = FILE:/var/log/krb5kdc.log admin_server = FILE:/var/log/kadmind.log [libdefaults] dns_lookup_realm = false ticket_lifetime = 24h renew_lifetime = 7d forwardable = true rdns = false default_realm = ONPREM.LOCAL default_ccache_name = /tmp/kerbcache [realms] AD.MYAWS.COM = { kdc = ad.myaws.com admin_server = ad.myaws.com } ONPREM.LOCAL = { kdc = onprem.local admin_server = onprem.local } [domain_realm] .ad.myaws.com = AD.MYAWS.COM ad.myaws.com = AD.MYAWS.COM .onprem.local = ONPREM.LOCAL onprem.local = ONPREM.LOCAL .rds.amazonaws.com = AD.MYAWS.COM .amazonaws.com.cn = AD.MYAWS.COM .amazon.com = AD.MYAWS.COM Summary In this post, we talked about the difference between two domain-trust directions, one-way and two-way trust, and the difference between two trust types: forest trust and external trust. To enable external Kerberos authentication for Amazon RDS, a one-way (on-premises domain: incoming, AWS managed domain: outgoing) forest trust is recommended between the on-premises domain and AWS managed domain. We then created the infrastructure and resources for the external Kerberos authentication for Amazon RDS based on three AWS accounts. Now we have achieved the following: Network connections on the on-premises account, aws-acc-1, and aws-acc-2 via AWS Transit Gateway. An AWS Managed Microsoft AD ad.myaws.com in aws-acc-1 and shared with aws-acc-2. A one-way (on-premises domain: incoming, AWS managed domain: outgoing) forest trust between the on-premises AD domain onprem.local and AWS Managed Microsoft AD domain ad.myaws.com. A Windows client and Linux client joined to the on-premises AD domain. An on-premises AD user joedoe@onprem, who can log in to the Windows and Linux client with AD authentication. With this infrastructure in place, we’re now ready for the forthcoming series of posts: Using external Kerberos authentication with Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL, in which you create Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instances in aws-acc-1 and aws-acc-2 and enable Kerberos and Microsoft AD authentication for database users; Using external Kerberos authentication with Amazon RDS for Oracle; and Using external Kerberos authentication with Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. About the Authors Zhen Wang is an RDS Cloud Support Engineer at Amazon Web Services. Sundar Raghavan is a Senior Specialist Solutions Architect at Amazon Web Services. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/preparing-on-premises-and-aws-environments-for-external-kerberos-authentication-for-amazon-rds/
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Start Preparing the 1Z0-062 Exam: Oracle Database 12c: Installation and Administration:
The 1Z0-062 exam fulfills the administration requirement of the certification track that will result in becoming an Oracle Database 12c Administrator Certified Associate. In addition to passing this exam, you must also take and pass an exam that fulfills the SQL requirement of the administration track. 1Z0-062 is one of the more common exams taken by candidates seeking to become Oracle certified. Professionals with the ability to administer an Oracle database are always in demand. Passing this exam does not ensure that an individual will be a good database administrator and it certainly does not guarantee that they will find immediate employment as a DBA. However, it can act as a stepping-stone towards both goals. Pursuing this certification is not the same thing as passing the exam, however. Oracle University has never created certification exams that are pushovers and recently they seem to be working to make them even more challenging. These exams are easy to fail when candidates are not fully prepared. This article is planned to provide some basic steps towards getting ready for it.
All of the topics that the 1Z0-062 exam will cover are listed on the Oracle Education website. Visiting that website to look through the topics should be one of the very first steps you take. A skilled Oracle database administrator must be aware of thousands of tidbits of information about the Oracle database. Passing the test, however, requires knowing about the topics listed on the website. The topic lists from Oracle University are always definitive when it comes to the questions that will appear on the exam. The Installation and Administration exam has eighty-five topics in thirty subject areas. The test itself will have ninety-five multiple-choice or multiple-answer questions and you'll have one-hundred and fifty minutes to complete it. The passing score is sixty-seven percent. For the multiple-answer questions, you will receive no partial credit. Any questions that are not answered will count against your score as much as answering one incorrectly. You should not leave any question unanswered on the exam -- even if the answer is simply one that you pick randomly.
The number of topics on 1Z0-062 is large when compared to other Oracle certification tests. In addition, the Installation and Administration test covers an extremely broad range of subject areas. Most certification tests from Oracle have a narrow set of topics that they focus on. The number of topics jumped significantly between the 11g and 12c exams as well as the total number of questions asked on the exam. There is little doubt that this test is harder than the equivalent one that was created for the 11g DBA OCA certification. You need to allocate ample time to prepare for this exam if you want to pass on the first attempt.
The Oracle manuals are an excellent source for learning more about the database. They are available free from Oracle's website in both HTML and PDF forms. If you are new to Oracle, I highly recommend reading the Oracle Database Concepts manual from cover to cover. The Concepts manual in particular does a good job of introducing the various concepts that an Oracle Database Administrator must understand. The 2-Day DBA is another book available from Oracle that can jump-start your preparation for this test. It covers a significant percentage of the topics that the exam deals with. There are also several interactive tutorials on the Oracle Learning Library that can be of assistance in your study process.
OCA-level exams are designed to cover a wide range of topics to a shallow depth. The exam will not require candidates to have extensive knowledge of any single objective. However, the sheer quantity of subjects on this exam means there is a great deal to learn. Your goal for this exam should be to learn a reasonable amount of information about each of the listed topics rather than to become an expert on any single one of them. Be sure to get the list of objectives from the Oracle Education website and use them as a checklist while you prepare. Ensure that you are comfortable with all of them before scheduling the exam. Good luck on the test.
For more Detail Checkout: https://www.examarea.com/1Z1-062-exams.html
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