#ratio proportion and variation problems with solutions

[allmathtricks]

Ratio, Proportion and Variation - Concepts, Important Formulas, Formulas, Properties with Quantitative Aptitude Shortcuts & Tricks for all Competitive Exams

[westphotolukedas]

Production Journal - I Want to Believe

011119

It was fortuitous that my test shoot worked out well and I am excited to assemble the components of the final piece. I have been debating the crop of my photograph, which will change the proportions of each constituent element. I was considering 16:9, which is the standard aspect ratio of HDTV, Full HD and analogue widescreen television. The X-Files season one and many of the early episodes aired on the Fox Network in standard definition with a 4:3 aspect ratio. At the time, vacuum-tube televisions were the most widespread and this was considered fullscreen. These episodes have since been restored to 16:9 and remastered in HD for digital distribution. True fans still prefer the original muted colours and low contrast of the 1993 original broadcast. Therefore, this will be the crop factor that I shall choose for the final piece. (Clarendon, 2018)

Production Notes

An aspect ratio of 4:3 resembles 6 x 6 film; however, some of the frame will be lost. This was one consideration during production of the final piece. The exact same light and camera settings were carried over from the test shoot and I was meticulous to recreate each detail. There were some subtle changes. I felt that more purple was needed on the key light, so I doubled up the amount of gel over the barn door on this flash head. A second sitter, Hayley Reece wore a black hoodie in the background to imply a paranormal presence. This was simple in theory; however, we attempted several angles and distances to Tashi to get this right. Finally, I was aware of the flashlight, FBI badge and smoke machine issues from the first shoot. The processed roll was scanned on an Imacon scanner in RGB 16 bit at 3200 PPI. The resultant TIF files are summarised in the following contact sheet.

In shots 01, 02, 03, 04, 09, 10 and 11 the flashlight features and I directed Tashi to not point it into the camera. This was a solution to the problem; however, it is still evident that it is not emitting light. For this reason, I have decided to not select one of these variations even though it is a prop associated with the character. Her right hand appears wider than her left hand when it is dominant in the frame and we all collectively preferred shots 07 and 08 for this reason. Her arm acts as a leading line, drawing the viewer into the photograph. It also covers the problematic detail of the FBI badge. When deciding between these final two images, it was Tashi’s expression in 08 that appealed to me the most. She has a classic deadpan stare that Crewdson has made famous in his works. Furthermore, it acted as a means to captivate the viewer and invite them to question the source of the mysterious light. One element that I noticed after the film was processed was the lens flare in the background. During my digital test shots a lens hood was attached. This was not available on the Hasselblad body in the final piece. In retrospect, I rather like the effect and it adds to the ambience of the photograph.

Bibliography

Clarendon, D. (2018). 7 Most 90s Things About The X-Files. TV Insider. Available from www.tvinsider.com/717746/x-files-season-1-premiere-pilot [Accessed 12/12/2019]

Lighting Diagram

Contact Sheet

Final Piece, f/11, 1/125, ISO 100

[ss1986us]

ncert solutions for class 8 maths

NCERT Solutions for class 8 Maths

in case if you are looking for accurate, comprehensive and free ncert solutions for class 8 maths then you are at very right place. These ncert solutions for class 8 maths are available in the PDF format, which can be easily shared and accessed among friends. The diligent efforts of faculties at Entrancei have made sure the best of all solutions are available for students.

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[praadiseducation]

Why Class 6 Maths NCERT Solutions Is important ?

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Maths includes all the questions handed in National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Books for 6th Class Maths Subject. Then all questions are answered with detailed explanation and available for free to check website.

NCERT Solutions for class 6 maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Maths

includes all the questions handed in NCERT text book which is specified for class 6 in seminaries. NCERT textbook book questions and answers help you to get thorough understanding of the generalities. It's always recommended to study NCERT books as it covers the whole syllabus. These questions with detailed explanation are now available in website for free to view and download.

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Free from Praadis Education app and Praadis website. Maths Ncert Solutions for class 6 includes textbook book solutions from Class 6 Maths Book. Solutions for CBSE Class 6 Calculi have total 14 chapters.  

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in PDF for free Download on our website. Ncert Maths class 6 results PDF and Maths ncert class 6 PDF solutions with rearmost variations and as per the rearmost CBSE syllabus are only available.

Maths Ncert Solutions for Class 6

Calculi give detailed explanations for all the questions handed in the NCERT handbooks specified by the Central Board of Secondary Education. NCERT Class 6 Maths Results to help scholars clear their dubieties by offering an in- depth understanding of the generalities. These accoutrements including

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Maths Ncert Solutions Covers all the 14 chapters.

Chapter 1 Knowing Our Numbers

Chapter 2 Whole Numbers

Chapter 3 Playing with Numbers

Chapter 4 Basic Geometric Ideas

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Chapter 8 Decimals

Chapter 9 Data Handing

Chapter 10 Mensuration

Chapter 11 Algebra

Chapter 12 Ratio and Proportion

Chapter 13 Symmetry

Chapter 14 Practical Geometry

[juniperpublishersna]

Preparation and Application of Novel Chitosan-Guar Gum Composite as Drug Delivery Carrier-Juniper Publishers

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

The aim of present work was to prepare the composites of ionic polymer chitosan with non ionic polymer guar gum and then to evaluate it as an excipient for the fast disintegrating drug delivery systems. Chitosan gel (5%) was prepared using acetic acid solution (2%) while 5% guar gum solution was prepared using deionised water. Composite was prepared by mixing both polymers in same proportion at regulated temperature. The dried and sieved composite was characterized for its micromeritic properties, flow behaviour, swelling behaviour and surface characteristics. Six batches of tablets Were prepared with composites in different ratios viz. 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of total tablet weight, using phenytoin sodium as model drug. These tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vitro release characteristics and stability study using official methods. All the physical parameters were found within the standard limits. Batch F2 showed best in-vitro release and released about 90% drug within first five minutes. Results revealed the fact that characteristics of all tablets did not change significantly for duration of six months. Thus it can be concluded on the basis of present study that these composites can act as excellent excipient for the fast disintegrating drug delivery systems in chronic disorders.

Figure 1: Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) photograph of the surface of chitosan-guar gum composit

Keywords:      Composite; Biocompatible polymer; Fast disintegrating tablets; Stability study; phenytoin sodium     

Introduction

Composites are generally formed by physical interaction between two different polymer solutions. This type of composites exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, as the interactions within the polymer gels have considerable effect. Many studies have been done to use composites of chitosan and anions for pharmaceutical applications [14]. Chitosan, poly-b-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, is a naturally occurring cationic polysaccharide derived from the N-deacetylation of chitin. At acidic pH ranges, the ionizable amino groups in chitosan molecules are protonated [5,6]. The formation and the properties of composite depend on various factors including nature and position of the ionic groups, charge density and concentration of both polymers; it also depends upon proportion of charges, molecular weight of the macromolecules and condition of synthesis [7-10]. Most of  the natural polysaccharides are anionic in nature such as gum acacia, alginate, xanthan gum, guar gum and gellan gums etc. Guar gum is a naturally occurring polysaccharide obtained from the endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonalobus. Structurally it is a galactomannan having galactose to mannose ratio of approximately 1:2 [11]. Guar gum is obtained from natural sources and thus a renewable resource, biodegradable and non-toxic. We expect some improvement in the properties (such as hydrophilicity) to be solely based on interaction between two different natural polymers. This paper attempts to investigate the feasibility of chitosan-guar gum composite, as excipient for fast disintegrating drug delivery system in treatment of chronic disorders using phenytoin sodium as model drug. Phenytoin sodium is commonly used anticonvulsant which is useful in the treatment of status epilepticus of the grandmal seizures type. Tablets prepared using chitosan-guar gum composite expect to show good mechanical properties in terms of better hardness and less friability as compared to single polymer used. Hence this formulation overcomes transportation and handling problems generally found in commercial fast disintegrating tablets. This type of polymer promotes oral delivery of drug within few seconds, thus better patient compliance can be achieved for unconscious patient.   

Materials and Methods

Material

Drug Phenytoin sodium was purchased from Alchem Laboratories, Baddi India. Sodium alginate and microcrystalline cellulose were procured from CDH Laboratory reagent, Central Drug House (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India. Chitosan (Medium molecular weight, viscosity 200.000cps) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Spruce Street, St. Louis. All other materials were of pharmaceutical grade and purchased as "supplied without further purification".

Preparation of chitosan-guar gum composites

5% chitosan gel was prepared using 2% acetic acid solution. Continuous agitation and heating made a gel formation at temperature about 45 °C. Further temperature was increased up to 70 °C with continuous stirring. Guar gum was added in deionized water to form homogeneous solution of 5%(w/v). Temperature of gum solution was increased slowly up to 60 °C. To prepare composites, equal proportion of both solutions was mixed with continuous stirring and temperature of mixture was reduced within the range of room temperature (25-35 °C). This solution was further dried under vacuum. Dried composite was powdered and passed through sieve #20, and stored in airtight container for further study [12].   

Experimental work

Characterization of chitosan-guar gum composites

Surface morphology of composite particles: The surface characteristics of composites were observed by scanning electron microscopy ((Leo 435 VP, Carl Zeiss NTS GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany). Dried powdered composites were passed through sieve #20 and coated with gold using a sputter coater (Agar sputter coater, Agar Scientific, Stansted, UK) under high vacuum (100m Torr) and high voltage (1.2kV and 50mA). The samples were imaged using high energy electron beam.

Micromeritic properties of composite: As described by authors elsewhere apparent bulk density (g/ml), tapped sensity, Carr's Index, bulkiness and angle of repose of powdered composite was determined [12,13].

Swelling study: As discussed earlier swelling properties of composite was studied [14].

Rheological study of coacervates: To determine viscosity 1%w/v solution of composite was prepared in purified water. Viscosity of polymer was measured at shear rates from 0.1 to 2.0s-1 at 25 °C using Brookfield viscometer.

Preparation of composites based tablets

*percentage of total tablet weight

Granulation: In present research work, wet granulation technique was used to prepare matrix tablet. Drug dose (phenytoin sodium) was 30mg for each tablet and was added accordingly. According to Table 1, all the ingredients were mixed physically for 25min, using a mortar pestle. Then, appropriate amount of distilled water was added to prepare a wet mass. Wet mass was passed through sieve 20 # to obtain granules. The granules were dried at 45 °C for 24h.

Preparation of tablets: Equivalent to weight of single tablet (500mg), granules were weighted and compressed by Cadmach punching machine with 12mm diameter flat faced tolling.Tablets were compressed at compression force of 2 Newton for 10 seconds [12].

Evaluation of composites based tablets

Evaluation for weight variation: Test was carried out according to the European pharmacopoeia. Twenty tablets were randomly selected from each batch and the mean of tablet weights was calculated. Results are presented as mean value and standard deviation [12-14].

Tablet thickness testing: The thickness of the matrix tablets was determined using vernier caliper (Mitutoyo Dial Thickness Gauge, Mitutoyo, Japan) and the results were expressed as mean values of 10 determinations with standard deviations [15-17].

Evaluation for tablet hardness: Hardness of all batches was determined using Digital Force Gauge (Model:EL=500N, Electrolab). The test was carried out in triplicate for all batches as per USP XXIV monograph for uncoated tablets. The tablet hardness was expressed in Newton (N) unit and mean with standard deviation were calculated [12-14].

Friability measurement: Twenty tablets were randomly selected from each batch, accurately weighed and placed in the drum of friabilator (Erweka type, GmbH, Germany). The tablets were rotated at 25rpm for a period of 4min and then removed, dedusted and accurately re-weighed (EP 2000). The percentage loss in weight was calculated and taken as a measure of friability. The readings were shown as mean of triplicate with standard deviation [12-14].

Drug content: The tablets were powdered, and 30mg equivalent weight of phenytoin sodium in tablet powder was accurately weighted and transferred into a 100ml volumetric flask. Initially, 10ml of phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) was added and shaken for 10min. Then, the volume was made up to 100ml with buffer. Subsequently, the solution in volumetric flask was filtered, and 1ml of the filtrate was diluted and analyzed at 252nm using UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-2450, Japan). The drug content of the each sample was estimated from standard curve [12-14].

In-vitro disintegration time: Tablets of all batches were selected and evaluated for disintegration time in distilled water maintained at 37±0.5 °C temperature using a disintegration apparatus (Electrolab, TDT-06T, Mumbai, India ), according to European pharmacopoeia (2002) specifications. The disintegration time was defined as the time necessary for the "Oral Disintegrating Tablet" to completely disintegrate until no solid residue remains or only a trace amount of soft residue remains on the screen. A digital stopwatch was used to measure the disintegration time to the nearest second. Only one tablet was analyzed at a time in order to ensure accuracy. All results are presented as mean value of six readings with standard deviation [12-15].

In vitro drug release study: In vitro drug release was studied using LabIndia Dissolution apparatus, with 900ml of dissolution medium (phosphate buffer pH 6.6) maintained at 37±1 °C for 90min, at 100rpm. 5ml of sample was withdrawn at particular time interval, and was replaced by an equal volume of fresh dissolution media of same pH (phosphate buffer pH 6.6). Collected samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically at measured wavelength of 252nm, and cumulative percent drug release was calculated. The data obtained in the in-vitro dissolution study was analyzed in terms of, percentage drug release with respect to time (min).

Kinetic assessment of in vitro drug release: To determine the drug release pattern based on release model, the in vitro drug release data were fitted to Zero-order (cumulative percentage amount of drug release versus time), First-order (log cumulative percentage of drug remaining to release versus time), Higuchi (fraction of drug release, Mt/Mi, versus square root of time) and Korsemeyer-Peppas (log fraction of drug released, log Mt/Mi, versus log time) models. Most suited model for drug release was decided on the basis of regression coefficient.

Stability study: Selected tablets of all formulations were stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blisters covered with aluminum foil, at room temperature and 60% relative humidity for a time period of 12 months. To maintain relative humidity, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) saturated salt solution was used as a humidifier. Stability of all formulations was assessed by comparing the results from in vitro disintegration and dissolution studies. To investigate any changes in the physicochemical properties of composite and drug, infrared spectrum of individual compound was matched after 0, 3, 6 and 12 months interval. The results were checked for statistical significance using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), F-test for testing the equality of several means. A p-value>0.05 was considered statistically insignificant [16].   

Results

#value in parenthesis show standard deviation of triplicate readings.

Chitosan-guar gum composite was synthesized and characterized for micromeritic properties and flow behaviour; findings of these studies are shown in Table 2. Scanning electron microscopic study of composites easily depict the fact that surface of composite particles were rough in nature. As per the table 3, the formulated matrix tablets met the Pharmacopoeial requirement of uniformity of weight. They also confirmed, to the requirement of assay, as per USP. Hardness, percentage friability and thickness were all within acceptable limits. The hardness of tablets was determined and was found to be in the range of 20.08 to 20.88 N. The values for all batches showed that tablets have sufficient hardness and further friability was studied for all batches. Friability was obtained between 0.112 to 0.212%, which was below 1% indicating sufficient mechanical integrity and strength of the prepared tablets. Thickness of tablets was also measured to evaluate efficacy of process of formulation development. Thickness of tablet was found in between 3.74 to 4.10mm. Drug content was also measured to evaluate the accuracy of procedure. Good and uniform drug content values for all batches are able to show that this particular process was quite efficient.

Results of in vitro release study showed that all studied tablets released more than 95% drug within 60min as shown in Figure 2. Batch F2, batch F3 and batch F6 release more than 90% drug within 15min and which is comparatively better than batch F1, batch F4 and batch F5 (Figure 2). Results obtained from in vitro drug release were fitted to Zero order, First order, Higuchi kinetics and Korsmeyer-Peppas diffusion model (Table 3). Model that best fitted the release data was evaluated on the basis of correlation coefficient (r). Findings of Table 4 easily predict that none of the formulation showed better regression value when fitted to zero order equation (Qt=Q0+K0t). When release data was plotted according to first order equation (Qt=Q0e-K1t),batch F1, F2, F4 and F5 showed linearity, with regression value 0.944, 0.929, 0.904 and 0.979 respectively. Higuchi kinetics was fairly shown by batch F5 with regression value 0.919, other batches did not show significant regression valve when fitted in Higuchi kinetic equation (Qt=Kh t1/2). Diffusion mechanism of drug release was studied by fitting in vitro drug release data in to Korsmeyer-Peppas diffusion model (Qt/Qt=Kktn). All batches except Batch F5 showed good linearity of regression coefficient with this model. On the basis of regression value of all batches it was concluded that batch F1, F5 and F6 follow First order kinetics (release rate of drug from matrix, is proportional to the amount of drug remaining in the matrix) while batch F2, F3 and F4 follow Korsmeyer-Peppas diffusion kinetics (drug release based on more than one phenomenon) with n value less than 0.5 (fickian diffusion).

Values in parenthesis shows standard deviation.

¶r=Correlation Coefficient; K0=Zero Order Release Rate Constant; K1= First Order Release Rate Constant; D=Diffusion Coefficient and n= Release Exponent

After 12 months of stability study at controlled environmental conditions no significant differences (p<0.05) in disintegration time and in vitro drug release rate of the prepared tablets were observed. On the basis of infrared spectroscopic studies during the stability study, it can be concluded that there was no change in the physico-chemical properties of both composite and drug (Table 4).   

Discussion

Findings of present investigation demonstrate that the properties of composites are entirely different from the properties of each single polymer from which that complex is synthesized. Synthesized composites have characteristics properties in terms of micromeritic properties and flow behaviour (Table2) . Micromeritic study data is important in predicting the flow property of polymer as well as for granules obtained after granulation. The synthesized composites showed better flow properties hence depicting the fact that this complex when used as polymer would enhance the flow characteristic of the formed granules. Flow property is emphasized because, it decides the ease of compaction of powder or granules into a tablet dosage form. Carr's index was studied with the aim to evaluate compressibility characteristics of the composite. All these parameters ranged between the reported limits. Results also reveal the fact (Table 3)that micromeritic properties and flow characteristics does not changed significantly when different powder blends were prepared using composite. Post compression study such as hardness and friability were all within acceptable limits. These are important physical properties which demonstrate that the tablet formulated can be handled easily without any physical damage. These two data show the importance of formulation over commercial fast disintegrating tablets which have problem during transportation and storage. Thickness of tablets was also measured to evaluate efficacy of process of formulation development. Almost uniform thickness of tablets showed that this process is efficient enough to produce tablet. Drug content was measured to evaluate the efficiency. Uniform drug content values for all batches show that this particular process was highly efficient and can be used at industrial level to formulate fast disintegrating tablet for a particular disease condition. The in vitro drug release was studied in terms of % drug release vs time (min) graph, and showed that all batches released drug within a small duration of time. Hence, release characteristics are able to demonstrate that all the formulations can be used for the commercialization of product. The drug release data for the various chitosan-guar gum composite tablets fitted into the classical power law expression. This indicates that drug release from these matrix tablets followed non-Fickian kinetics, due probably to rapid swelling and erosion of the matrix structure formed by the interaction of chitosan and guar gum. It is likely that the incorporation of composite into tablets would enhance initial swelling, followed by erosion of matrix. Data obtained during stability study demonstrate that these tablets were stable during the period of stability study (Table 4). Properties of tablets did not change significantly during the study. So these types of tablets can be stored in the environmental condition (temperature-25 °C, relative humidity 40% to 60%).

It can be concluded by all the physico-chemical parameters and in vitro disintegration and in vitro dissolution study that batch F2 was optimized formulation among the six batches of tablets. The batch F2 showed less friability and greater hardness when compared to other batches. In vitro disintegration time and in vitro dissolution time were also less comparatively. The tablets released 98.98% of drug. It can be concluded on behalf of obtained results that neither the drug nor the polymers show any interaction, thus removing the uncertainty of cause of any chemical interaction. This is utmost important while formulating any dosage form, so that individual characteristics of compound is retained Table 5.

┼valves in parenthesis shows standard deviation of triplicate readings   

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that physical interaction took place during the formation of chitosan-guar gum composites which helped in enhancing the release of drug from the tablets within few minutes. Thus, this may prove to be efficient means of formulating fast disintegrating tablets for the treatment of chronic disorders at the initial stage of attack/onset.   

Acknowledgement

Authors are highly thankful to "Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (DST)" Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi India, to carry out scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of chitosan-guar gum composite.

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[deltaponline]

VFD is not a substitute for a Gearbox

  When VFDs - Variable Frequency Drive - made their appearance about 50 years ago, it was considered a fascinating invention. Over the years VFDs have seen many changes and it has become a reliable equipment for speed control in different ways. In the enthusiasm to sell, VFDs were offered as a substitute for a mechanical /hydraulic speed variators. (speed reducers/ speed increasers – rolled in one). Advantage was tremendous -no mechanical equipment to maintain, power savings, soft start and smooth acceleration. Every equipment has its own niche area of application. Stepping out of this without in depth study of driven equipment’s speed -torque requirement leads to failures and a needless bad reputation to the equipment itself. Centrifugal pumps constitute the largest number among pumps used in industry. Along with their cousins – centrifugal fans and blowers – they form a group that has benefited from VFD. Flow regulation and power savings – both in one stroke! However, the story is quite different when VFD is applied to PD - positiv displacment - pumps. Here is a case history of misapplied VFD which was subsequently replaced with a fixed ratio gearbox! User: a multinational lubricant manufacturer – lube oils and greases , Location : India Application: Pumping of High viscosity additives in a lube oil blending plant. Drive for a 30 HP, 8 pole motor directly driving a Twin-Screw Pump. Speed variation between 720 to 360 rpm by VFD ,to handle a product viscosity ranging from 6000 to 17000 cSt A smaller gear pump was replaced by a larger Twin Screw pump to enhance plant capacity. Pump manufacturer offered pump with a direct coupled 8 pole motor with VFD, eliminating speed reducing gear box. This pleased the customer – as it saved space and maintenance. Operational speed range was selected as 360 to 400 rpm.  Logic: 8 pole VFD compatible motor ( 50Hz) will deliver approx. 720 rpm. VFD will bring down the frequency to achieve 360 - 400 rpm speed range. Lower viscosity fluids could be handled at higher speeds if needed. Motor & Pump were tested at Pump manufacture’s works as a unit at 720 rpm on VG 68 oil. Test went as smoothly as planned. VFD was directly purchased by client from a VFD supplier. At plant site when the unit was put into operation – the motor tripped even before reaching the required speed. Manual rotation, lowering product viscosity be heating the additive, torque boost feature of VFD… everything in the manual was tried out without success. This included several visits of service engineers from Pump manufacturer – since pump was under warranty. Meanwhile, customer had to reinstall the earlier gear pump assembly to keep the production going instead of no production at all.

Fig 1 Observation at site:  The sketch describes the installation. (see fig 1) Inherent mistakes: the vessel holding the additive, approx. 6500 litres had a limpet coil on the top side. This would never heat the additive to the required temperature at pump intake! Hot oil circulation was intended as a means of keeping the additive temperature in the range of 50 to 55 °C.  Obviously, the original design of the vessel may have been for a different purpose like preventing solidification of lighter layer of liquid. It could have never served for heating the contents of the vessel – in the first place no matter how long the heating process is kept ON. Additive was at ambient temperature despite the circulation of hot oil through the limpet coil. High viscosity of the product meant high friction losses. Product to metal drag is even higher than between the layers of product. Result: full dia of pipe would never be available for liquid movement – only the centre portion of the pipe was serving as effective conduit! Pressure drop was high as indicated by the readings on a compound gauge: high vacuum at pump suction despite a positive with 2 m of liquid column – when pump shaft turned a few rotations before causing motor to trip. Starting torque of pump with high viscous medium is much higher than in lube oil medium. When testing in lube oil this fact can’t be noticed. Motor operating with VFD delivers lower power although the full torque is available at speeds less than the rated speed of motor. Drive motor rating 22 kW @ 720 rpm, against actual  power requirement of 11kW. Despite this, the pump could not be operated. Points to note: a 30 HP motor will produce only 15 HP output when frequency is reduced from 50 to 25 Hz since Torque is constant during 0 to 50 Hz operation. VFD briefly offers same Starting Torque as a DOL start would with increased voltage at reduced frequency. This is available for just 2 seconds. Pump could be rotated by hand with a wrench (300 Nm), hence starting with a motor was not doubted. There is a negative margin (295 vs 291 Nm) on Torque when using a 30 HP, 8 pole motor with VFD! Additive at ambient temp (30 ⁰C) has higher viscosity resulting in higher torque requirement by pump. Lesson learnt:   VFD is not a substitute for a speed reducer gear box  If specified viscosity is lower than actual – there will be problems! Solution offered: Replace the existing motor by a 15 kW, 4 pole motor with a 4:1 ratio speed reducer to achieve 360 rpm without VFD. At first, this looked strange but on explaining the facts and admitting the fact the drive selection was flawed, customer agreed to accept the change with no commercial implications. Accordingly, the entire pump+ motor assembly was sent to manufacturer located about 200 km away. New baseplate, coupling, (4:1 ratio) gearbox with 15 kW, 4 pole motor were arranged to couple with the same pump. The completed unit was reinstalled at the plant at same location. When commissioned – the unit performed as per expectation with no glitch. The current consumption being well below the rated current of the motor. The test was continued till completion of the batch. Satisfied, customer signed the service report but desired to know what the “gimmick”! The explanation is simple: Pump starting torque with 6000 cSt fluid: approx. 300 Nm.  … (Ref A 6) Operating torque for duty condition : 291 Nm , Power needed at 360 rpm= 11 kW Motor Torque (rated) ; ( 30 HP , 720 rpm) = 291 Nm    (Ref A 3) Ratio: Tst/Tr = 2  for DOL starting or with Torque Boost Feature on. Available torque for Pump starting: 291x 2 = 582 Nm with 30 HP, 8 pole motor with VFD  ..(Ref A 7) Since the Motor with VFD start is much like a soft starter – picking up speed gradually. During the period from start to reach full speed, the torque remains constant but not the power. Power = Torque x Speed/ constant, in SI units, Power – kW, Torque – Nm, Speed -1/s. Numerical value of constant is 9550. High current drawn during the acceleration period caused motor to trip. What happens when a 15 kW (20HP) motor with 4:1 speed reducer replaced the 22 kW drive? The torque of a 15 kW, 4 pole motor is only 98 Nm- far less that what is needed. However, the speed reducer acts as a torque multiplier in the same ratio: 98 x 4 = 392 Nm! …( Ref B 3) This is the rated torque value. On DOL start this will be 2 times higher I,e, = 392 x 2 = 784 Nm!! …. …(Ref B 7) If the process parameters are met by the pump - any customer is happy. But it is not necessary to go through such experience to learn a lesson! To facilitate pumping, two suggestions were made: Place the limpet coil at the lower section of the vessel. The entire mass of additives will be heated by convection. (The limpet coils at the upper section made no sense – at least for this application) Provide a full flow by- pass across the suction and discharge ports with a valve in between. Keep the valve fully open during starting and then gradually close it to get full flow. This will be especially useful if liquid viscosity is higher than expected. Curiosity does not die: why did the manufacturer suggest a direct drive with VFD instead of well tested Geared motor drive for low speed operations? The engineer who had made the pump selection had already left the company but when contacted said:” it was customer’s request to avoid gearbox in the proposal “! After all this episode was over, we asked the customer if this was true. He said “Yes”! Honest customer – a rare commodity these days! Ref.   Motor 30 HP / 8 pole with VFD (A) Motor 20 HP/4 pole with 4:1 ratio reducer (B) 1 Power at rated speed (720 rpm) HP 30 20 2 Power required at 360 rpm, HP 15 20 3 Drive Torque @ 360 rpm 291 Nm 392 Nm 4 Torque required by Pump at rated speed (360 rpm) 295 Nm 295 Nm 5 Pump starting Torque Without additive 100 Nm 100 Nm 6 Pump starting torque with additive 300 Nm 300 Nm 7 Drive starting torque 582 Nm With Torque Boost feature 784 Nm   Points to note: a 30 HP motor will produce only 15 HP output when frequency is reduced from 50 to 25 Hz since Torque is constant during 0 to 50 Hz operation. VFD briefly offers same Starting Torque as a DOL start would with increased voltage at reduced frequency. This is available for just 2 seconds. Pump shaft could be rotated by hand with a wrench (300 Nm), hence starting with a motor was not doubted. There is a negative margin (295 vs 291 Nm) on Torque when using a 30 HP, 8 pole motor with VFD! Additive at ambient temp (30 ⁰C) has higher viscosity resulting in higher torque requirement by pump. Lessons learnt:   VFD is not a substitute for a speed reducer gear box . Gear box acts as a torque Multiplier – VFD can only ensure constant torque equal to motor rated torque. The Power output of a motor will reduce in direct proportion to speed or Frequency when a VFD is used. If specified viscosity is lower than actual – there will be problems! For more information contact cowlagi@polydrill.com Read the full article

[juniperpublishers-agriculture]

Productivity and Content of Pharmaceutical Indices of Sedum aizoon l. At Different Ratios of N, P, K-Juniper Publishers

In the experiments of mineral nutrition optimization of valuable herb Sedium aizoon L. grown in open air hydroponic conditions it was revealed the significant influence of N, P, K ratio in nutrient solution on productivity and content of physiological-biochemical, pharmaceutical indices of plant. Moreover, the optimum ratio of N, P, K was 10:40:50 atom% for the output of medicinal raw material, and in the roots it was 16:23:61; 17:22:61; 15:25:60; 21:21:58; 15:43:42 և 26:18:56 atom% for biologically active compounds saponins, arbutin, β-sitosterol, olienic acid, tannins and еxtractives, accordingly.

Keywords: Nutrition optimalization; Hydroponics; Sedium aizoon L., Physiological-pharmacological indices; Productivity

    Introduction

Medicinal herb Sedum aizoon L. have been introduced to soilless culture taking into consideration the unique properties and high demand of stimulating and adaptive plant species. Long-term researches approved high productivity and possibility of hydroponic cultivation of Sedum aizoon L. and revealed its agro-radiochemical, physiological–biochemical characteristics in conditions of hydroponics and soil culture [1-4]. At the same time, in the Institute of Hydroponics Problems of NAS RA scientific experiments were done for optimization of the mineral nutrition of some medicinal, essential oil bearing, dye-bearing crops, also mathematical models of plant productivity increase have been received, and the influence of N, P, K ratio of the nutrient solution on productivity of plants and on stimulation of bioactive compounds’ biosynthesis has been confirmed [5-8].

The aim of research was to study the influence of N, P, K different ratios on the plant productivity taking account above mentioned and medicinal specificities and prospects of Sedum aizoon L.

    Materials and Methods

Sedum aizoon L. is a perennial herb with 25-45cm height that belongs to the Grassulaceae family. The root and over ground parts of the plant are used for medical purposes. In the roots of plant there were found carbohydrates, oleic acid, β-sitosterol, phenols and their derivatives (arbutin), tannins, triterpenoid saponins that have stimulating properties. In the leaves of plant there were found vitamin C, carotenoids, tannins and negligible amounts of arbutin and saponins. The plant is used for treatment of pneumo nia, hepatitis, kidney dieseases and other diseases. It has also abilities to reduce temperature, heal wounds and raise vitality [9-11].

The experiments were done with the 8 repeats in hydroponic vegetative vessels with 0.16m2 surface, where the mixture of volcanic slag and gravel with 1:1 ratio was used as a substrate. Plants were nourished two times during a day with the Davtyan’s 1N nutrient solution [12] with the following three proportions of N, P, K: N70P15K15, N15P70K15 and N15P15K70 atom %. The methods of Homes’s Systematic variations [13] and Vakhmistrov’s “correlation probing” [14] were used to clarify the optimal ratio of N, P, K, and to count correlation coefficient between plant productivity and N, P, K ratio in nutrient solution. Physiological-biochemical and medicinal analyses of experimental plants were done during vegetation: water-holding forces, the sap osmotic pressure in the leaves were measured according Gusev [15], the content of photosynthetic pigments was estimated according Wettstein [16], the content of vitamin C was determined according Yermakov [17] and the content of tannins, extractive compounds and humidity in the dry medicinal raw material was defined according SPh XI [18]. The amount of saponins, arbutin, β-sytosterin, oleic acid in the roots was determined by the method of preparative thin layer chromatography. The samples of “Sigma Aldrich” firm were used as standards.

Results and Discussion

The experiment results for optimization of Sedum aizoon L. mineral nutrition is shown in the Tables 1-4. It was found that high amount of potassium in the nutrient solution promotes the increase of plant productivity and improvement of some medicinal indices (Table 1,2).

The content of bioactive substances in the variant with highest content of K exceeded the variant with highest content of N, in average, 1.6-2.3 times and the variant with highest content of P 1.7-1.8 times. The high amount of nitrogen in nutrient solution had a negative influence on tannins content in the roots and accumulation of dry medicinal raw material.

N, P, K effective ratios were calculated theoretically for dry medicinal raw material of Sedum aizoon L. using the method of “systematic variations” of Homes: 10:40: 50 atom % for output of over ground mass and total medicinal raw material and 11:40:49 atom % for roots. Also, correlation coefficients between the plant productivity and N:P:K ratio in the nutrient solution was defined that were-0.998; -0.999 and -0.997, respectively.

Mathematical models of plant productivity enhancement were developed in form of regression equations (for over ground mass: y=19.82-0.27x; for roots: y=11.79-0.157x; for total medicinal raw material: y=30.17-0.383x). The analyses of equations allow to suppose that it is possible to receive maximum harvest of Sedum aizoon L. at nutrient solution with optimal N:P:K ratio: for over ground mass it equals to 19.82g/plant, for roots it is 11.79 g/ plant, for total medicinal raw material it makes up 30.17g/plant and the 1 atom % shift from above mentioned values will bring to the decrease of yield on 0.270g/plant; 0.157g/plant; 0.383g/plant amount, respectively.

Similar calculations were done also for the definition of bioactive compounds (saponins, arbutin, β-sitosterol, oleic acid, tannins and extractive substances) content in the roots of Sedum aizoon L. (Table 3).

Mathematical models of plant productivity enhancement were brought out in form of regression equations for the content of:

a. Saponins: y=1.74-0.0185x.

b. Arbutin: y=0.77-0.0081x.

c. β-sitosterol: y=0.1-0.0011x.

d. Oleic acid: y=0.057-0.00054x.

e. Tannins: y=8.7-0.0983x.

f. Extractive substances: y=22.84-0.223x.

These equations prove, that in optimal conditions of nutrient solution it is possible to receive maximum amount of saponins, arbutin, β-sitosterol, oleic acid, tannins and extractive substances in the roots of Sedum aizoon L.

Thus, relatively high accumulation of water’s more mobile fraction, chlorophyll (a+b) and vitamin C was observed in case of nitrogen and phosphorus high portions in nutrient solution, and an increase of sap osmotic pressure and osmotic bound water was recorded in variants with predominance of phosphorus and potassium. Relatively high portion of phosphorus in nutrient solution provided the increase of carotenoids content in the leaves (Figure).

Conclusion

The ratio of N, P, K in Davtyan’s 1N nutrient solution sufficiently influences on the productivity and bioactive substances content of Sedum aizoon L. Whereupon, effective ratios of N, P, K are 10:40:50 atom% in the case of total medicinal raw material output, and are 16:23:61; 17:22:61; 15:25:60; 21:21:58; 15:43:42 and 26:18:56 atom % in the roots in the case of bioactive compounds saponins, arbutin, β-sitosterol, oleic acid, tannins and extractive substances, respectively.

To know more about Journal of Agriculture Research- https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/index.phpTo know more about open access journal publishers click on Juniper publishers

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The Pattern of the CDS Examination will be conducted in two stages as indicated below:

Stage -I – Written Examination (Objective     Multiple Choice Type)

Stage -II – SSB (Service Selection Board)     Interview.

CDS – LATEST NOTIFICATION of Examination (2018)

Date Of Notification: AUG

Last Dates Of Receipt Of Application: AUG

Date Of Examination: 18 NOVEMBER, 2018

Stage I (Written Examination)  & Stage II (SSB Interview)

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Time

Question

Marks

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2 hours

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100

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Time

Question

Marks

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120

100

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·          

·         19-24 Years of age for Indian Military Academy

·          

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 ALGEBRA: Basic Operations, simple factors, Remainder Theorem, H.C.F., L.C.M. Theory of polynomials, Solutions of quadratic equations, the relation between its roots and coefficients (Only real roots to be considered). Simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns-analytical and graphical solutions. Simultaneous linear inequations in two variables and their solutions. Practical problems leading to two simultaneous linear equations or inequations in two Variables or quadratic equations in one variable & their solutions. Set language and set notation, rational expressions and conditional identities, Laws of indices. TOP CDS Coaching institute in chandigarh

 TRIGONOMETRY: Sine x, cosine x, Tangent x when 00 < x < 900 Values of sin x, cos x and tan x, for x = 00, 300, 450, 600 and 900

Simple trigonometric identities . best cds coaching in chandigarh chandigarh, 160022

 GEOMETRY: Lines and angles, Plane and plane figures, Theorems on

                i.         Properties of angles at a Point

                i.         Parallel lines,

                i.         Sides and angles of a triangle

                i.         Congruency of triangles,

                i.         Similar triangles.

                i.         The concurrence of medians and altitudes,

                i.         Properties of angles, sides and diagonals of a parallelogram, rectangle and square

 Circles and its     properties including tangents and normal,

MENSURATION: Areas of squares, rectangles, parallelograms, triangle and circle. Areas of figures which Can be split up into these figures (Field Book), Surface area and volume of cuboids, lateral surface and volume of right circular cones and cylinders, surface area and Volume of spheres.

STATISTICS: Collection and tabulation of statistical data, Graphical representation, frequency, Polygons, histograms, bar charts, pie charts etc. Measures of central tendency.

 Contact Us:

Mentors Academy Chandigarh SCO 114, 115 3rd floor Sector 34 A Chandigarh 160022

Contact number: 9915205090, 9780333722, and 946454339

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Functional photo editor for PC

It is alluring to zoom in on existent particular you are go for to catch when you shooting a picture in a special radius. It's surely far better not to center, otherwise your photo show up fuzzy or grainy. As an alternative, try to get closer to your theme, except it's a small thing, in that instance anyone would recommend to keep your distance or do your image in a default area, as well as plant it in the future. In this way, you will not endanger top quality, and it is less complicated to mess around and enhance a bigger photo.Photo editor for PC carries out possess a few of the functionalities is preferred for, which comes quite practical when you have actually selected you have actually like to attempt your hand on one thing much more functional than image correction as well as photo printing. Photo editor for PC may furthermore import stills from video clip clips, together with various data. And also when you're really feeling a little bit careless or it is simply plain unaware about exactly how to usage a few of the resources, a wizard can aid you adjust the fundamentals just as lighting fixtures, focus, color, and turning of graphics. For this people who like their pictures in wide scale versions, the software program application helps you flawlessly placed with each other photos to generate a scenic photo. And also if it's a chance to unveil off your photography skills, you may select one of the photo package templates to promptly print them in a particular dimension.

Photo editor for PC download or edit image software to blur photos

This photo editor for PC is most effectively for thrilled students with a bunch of attend their workflow to find out the also technical functions that will scare away 1st opportunity photo editing and enhancing users. It additionally happen geared up with a 360 panorama plan. Probably the shiniest gem in the bunch would be actually the stunning skin influence, which evens out and also eliminates reddish patches out your complexion. While there is actually no mechanically shade fix alternative somewhat important to fix the poor lighting up most electronic video cameras document, there are actually still the fundamental features of crop photo. Among the most well-known misconstrued components of electronic photography is what takes place once you make the shot in fact editing your photos. Here we will cover some suggestions for editing your images, from the essentials like print photo poster and also change the size of a photo, through much more difficult functions. The cut out item enables you to change the dimension of your image, and additionally to alter the aspect proportion. You can crop a photo from a rectangular shape to a square form. There are many reasons you would wish to cut out, including for posting in various styles and also aspect ratios. Compared to the initial, I have chopped the photo with photo editor to get rid of the lightning part of the right side of the photo and also recomposed utilizing the policy of quarters. It makes the coloring bolt extra the focus of photo shot. When taking the photo, you might ask yourself why I did not simply make up effectively. Well, in this situation, I was actually preparing a longish direct exposure photo shooting with no a tripod stand, so had the electronic camera stabilized on the edge of the sidewalk for security. That significantly restricted my capability to perfectly frame the minute, so I simply shot larger, recognizing I had the ability to crop the image properly as a result of the reality. In the two instances, chopping is really simple as well as it is simply entails you selecting the cropping device and after that selecting the location you wish to maintain with your mouse. You apply the modifications and also your new chopped picture is all set to go. Additional reading to blur photos and photographic effects with the photo editor free download or top photo editor for Computer with a lot of awesome options to easy flip a photo. Sharpen an image is useful with the photo editor. Download photo editor for experts and software photo editor to blur images and merge photos.

Photo editor for PC free download

At this time when we was searching the web for a simple to handle photo editor for PC, we eventually tripped over this very awesome software

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Photo editor for PC for amateurs

Photo editor for PC to very simple photo copy and paste and very easy crop pictures

Once in a while there may be a little something in a picture that you absolutely do definitely not desire to exist, just like a troublesome beauty spot on anyone's nose. This is simple to remove in almost all the major photo editor for PC. It is really uncomplicated to erase any sort of objects directly out of an image but the photo editor for PC does work ideal on distinct, small-sized things that are circled by consistent colorations. This is due to the fact that the recover device has to change the area you wish to get rid of with another thing, and also this works finest when it has an area nearby that looks comparable. For instance, bright point on a face is bordered by a great deal of in a similar way colored skin, so the recover tool can conveniently determine what to change the white spot based on the bordering location. That is normally due to the fact that the photo editor has to change the sector you need to get rid of with another thing, as well as that does work finest if it gets a spot near that seems the same. Photo editor for PC has turned into truly complex and also powerful and it is feasible to adjust images so they become completely various out of the original. There are definitely loads of photo editor as well as wide ranges of means of achieving the same or similar end results. My intention most for the majority of photographs I upload procedure is to produce them appear as natural as feasible. I strongly believe this is a very good position to start, even in case you wish to continue on as well as produce much more surreal looking photos. Tone variation inside a photo shot is just one of the major worries. Your eyes can usually see a broader series of tone than the camera most likely shot. The definition of photo editing is the process of modifying a photograph, basically. Yet this is oversimplifying a problem that is very difficult. You can usually implement basic picture modifying techniques such as text in photo rather easily and swiftly however complicated methods as well as digital editing might need photo editor for PC and more skill. Photo editor is a tool which anyone can utilize to adjust and boost pictures. Since photos have an enhancing variety of uses, even more businesses are finding ways to reuse images and utilize them on plenty of channels.

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Best photo editing software to enhance pictures

Best photo editing software for starters and experts with a lot of useful functions

Get more information about soften images with this photo editing software free download and new photo editing software for amateurs to very easy rotate a picture and powerful perspective distortion. Invert pictures made simple with the good brand new best photo editing software for PC. Download best photo editing software for experienced or edit a picture software to resize images and photo orientation.

It's difficult to get a great smartphone image what is shoot with a light up. Many times, people make a photo appearance dark, negatively changing brightness and making subjects appear rinsed. As a matter of fact, also the mobile phone zoom is rumored to become a few defects. Make the most of the resources of unnatural light you can find, also in the night. This offers you a chance to have fun with shadows, just like in the image above, or develop a shape with other environs sources of lightning, such as city lighting and also outlying structures. Once you have actually make the photograph, attempt the direct exposure tool in the favored picture editing and enhancing program to make the image slightly shinier. Best photo editing software performs have some of the features is prominent for, which comes very hassle-free when you've chose you have actually like to try your give on something a lot more extravagant than soften photos as well as insert objects into photos. Best photo editing software may likewise bring in stills coming from video, and also diverse files. And also when you are actually really feeling a bit idle or even it is simply ordinary unaware about just how to use a few of the resources, a wizard can aid you to modify the fundamentals just like lights, emphasis, color, and rotation of pictures. For this people that love their photos in wider screen editions, the software application helps you completely produced photos to develop a breathtaking image. And if it's a chance to show off your photography abilities, you can decide on some of the image plan design templates to instantly publish them in a particular measurement.

Brand-new best photo editing software with many awesome gadgets

As we was searching the internet for a useful best photo editing software, all over sudden we tripped over this very good software

This photo editing software is actually most effectively for excited students along with a great deal of opportunity in their manpower to find out the as well technical functions that will worry away initial time photograph modifying users. It likewise happen prepared along with a full circle scenery program. Most likely the gleaming gem in the bundle would certainly be actually the gorgeous skin layer end result, which does away with reddish areas as well as evens out your complexion. Whereas there is actually no self-regulating shade solution alternative somewhat necessary to fix the poor lighting up very most digital online video cameras document, there are actually still the common features of correction of tonal value. Either the most misinterpreted parts of electronic photography is what happens once you make the shot in fact editing and enhancing your photos. That is the moment where you modify the images you have taken, to create the final product. Modifying your photos is the matching of the dark chamber from the time long period of time back. We are going to be covering some suggestions for editing your photos, from the essentials like insert texts in photos and color mode, with much more complicated activities. The cropping item permits you to transform the size of your photo, and additionally to change the facet proportion. You can cut out a photo from a rectangle-shaped form to a square shape. There are many reasons you would wish to cut out, consisting of for posting in various formats and also aspect ratios. Contrasted to the initial, I have cropped the photo with best photo editing software to get rid of the colored component of the right-hand side of the pic as well as recomposed making use of the rule of thirds. That makes the lightning screw a lot more the emphasis of the shot. You may question why I did not simply make up properly when taking the picture. So in this situation, I was preparing a lengthy exposure photo shooting with no a tripod, so had actually the cam stabilized on the side of the pier for security. That extremely much restricted my ability to completely mount the moment, so I just photoshoot broader, understanding I had to be able to crop the shot appropriately right after the fact. In the two situations, cropping is extremely simple and it is simply involves you picking the cropping technique and after that selecting the area you wish to keep with your PC mouse. After that you apply the adjustments and also your brand-new chopped image prepares to go.

When the horizon contour in a photo is not degree, a specific of my own petty aggravations in digital photography is. Sometimes when we are taken up in the second, this essential guideline is forgotten however the excellent information is that modifying your photos with the best photo editing software to make them grade is also really easily done. Balancing the cam on the corner of the boat dock suggested that the shot was not degree that is especially noticeable to the sight anytime the picture has actually a clearly described perspective line, like the lake. The level device is component of the cropping device, as well as you can just rotate the image to suit. The moment you use the focusing method, a grid will turn up to assist you get the positioning right. Focusing a picture is a truly basic task in which will certainly take simply a few ticking, causing a lot more aesthetically pleasing image. Often while we make a picture, components of the shot may wind up being darker than we want. I refer to the brighter areas of the picture as darkness, and the brilliant areas of the image as spotlight. Variance is concerning highlighting the variation in between the light and dark sections of the photo. Enhancing the variance of a photo can considerably improve the visible influence in which had, by making the borders between those light as well as dark parts clearer. Color scheme adjusting is one more crucial part related to the photo editing software. We can change photo color in every type of methods, from changing the total heat of the photograph like just how red or green it looks, to independently altering the tone as well as saturation of specific color schemes within a photo. We simply wish to deal with some really simple color adjustments you are able to utilize to help to make your photos just a bit more visually highly effective. The easiest method in order to correct the shade related to a photo is simply with the shade tool of the best photo editing software. That alters the appearance related to every single color in an image to help make it extra as well as less condensed. Similar to several edits, the solution is definitely to choose an effective harmony too much shading the photos often tends to seem rather unnatural. Color images can be actually really helpful, as well as obviously white color and also dark is an excellent selection for every type of scenarios, in specific, snapshots, and certain garden views.

Smart soften a photo with a best photo editing software

Often there certainly will be a little something within a picture that you really do not really intend to be right there, such as an undesirable beauty spot on somebody's forehead. This is quick to get rid of in almost all the main photo editing software. It is generally quite easy to erase any kind of objects taken away a photo but the best photo editing software functions great on distinctive, very small objects that are probably closed in by even color tones. This is due to the fact that the heal device needs to replace the area you wish to erase with something else, and this works finest when it has a location nearby that looks similar. For example, a dark spot on a face is bordered by a lot of in a similar way colored skin, so the recover tool can quickly determine what to change the dark spot based on the bordering area. This specific is since the photo editing software needs to switch the sector you want to remove along with another thing else, as well as that function most ideal when it has an area close that seems similar. Best photo editing software has turned into absolutely intricate as well as helpful and it is usually possible to manipulate images so they come to be completely different out of the original. There certainly are definitely lots of photo editing software and also wide varieties of ways of attaining the exact or similar effects. The intention most when it comes to many photographs I publish procedure is actually to help make all of them look being normal as you possibly can. I know this is a great spot to start off, even in case you intend to continue on as well as develop much more unique appearing photographs. Hue array within a picture is among the most important problems. The human eyes can typically see a broader range of tone than your electronic camera most likely make. The definition of image modifying is the act of adjusting an image, put simply. Yet this is oversimplifying a problem that is very complicated. You can normally execute basic photo editing techniques just like photo collage rather quickly as well as rapidly however intricate techniques as well as electronic editing may need photo editing software as well as more practice. Best photo editing software is a helper that you can easily utilize to control and also beautify images. Since images contain an increasing number of usages, increased people are exploring techniques to reuse photos as well as use them on countless ways.

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Best photo editing software for beginners to crop pictures

Learn more to flip a photo with the best photo editing software for beginners free download and easy photo editing software for experienced to easy saturate an image. Best photo editing software for beginners or edit image software to sharpen a photo or softening photos. Download here free the best photo editing software for beginners for prompt and intelligent crop pictures.

It's hard to find a great smart device photo what was taken with a flash. Most of the moment, they take a picture appearance overexposed, negatively altering shining and also things look rinsed. Once you've shoot the image, play with the direct exposure tool in your favorite picture modifying app to make the photo a little brighter. Best photo editing software for beginners does have a few of the functions is actually preferred for, which happens very practical when you have actually chosen you've like to attempt your hand on one thing much more better than brightening change and also insert people into another photo. Best photo editing software for beginners may additionally bring in freeze frames from video, aside from different reports. As well as when you are actually experiencing a little bit idle or it is just ordinary unaware concerning how to utilize some of the tools, an assistant can easily assist you adjustment the fundamentals just like illumination, concentration, shade, and sharpening of images. For those who like their images in other screen versions, the software assists you wonderfully constructed pictures to develop an awesome picture. As well as when it's opportunity to unveil off your digital photography skill-sets, you can pick some of the picture bundle style themes to right away publish them in a details measurement.

Some experts are sometimes looking for the best photo editing software for beginners to improve pictures, but every photographer must know for himself which is the best photo editing software for beginners

This photo editing software is well for willing learners along with a large amount of attend their hands to figure out the also technological components that will frighten 1st chance image customizing users. It also happen geared up along with a 360 degrees scenery plan. Probably the shiniest jewel in the plan would certainly be actually the stunning skin layer impact, which evens out and eliminates dark spots out the complexion. Whereas there is actually no auto shade fix choice quite important to repair work the poor lighting up most digital cams drawback, there are actually still the simple functions of cropping a photo. One of the most well-known misinterpreted parts of digital photography is what takes place after you made the photo in fact editing and enhancing your pictures. Here we will cover some suggestions for editing and enhancing your images, from the essentials like photomontage or crop photos, with extra difficult actions. The crop appliance permits you to transform the dimension of your picture, and also to change the aspect proportion. As an example, you can cut out an image from a rectangle-shaped shape to a square shape. There are numerous reasons you would want to cut out, consisting of for publishing in different layouts as well as aspect best photo editing software for beginners ratios. Compared to the original, I have actually cropped the picture with best photo editing software for beginners to remove the shining component of the right-hand side of the photo shot as well as recomposed making use of the regulation of thirds. It makes the darkness screw much more the focus of the shot. You may wonder why I did not simply make up correctly when taking the shot. So in this case, I was organizing an extensive presence shot without needing a cam stand, so had actually the cam balanced on the side of the sidewalk for security. That significantly limited my capacity to flawlessly mount the minute, so I simply photoshoot bigger, understanding I had to be able to crop the photo shot properly shortly after the reality. In both cases, cropping is extremely basic as well as it is simply entails you selecting the cropping tool and after that choosing the location you wish to keep with your computer mouse. You use the adjustments as well as your new chopped image is ready.

Best photo editing software for beginners download or edit pictures software to improve a photo

Additional resources to soften images with the best photo editing software for beginners free download or functional photo editing software for PC and experts to powerful edit pictures. Best photo editing software for beginners or edit an image software to flip photos or photo light reflex effects. Download best photo editing software for beginners for experts and software edit photo to saturate a photo or print photo album. When the horizon contour in a picture is not even degree, one of my own scratch inconveniences in photography is. Often if we are actually captured up in the second, this fundamental regulation is failed to remember but the bright side is such enhancing your pictures with the best photo editing software for beginners to make them degree is likewise really basic. Leveling the video camera at the side of the boat dock suggested that the picture was not level this is particularly notable to the vision when the image has actually a plainly identified perspective line, just like the sea. This degree method is component of the crop item, and you may simply just spin the pic to match. A grid will seem to help you become the alignment appropriate when you utilize the best photo editing software for beginners. Pointing an image is a really basic task that will take simply a couple of moments, causing a far more visually pleasing photograph. Occasionally if we take a shot, components of the picture could wind up being normally brighter than we desire. I refer to the brighter locations of the picture as darkness, as well as the colorful parts of the picture as spotlight. Comparison has to do with accentuating the contrast in between the light fixture and also darker sections of the photo. Raising the variance of a photograph can considerably improve the visible impact that has, by making the limits in between these light and also dark components more clear. Color scheme modification is another vital piece related to the best photo editing software for beginners. You are able to readjust photo shade in every type of methods, starting with transforming the general warmness of the picture just like how blue and yellow it looks, to independently transforming the shade and also concentration of specific shades contents of a photograph. We simply just desire to go over a few really basic color scheme corrections you can easily utilize to create your pictures simply a bit more visually amazing. The quickest method in order to regulate the color or texture in regard to a photograph is definitely with the color tone technique of the best photo editing software for beginners. This transforms the visual appeal of any color or texture within a photo to produce it essentially condensed. Similar to many edits, the solution is definitely to get a really good evenness excessive saturating the photos have a tendency to look rather abnormal. Color photos can be actually extremely reliable, and naturally dark and also bright white is an amazing option for almost all kind of situations, specifically, construction, and also particular garden images.

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Best photo editor for add symbols in a photo

Learn more to sharpen pictures with this best photo editor free download or useful best photo editor for Computer to colorize a picture or functional print photos. Colorize a photo is powerful with the photo editor. Get this photo editor for fast and simple cut a photo. All it takes is actually a bunch of innovation and also a proficiency of a few of the greatest photo editing and enhancing software application given out there. Best photo editor carries out have a few of the functions is actually prominent for, which comes somewhat beneficial when you have actually chosen you've like to try your hand on something a lot more high end than perspective control as well as image correction. Best photo editor can easily similarly bring in stills from online video, along with various reports. And when you are actually feeling a little bit lazy or it is actually merely ordinary oblivious regarding just how to utilize some of the tools, an assistant can support you improvement the essentials like lights, emphasis, different colors, and turning of photos. For them that like their pictures in other screen editions, the tool app supports you faultlessly created pictures to create a picturesque image. As well as if it's time to series off your photography skills, you may choose with the graphic deal layouts to automatically imprint them in a certain measurement. More helpful hints about invert an image with the photo editor free download and top photo editor for Computer to cut pictures or software photo editor to photo collage for pros. Best photo editor for professionals or editing photo software to saturate images or photo orientation. Download this best photo editor for quick and simple crop photos.

Best photo editor for starters to uncomplicated blur photos and easy draw in a photo

This photo editor is actually better for enthusiastic students with a large amount of time in their hands to determine the too technical features that would certainly shock away initial time image tweaking consumers. It additionally happen aimed up along with a 360 degrees panorama course. Most probably the gleaming jewel in the strategy will be actually the attractive skin layer influence, which does away with reddish spots and also evens out your skin layer tone. While there's no automatic shade fix choice quite important to repair work the lousy lighting very most electronic video cams record, there are actually the key components of image size alteration. Among the most well-known misinterpreted parts of digital photography is what happens once you take the shot in fact editing your pictures. Here we will cover some suggestions for modifying your pictures, from the basics like photo black and white effect and also cut a photo, with much more challenging activities. The cropping device enables you to change the size of your photo, as well as also to alter the element proportion. For instance, you can crop a photo from a rectangular form to a round shape. There are lots of reasons you would certainly want to cut out, consisting of for publishing in different formats and also aspect ratios. Compared to the original, I have chopped the image with best photo editor to eliminate the lightning part of the right side of the image as well as recomposed using the guideline of fourths. That makes the darkness bolt much more the emphasis of photo shot. You may wonder why I did not simply compose appropriately when taking the photo. Well, in this instance, I was creating a long presence photo shooting without needing a cam stand, so had actually the video camera balanced on the edge of the jetty for security. That significantly restricted my capacity to perfectly mount the minute, so I simply shot wider, recognizing I had to be able to crop the image suitably right after the truth. In both situations, chopping is very simple and also it is just includes you choosing the cut out item and after that choosing the location you want to maintain with your computer mouse. You apply the changes and your new chopped photo is all set to go.

Simple cut an image with a best photo editor

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Learn everything from Algebra 1 and Algebra 2, then test your knowledge with 1,300+ practice questions

What you’ll learn

Operations, including order of operations (PEMDAS) and like-terms

Fractions, exponents, and radicals, including advanced operations with all three

Equations and systems of equations, including inverse operations, direct and inverse variation, and distance/rate/time problems

Graphing, including parallel and perpendicular lines, and parabolas

Polynomials and factoring, including the quadratic formula and completing the square

Functions, including domain and range, and sums and products of functions

Inequalities, including trichotomy and graphing inequalities and conjunctions on a number line

Exponential and logarithmic functions, including laws of logs, change of base, and graphing

Requirements

You should be comfortable with arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) of whole numbers.

You should be comfortable with arithmetic of decimals, fractions, exponents, and radicals.

We’ll start the course with basic algebraic operations, so if you know those arithmetic basics, you’ll be well prepared for the course.

Description

HOW BECOME AN ALGEBRA MASTER IS SET UP TO MAKE COMPLICATED MATH EASY:

This 473-lesson course includes video and text explanations of everything from Algebra, and it includes 125 quizzes (with solutions!) and an additional 21 workbooks with extra practice problems, to help you test your understanding along the way. Become an Algebra Master is organized into the following sections:

Operations and rules of equations

Simple equations and advanced equations

Like terms

Functions and manipulating functions

Inequalities and graphing inequalities

Graphing points, lines, parabolas, and circles

Systems of two equations and systems of three equations

Polynomials and factoring

Exponents and radicals

Ratio and proportion, complex fractions, and rational expressions

Imaginary numbers

Exponential and logarithmic functions

AND HERE’S WHAT YOU GET INSIDE OF EVERY SECTION:

Videos: Watch over my shoulder as I solve problems for every single math issue you’ll encounter in class. We start from the beginning… I explain the problem setup and why I set it up that way, the steps I take and why I take them, how to work through the yucky, fuzzy middle parts, and how to simplify the answer when you get it.

Notes: The notes section of each lesson is where you find the most important things to remember. It’s like Cliff Notes for books, but for math. Everything you need to know to pass your class and nothing you don’t.

Quizzes: When you think you’ve got a good grasp on a topic within a course, you can test your knowledge by taking one of the quizzes. If you pass, great! If not, you can review the videos and notes again or ask for help in the Q&A section.

Workbooks: Want even more practice? When you’ve finished the section, you can review everything you’ve learned by working through the bonus workbook. The workbooks include tons of extra practice problems, so they’re a great way to solidify what you just learned in that section.

HERE’S WHAT SOME STUDENTS OF BECOME AN ALGEBRA MASTER HAVE TOLD ME:

“Thank you Krista for making this so clear and understandable! You are a fantastic tutor. A+++” – Omid N.

“At the peak of my mathematical skill level I reached only into the very early stages of learning Trigonometry. Fast forward to now (my early 30’s) and by experience alone, realize the infinite possibilities of being a master in mathematics. I chose Ms. King’s Algebra course as a review to move past my previous level and must say that I not only ENJOY the course she offers but am getting more from it learning wise than I could have imagined. I wish to complete all of her classes and am extremely confident that her teaching style can get me there. Other than mere reference of other resources, I plan to stay on track with all of Ms. King’s courses exclusively. Thank you for a great learning experience!” – Dean F.

“Great! I love how she teaches!” – Fred B.

“The instructor is very clear, both in ideas and in speech. She moves quickly enough to keep your attention, but not so that you get lost.” – Janet M.

“I have been enrolled in several Udemy courses but this course is the best. It’s my first time posting a review because I am really happy with how Krista King teaches mathematics. One of the best courses on Udemy.” – Salahuddin S.

“This course is awesome. She explains everything perfectly. And if you want you can complete a test after every video to make sure you understand everything. I strongly recommend it.” – Rafael N.

“The sessions are well planned. Exercises are done at the right times to help consolidate what you have learned during the sessions. Definitely the best math course I have taken. The instructor has done an awesome job with this one.” – Eduardo C.

“The instructor’s delivery is clear and engaging. The pacing is effective and the quizzes serve to reinforce the knowledge as I learn it.” – Jeremiah P.

YOU’LL ALSO GET:

Lifetime access to Become an Algebra Master

Friendly support in the Q&A section

Udemy Certificate of Completion available for download

30-day money back guarantee

Enroll today!

I can’t wait for you to get started on mastering algebra.

– Krista 🙂

Who this course is for:

Current Algebra 1 and Algebra 2 students, or students about to start algebra who are looking to get ahead

Homeschool parents looking for extra support with algebra

Anyone who wants to study math for fun after being away from school for a while

Created by Krista King Last updated 2/2019 English English [Auto-generated]

Size: 1.90 GB

   Download Now

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