#photon readings negative type value

[wuwubean]

i love being autistic but sometimes i would like to do my databases homework about null values without thinking ‘haha it’s wing gaster the royal scientist’

[drowninnoodles]

ULTIMATE (not really) GASTER CONNECTIONS LIST THING

Finally, I wrote down everything that came to my mind, most of them were theories. So if I missed something, please let me know. Plus, I'll probably update this when I find something new.

Devil connections:

- His stats are with numbers 666

- He fell (into his creation)

- his font has the word Wing in its name

-the first version of deltarune was 0.666

-religious connections of characters in Deltarune

- Possibility that he is an Angel

-Dark, Darker, Yet Darker

- Speaks through the Device - Ouija board reference?

- Shadow Crystals as pieces of him

- is associated with the most hell-like place in the Underground

Enemies in Undertale are similar to the Main Boss of the area-

Characters in the core:

- Final Froggit: Searching for Life Meaning/ Giving life its own meaning. Threaten/Mystify

-Whimsalot: "There's still hope", "I've made my choice", "No regrets", Prayers, Butterflies,

-Madjick: Clear Mind, Magican, Emits Cross-shaped bullets

-Knight Knight: Sleeping, Good Morningstar, Knight

Following this lead, Mettaton should not be a Core Boss -> there is no connection. This is Gaster's place

Uncategorized things:

-The core we see is redesigned by Mettaton, we do not know its previous layout

-Into voice's typer text value is the same as Gaster's

-Everything related to him in the files is written in caps

-His theme plays in Bunker

-He is described as always listening

-Like the corrupted characters he has voice lines (the word Deltarune spoken in the intro, laugh in Undertale files and BIG SHOT)

- can break the fourth wall ( takes over Twitter account)

- Deltarune crashes after typing "Gaster"

-"Man.ogg" is Yume Nikki Fansong

- talks to us in Vessel maker

- is in the Void

-Ms.Zarves and Ray as Inspiration for Gaster

-Possibly a Skeleton

- is the creator of Deltarune

- speaks in hands (probably WingDings font)

- He knows Chara personally (they work together)

- Deltarune is owned by ROYAL SCIENCES, LLC

-is scientist

-He worked for Asgore

-Dark Totems in Core - Dark Fountains first version?

-Memoryhead emits Gaster-like bullets

-Memoryhead says “Lorem Ipsum Docet” -> It means something like "Pain teaches”

-Memoryhead can give you a piece of themself

-Piece is called “Bad Memory”, Follower 3 is recalling Bad Memory connected to Gaster

-Noelle’s Blog page is reference to MysteryMan’s appearance in Undertale

-The entirety of Deltarune is an experiment

-Freezing is both reference to Freezing computer and Dante’s Inferno

-is connected to phones - Part of Memoryhead looks like phone

-”Another Him” uses Giygas soundfont

-Gaster seems to be heavily inspired by Uboa from Yume Nikki and Giygas from Earthboud

-Giygas and Gaster have a machines tied to them. Both are strongly associated with the theme of the devil and prayers.

HIS CREATION = BLACK HOLE:

-“A jump into a black hole is a one-way trip. Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape them, not even light. Even before you reach the event horizon – the point of no return – you would be “spaghettified” by the black hole's tidal forces.” -Supernova

-You fall into a Black Hole

-“Of course, no matter what type of black hole you plunge into, you're ultimately going to get torn apart by its extreme gravity and die a horrible death. No material that falls inside a black hole could survive intact.” - Spacendbeyondthebox

-is everywhere at the same time - after being torn apart

-“Negative Photons reading”

-He was scattered across time and space

-theory made by Reddit user Garble365:

“in Interstellar (the sci-fi movie), Cooper falls into a blackhole, and he gets access to every place in the universe, in this infinitely small blackhole. Basically he is everywhere, at the same time. He can look at his daughter and hear her. But he cannot speak to her with his voice, the sound doesn't reach her due to some reason. So he resolves to knocking a few books in a bookshelf in his daughter's bedroom. Her daughter thought it was a ghost, being small. When she grew up, she realizes it was morse code in the form of books being knocked over. It was her father. He was speaking with his hand”

VIRUS CONNECTIONS:

- causes the files to become corrupted - the characters go insane after the meeting

-“The virus starts propagating, which is multiplying and replicating itself. The virus places a copy of itself into other programs” - Wikipedia

EGG CONNECTIONS:

- mysteryman head shape

- Scientists/intellectual people are called Eggheads

- Humpty Dumpty Reference

- Eggs given by the Man - possible Gaster pieces?

-The eggs stick together into one piece

-eggs break the game's fourth wall and move between save files

-When you drop an egg it says "what egg?" as if it doesn't exist

GERSON AND GASTER CONNECTIONS

-They were both replaced by Alphys after they left

-They are both highly respected by the people

-Religion references - Gerson’s son is priest

-Gaster in tarot card deck was replaced by Gerson

-GERSON is an anagram of the word GONERS

-Gerson in Undertale has knowledge that other monsters do not have

GASTER’S THEME:

-Gaster Blaster looks like Turtle skull

DRAGON CONNECTIONS

-Noelle is playing dragon blazer's 3. She is currently at the snow drake.

- Gaster blaster resembles a dragon's skull and the "beams" could easily be snow, similar to the snow grave spell

- "knight knight" who has a strange reoccurring motifs of day, nights, and dreams. Her sprite is labeled as a dragon

-susie's axe, which is said to be made of a dragon's mane. Implying that susie herself is a dragon

“must.Him.Ogg”

Another Him

Darkness Falls

Scarlet Forest

Card Castle

Rouxls Kaard

Chaos King

The Circus

The World Revolving

The Holy

Friendship

Man

Girl Next Door

Queen

Welcome to the City

A cyber’s world?

Giga Size

BIG SHOT

Spamton

Dialtone

[freesuitwhispers]

Global  3D Time of flight (ToF) Sensors Market CAGR, Volume and Value 2026

Summary – A new market study, “Global 3D Time of flight (ToF) Sensors Market Research Report 2020”has been featured on WiseGuyReports.

Global 3D Time of flight (ToF) Sensors Market: Drivers and Restrains

The research report has incorporated the analysis of different factors that augment the market’s growth. It constitutes trends, restraints, and drivers that transform the market in either a positive or negative manner. This section also provides the scope of different segments and applications that can potentially influence the market in the future. The detailed information is based on current trends and historic milestones. This section also provides an analysis of the volume of production about the global market and also about each type from 2015 to 2026. This section mentions the volume of production by region from 2015 to 2026. Pricing analysis is included in the report according to each type from the year 2015 to 2026, manufacturer from 2015 to 2020, region from 2015 to 2020, and global price from 2015 to 2026.

Also Read: https://icrowdnewswire.com/2020/04/09/3d-time-of-flight-tof-sensors-market-2020-global-industry-key-players-analysis-sales-supply-demand-and-forecast-to-2026/

A thorough evaluation of the restrains included in the report portrays the contrast to drivers and gives room for strategic planning. Factors that overshadow the market growth are pivotal as they can be understood to devise different bends for getting hold of the lucrative opportunities that are present in the ever-growing market. Additionally, insights into market expert’s opinions have been taken to understand the market better.

Market Segment Analysis

The research report includes specific segments by Type and by Application. Each type provides information about the production during the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. Application segment also provides consumption during the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. Understanding the segments helps in identifying the importance of different factors that aid the market growth.

Segment by Type

Half-QQVGA ToF Image Sensor

QVGA ToF Image Sensor

Others

 Segment by Application

Consumer Electronics

Robotics and Drone

Machine Vision and Industrial Automation

Entertainment

Automobile

Others

 Global 3D Time of flight (ToF) Sensors Market: Regional Analysis

The report offers in-depth assessment of the growth and other aspects of the 3D Time of flight (ToF) Sensors market in important regions, including the U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Mexico, and Brazil, etc. Key regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America.

The report has been curated after observing and studying various factors that determine regional growth such as economic, environmental, social, technological, and political status of the particular region. Analysts have studied the data of revenue, production, and manufacturers of each region. This section analyses region-wise revenue and volume for the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. These analyses will help the reader to understand the potential worth of investment in a particular region.

Global 3D Time of flight (ToF) Sensors Market: Competitive Landscape

This section of the report identifies various key manufacturers of the market. It helps the reader understand the strategies and collaborations that players are focusing on combat competition in the market. The comprehensive report provides a significant microscopic look at the market. The reader can identify the footprints of the manufacturers by knowing about the global revenue of manufacturers, the global price of manufacturers, and production by manufacturers during the forecast period of 2015 to 2019.

The major players in the market include Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, PMD Technologies, Infineon, PrimeSense (Apple), MESA (Heptagon), Melexis, ifm Electronic, Canesta (Microsoft), Espros Photonics, TriDiCam, etc.

FOR MORE DETAILS : https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/5070308-global-3d-time-of-flight-tof-sensors-market-research-report-2020

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Wise Guy Reports is part of the Wise Guy Research Consultants Pvt. Ltd. and offers premium progressive statistical surveying, market research reports, analysis & forecast data for industries and governments around the globe.                

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[smithwillblog]

Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test EquipmentMarket Report 2020 by Global Key Players, Types, Applications, Countries, Market Size, Forecast to 2026

The recent report on Global Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market is a compilation of factual market data and insightful data points drawn from it to better understand the prospects of Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment in global market scenario. A host of factors that are directly, indirectly, positively, or negatively influencing the performance of market have been subject to critical assessment to evaluate their extent of impact on market growth. This section not only helps readers to learn about the top growth supporting factors but also notifies them about the equally important challenges facing them in market place.

The report also sheds light on competition structure analysis of the global Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment market that provides valuable information about the prominent companies operating in industry, along with their financial status, revenue share contribution, key developmental strategies, growth milestones, key offerings and market positioning, adoption of technological advancements, and global and regional client base. The analysis offered in report is extensive and allows for deep-dive understanding of market scenario, which further facilitates strategy planning and improved business outcome for companies.

Download FREE Sample Copy of Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Report @ https://www.crediblemarkets.com/sample-request/cardiac-and-cardiopulmonary-stress-test-equipment-market-599386

Key players in the global Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment market covered in Chapter 4: GE Healthcare Masimo Corporation Cardinal Health Vyaire Medical Inc. COSMED SRL Koninklijke Philips N.V. Halma plc. MGC Diagnostics Corporation Nihon Kohden Corporation Hill-Rom Holdings Inc. Schiller AG 

In Chapter 11 and 13.3, on the basis of types, the Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment market from 2015 to 2026 is primarily split into: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) Systems Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Echocardiogram Pulse Oximeters Stress Blood Pressure Monitors

 In Chapter 12 and 13.4, on the basis of applications, the Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment market from 2015 to 2026 covers: Diagnostic Centers Hospital or Clinical Laboratories Ambulatory Centers

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2026) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13:

United States, Canada, Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland, Sweden, Poland, Belgium, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, India, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa and Rest of the World

Direct Purchase Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Research Report Now @ https://www.crediblemarkets.com/reports/purchase/cardiac-and-cardiopulmonary-stress-test-equipment-market-599386?license_type=single_user

Some Points from Table of Content

Global Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Report 2020 by Key Players, Types, Applications, Countries, Market Size, Forecast to 2026

Chapter 1 Report Overview

Chapter 2 Global Market Growth Trends

Chapter 3 Value Chain of Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market

Chapter 4 Players Profiles

Chapter 5 Global Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Analysis by Regions

Chapter 6 North America Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 7 Europe Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 8 Asia-Pacific Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 9 Middle East and Africa Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 10 South America Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter 11 Global Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Segment by Types

Chapter 12 Global Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Segment by Applications

Chapter 13 Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2026)

Chapter 14 Appendix

Points Covered in the Report

• The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.

• The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analyzed 12 years data history and forecast.

• The growth factors of the market are discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail.

• Data and information by market player, by region, by type, by application and etc., and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.

• The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.

Contact for Any Query or Get Customized Report @ https://www.crediblemarkets.com/enquire-request/cardiac-and-cardiopulmonary-stress-test-equipment-market-599386

Impact of Covid-19 in Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment Market: Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost every country around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Cardiac And Cardiopulmonary Stress Test Equipment market in 2020. The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor/outdoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.

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Browse the Short Summary & TOC of the Report @ https://www.crediblemarkets.com/reports/cardiac-and-cardiopulmonary-stress-test-equipment-market-599386

Thanks for reading this article you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe, MEA or Asia Pacific.

[thousandmaths]

How Quantum Physics Democratized Music

This was a public lecture* given by Michael Berry. I went almost entirely on accident: somebody just put up a large-postcard-sized advertisement for it on the math department wall, and I just happened to notice it on the day it was happening.

I was confused by the clickbait title and I had to see it for myself. I’m glad I did. This post is fairly long, although hopefully not half as dense as the usual fare here.

------

The title is indeed clickbait, and like all clickbait it has some element of truth to it. Moreover, he was aware that it was clickbait, and so he wasted no time in explaining himself: 

In 1982 the CD player was invented, which Berry cites as a “democratization of music”— more on that later.

In 1958 the laser was invented. Later, this would be used to make lightweight information-storage mechanisms, which in turn make CDs readable. This is critically important for the improved portability of the device (and, yes; improved. Walkmans existed— more on that later, too.)

In 1917, Einstein published a paper on “stimulated emission”, a previously unknown type of photon-electron interaction, determined from what Wikipedia calls the “old quantum theory”.

Hence, the answer to the question “How did quantum physics democratize music?” is “Through a complex process by which humanity used Einstein’s theoretical discovery of subatomic particle interactions to create a CD player” (a sentence which echoes this post).

At this point, Berry starts to tip his hand a little bit as he starts packing a healthy amount of nuance into the story he has just constructed. It begins with a joke: “A rhetorical sin, which I am not guilty of here, is ‘NothingBut-ery’”. By which he means that, of course, quantum physicsts were not remotely close to the only people whose contributions culminated in the CD player and the subsequent democratization of music.

Ah yes, there’s that phrase again. In what sense is the CD player supposed to represent a democratization of music? He is careful to note, before starting in on this, that it is not that the technology itself is suited to the sociological change that it inspired. A piece of technology, observed in a vacuum, is value-neutral; it’s the use of that technology— and hence, in particular, the marketing— which gives it meaning.

This disclaimer aside, he gives an analogy: photography. The history behind obtaining faithful images of some location has a long history. Yet the 1839 announcements of Daguerre’s daguerreotype and Talbot’s negative are often cited as the “invention of photography”. To Berry, this is because they were the first people who were able to mass-produce these images, and this led to something of a democratization: before these inventions, the most convenient way to see some French garden, say, was to go to France. But now, at least theoretically, you could have a single person go to France, and share their experience— not just in writing, but in faithful visuals— to a very large number of people.

Similarly, Berry argues that the CD player did this for music. Again, the history is complicated. The gramophone is usually considered the first audio playback device, since Edison’s phonograph was not reusable. But what the CD player was that the gramophone was not (nor was the record players that succeeded it) is portable. Then came radio: radios were portable, but the CD player was again different in a qualitative way: you can choose the music you listen to on a CD player. (Of course you can change stations, so there was some personal control, but one must admit that this is still considerably less versatile than you’d hope.) And I promised I would say something about the Walkman, which used cassette tapes. Again, you have some degree of control here, but moving around on a cassette tape is not the easiest thing, and without considerable conscious attention your best bet was just to listen to the tape start to finish. With CD players, you had not only album-level control, but even song-level control (not to mention the improved fidelity, of course).

In this sense, the CD player represents a democratization of music: you can now, theoretically, listen to any sound you could afford to obtain a CD of, at any time you were willing to put headphones on.

------

The next level of qualification Berry makes to the titular story begins with a quote from one of his students on an end-of-course evaluation. Although generally satisfied with the course, he wasn’t happy with how sparse the applications were, because, after all, “even if we didn’t understand [quantum physics], this stuff would still happen anyway.”

After the initial emotional response subsided, he realized that the remark was actually quite insightful, and sent it to his friends in the philosophy department. They apparently agreed; he says that they talked about it for several weeks.

Of course, the student is right. As a way of demonstrating this, he tells a story. Although obviously tangential, it was definitely my favorite part of the talk.

Why is gold gold? You know, why does the metal have the color that it has?

The question is not arbitrary, but the theoretical underpinnings of the problem are a “simple” application of deep tools. And it’s not even some weird steel alloy thing: gold is on the periodic table. So just take the relevant properties of the element, write down the relevant Schrödinger equation for figuring out which wavelengths are reflected, and solve it, badda-bing-badda-boom. 

Cue chuckles/eyerolls from anyone who has ever, ever tried to “solve the relevant Schrödinger equation” for... pretty much any problem.

For those of you not in the above category: doing such a thing is functionally impossible. To take it from “functionally impossible” to just “unlikely”, you have to make a ton of (reasonable) simplifying assumptions. And even then, you’re not going to do this thing on the back of an envelope over a cup of coffee; this computation is going to take your local supercomputer a day or two to run.

But some people in 1990 were able to simplify the problem in just the right way to get an answer from their computers, and when they went to visualize the output of the program, they discovered that the color of gold was...

Silver.

Obviously something went wrong.

What went wrong is that the Schrödinger equation is not the right tool for the job. The thing is, gold is heavy. Like, really heavy. In fact, it is so heavy that its electrons are moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light, and that means our old friend Einstein has something to say about relativity. The Schrödinger equation doesn’t, and so we need to throw it out in favor of its relativistic cousin, the Dirac equation. And they did this, and they ran the computations, and indeed you get the desired golden hue.

A semi-related anecdote: these sorts of relativistic effects are also largely responsible for typical car batteries. More specifically, in a common lead-acid battery, 80% of the voltage that you get from lead-acid batteries comes from relativistic effects. Conversely, tin-acid batteries aren’t a thing (despite tin being chemically similar to lead) because tin is too light and therefore doesn’t enjoy the extra voltage (at least, not in an appreciable amount).

------

Getting back to the student’s concern:

The usual thing that people cite when they want to convince you that relativity is useful is the essential role that it plays in GPS— I am old enough that when first heard people mention this as an application, it didn’t feel particularly relatable, but that objection no longer exists now that smartphones are pretty widespread.

However, it seems like there is a qualitative difference between relativity’s role in GPS as opposed to the color of gold or the workings of lead-acid batteries. And this is what the student was getting at; presumably they wanted to see more of the former type. Certainly physics in general is quite interested in things of the latter type— understanding things that happen naturally, without regard to whether their happening depends on our understanding. And I am no physicist (but I play one on the internet?), but I suspect that for most physicists, even those who are more experimental, the latter type seems to be what they’d care about more? 

[ Disclaimer: it is certainly what I care about more as a mathematician, in case you couldn’t tell by the ~6 paragraphs on gold and lead and the 1 on GPS. ]

------

I found the next part of the talk rather meandering and hard to follow, but fortunately he concluded his presentation with a discussion of prime numbers**. If you hear or read enough pop-math accounts of the Riemann hypothesis, a phrase you will undoubtedly come across is “the music of the primes”; it is the name of a rather famous book, and seems to stem from a quote of Enrico Bombieri:

To me, that the distribution of prime numbers can be so accurately represented in a harmonic analysis is absolutely amazing and incredibly beautiful. It tells of an arcane music and a secret harmony composed by the prime numbers.

Well, you hear this phrase enough, and you start to say ‘geez, what do these things sound like, anyway?’. And if you decide to start looking around the internet for answers to that question, you’ll discover a whole lot of nothing.

Probably quite a few people have done analyses. But if they’re anything like what Berry played for us: the reason you can’t find anything with a casual google search is that it sounds exactly like white noise. (To be clear, what I’m talking about is something like the Fourier coefficients of the characteristic function of the primes, not, e.g. this which is really about prime gaps)

However, you can do something with the zeta function and spectra (here’s where I have to mumble because my notes aren’t good enough to form a sentence), and you can produce the sound of that. It’s not what I’d call ‘music’ but it definitely has a notable sound.

Of course, this “earmaths” is just a toy for now, but we’ve had a lot of success with generating ideas in some areas of math by turning it into pictures. So it seems logical that we might at least try to get some of those other senses involved.

------

[ I won’t make another entire section on the Q&A, but it was pretty amusing: for instance, one person asked him to talk more about Theory of Everything. His answer was nice and diplomatic, with the obligatory comment that string theory is currently a mathematical theory, not a scientific theory. He was rather more direct when talking about the interaction between physics and philosophy (also STEM with the arts): he found it worthwhile to have friends in those disciplines, but “I’ve never found that talking with philosophers has helped me to do science... that’s not the point.” ]

[ * If you’re not neck-deep in academia, the phrase “public lecture” may not mean anything in particular to you. What it means to me is: the presenter is likely senior or a leader of their field— and often both— and the work is supposed to be unusually nontechnical. There’s a bit of self-selection bias here: public lectures are not easy to write, much less to deliver. So, take the kind of people who are invited to give a public lecture, and intersect with the kind of people who wants to give a public lecture... and perhaps you start to see why my default assumption is that these talks are going to be pretty good. ]

[ ** Because chaos theory, apparently. He did not endeavor to explain the connection until the Q&A— and the resulting explanation convinced me that the omission was wise. However, in my travels around the internet I did discover this explanation:

If you choose a number n and ask how many prime numbers there are less than $n$ it turns out that the answer closely approximates the formula: $n/\log n$. The formula is not exact, though: sometimes it is a little high and sometimes it is a little low. Riemann looked at these deviations and saw that they contained periodicities. Berry likens these to musical harmonics: “The question is what are the harmonics in the music of the primes? Amazingly, these harmonics or magic numbers behave exactly like the energy levels in quantum systems that classically would be chaotic.”

This correspondence emerges from statistical correlations between the spacing of the Riemann numbers and the spacing of the energy levels. Berry and his collaborator Jon Keating used them to show how techniques in number theory can be applied to problems in quantum chaos and vice versa. In itself such a connection is very tantalising. Although sometimes described as the Queen of mathematics, number theory is often thought of as pretty useless, so this deep connection with physics is quite astonishing. 

Berry is also convinced that there must be a particular chaotic system which when quantised would have energy levels that exactly duplicate the Riemann numbers. "Finding this system could be the discovery of the century," he says. it would become a model system for describing chaotic systems in the same way that the simple harmonic oscillator is used as a model for all kinds of complicated oscillators. It could play a fundamental role in describing all kinds of chaos. The search for this model system could be the holy grail of chaos... [We] cannot be sure of its properties, but Berry believes the system is likely to be rather simple, and expects it to lead to totally new physics. It is a tantalising thought. 

quoted from Julian Brown’s 1996 piece “Where Two Worlds Meet”. ]

[jdhliwayo1-blog]

When Microseconds Equate to Millions of Dollars – Latency And Optical Networks for High Frequency Trading (HFT)

High frequency trading (HFT) firms continue to make the news with demand for ultra-low latency (ULL) networks. The recent announcement by ZAYO Group that an HFT firm had signed up for their ULL network, including dark fiber and a wavelength solution, is just one example. In this article, the effort by the industry to mitigate latency in support of HFT and other low latency applications is examined.

About high frequency trading

HFT is a process by which very fast processor computers and sophisticated algorithms are used to transact huge amounts of stock trades in fractions of a second. The computer algorithms analyze multiple market trends and automatically execute orders based on those trends. Professor Jonathan Macey of the Yale School of Management likens HFT to a motorcyclist, who after noticing a truck/lorry driver speeds up to buy all the fuel along the highway. When the truck driver gets to a gasoline/petrol station, the motorcyclist sells him fuel at a premium knowing that the trucker does not have any other options. While the profit realized by executing a single trade is minuscule, high frequency traders make huge profits by executing a large number of trades. The key to success in this trading game, which has been criticized as parasitic, is speed. Speed that comes with computer processing power to analyze market trends and the speed of executing trades ahead of anyone else. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || ).push({}); For more on high frequency trading you can also read Michael Lewis’s book, Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt. While some traders have been able to drastically reduce latency by collocating with the stock exchange and optimizing the server processing speed, some must access more than one exchange such as Chicago and New York or London and Frankfurt. As a result, optical networks connecting financial institutions between these locations must be optimized for latency. The most important contributors to latency in an optical network are the transmission fiber, dispersion compensating fiber and the process of optical to electrical conversion or vice versa. We will look at latency and its mitigation in these components and processes.

Latency in optical fibers

Optical fiber is the most important contributor of latency in a long-distance optical communication network. The length of the optical fiber represents the distance traveled by communication signals from one point to another. While the light travels at a speed of 299,792km/s in free space, the speed is reduced to about 204,190km/s in a standard single mode (ITU-G.652 compliant) fiber. The ratio of the free space speed to speed in fiber is the group refractive index of the fiber which is 1.4682 in this case. The above speeds translate to latencies of 3.34µs/km in free space and 4.90µs/km in the standard single mode fiber. While these values are insignificant for most communication applications, they have a profound impact on latency sensitive applications such as the HFT discussed above. The optical network engineer must perform meticulous calculations and procure the lowest latency fiber available to minimize the overall latency of the network or link.\ A number of manufacturers are optimizing their manufacturing processes to reduce latency, even if it is by a tiny amount. The following table shows the performance of two of the industry’s leading fiber optic brands. While the latency values for these fibers look almost the same, the difference in latency between the two extremes translates to 21µs over 1,000km, a significant value in HFT. Even when traders are collocated with the stock exchange servers, they still put an effort to squeeze out whatever latency they can to get an urge over the competition. With HFT, researchers working on hollow core, photonic crystal fiber (PCF), have found an extra incentive for their work. When commercialized, these fibers could play a pivotal role in HFT and other low latency applications. Photonic crystal (or photonic band gap) fiber is a new type of fiber based on a special class of optical medium with periodic modulation of refractive index. The structure of a hollow core fiber is shown in the picture.  

Because of the absence of glass in the core, light in a hollow core fiber travels close to the speed of light in a vacuum – significantly reducing the latency. Researchers from Infinera, Molex, Lumentum and OFS Fitel have demonstrated that hollow core fiber can reduce latency by 30%. See their publication on Researchgate - Transmission of Commercial Low Latency Interfaces over Hollow-Core Fiber.

Latency in dispersion compensating fiber

One important impairment that occurs in optical fibers in long distance optical networks is chromatic dispersion. A phenomenon caused by the wavelength dependence of refractive index, chromatic dispersion (or simply dispersion) causes the broadening of digital pulses. The transmission fiber must be compensated for dispersion before pulse broadening result in the interference of adjacent symbols and distort the signal. The compensating modules are typically inserted on transmission spans between erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) – see illustration.

Typical dispersion compensating modules consist of special type of optical fiber with negative dispersion relative to the transmission fiber. The length of the dispersion compensating fiber introduces additional latency in the network. A typical DCF module required to compensate 80km of standard (ITU-G.652) fiber at 1550nm introduces at least 60ns of latency in the network. With multiple spans on a link, the latency quickly adds up. Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF) such as ITU-T G.655 or ITU-T G.656 fiber is sometimes used to reduce the number of DCMs in the network. NZDSF has significantly lower dispersion in the C-band (around 1550nm) transmission window and requires fewer compensating modules and therefore it enables lower latency networks. As an alternative, dispersion compensating Bragg gratings (FBG) are used for compensation because they introduce negligible latency in the system. A FBG is a fiber based device that reflects light due to the modulation of its core refractive index. Light propagating in the grating is reflected if its wavelength matches the periodicity of the core modulation. Selective reflection of components of light at different positions along the grating is used to compensate for incoming high dispersion light. See the article, Fiber Bragg Gratings: A Versatile Approach to Dispersion. Because Bragg gratings are significantly shorter than dispersion compensating fiber, they introduce significantly less latency.

O-E or E-O conversion and latency

In certain cases, it is inevitable that transmission signals are converted from electrical to optical and vice versa. The conversion process introduces a delay which manifests itself as network latency. Transponders and muxponders are some of the network components that operate on O-E or E-O conversion. A transponder takes a short reach LAN optical signal, converts it to electrical and then back to optical while modifying it to a specific DWDM wavelength for transmission over a long distance. A muxponder, on the other hand, takes low transmission speed signals, multiplex them together into a higher speed signal with a specific DWDM wavelength. Both transponders and muxponders can introduce significant levels of latency in the network, up to 10µs. Manufacturers are making every effort to improve their manufacturing processes to reduce the latency.

Summary:

While several applications such as VoIP and gaming are requiring improvement in network latency, it is the high frequency trading application that is demanding the most stringent latency specifications. The industry is focusing on different parts of the optical communication network to reduce latency. A lot of focus to improve latency is on transmission fiber, dispersion compensating fiber and E-O and O-E conversion. For in-depth discussions on optical networking, join a fiber optic training class near you. Read the full article

[jakehglover]

How Long Does It Take to Have an Empty Stomach?

By Dr. Mercola

The question posed in the headline is a common one heard by doctors everywhere: "How long does it take to have an empty stomach?" It's an important question for anyone taking prescription drugs because what you eat and drink, as well as the timing of your meals, can affect the way certain medications work.

Beyond that, there is value in becoming aware of the health benefits associated with regularly emptying your stomach. If your first thought, when you hear the words "empty stomach," is a negative one, it's time to update your thinking. Not only can you survive on an empty stomach, you can also thrive.

In my experience, emptying your stomach as a daily habit — through intermittent fasting or another safe type of fasting — can boost your health and well-being. The effects can be so radical that you actually may be able to reduce (or potentially eliminate) your use of prescription drugs as your health improves.

Taking Medications? How Do You Know When Your Stomach Is Empty?

"Ask Well," a medical question and answer feature presented in The New York Times,1 recently fielded this inquiry: "Many medications should be taken on an empty stomach. How do you know when your stomach is empty?"

Dr. Richard Klasco, assistant professor of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, who provided the answer, wrote, "Two hours after eating is a crude rule of thumb. A more accurate answer depends on the drugs you are taking and your medical conditions."2

Klasco goes on to note that research on gastric emptying — the length of time it takes for your stomach to return to empty after a meal — has been going on since the 1940s.

Over the years, the experiments have changed based on scientific and medical advances. Since 1966, nuclear medicine, which involves the use of a small amount of radioactive material to emit photon energy, has remained as the established standard for measuring gastric emptying. Says Klasco:3

"Standards for such testing have been set by the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. They state that a normal stomach should be 90 percent empty after four hours.4

The difference between this standard and the earlier study probably reflects differences in foods. Solids take longer to digest than liquids; fats take longer to digest than protein or carbohydrates. The [U.S.] Food and Drug Administration [FDA] … defines an empty stomach as 'one hour before eating, or two hours after eating.'"

Klasco indicates the FDA's two-hour rule is only an estimate, which means your stomach "will probably not be completely empty" after two hours, he asserts.5 In addition, Klasco points out that the expectations for an empty stomach vary widely from drug to drug.

It's best, he says, to read the package insert that accompanies all prescription medications dispensed in the U.S. and to clarify any uncertainties with your doctor. The insert contains, Klasco says, each drug's FDA-approved prescribing information.

It is often found glued to the drug package in the form of a tightly folded, fine-print flyer."6 For easier reading, you may want to review the insert details online at DailyMed, a website operated by the U.S. National Library of Medicine — a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) — that contains more than 105,000 detailed medication listings.7

With respect to stomach emptying and medications, Klasco notes some medical conditions, like diabetes, can delay gastric emptying, whereas a bariatric surgery can accelerate it.8 Again, check with your doctor to find out the best emptying guidelines for your particular situation.

How Fasting Positively Affects Your Mitochondria and Your Health

By far, the best and quickest route to an empty stomach is to stop eating, otherwise known as fasting. This simple act of forgoing food for a certain period of time not only ensures stomach emptying, but it has also been validated as a powerful lifestyle tool for combating insulin resistance and obesity, as well as chronic diseases like cancer and many other health problems.

Not only does fasting upregulate autophagy and mitophagy — two of your body's natural cleansing processes necessary for optimal cellular renewal and function — but it also triggers the generation of stem cells. Beyond that, cyclically abstaining from food and then initiating refeeding also massively stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, the process by which new mitochondria are created.

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of your cells, producing about 90 percent of the energy being generated in your body. Because energy is needed to support nearly every bodily process, without healthy mitochondria you will be more vulnerable to illness and disease.

Your mitochondria also act as the coordinator for apoptosis —programmed cell death — an important process to ensure the death of malfunctioning cells that might otherwise degenerate into cancer. There's even evidence suggesting fasting can help prevent or even reverse dementia because it helps your body clean out toxic debris.

The reason for this is because when autophagy increases, your body starts breaking down and recycling old protein, including the beta amyloid protein in your brain that is believed to contribute to Alzheimer's disease. While water-only fasting can be extremely beneficial for those struggling with excess weight and/or Type 2 diabetes, compliance can be difficult.

Fortunately, research has confirmed that similar results, while not as profound, can be achieved through intermittent fasting. This type of fasting entails following a meal-timing schedule where you're fasting for at least 16 hours every day and eating all of your meals within a six- to eight-hour window.

Are You Caught in a Cycle of Grazing and Snacking? Fasting Can Help

In the event you've not yet considered trying intermittent fasting, I would like to once again remind you of the tremendous health benefits associated with this practice. You may be avoiding intermittent fasting because you associate "fasting" with starvation or simply because it seems too daunting and challenging to make the necessary adjustments.

As mentioned, the goal with this type of fasting is to forego food for at least 16 hours a day. As such, you will want to skip either the first or last meal of the day. (I recommend the first meal.) As such, you will consolidate all of your calorie intake into the remaining block of eight or fewer hours.

I have had great success with intermittent fasting and highly recommend you take your first meal at around lunchtime. I also advise you avoid eating anything at least three hours before you go to bed. The concept of intermittent fasting is still catching on in the U.S., a country plagued by all-day grazing and the continuous availability of food around the clock.

While grocery stores and restaurants used to close by 8 or 9 p.m., many establishments now remain open until midnight and some 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Authors of a 2017 study published in the journal Nutrients, reviewing 35 years of snacking behavior by American adults, stated:9

"Results show that snacking remains a significant component of the U.S. diet and the foods consumed at these snacks — sugar-sweetened beverages, desserts and sweets and salty snacks — are not the types of foods recommended by the U.S. dietary guidelines."

If you realize constant snacking is crippling your health, please review my "Intermittent Fasting Infographic" for more information about this style of eating and the recommended time windows you can establish. If forgoing eating for 16 hours seems overwhelming at first, set a smaller goal and work your way up.

If your experience is anything like mine, the hours you set aside to give your body's digestive and other systems a break from food will produce health benefits beyond your imagination. In time, as you begin to realize some of the health benefits, you will likely become more motivated to do intermittent fasting on a regular basis.

The Health Benefits Available From Intermittent Fasting

When done well, intermittent fasting delivers a number of impressive health benefits. You will undoubtedly discover others that are meaningful to you beyond what is listed below. Research proves intermittent fasting:10,11,12

• Boosts your cognitive function — Intermittent fasting improves your cognitive function by providing your brain with its preferred fuel: fat instead of glucose.

Studies indicate intermittent fasting helps in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's because of the boost in brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), a protein that is both neuroprotective and brain-stimulating.

• Minimizes food cravings and hunger pangs — While you may think you'll be starving your body through fasting, the truth is it is a helpful technique known to eliminate cravings and reduce hunger pangs. It does this mainly by moving your body away from dependence on glucose for energy.

• Normalizes your insulin and leptin sensitivity — Your body's blood sugar level is closely regulated not only by insulin, but also by leptin. Both hormones influence your food intake and weight, as well as your risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes.

As mentioned, intermittent fasting shifts your body away from being dependent on glucose, which then curtails your sugar cravings, thus normalizing your insulin and leptin sensitivity.

• Promotes cellular regeneration — Intermittent fasting promotes cell regeneration by triggering autophagy, a natural, "self-eating" process your body uses to recycle damaged cells. It helps inhibit cancerous growths and the development of chronic disease.

If you are eating throughout the day every day, your body has very little time for repair and renewal. By giving it a break from eating, your body can shift its focus to growing new cells, cleaning up cellular debris and removing toxins — activities it cannot perform otherwise.

• Shifts your body to burn fat for fuel — Limiting your food intake forces your body to switch away from glucose to burning fat as a source of energy. This shift often results in weight loss and may lead to other improvements based on the fact fat is a more efficient and longer-burning fuel.

Contraindications Associated With Intermittent Fasting

To be successful with intermittent fasting you will want to ensure your doctor approves and that you do not have a serious medical condition for which it would be contraindicated.

By the way, fasting beyond 24 hours is not recommended for children. A better way to help a child lose weight is to restrict or remove refined grains and sugary foods from their diet. Fasting may not be recommended if you are:

• Malnourished — If this is your situation, you will want to put your focus on eating healthier, more nutritious food and adding supplements as needed

• Pregnant or breastfeeding — As a mother you need a continual supply of nutrients to ensure your baby's healthy growth and development; fasting could put both the health of you and your baby at risk

• Taking medication — If you're on medication, check with your doctor before taking up fasting. That said, even if your doctor approves, you'll need to take care with medications that must be taken with food.

Metformin, aspirin and similar drugs can cause stomach upset or stomach ulcers when taken on an empty stomach. The risk of trouble is especially high if you're on diabetic medication.

• Underweight — If you have a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 or lower, fasting is not safe for you because it may increase the stress on your body and/or cause you to lose more weight.

Tips to Ensure Your Success With Intermittent Fasting

While you can simply restrict your eating window to eight or fewer hours while continuing to eat and drink whatever you want, you'll get a lot more out of fasting if you:

• Drink plenty of water and other healthy liquids — During fasting, make sure you're getting enough liquids to keep yourself feeling full and satisfied. Drinking clean, pure water and beverages such as organic coffee and tea — in moderation — will help curb food cravings, especially as you first begin fasting.

As you might imagine, drinking alcohol, energy drinks, soda and other unhealthy beverages would be counterproductive to fasting.

• Eliminate processed foods from your diet — One of the advantages of fasting is detoxification. As such, you'll realize more health benefits by eating whole foods such as organic vegetables, healthy fats and grass fed meat.

By eliminating processed foods from your diet, you will support your body in healing and detoxification.

• Incorporate exercise into your daily routine — Working out in a fasted state can deliver amazing results. Without a ready supply of glucose and glycogen from which to draw — because it has been depleted over the course of your fasted state and has yet to be replenished — your body is forced to adapt and pull from the only energy source available: fat stored in your cells.

Some of the types of exercise I recommend include: high-intensity interval training, stretching, walking, weight training and yoga.

• Make sleep a high priority — Getting about eight hours of quality sleep a night will do wonders for your health. Most adults are chronically sleep-deprived, which has numerous negative health effects, including increasing your risk of accidents and chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer.

• Receive support from your friends and family — It is important for you to have the support of your friends and family, especially the people with whom you live, as you undertake intermittent fasting. These folks can share the journey and encourage you in moments of weakness when you may be tempted to give up.

With some thoughtful planning and careful consideration, you can empty your stomach and unleash a whole new level of health through intermittent fasting.

For even better results and to maximize your fat-burning potential, I suggest you combine intermittent fasting with a cyclical ketogenic diet. For all the details on how to do this, please refer to my article "Why Intermittent Fasting Is More Effective Combined With Ketogenic Diet."

from HealthyLife via Jake Glover on Inoreader http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/10/13/how-long-for-stomach-to-empty.aspx