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ALMA Discovers Hyper-Luminous Galaxies in Extreme Starburst secure remote connectioning Merger

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Artist impression of two starbursting galaxies beginning to merge in the early universe. Credit: NRAO/AUI/NSF

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has uncovered the never-before-seen close encounter between two astoundingly bright and spectacularly massive galaxies in the early universe. These so-called hyper-luminous starburst galaxies are exceedingly rare at this epoch of cosmic history — near the time when galaxies first formed — and may represent one of the most-extreme examples of violent star formation ever observed.

Astronomers captured these two interacting galaxies, collectively known as ADFS-27, as they began the gradual process of merging into a single, massive elliptical galaxy. An earlier sideswiping encounter between the two helped to trigger their astounding bursts of star formation. Astronomers speculate that this merger may eventually form the core of an entire galaxy cluster. Galaxy clusters are among the most massive structures in the universe.

“Finding just one hyper-luminous starburst galaxy is remarkable in itself. Finding two of these rare galaxies in such close proximity is truly astounding,” said Dominik Riechers, an astronomer at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and lead author on a paper appearing in the Astrophysical Journal. “Considering their extreme distance from Earth and the frenetic star-forming activity inside each, it’s possible we may be witnessing the most intense galaxy merger known to date.”

The ADFS-27 galaxy pair is located approximately 12.7 billion light-years from Earth in the direction of the Dorado constellation. At this distance, astronomers are viewing this system as it appeared when the universe was only about one billion years old.

Composite image of ADFS-27 galaxy pair. The background image is from ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory. The object was then detected by ESO’s Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope (middle image). ALMA (right) was able to identify two galaxies: ADFS-2 remote monitoring  7N (for North) and ADFS-27S (for South). The starbursting galaxies are about 12.8 billion light-years from Earth and destined to merge into a single, massive galaxy. Credit: NRAO/AUI/NSF, B. Saxton; ESA Herschel; ESO APEX; ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); D. Riechers

Astronomers first detected this system with the European Space Agency’s Herschel Space Observatory. It appeared as a single red dot in the telescope’s survey of the southern sky. These initial observations suggested that the apparently faint object was in fact both extremely bright and extremely distant. Follow-up observations with the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope confirmed these initial interpretations and paved the way for the more detailed ALMA observations.

With its higher resolution and greater sensitivity, ALMA precisely measured the distance to this object and revealed that it was in fact two distinct galaxies. The pairing of otherwise phenomenally rare galaxies suggests that they reside within a particularly dense region of the universe at that period in its history, the astronomers said.

The new ALMA observations also indicate that the ADFS-27 system has approximately 50 times the amount of star-forming gas as the Milky Way. “Much of this gas will be converted into new stars very quickly,” said Riechers. “Our current observations indicate that these two galaxies are indeed producing stars at a breakneck pace, about one thousand times faster than our home galaxy.”

The galaxies — which would appear as flat, rotating disks — are brimming with extremely bright and massive blue stars. Most of this intense starlight, however, never makes it out of the galaxies themselves; there is simply too much obscuring interstellar dust in each.

This dust absorbs the brilliant starlight, heating up until it glows brightly in infrared light. As this light travels the vast cosmic distances to Earth, the ongoing expansion of the universe shifts the once infrared light into longer millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, all thanks to the Doppler effect.

Animation zoom-in of the composite image of ADFS-27 galaxy pair. The initial image is from ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory. The object was then detected by ESO’s Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope. ALMA (final zoom) was able to identify two galaxies: ADFS-27N (for North) and ADFS-27S (for South). The starbursting galaxies are about 12.8 billion light-years from Earth and destined to merge into a single, massive galaxy.

ALMA was specially designed to detect and study light of this nature, which enabled the astronomers to resolve the source of the light into two distinct objects. The observations also show the basic structures of the galaxies, revealing tail-like features that were spun-off during cellular   their initial encounter.

The new observations also indicate that the two galaxies are about 30,000 light-years apart, moving at roughly several hundred kilometers per second relative to each other. As they continue to interact gravitationally, each galaxy will eventually slow and fall toward the other, likely leading to several more close encounters before merging i3g wireless routernto one massive, elliptical galaxy. The astronomers expect this process to take a few hundred million years.

“Due to their great distance and dustiness, these galaxies remain completely undetected at visible wavelengths,” noted Riechers. “Eventually, we hope to combine the exquisite ALMA data with future infrared observations with NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. These two telescopes will form an astronomer’s ‘dream team’ to better understand the nature of this and other such exceptionally rare, extreme systems.”

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

Publication: Dominik A. Riechers, et al., “Rise of the Titans: A Dusty, Hyper-luminous “870 μm Riser” Galaxy at z ~ 6,” ApJ, 2017; doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8ccf

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ALMA Discovers a Weak and Wildly Disorganized Magnetic Field Near a wastewater treatment   Protostar

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Artist impression of chaotic magnetic field lines very near a newly emerging protostar. NRAO/AUI/NSF; D. Berry

Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), a team of astronomers has discovered a surprisingly weak and wildly disorganized magnetic field very near a newly emerging protostar. These observations suggest that the impact of a magnetic field on star formation is more complex than previously thought.

For decades, scientists believed that the magnetic field lines coursing around newly forming stars were both  IoT gateway powerful and unyielding, working like jail bars to corral star-forming material. More recently, astronomers have found tantalizing evidence that large-scale turbulence far from a nascent star can drag magnetic fields around at will.

The researchers used ALMA to map the magnetic field surrounding the young protostar dubbed Ser-emb 8, which resides about 1,420 light-years away in the Serpens star-forming region. These new observations are the most sensitive ever made of the small-scale magnetic fields surrounding a young protostar. They also provide important insights into the formation of low-mass stars like our own sun.

Previous observations with other telescopes found that magnetic fields surrounding some young protostars form a classic “hourglass” shape – a hallmark of a strong magnetic field – that starts near the protostar and extends many light-years into the surrounding cloud of dust and gas.

“Before now, we didn’t know if all stars formed in regions that were controlled by strong magnetic fields. Using ALMA, we found our answer,” said Charles L. H. “Chat” Hull, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and lead author on a paper appearing in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. “We can now study magnetic fields in star-forming clouds on the broadest of scales all the way down to the forming star itself. This is exciting because it may mean stars can emerge from a wider range of conditions than we once thought.”

ALMA is able to study magnetic fields at the small scales inside star-forming clumps by mapping the polarization of light emitted by dust grains that have aligned themselves with madistribution line sensorgnetic fields.

By comparing the structure of the magnetic field in the observations with cutting-edge supercomputer simulations on multiple scales, the astronomers gained important insights into the earliest stages of magnetized star formation. The simulations – which extend from a relatively nearby 140 astronomical units from the protostar (about four times the distance from the sun to Pluto) to as far out as 15 light-years – were performed by CfA astronomers Philip Mocz and Blakesley Burkhart, who are co-authors on the paper.

In the case of Ser-emb 8, the astronomers believe they have captured the original remote maintenance   magnetic field around the star “red handed,” before outflowing material from the star could erase the pristine signature of the magnetic field in the surrounding molecular cloud, noted Mocz.

“Our observations show that the importance of the magnetic field in star formation can vary widely from star to star,” concluded Hull. “This protostar formed in a weakly magnetized environment dominated by turbulence, while previous observations show sources that clearly formed in strongly magnetized environments. We need further research to understand how common each scenario is.”

Study: Unveiling the Role of the Magnetic Field at the Smallest Scales of Star Formation

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Study Suggests Life on Earth is the Result of Icy Come low cost industrial router   ts

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Synthesis of prebiotic hydrocarbons in impacts of simple icy mixtures on early Earth.

A newly published study suggests that life on earth may have started as a result of icy comets that crashed into Earth billions of years ago.

Early Earth was not very hospitable when it came to jump starting life. In fact, new research shows that life on Earth may have come from out of this world.

Lawrence Livermore scientist Nir Goldman and University of Ontario Institute of Technology colleague Isaac Tamblyn (a former LLNL postdoc) found that icy comets that crashed into Earth billions of years ago could have produced life building organic compounds, including the building blocks of proteins and nucleobases pairs of DNA and RNA.

Comets contain a variety of simple molecules, such as water, ammonia, methanol and carbon dioxide, and an impact event with a planetary surface would provide an abundant supply of energy to drive chemical reactions.

“The flux of organic matter to Earth via comets and asteroids during periods of heavy bombardment may have been as high as 10 trillion kilograms per year, delivering up to several orders of magnitude greater mass of organics than what likely pre-existed on the planet,” Goldman said.

Goldman’s earlier work is based on computationally intensive models, which, in the past, could only capture 10-30 picoseconds of a comet impact event. However new simulations, developed on LLNL’s supercomputers Rzcereal and Aztec, Goldman used much more computationally efficient models and was able to capture hundreds of picoseconds of the impacts — much closer to chemical equilibrium.

“As a result, we now observe very different and a wider array of hydrocarbon chemical products that, upon imindustrial ethernet routerpact, could have created organic material that eventually led to life,” Goldman said.

Comets can range in size from 1.6 kilometers up to 56 kilometers. Comets passing through the Earth’s atmosphere are heatedsmart grid sensor externally but remain cool internally. Upon impact with the planetary surface, a shock wave is generated due to the sudden compression. Shock waves can create sudden, intense pressures and temperatures, which could affect chemical reactions within a comet before it interacts with the ambient planetary environment. An oblique collision where an extraterrestrial icy body impacts a planetary atmosphere with a glancing blow could generate thermodynamic conditions conducive to organic synthesis. These processes could result in significant concentrations of organic species being delivered to Earth.

The team found that moderate shock pressures and temperatures (approximately 360,000 atmospheres of pressure and 4,600 degrees Fahrenheit) in a carbon-dioxide-rich ice mixture produced a number of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, which dissociate to form functionalized aromatic hydrocarbons upon expansion and cooling. These are thought to be prebiotic precursors to DNA and RNA ba Android Industrial Computer  se pairs.

In contrast, higher shock conditions (about 480,000 to 600,000 atmospheres of pressure and 6,200-8,180 degrees Fahrenheit) resulted in the synthesis of methane and formaldehyde, as well as some long-chain carbon molecules. These compounds are known to act as precursors to amino acids and complex organic synthesis. All shock compression simulations at these conditions have produced significant quantities of new, simple carbon-nitrogen bonded compounds upon expansion and cooling, which are known prebiotic precursors.

“Cometary impacts could result in the synthesis of prebiotic molecules without the need for other ‘special’ conditions, such as the presence of catalysts, UV radiation, or special pre-existing conditions on a planet,” Goldman said. “This data is critical in understanding the role of impact events in the formation of life-building compounds both on early Earth and on other planets and in guiding future experimentation in these areas.”

The research will appear on the cover of the June 20 issue of The Journal of Physical Chemistry A.

Publication: Nir Goldman and Isaac Tamblyn, “Prebiotic Chemistry within a Simple Impacting Icy Mixture,” J. Phys. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1021/jp402976n

Image: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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Researc low-cost M2M router  hers Pinpoint the Source of a Mysterious Magnetism

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This image is an artist’s conception of a titanium atom in a man-made oxide heterostructure revealing magnetic properties to the probing X-ray beam of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource – even though under normal circumstances titanium is not magnetic at all. Greg Stewart/SLAC

In a newly published study, researchers from SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory proved that the magnetism in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure comes from the titanium atom.

Scientists from SLAC and Stanford have used finely tuned X-rays at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) to pin down the source of a mysterious magnetism that appears when two materials are sandwiched together.

Why is this mysterious?

Neither material shows a hint of magnetism on its own.

Both materials are perovskites, a class of mineral oxides whose unique electronic properties are of great interest to scientists. Perovskites already have a variety of industrial uses, and researchers are busy trying to find ways to transform some of them – such as the high-temperature superconductors – into materials that could transform our energy grid or help create environmentally friendly fuels.

These particular perovskites are known as LAO (lanthanum aluminum oxide) and STO (strontium titanium oxide), and both are insulators. But when sandwiched together, the resulting “heterostructure” can conduct electricity at the interface where the materials meet. In fact, w4g modem routerhen cooled to near-absolute zero this heterostructure becomes a superconductor, conducting electricity without any resistance. Even more puzzling, it displays magnetic qualities at the juncture where LAO and STO meet – something neither material does alone, even when doped with impurities to tune its properties.

Which particul healthcare  ar atoms acquire this new property? That&rsq Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  uo;s what the researchers wanted to learn, and the results of their study appeared this week in Nature Materials.

The researchers studied sample heterostructures, each one an extremely thin layer of LAO on an STO substrate. The samples were grown by the group of Harold Hwang of the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), a joint SLAC-Stanford institute. Hwang is an expert in this heterostructure; he’s been studying it for a decade.

SSRL Staff Scientist Jun-Sik Lee said the group relied on one very important property of SSRL’s X-rays: They can be tuned to just the right wavelength to probe the properties of a specific element. In other words, the researchers could use the X-rays to look only at the titanium in the STO slice of the heterostructure, or only at oxygen.

Their investigation pointed to one culprit. “We’ve proved the magnetism comes from the titanium atom,” said Lee, though precisely what is causing this change in a fundamental property is unclear. What’s more, the magnetism arises in what’s called the “ground state” of the titanium atoms, when they are at their lowest energy. In fact, the researchers pursued magnetism in the titanium atoms all the way down to 10 kelvins, 10 degrees above absolute zero.

That’s intriguing, said Lee, because the structure of this magnetic ground state in the titanium of STO is the same structure required for it to be able to transition to a superconductor. This hints at the possibility the LAO/STO interface may exhibit another unconventional behavior: magnetism and superconductivity coexisting, a possibility that, said Lee, “is quite unusual in our conventional understanding of physics.” One of the identifying characteristics of a superconductor is the way it repels magnetic fields.

Unfortunately, the researchers weren’t able to study the magnetic titanium at temperatures low enough to cause the heterostructure to transition to superconductivity. However, their research does support the research of SIMES member Kathryn Moler, published in Nature Physics in 2011, in which her research team detected both superconductivity and magnetism existing at the LAO/STO interface.

Hwang noted that even after almost a decade of investigation by many groups worldwide, this seemingly simple interface continues to generate new surprises. “One of the dreams of our field is the notion of ‘materials by design,'” he said. “We hope that these studies of unexpected emergent phenomena, such as the magnetism here, can lead to an understanding by which we can predictably engineer the properties of artificial heterostructures.”

Chi-Chang Kao, director of SLAC and a co-author of this work, emphasized the close collaboration between the SLAC and Stanford members of the group. “The collaboration started from a series of meetings Harold organized to introduce his group’s research, and is a prime example of the kind of work suited to being tackled together, applying SLAC’s unique resources – such as SSRL – to the scientific problems of the SLAC and Stanford community,” he said. “There are many other examples, and I hope to foster even more of them going forward.”

As for next steps, Lee just laughed. “There are a lot of next steps,” he said. “We’ve passed on a very big question to everyone. We’ve said, ‘OK, we got this result – now we all have a lot of homework to do.'”

Publication: J.-S. Lee,et al., “Titanium dxy ferromagnetism at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3interface,” Nature Materials, (2013); doi:10.1038/nmat3674

Image: Greg Stewart/SLAC

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

New Superconducting Cable System Brings Nuclear Fusi wireless m2m router  on Power Station Closer to Reality

www.inhandnetworks.com

Researchers at the University of Twente have developed a new superconducting cable system that is crucial to the success of nuclear fusion reactors.

The superconductivity research group of the University of Twente (UT) has made a technological breakthrough crucial to the success of nuclear fusion reactors, allowing for clean, inexhaustible energy generation based on the workings of the stars in our galaxy. The crux of the new development is a highly ingenious and robust superconducting cable system. This makes for a remarkably strong magnetic field that controls the very hot, energy-generating plasma in the reactor core, laying the foundation for nuclear fusion. The new cables are far less susceptible to heating due to a clever way of interweaving, which allows for a significant increase in the possibilities to control the plasma. Moreover, in combination with an earlier UT invention, the cables are able to withstand the immens Industrial IoT Gateway  e forces inside the reactor for a very long time. The increased working life of the superconductors and the improved control of the plasma will soon make nuclear fusion energy more reliable: the magnet coils take up one third of the costs of a nuclear fusion power station. The longer their working life, the cheaper the energy will be. The research is a project within the context of the Green Energy Initiative of the University of Twente.

Cost-effective clean energy Project leader Arend Nijhuis: ‘The worldwide development of nuclear fusion reactors is picking up steam, and this breakthrough leads to a new impulse. Our new cables have already been extensively tested in two institutes.’ Mr Nijhuis has been invited for a new collaboration with China and expects that the UT system will become a global standard. The world’s largest nuclear fusion reactor, ITER, is under construction in Cadarache in France, and is expected to start operation by 2020, as a joint project of the US, EU, Russia, India, Japan, South Korea and China. However, Chinadistribution fault detection and South Korea have also initiated their own national large-scale nuclear fusion projects, in which the UT technology can be incorporated.

How does it work? Nuclear fusion takes place in the heart of the reactor, in plasma with a temperature of 150 million degrees Celsius. An enormously strong magnetic field (of 13 teslas) is required in order to control this incredibly hot plasma. This magnetic field ca Industrial 3g router  n only be generated efficiently through superconductivity. That is why liquid helium flows through the hollow cables of the coils. This reduces the temperature to approximately 4.5 K (-269 °C), which allows for zero resistance inside the cables and the amperage to increase up to 45,000 amperes, the generated magnetic field controlling the plasma. This immense amperage will, however, also put so much pressure on the wires that it is necessary to prevent a quick wear of these wires. Moreover, rapid changes of magnetic field can create excessive temperatures inside the cables, causing the superconductivity to break down and the fusion process to extinguish. It is exactly this problem which has now been solved by interweaving the superconducting wires of the coil in a special way.

Clever way of weaving The wrist-thick cables around (six) coils with a total height of 13 meters inside the fusion reactor consist of interwoven wires with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The first step is to bundle three of these thin wires: two wires made of superconducting niobium-tin and one wire made of copper. This copper makes the whole resistant to heating during any undesired sudden end of the superconducting state. Three of those first-level wires are twisted around each other. After that, the weaving process continues until the desired thickness has been reached. The length across which the wire spirals once – the pitch – and the mutual proportions between the successive weave levels appear to be crucial. An increased pitch of the first weave levels ensures that the cables resist the immense mechanical forces better and prevents any strong distortions. However, the breakthrough which gathered most international surprise, even though already predicted at the UT, is that the new ‘pitch proportions’ result in such a strong reduction in the currents between the wires that there is much less heating of the cables and the cables therefore continue to be superconducting. So the new cables have considerably increased the chance that nuclear fusion energy stations will soon generate power in a reliable way.

Images: University of Twente

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Nanotech Pores Keep Bacteria from wireless m2m   Sticking to Surfaces

www.inhandnetworks.com

Nanoporous alumina repels E. coli cells.

A team of researchers used anodization to create nanoscale pores that change the electrical charge and surface energy of a metal surface, creating a nanoporous surface called alumina that prevents bacteria from attaching to the surface.

Just as the invention of nonstick pans was a boon for chefs, a new type of nanoscale surface that bacteria can’t stick to holds promise for applications in the food processing, medical and even shipping industries.

The technology, developed collaboratively by researchers from Cornell University and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, uses an electrochemical process called anodization to create nanoscale pores that change the electrical charge and surface energy of a metal surface, which in turn exerts a repulsive force on bacterial cells and prevents attachment and biofilm formation. These pores can be as small as 15 nanometers; a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.

When the anodization process was applied to aluminum, it created a nanoporous surface called alumina, which proved effective in preventing surrogates of two well-known pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, from attaching, according to a study recently published in the journal Biofouling. The study also i python programming  nvestigates how the size of the nanopores changes the repulsive forces on bacteria.

A cross-section of nanoporous alumina.

“It’s probably one of the lowest-cost possibilities to manufacture a nanostructure on a metallic surface,” said Carmen Moraru, associate professor of food science and the paper’s senior author. Guoping Feng, a research associate in Moraru’s lab, is the paper’s first author.

Finding low-cost solutions to limiting bacterial attachments is key, especially in biomedical and food processing applications. “The food industry makes products with low profit margins,” said Moraru. “Unless a technology is affordable it doesn’t stand the chance of being practically applied.&rdqu IoT and M2M Connectvityo;

Anodized metals could be used to prevent buildups of biofilms – slick communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and are tricky to remove – in biomedical clean rooms and in equipment parts that are hard to reach or clean, Moraru said.

There are other strategies for limiting bacterial attachment to surfaces, including chemicals and bactericides, but these have limited applications, especially when it comes to food processing, Moraru said. With food processing, surfaces must meet food safety guidelines and be inert to food that they may contact.

Anodized metal could also have marine applications, such as keeping ship hulls free of algae.

Future work will investigate the repulsive effect of these surfaces on other bacteria, and the use of other anodized materials for this purpose.

The collaborating group from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is led by Diana Borca-Tasciuc, associate professor of mechanical, aerospace and nuclear engineering.

The study was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Publication: G Dual SIM M2M router  uoping Feng, et al., “Alumina surfaces with nanoscale topography reduce attachment and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli and Listeria spp.,” Biofouling: The Journal of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Research, Volume 30, Issue 10, 2014; DOI:10.1080/08927014.2014.976561

Images: Guoping Feng

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

industrial 3g m2m

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Electronic Read-out of the Quantum State of an A WiFi M2M Router  tom

www.inhandnetworks.com

TbPc2 molecule quantum-bit device. Electrons (red) from the electrodes jump onto the molecule reading out the electronic spin (orange) and the nuclear spin (green) (Graphics: C. Grupe, KIT)

In a newly published study, researchers from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and their colleagues have shown the first direct real-space images of spin-split molecular orbitals of a single-molecule magnet adsorbed on a ferromagnetic nanostructure.

Quantum computers promise to reach computation speeds far beyond that of today’s computers. As they would use quantum effects, however, they would also be susceptible  remote access  to external interferences. Information flow into and out of the system is a critical point. Researchers from KIT with partnerGrid Analyticss from Grenoble and Strasbourg have now read out the quantum state of an atom directly by using electrodes. In the Nature journal, it is reported about the stable interface between classical and quantum world.

“Normally, every contact with the outer world changes information in a quantum mechanical system in a completely uncontrolled manner,” explains Professor Mario Ruben from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. “We there industrial iot  fore have to keep the quantum state stable and shielded. On the other hand, information has to be read out in a controlled manner for further use.”

Magnetic molecule complexes may be a solution of this dilemma. In their center, a metal atom with a pronounced magnetic moment, a spin, is located. It is surrounded by organic molecules that shield the atom. “When synthesizing this protective enclosure, we can exactly define how much the metal atom sees of the outer world,” explains Ruben the trick of his research project.

The study presented is based on the metal atom terbium that was provided with an enclosure of about 100 carbon, nitrogen, and water atoms and then placed in the center of nanometer-sized, electric gold contacts. Due to the properties of the molecule, the electrodes had an effect similar to the three channels of a transistor. Electric voltage of the middle gate electrode influenced the current through the other two electrodes. In this way, the working point was set. Then, the molecule was exposed to various changing magnetic fields and the jump of the spin was reflected by the amplitude of the current curve. “By measuring current flow, we found that the nuclear spin of the metal atom is stable for up to 20 seconds,” says Ruben. “For quantum mechanical processes, this is a very long time.”

Ruben is sure that “the results will be of particular importance to spintronics and quantum computing.” Spintronics uses the magnetic spin of single particles for information processing. The word describes the symbiosis of spin and electronics. Quantum computers use quantum mechanical effects, such as the entanglement and super-position of spins, for the parallel execution of algorithms at high speed.

Image: C. Grupe, KIT

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Researching the Properti 4g lte modem  es of Relativistic Electron Vortex Beams

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Figure 1: A comparison of electron beams with parallel (top) and antiparallel (bottom) spin and vortex orientation. The plot shows the density (grey) and current distributions (arrows) for electrons in the x and y direction, with either ‘up’ (+) or ‘down’ (-) spin, respectively. For electrons in the center of the beam, the distribution is predicted to be different for both cases. Photo Credit: 2011 American Physical Society

Researchers at the RIKEN Advanced Science Institute (ASI) have developed a theory that provides an understanding of relativistic electron vortex beams. Through the combined consideration of quantum and relativistic properties of the electrons in the beam, the researchers found that spin–orb Vending Computer  it interaction results in a diffe distribution power line monitoring  rent behavior for vortex beams made of electrons with spins pointing up or down, respectively.

Whether a car or a ball, the forces acting on a body moving in a straight line are very different to those acting on one moving in tight curves. This maxim also holds true at microscopic scales. As such, a beam of electrons that moves forward linearly has different properties to one with vortex-like properties. Since vortex beams show properties in magnetic fields that could lead to nove industrial m2m  l applications, a RIKEN-led research team has developed a theory that provides an understanding of these properties1.

“Ours is the first comprehensive theory of relativistic electron vortex beams and adds significantly to their understanding,” comments team member Konstantin Bliokh from the RIKEN Advanced Science Institute (ASI).

Like any particle, electrons can exhibit wave-like characteristics; and, understanding this behavior is critical to understanding the behavior of vortex beams so they can be harnessed in future applications. Unlike the broad front of an ocean wave hitting a beach, however, the oscillations of electron waves are out of sync along the beam: the slight shifts in their timing gives the waves a corkscrew character.

A vortex beam shows unique and potentially exploitable quantum effects arising from the interplay between the so-called ‘orbital angular momentum’ of its electrons and their intrinsic property called spin. The potential of these beams became apparent only recently, when they were demonstrated for the first time by Masaya Uchida and Akira Tonomura from ASI2.

The complex mixture of electron spin, beam vortex properties and the relativistic properties of the electrons has complicated the theoretical understanding of the beams, says team leader Franco Nori also from ASI. He explains that their fundamental theoretical description was possible only through the combined consideration of quantum and relativistic properties of the electrons in the beam. This provided new insights into the interaction between the electrons’ spin and the vortex property of the beam. In particular, the researchers found that this so-called spin–orbit interaction results in a different behavior for vortex beams made of electrons with spins pointing up or down, respectively—an effect that should be observable (Fig. 1).

Beyond providing these fundamental insights, the new theory also has sound practical implications, as the beams are very sensitive to magnetic fields, according to Nori. “The theoretical understanding that we have reached will eventually contribute to the development of enhanced electron microscopes that can image magnetic materials with atomic resolution,” he says.

Image: RIKEN Advanced Science Institute/2011 American Physical Society

The corresponding author for this highlight is based at the Digital Materials Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Researchers Use Nano vending machine card reader  particles to Split Water into Hydrogen and Oxygen

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In a newly published study, researchers detail the discovery of a new photocatalyst, demonstrating the use of cobalt oxide nanoparticles to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

Researchers from the University of Houston have found a catalyst that can quickly generate hydrogen from water using sunlight, potentially creating a clean and renewable source of energy.

Their research, published online Sunday in Nature Nanotechnology, involved the use of cobalt oxide nanoparticles to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

Jiming Bao, lead author of the paper and an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UH, said the research discovered a new photocatalyst and demonstrated the potential of nanotechnology in engineering a material’s property, although more work remains to be done.

Bao said photocatalytic water-splitting experiments have been tried since the 1970s, but this was the first to use cobalt oxide and the first to use neutral water under visible light at a high energy conversion efficiency without co-catalysts or sacrificial chemicals. The project involved researchers from UH, along with those from Sam Houston State University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Texas State University, Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC, and Sichuan University.

Researchers prepared the nanoparticles in two ways, using femtosecond laser ablation and through mechanical ball milling. Despite some differences, Bao said both worked equally well.

Different sources of light were used, ranging from a laser to white light simulating the solar spectrum. He said he would expect the reaction to work equally well using natural sunlight.

Once the nanoparticles are added and light applied, the water separates into hydrogen and oxygen almost immediately, producing twice as much hydrogen as oxygen, as expected from the 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio in H2O remote monitoring   water molecules, Bao said.

The experiment has potential as a source of renewable fuel, but at a solar-to-hydrogen  Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  efficiency rate of around 5 percent, the conversion rate is still too low to be commercially viable. Bao suggested a more feasible efficiency rate would be about 10 percent, meaning that 10 percent of the incident solar energy will be converted to hydrogen chemical energy by the process.

Other issues remain to be resolved, as well, including reducing costs and extending the lifespan of cobalt oxide nanoparticles, which the researchers found became deactivated after about an hour of reaction.

“It degrades too quickly,” said Bao, who also has appointments in materials engineering and the Department of Chemistry.

The work, supported by the Wel distribution automation  ch Foundation, will lead to future research, he said, including the question of why cobalt oxide nanoparticles have such a short lifespan, and questions involving chemical and electronic properties of the material.

Publication: Longb Liao, et al., “Efficient solar water-splitting using a nanocrystalline CoO photocatalyst,” Nature Nanotechnology, 2013; doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.272

Image: Bubbles Rise in Water from Shutterstock

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Physicis hardware  ts Slow Down the Speed of Light

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By applying a mask to an optical beam to give photons a spatial structure, physicists have demonstrated that spatially structured photons travel slower than the speed of light in free space.

Scientists have long known that the speed of light can be slowed slightly as it travels through materials such as water or glass.

However, it has generally been thought impossible for particles of light, known as photons, to be slowed as they travel through free space, unimpeded by interactions with any materials.

In a new paper published in Science Express, researchers from the University of Glasgow and Heriot-Watt University describe how they have managed to slow photons in free space for the first time. They have demonstrated that applying a mask to an optical beam to give photons a spatial structure can reduce their speed.

Their experiment was configured like a race, with two photons released simultaneously across identical distances towards a defined finish line.

The team compare a beam of light, containing many photons, to a team of cyclists who share the work by taking it in turns to cycle at the front. Although the group travels along the road as a unit, the speed of individual cyclists can vary as they swap position.

The group formation can make it difficult to define a single velocity for all cyclists, and the same applies to light. A single pulse of light contains many photons, and scientists know that light pulses are characterized by a number of different velocities.

The researchers found that one photon reached the finish line as predicted, but the structured photon which had been reshaped by the mask arrived later, meaning it was traveling more slowly in free space. Over a distance of one meter, the team measured a slowing of up to 20 wavelengths, many times greater than the measurement precision.

The work demonstrates that, after passing the light beam through a mask, photons move more slowly through space. Crucially, this is very different to the slowing effect of passing light through a medium such as glass or water, where the light is only slowed during the time it is passing through the material – it returns to the speed of light after it comes out the other side. The effect of passing the light through the mask is to limit the top speed at which the photons can travel.

The work was carried out by a team from the University of Glasgow’s Optics Group, led by Professor Miles Padgett, working with theoretical physicists led by Stephen Barnett, and in partnership with Daniele Faccio from Heriot-Watt University.

Daniel Giovannini, one of the lead authors of the paper, said: “The delay we’ve introduced to the structured beam is small, measured at industrial IoT Gateway   several micrometers over a propagation distance of one meter, but it is significant. We’ve measured similar effects in two different types of beams known as Bessel beams and Gaussian beams.”

Co-lead author Jacquiline Romero said: “We’ve achieved this slowing effect with some subtle but widely-known optical principles. This finding shows unambiguously that the propagation of light can be slowed below the commonly accepted figure of 299,792,458 meters per second, even when traveling in air or vacuum.

“Although we measure the effect for a single photon, it applies to bright light beams too. The effect is biggest when the lenses used to create the beam are large and when the distance over which the light is focused is small, meaning the effect only applies at short range.”

Professor Padgett added: “It might seem surprising that light can be made to travel more slowly like this, but the effect has a solid theoretical foundation and we’re confident that our observations are correct.

“The results give us a new way to think about the properties of light and we’re keen to continue exploring the potential of this discovery in future applications. We expect that the effect will be applicable to any wave theory, so a similar slowing could well be created in sound waves, for example.”

The team’s paper, titled ‘Spatially Structured Photons that Travel in Free Space Slower t ethernet  han the Speed of Light’, is published in Scienc Android Industrial Computer  e Express, which provides electronic publication of selected papers in advance of print in the journal Science.

Publication: Daniel Giovannini, et al., “Spatially structured photons that travel in free space slower than the speed of light,” Science, 2015; DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3035

Image: University of Glasgow

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New Metamat VPN gateway  erial Gives Visible Light a Nearly Infinite Wavelength

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Figure 1. Measured permittivity Effective permittivity of a layered Ag/SiN-metamaterial for a variety of layer thicknesses.

By stacking  web SCADA  nanoscale layers of silver and silicon nitride, scientists have fabricated a metamaterial that gives visible light a nearly infinite wavelength.

Researchers from the FOM Institute AMOLF and the University of Pennsylvania have fabricated a material which gives visible light a nearly infinite wavelength. The new metamaterial is made by stacking silver and silicon nitride nanolayers. It may find applications in novel optical components or circuits and the design of more efficient LEDs. The work was published on October 13 in Nature Photonics.

The phase velocity and group velocity of light dictate how light propagates in a material. The phase velocity determines how the peaks and valleys of the wave move in the material, whereas the group velocity describes the transport of energy. According to Einstein gprs  ’s laws, the transport of energy of light can neverindustrial 3g m2m be faster than the speed of light. Therefore the group velocity is limited. There are however no physical limitations to the phase velocity. When the phase velocity becomes zero, there is no movement of the peaks and valleys of the wave; when it is infinite the wavelength diverges to very large values. In nature however, no materials with such special properties exist.

Metamaterials The research team now presents a metamaterial composed of a unit cell structure much smaller than the wavelength of light. By stacking nanoscale layers of silver and silicon nitride a new material is fabricated in which light ‘feels’ the optical properties of both layers.

Figure 2. Metamaterial An electron microscope image of the top side of the fabricated metamaterial. The silver and silicon nitride layers are clearly visible as bright and dark bands respectively. The top surface of the metamaterial is polished using an ion beam to remove excess silver

The way light travels through matter is dependent on the material permittivity: the resistance of a material against the electric fields of light waves. Because the permittivity of silver is negative and that of silicon nitride is positive, the combined material has a permittivity which is effectively equal to zero. Therefore, it seems that the light experiences zero resistance, and propagates with an infinite phase velocity. The wavelength of the light is nearly infinite.

The researchers fabricated this material using focused ion beam milling, a technique that allows control over the structure of a material on the nanoscale. With a specially built interferometer it was shown that light indeed propagates through the metamaterial with no significant change of phase, corresponding to an almost infinite wavelength. This new material may find applications in novel optical components or circuits and the design of more efficient LEDs.

Publication: Ruben Maas, et al., “Experimental realization of an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at visible wavelengths,” Nature Photonics, 2013; doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.256

Images: Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

How  wireless  Tyrannosaurus Rex Ate Triceratops Horridus

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A: get a good grip on the neck frill, B: tear the head off to expose the tasty neck mus industrial iot  cles, C: nibble on the soft flesh of Triceratops’ face, D: feast on the delicacies beneath the frill. Nate Carroll

Tyrannosaurus rex bite marks have been found on the fossilized bones of Triceratops horridus, but so far such fossils have been studi remote connectivity  ed in an isolated manner. In new research, scientists worked on numerous specimens from Montana’s Hell Creek Formation to identify the tooth marks of T. rex and how it ate T. horridus.

The scientists presented their findings at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology last week in Raleigh, North Carolina. In total, they found 18 specimens that had teeth marks. None of the bones showed any signs of healing, indicating that the bites were inflicted on dead animals as they were in the process of being consumed.

The bite marks included extensive puncture and pull marks on the n Industrial IoT Connectivity  eck frills on some of the specimens. The pulling action was probably not indicative of being eaten, but a repositioning of the prey. It suggests that T. rex was trying to get at the nutrient-rich neck muscles.

This is probably the easiest way to pull the head off, explains Denver Fowler, from the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana. T. horridus‘ occipital condyles had teeth marks as well. They could have only been made if the animal had been decapitated.

This work shows the value of incomplete specimens and large samples for interpreting palaeobiology, states Andrew Farke, paleontologist at the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology in Claremont, California. There were precise, even delicate bites, along the front of several T. horridus skulls, suggesting that the nibbles were done on the meaty part of the face.

This led Fowler to question whether the feeding behavior of T. rex changed as the animals grew. With thick teeth, adult T. rex would have been well-suited to tear apart T. horridus, whereas juveniles may have had to rely on different feeding strategies to avoid damaging their teeth.

[via Nature]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

A New Birth S Secure remote networks  tory for Gigantic Marine Lizards That Once Roamed the Oceans

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Paleontologists now believe that mosasaurs gave birth to their young in the open ocean, not on or near shore.

They weren Industrial 3G Router  ’t in the delivery room, but researchers at Yale University and the University of Toronto have discovered a new birth story for a gigantic marine lizard that once roamed the oceans.

Thank wastewater treatment  s to recently identified specimens at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, paleontologists now believe that mighty mosasaurs — which could grow to 50 feet long — gave birth to their young in the open ocean, not on or near shore.

The findings answer long-held questions about the initial environment of an iconic predator that lived during the time of the dinosaurs. Mosasaurs populated most waters of the Earth before their extinction 65 million years ago.

“Mosasaurs are among the best-studied groups of Mesozoic vertebrate animals, but evidence regarding how they were born and what baby mosasaur ecology was like has historically been elusive,” sai gateway  d Daniel Field, lead author of a study published online April 10 in the journal Paleontology. Field is a doctoral candidate in the lab of Jacques Gauthier in Yale’s Department of Geology and Geophysics.

In their study, Field and his colleagues describe the youngest mosasaur specimens ever found. Field had come across the fossils in the Yale Peabody Museum’s extensive collections. “These specimens were collected over 100 years ago,” Field said. “They had previously been thought to belong to ancient marine birds.”

Field and Aaron LeBlanc, a doctoral candidate at the University of Toronto at Mississauga, concluded that the specimens showed a variety of jaw and teeth features that are only found in mosasaurs. Also, the fossils were found in deposits in the open ocean.

“Really, the only bird-like feature of the specimens is their small size,” LeBlanc said. “Contrary to classic theories, these findings suggest that mosasaurs did not lay eggs on beaches and that newborn mosasaurs likely did not live in sheltered nearshore nurseries.”

The other co-authors of the study are Adam Behlke and Adrien Gau of Yale’s Department of Geology and Geophysics.

Support for the research came from the Smithsonian Institution and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Publication: In press Journal of Palaeontology

Image: Julius T. Csotonyi

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Researchers Develop IE2 for Analyzing Solar smart grid   Cell Materials

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Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Tonio Buonassisi.

A team of researchers believe they have developed a more efficient way to make a silicon solar cell. Using the free online tool “Impurities to Efficiency” (known as I2E), researchers can plug in descriptions of their alternative manufacturing strategies and get almost instant feedback on how efficient the resulting solar cell would be.

To make a silicon solar cell, you start with a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then process it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. But figuring out the tradeoffs involved in selecting the purity level of the starting silicon wafer — and then exactly how much to heat it, how fast, for how long, and so on through each of several steps — has largely been a matter of trial and error, guided by intuition and experience.

Now, MIT researchers think they have found a better way.

An online tool called “Impurities to Efficiency” (known as I2E) allows companies or researchers exploring alternative manufacturing strategies to plug in descriptions of their planned materials and processing steps. After about one minute of simulation, I2E gives an indication of exactly how efficient the resulting solar cell would be in converting sunlight to electricity.

One crucial factor in determining solar cell efficiency is the size and distribution of iron particles within the silicon: Even though the silicon used in solar cells has been purified to the 99.9999 percent level, the tiny remaining amount of iron forms obstacles that can block the flow of electrons. But it’s not just the overall amount that matters; it’s the exact distribution and size of the iron particles, something that is both hard to predict and hard to measure.

Graduate student David Fenning, part of the MIT team behind I2E, compares the effect of iron atoms on the flow of electrons in a solar cell to a group of protesters in a city: If they gather together in one intersection, they may block traffic at that point, but cars can still find ways around and there is little disruption. “But if there’s one person in the middle of every intersection, the whole city could shut down,” he says, even though it’s the same number of people.

A team led by assistant professor of mechanical engineering Tonio Buonassisi, including Fenning, fellow graduate student Douglas Powell and collaborators from the Solar Energy Institute at Spain’s Technical University of Madrid, found a way to use basic physics and a detailed computer simulation to predict exactly how iron atoms and particles will behave during the wafer-manufacturing process. They then used a highly specialized measurement tool — an X-ray beam from a synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory — to confirm their simulations by revealing the actual distribution of the particles in the wafers.

“High-temperature processing redistributes the metals,” Buonassisi explains. Using that sophisticated equipment, the team took measurements of the distribution of iron in the wafer, both initially and again after processing, and compared that with the predictions from their computer simulation.

Free of charge, the I2E website has been online since July, and users have already carried out approximately 2,000 simulations. The details of how the system works and examples of industrial impact will be reported soon in a paper in the trade journal Photovoltaics International. The U.S. Department of Energy, which supported the research, has also reported on the new tool in an entry that will be posted on the agency’s blog.

Already, Powell says, I2E has been used by “research centers from around the world.”

By using the tool, a company called Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates (recently acquired by Applied Materials), which makes equipment for producing solar cells, was able to fine-tune one of the furnaces they sell. The changes enabled the equipment to produce silicon wafers for solar cells five times faster than it originally did, even while slightly improving the overall efficiency of the resulting cells.

The company “started with a process that was fairly long,” Buonassisi says. They initially found a way to speed it up, but with too much of a sacrifice in performance. Ultimately, he says, using I2E, “we came up with a process that was about five times faster than the original, while performing just as well.”

Without the tool, there are simply too many possible variations to test, so people end up selecting the best from a small number of choices. But with I2E, Buonassisi says, “you can look for the global optimum industrial LTE router  ” — that is, the best possible solution for a given set of requirements. “We can really speed up the innovation process,” he says.

Russell Low, a manager at Varian who was not involved in the work with MIT, says, “I would consider the work being carried out at MIT to be leading edge — com wired  bining computation physics with high-resolution experimentation. Given that silicon is still the major cost component of producing a solar cell, any technique that is capable of making use of [cheaper materials] … is a significant achievement.”

Fenning says that companies generally “can’t afford to do these large experiments” needed to figure out the best process for a given application. The physics of what goes on inside the wafer during the processing is complex, he says: “There are a number of competing mechanisms that cloud the picture of exactly what is going on,” which is why developing the simulation was a long and complex process.

Now that the simulation tool is available, Fenning says, it helps manufacturers balance product quality against producti Overhead Line Monitoring on time. Because there are so many variations in the supplies of starting material, he says, “it’s a constantly evolving problem. That’s what makes it interesting.”

Image: Patrick Gillooly

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Using Laser Light to Read and Write secure web based scada    Magnetic Data

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A look inside the RCI sample chamber while researchers close up the chamber for vacuum for an experiment at LCLS. (Credit: Diling Zhu/SLAC)

In an effort to keep pace with the demand for faster computing devices, scientists at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory are exploring the use of laser light to read and write magnetic data by quickly flipping tiny magnetic domains.

Experiments with SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray laser have given scientists their first detailed look at how light controls the first trillionth of a second of this process, known as all-optical magnetic switching.

The experiments show that the optically induced switching of the magnetic regions begins much faster than conventional switching and proceeds in a more complex way than scientists had thought – a level of detail long sought by the data storage industry, which is eager to learn more about the key drivers of optical switching. The new insight could help guide efforts to engineer materials that better control and speed this process.

“This is really one of the first examples of new materials science that can be done with LCLS, which allows you to look at very short time scales and very small length scales,” said Hermann Dürr, a staff scientist for the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES) and a principal investigator of the multinational team that performed the experiment, detailed in the March 17 issue of Nature Materials. SIMES is a joint institute of SLAC and Stanford.

The experiments were performed on tiny samples of a metallic alloy containing iron, cobalt and gadolinium, a combination singled out years ago by the data storage industry for its unique magnetic properties.

In magnetic storage devices, information is stored and retrieved by quickly flipping the orientations of electrons’ spin – which have two possible directions, similar to the poles of a magnet – to produce the equivalent of “ones” and “zeroes.” In conventional devices this is done by applying an electrical current or magnetic field. But the hope is that light can make the switch faster, and thus speed computing.

As the laser light hits the sample, iron spin currents are generated that transfer their angular momentum to gadolinium spins within nanoscale regions of the sample. (Credit: Greg Stewart/SLAC)

In the LCLS experiments, scientists started the switching process by hitting a sample with ultrafast pulses of visible light. Then they hit the same sample with a carefully timed pulse from the LCLS X-ray laser, and used a technique called X-ray scattering to probe the evolution of the switching process during the first trillionth of a second. This revealed previously unknown activity at the near-atomic scale of the magnetic regions.

The results showed that the optical laser flipped the magnetic state of the material up to 1,000 times faster, as well as more efficiently, than magnetic switching used in current commercial devices.

The experiments also revealed that the elements within the sample were distributed less uniformly at the nanoscale than previously believed, and that this strongly affected the switching process.

The sample was found to contain tiny regions that were rich in iron or gadolinium. In the instant following the optical laser pulse, the electron spins of the two types of regions began to interact and align. This “spin current” flowed most actively from iron-rich to smaller gadolinium-rich areas, which appeared to serve as localized “traps” for transferring and switching spins.

“People are trying to understand how laser lig telemeter  ht interacts with spins on these ultrafast timescales in magnetic materials,” said Catherine Graves, a graduate student in the Department of Applied Physics at Stanford University who was a lead author of the research paper. “If you can understand why these areas are acting as spin traps – what’s happening microscopically – you can design that into a material.”

The varied landscape of the material at the nanoscale was unexpected, Graves added: “Nobody thought they would see this variation in the material” or realized it would greatly impact the optical switching process.

The team of researchers is planning follow-up LCLS experiments using faster detectors and a variety of samples, with a goal of finding better-optimized materials for optical switching at the nanoscale and better understanding and optimizing the switching process.

“There is still so much to learn about ultrafast magnetic processes,” said Alexander Reid, a SIMES research associate and another lead author of the research paper. “People are still trying to understand the mechanisms. This gives us a very nice piece of the puzzle.”

Participants in the LCLS experiment routinely conduct related research at SLAC’s Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Advanced Light Source and other synchrotrons. This unique combination of scientific facilities is ideal, Reid said. “Only now, through tools like the LCLS and SSRL, can we really begin to examine how magnetism behaves at its fundamental length and time scales,” he said.

automation

Collaborators in the research were from SLAC’s LCLS and SSRL; SIMES; Stanford University; Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands; Nihon University in Japan; the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); and the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), PNSensor, Max Planck Institute for Extraterres InHandGo  trial Physics and Jülich Research Center in Germany.

Publication: C. E. Graves et al., “Nanoscale spin reversal by non-local angular momentum transfer following ultrafast laser excitation in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo,” Nature Materials 12, 293–298 (2013); doi:10.1038/nmat3597

Image: Diling Zhu/SLAC; Greg Stewart/SLAC

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