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thetrashbang · 8 years ago

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Brigador and the Art of Sky-High Storytelling

“GREAT LEADER IS DEAD. SOLO NOBRE MUST FALL.”

The first spoken words of Brigador, synthesised through a muffled speaker and emblazoned on-screen in bold, unadorned, searing red letters, are all the exposition it strictly needs: it is a time of great upheaval on the frontier colony of Solo Nobre, and you, with your ten-ton armoured mercenary mech, are here to do some heaving. Narrative and lore are strictly confined to downtime; to dense slabs of text filed neatly away in the codex, to be optionally purchased and read at one’s leisure. There’s no place in the combat for direct storytelling, between the rumbling of diesel engines and the whip-crack of electromagnetic slugs, and even if there was, it’d be little more than poorly embellished justifications for “go here, destroy those buildings, go there, destroy those units, leave.”

But to dismiss Brigador as pure context-free action is to fail to recognise how it speaks. When we think of environmental storytelling, we think small. We think of unconvincing graffiti on crumbling walls, half-finished meals, abandoned chess boards, desks piled high with papers, carefully-placed bookmarks, downed tools and barricaded doors. We think of skeletons in compromising poses, and trails of blood that laugh in the face of a bucket of bleach. Personal stories are made when people leave personal imprints, as taken to extremes by, say, Fullbright’s shtick of giving you a whole night to rummage through your family’s household belongings unfettered. For this very reason, the most popular examples of experiences with environmental storytelling are largely those that enable you to get up close and pick it apart, preferably without being too rushed. There’s a special kind of intimacy in it, almost voyeuristic, as you sift through the documents of a person who would certainly have objected to your intrusion if they weren’t lying slumped against a nearby desk with an alien birthing cavity where their guts used to be.

Brigador is the antithesis of that. Its sky-high isometric viewpoint, panning silently over the streets, gives you little such insight into the fine details. You can’t tell the story of a person from up here—at least, not easily—but you can tell the stories of people. And war is all about people, collectively; people fighting, people fleeing, people dying. Stories of lone figures, unless they hold huge power or significance, are swept away in the tide of shared tales, told through numbers rather than poignant letters to mother. You can pluck lone individuals out, humanise them and piece together their fate, but chances are that they were just one of a hundred, or a thousand, or a million people in the same boat, going through the same motions. Those collective motions, and their collective effects, are the ones that Brigador’s environments make us privy to.

One major target objective recurs through your missions: the orbital guns. Solo Nobre’s surface bristles with these skyward-pointed cannons, designed to obliterate any spacefaring aid that so much as entertains the thought of helping liberate the colony. Naturally, they’ve got to go, but it’s the way they impose on their surroundings, irrespective of context, that fascinates me. Taller than a city block, frequently ringed by sheer defensive walls and expanses of flat asphalt, their incongruousness isn’t just stark; it’s deliberately exaggerated. They invade the space around them, like alien landing craft, making no effort to compromise or integrate no matter where they are. To us, the player, they drive home the extent to which recent rampant militarization has dominated the lives of Solo Nobre’s people. What’s it like to have one of those things in your back yard? On your block? In your cemetery? Looming threateningly, a permanent reminder that the entire colony was, and is, ruled through military force. It’s all too easy to imagine them just springing up one night in a flurry of jackbooted activity, confusing and unnerving locals who understand nothing of the political situation, only that they’re now the unwilling neighbours of the biggest, juiciest, most explosive target in the district.

Most of Solo Nobre looks as if it sprung up overnight, to be honest. Many of the maps have a decidedly frontier air to them, sharply contrasting undeveloped wastelands with industrial and agricultural estates—or outright shanty towns, on occasion—and even developed zones are often distinctly utilitarian, as if the first construction efforts focused solely on establishing the functional basics and nobody’s had a chance to do a second pass. Why is that important? Because it means that whatever worldly influences went into the colony’s initial construction—the decisions, the constraints, the goals—are still relevant. Spaces change meaning over time; they get repurposed, recontextualised, rebuilt, and in the process the original intent of their structure gets muddled. Solo Nobre hasn’t had a chance to get especially muddled yet: everything on the landscape feels as if it has a current, relevant reason to be there. The story of the colony is coded into its infrastructure, fresh as the first coat of gunmetal-grey paint. Roads, buildings, fences, zones.

And wouldn’t you know it? That’s the part that you, with the omnipotent eyes of a SimCity mayor, are perfectly situated to deconstruct—in the analytical sense, I mean. You see the way the streets are laid out and the way blocks are divvied up; the way patterns and biases have formed in the overarching organisation—or lack thereof—of the urban sprawl. What becomes noticeable almost immediately is… lines. Often games with isometric grid presentation will seek to break up the grid; to introduce chaos and noise to obscure the perfect, infinite parallel lines that give their environments such an artificial, manufactured air. Brigador relishes in it. Brigador loves the grid. It goes out of its way to propagate unbroken, arrow-straight walls and roads for miles. They speak of an ultramodern, efficient, painfully austere development process; the kind that rolls out state utilities like a titanic machine, paving anything that stands in its way with no regard for landscape or lives. To be more exact, they make it clear that they’re not the product of democratic civil planning, but of orders from on high, carving up and commodifying the colony like the centrepiece of some debaucherous banquet. In a more striking fashion than any graffiti decal or audio log, these pieces of Brigador’s public infrastructure illustrate the disconnected, totalitarian whims of its administration. A casual flick of a cufflinked wrist and suddenly a neighbourhood is living in the shadow of five storeys’ worth of reinforced concrete. Are you in the way? Time to relocate, Mr Dent.

But apathetic architecture isn’t the same as thoughtless architecture. One of the clearest intents behind much of Solo Nobre’s urban planning is its concerted effort to distance the haves and the have-nots, coddling the former and shutting out the latter. Cramped slums frequently sit side-by-side with idyllic American Dream suburbs, divided by district walls—once again, we return to walls—that have been coated on one side with improbably tall hedges, so their viewers may entertain the fragment of an illusion that all is well in their slice of freshly-mowed Eden. Such proximity between the wealthy and the poor suggests that space is scarce on Solo Nobre, but not so scarce that the former can’t afford to have sweeping lawns and tacky, towering neoclassical McMansions. You could be forgiven for starting to wonder if something’s wrong with the scale, when your titanic walking weapons platform that could put a foot through a tower block suddenly has to crane its neck to shoot over a family home, but no—it’s just another way of illustrating the yawning gulf in privilege to your eye in the sky. One mission takes you out onto the green expanses of a country club, which—along with a sizeable occupying force, obviously—also features imposing gun turrets built into the landscape, poking out the top of more hedge-covered fortifications. Why would a golf course need such entrenched defensive measures, in what we’ve been led to believe was a relatively peaceful time? They can only have been a means of deterrence; of scaring away the riff-raff and making the privileged feel secure, without the excessive use of unsightly district checkpoints and barricades.

Yet even with this sweeping disparity, there’s a common thread in Solo Nobre of humanisation of oppressive spaces. Between hulking pipelines, paved concrete expanses and endless bleak industrial estates, there’s mounting evidence that Great Leader’s priorities were not the well-being of his workers, but here and there are tiny, isolated reminders that people still manage to engage in recreation. A single basketball hoop at the end of a loading dock, lined by rows of identical storage units; a children’s climbing frame in the middle of a muddy plot, ringed by skeletal steel pylons; a lone fifties-style diner, complete with a scattering of those cheap white plastic chairs, bleached by the halogen glow of a communications mast. They’re fragments of lives, not destined to be pieced together into a cohesive narrative, but to simply remind us that even in the city’s coldest, most utilitarian corners, people are not drones. Until now, we’ve focused on tales of communities and collectives, but to view people only in the plural like this is to risk treating them as so many trivial organisms under a microscope, always moving in tides, their individual impulses lost in the swarm. It’s details like these that keep us grounded, so to speak, even while gazing down at the sprawl.

That’s all just history, though, innit? That’s stuff that happened over months, years, decades even. But some of the imprints on Brigador’s landscape are more temporal, left by events far more relevant to your current mission. Solo Nobre’s liberation takes place over a single night—or so it’s implied—and while you may be the first to fire a shot, you’re certainly not the first to make a move.

Traffic. It’s the traffic. You could initially be forgiven for thinking that the streets of Solo Nobre, despite their spaciousness and high standard of upkeep, don’t seem to be getting a lot of use; they’re utterly devoid of active civilian vehicles, trodden only by the assorted war machines of your opponents. Brigador doesn’t feature non-combatant units—other than the tiny raincoat-clad civilians who mill around helplessly until being crushed carelessly underfoot—but nevertheless, you’ll soon find remains of traffic jams around the maps: gridlocked, bumped-to-bumper, clearly long-since abandoned when it became apparent none of it was ever going to budge an inch further. Why would it be so tightly packed, and trail so far back, in a city where the highways are so wide that you could triple-park an interstellar freighter across one without making everyone late for work?

Once again, placement is the key. Brigador’s abandoned traffic isn’t randomly distributed, but concentrated around particular points. Lanes upon lanes of gently cooling automobiles are regularly found clustered in front of district checkpoints, around spaceports, even outside train depots, seemingly stopped in their tracks. A picture forms; a picture of a reeling state power rushing to regain its faculties, crack down on sudden unrest, minimize chaos. Of people hearing the news, sensing the forthcoming conflict, choking the roads with their attempts to flee. Of the two forces colliding in the lengthening shadows of a checkpoint, a cacophony of horns and furious shouts assaulting a grim military police barricade. Evacuation efforts scuppered. Deadlock. Until the Corvids turn up in their scrapyard siege engines and flatten a few city blocks, obviously.

But the exodus of Solo Nobre isn’t a complete failure. As your trail of destruction spirals out towards the edges of the colony, from the urban sprawl to its inevitable, oft-forgotten by-products, signs of relief begin to manifest. Nestled up against neglected pipelines and crumbling walls are clusters of blue tents—the kind of blue they only ever use on tarpaulins and concert port-a-potties—propped up with flimsy poles, dulled by the mud of the wastes. They’re ramshackle, disorganised, and frequently located in spots of dubious tactical importance, all of which suggest that while the materials might come from a Loyalist source, they’ve certainly not been set up under any kind of military coordination. Indeed, their most unifying quality seems to be that they’ve been pitched out of the way of populated zones—presumably by people who have had quite enough near misses with cluster mortar strikes for one night. These are camps set up by refugees, no way around it; people fleeing the power struggle, one way or another, trying to hole up somewhere so backwater that nobody would waste time fighting over it. Alas, as the presence of you and your enemies implies, they’re disastrously wrong. But that can’t be helped now, can it?

I suppose the only thing left to wonder is what, if anything, Brigador hopes to make us feel with all this effort. It leaves features on the landscape to tell us that these things happened, but despite our inarguable involvement, never ties those events back to us; never blames us for displacing innocent people, destroying their homes and gibbing them in the streets with careless cannon fire. In a game that encourages you to look at your environment in terms of little more than the cover it offers, it’s easy to tune out such ghastly side effects, particularly when the only feedback you get from razing civilian buildings to the ground is a miniscule bonus—yes, a bonus, perplexingly—to your end-of-level payout. No guilt, no joy, just a matter-of-fact occurrence. But as a mercenary, fighting first and foremost for a sodding huge cheque, perhaps it’s only appropriate that the only stimulus you get from needless destruction is an insignificant increment on your score counter. What better metaphor could there be for the faint flicker of acknowledgement, cold and distant as the shores of Titan, in a mind focused entirely on the task at hand?

It’s not easy, communicating using only the features that are visible to passing airliners, but Brigador plays to its strengths. It focuses on sweeping trends and dramatic shifts—which are, of course, common during times of unrest—using them to speak of the effects of dictatorial regime and violent power struggles, but scatters around visible one-off details too, as humanising fragments for those who stop and take notice. Nobody could ever describe it as an epic narrative tour-de-force, but I find it to be a fabulous example of working within limitations; of understanding how sociopolitical transformations can embed their effects in the landscape, and how we can read them back again—so long as they aren’t demolished by a Killdozer first, anyway.

#brigador

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little-p-eng-engineering · 4 years ago

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paratommi · 5 years ago

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Men don’t cry

16 February, 2018

The night before a red and white valentine.

His hazel eyes were like red wine and salt.

Men don’t cry, his tears tasted like shoe shine.

He forgot his lipstick, bellowing like a swine.

Working his time shift, his drywall covered boots halt.

The night before a red and white valentine.

He felt like he had Parkinson’s disease- the failing dopamine

A gal in a goldmine blonde, the split was her fault.

Men don’t cry, his tears tasted like shoe shine.

Her feline hair was a mix of turpentine

and yellow pine, androgynous assault

The night before a red and white valentine.

Their eyes met, he slugged like an oil pipeline.

He drew a line, his stomach did a somersault.

Men don’t cry, his tears tasted like shoe shine.

His armpits sweat, making him miss his hygiene.

Standing there like a mine, he desalinate in the vault.

The night before a red and white valentine.

Men don’t cry, his tears tasted like shoe shine.

Analysis

This poem is about a man that works a 9-5 job as a drywall finisher and catches a glimpse of his ex on the day before Valentine's day. His occupation have weight like a relationship. He works a mundane job, seen through the beginning of the villanelle, which has high importance on why the writer choose to write in American Realism. Encompassing form, the line, “Men don’t cry”, is a social statement that is slowly decreasing out of fashion. With his ex being a central conflict in the poem, the writer chose to strikethrough the line to break down this social barrier. In a interview with Basquiat, he said that when the creator puts a line over a word, the activator is more curious and drawn towards it. This statement from Basquiat is also an influence in the writer’s form. When the worker forgot his lipstick, The writer was showing that the man feels more feminine. The bellowing of the swine is feeling of cracked lips on a winter day. The moisture and emotion has dried up in the lips, which is a metaphor for how his ex feels about him. When describing his ex, the writer backed away from American Realism to portray how powerful she is to him. The power formed from glancing at her is portrayed like having Parkinson’s disease, which affects the movement of the body. One could say that love is a disease. This effect of the subsidence of dopamine is why the writer placed a dash after disease. The word dopamine is a forced rhyme in the poem. Which is a use of form to portray the constriction of flow. In the last stanza, the word hygiene is also a forced rhyme. This portrays the smell of sweat and grime coming from the man’s armpits. Focusing on rhyme, the B rhyme scheme is thought provoking. In the B rhyme scheme there is always a A rhyme before it. For example, “Her feline hair was a mix of turpentine/and yellow pine, androgynous assault”, the end rhyme of turpentine and yellow pine are in the A rhyme scheme. Where the punch comes in is from the hard T sound coming from the B rhyme scheme. This is on purpose to demonstrate the power of seeing a past lover. In addition this also disorganized the flow to make the reader feel whiplashed. The line, “Standing there like a mine, he desalinate in the vault”, uses mine as a double entendre. One way of looking at it is that the mine is the caricature you can see on the street like pretending that he is trapped in a box. This is a very powerful interpretation because like the mine, he cannot speak from being flabbergasted. The other way looking at it is that the mine is war explosive. Like the mine, he will explode into tears and emotions. In the second half of the line, the word desalinate is used. The word means to remove salt from seawater. The second line in the villanelle says that his eyes looked like red wine and salt. The connection of these two words make the context of the poem more intriguing. The act of crying takes his hidden emotions out of the body. From the writer’s experience, tears do taste salty. The day before valentines is important to the the villanelle as being one out of the two repeating lines. This day can bring up emotions due to the effect of recalling the past. Like the American Realism, the past is who we were or more importantly who we became. This dark “obsession” quality from the repetitiveness of the villanelle shares the same tone the man is feeling when seeing his ex again.

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sinkrepairemam308-blog · 5 years ago

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Facts About Plumbing Repair Uncovered

They do not make up for pressure variants. Just proper venting will remove pressure troubles. Air flow A pipes system is ventilated to stop catch seal loss, product wear and tear. as well as circulation retardation. Catch Seal Loss The seal in a pipes catch may be shed because of siphonage (straight and indirect or energy), back stress, evaporation, capillary tourist attraction, or wind result.

If a drain is put vertically after the fixture trap, as in an "S" catch, the waste water remains to stream after the fixture is cleared and also gets rid of the trap. This is triggered by the pressure of air on the fixture water's being above the pressure of air in the waste pipe.

In the case of indirect or momentum siphonage, the flow of water past the entrance to a component drainpipe in the waste pipe removes air from the fixture drain. This lowers the air stress in the component drain, and the whole assembly works as an aspirator such as the physician makes use of to spray an infected throat.

A lavatory offers a small flow as well as a water closet a large flow. Small circulations often tend to stick to the sides of the pipe, but large ones create a slug of waste as they drop. As this slug of water drops down the pipe the air before it comes to be pressurized.

This point is either an air vent or a fixture outlet. If the vent is connected or there is no air vent, the only getaway for this air is the fixture electrical outlet. The air pressure requires the trap seal up the pipe right into the component. If the pressure is wonderful enough the seal is blown out of the component entirely.

6 Easy Facts About Toilet Plumbing Described

Air vent Sizing Vent pipe installment is similar to that of dirt and waste pipe. The same component system standards are made use of. Vent pipelines of less than 11 D 4 inches in diameter must not be made use of. Vents smaller sized than this size tend to obstruct and do not execute their function.

This type of system conserves a fantastic bargain of cash and also space when components are placed back to back in different apartments. Damp venting: Damp venting of a plumbing system prevails in household restroom component grouping. It is specifically what the name indicates: the air vent pipe is utilized as a waste line.

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What is Plumbing?Plumbing The setup, maintenance, expansion, change and also removal of all piping, plumbing components, plumbing devices, as well as plumbing appurtenances is gotten in touch with the following: a) Sanitary water drainage system and related air vent systems.b) Storm water drainage facilities as well as venting systems.c) Public or private potable water supply systems.d) The preliminary link to a safe and clean supply of water upstream of any required backflow prevention tool and the last connection that releases indirectly right into public or exclusive disposal system.e) Medical gas and medical vacuum systems.f) Indirect waste piping, including refrigeration as well as air conditioning drainage.g) Liquid waste or sewer, and also water, of any kind of properties to their connection with accepted water system system or to an appropriate disposal center.

youtube

Plumbing technicians complete this goal in 2 ways. Click on each button to understand even more:1 Plumbing technicians set up secure, reputable plumbing systems. 2Plumbers maintain and repair existing systems effectively. The health and also safety and security of a plumbing professional is simply as essential as that of the clients. Besides scalding, one of the most significant wellness and also safety and security issues facing plumbing professionals today is contamination brought on by an improper cross-connection in between pipes systems.

Top Guidelines Of Sewer Line Repair

Heartburn can force wastes via a cross-connection. Numerous points can cause heartburn: • Cuts or break in the water pipe • Failure of a pump • Injection of air into the system • Accidental link to a high-pressure source When drainage or other liquids are siphoned right into the fresh supply of water, they can trigger contamination, health issues, as well as even fatality.

Some Known Details About Toilet Plumbing

coli, and also Legionella can be spread with heartburn from contaminated system. Keep in mind: Safety and security gadgets called backflow preventers keeps waste water from going into the water system. Methods for Making Water Safe To prevent the spread of harmful https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?search=plumbing company microorganisms, chemicals, and איתור נזילות מים המלצות also materials with supply of water system, water is made risk-free with sanitation, filtering, as well as conditioning.

Filtering Filtration is the process of cleaning water to remove particles and also chemicals. Softening Softening eliminates magnesium and also sodium salt that creates scale on the within pipeline as well as fittings.

A plumbing professional is a person that sets up, repairs and maintains pipes fixtures or systems in organisations, markets or homes. The major duties of a plumbing are to: Haul materials, procedure, cut, shape, assemble and join various products (e.g. pipes, fittings, components) with various tools, servicing the water system, garbage disposal, as well as home heating systems.

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steve-daniel · 6 years ago

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Dehydration Membrane Market Report | What are the key challenges to the Market growth?

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mikemortgage · 7 years ago

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Oil companies that backed Notley’s carbon taxes learning hard lesson

A crisis in Alberta’s oilpatch has two industry heavyweights — Suncor Energy Inc. and Cenovus Energy Inc. — slugging it out over how best to fix Canada’s oil industry. Funny thing, just a few years ago they were in the same corner boasting how they’d just solved all their future problems together. What went wrong?

Due to Canada’s woefully inadequate pipeline capacity, the gap between the price fetched by Alberta and the world benchmark price has recently been hitting record highs, growing to nearly US$50 a barrel. Alberta Premier Rachel Notley claims the situation is costing the country $80-million per day.

Notley recently appointed a three-person panel to come up with short-term solutions to this long-term problem. Notable among them is a plan floated by Cenovus CEO Alex Pourbaix for a government-mandated province-wide production cut. Citing a “full-blown economic crisis,” Cenovus wants Notley to impose oil quotas on producers to eliminate the supply glut and give prices a boost.

Cenovus CEO Alex Pourbaix's tough task ahead: Cut costs, reduce debt and turn big reserves into cash

Suncor Energy powers through pipeline crisis, ramping up output at Fort Hills and Hebron

Suncor, Cenovus launch $100 million cleantech fund

Suncor doesn’t agree. “Our position is that government intervention in the market sends the wrong signal,” a spokesperson told the Financial Post. While upstream producers such as Cenovus have been taking it on the chin, large integrated oil companies like Suncor are less affected by the price gap: Suncor pumps oil, then refines it in Canada and retails the gas at its Petro-Canada outlets. Not only is the firm less tied to export markets, it essentially sells the discounted oil to itself as an input, and then markets the output to consumers at full price. Cha-ching!

On the immediate question of which firm is right about how to handle the price gap, the evidence favours Suncor. Cenovus has already cut production based on the assumption it’s better to leave a valuable-but-underpriced product in the ground until it earns a better return. This is a rational market-based response open to any company. But forcing quotas on all firms is not in the best interests of the industry. Supply management inevitably turns entrepreneurs into supplicants for government favours and tireless defenders of the status quo.

Plus, the precedent Cenovus invokes for this plan — former Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed’s famous gambit to “turn off the taps” to Eastern Canada during his battle with the federal government over the National Energy Program — is an inappropriate comparison. In 1980, the motivation was to impose political pain elsewhere in response to bad policy choices in Ottawa. Today, the intent is to mitigate economic pain by imposing bad policies at home.

Regardless of whether Cenovus or Suncor is right, however, there’s a bigger truth to be revealed regarding their joint culpability in creating this unhappy situation in the first place. Exactly three years ago, Cenovus and Suncor both pledged their fealty to the same risky political gamble in hopes of avoiding the kind of crisis now visited upon Alberta.

At the end of November 2015, the CEOs of the two companies stood with their colleagues from Shell Canada and Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. along with representatives from four major environmental organizations, as Notley unveiled her province’s new climate change policy.

Notley’s plan included a phase-out of coal power, a hard cap on emissions for the entire oilsands and a new economy-wide carbon tax. In exchange for supporting this new policy, the four assembled oil company grandees were expecting to obtain that mysterious and elusive gift of a “social licence.” Higher taxes and emissions caps were to be the price paid for being allowed to ship oil to international markets via new pipelines. Notley’s scheme “enables Alberta to be a leader, not only in climate policy, but also in … collaborative solutions and energy development,” Brian Ferguson, then-CEO of Cenovus, said. That his successor now sees a “full-blown economic crisis” provides convincing proof that the “collaborative solution” hasn’t worked out as expected.

Amid the current crisis, these four carbon-tax backers now find their paths diverging sharply. Shell Canada sold off its oilsands assets last year. Cenovus and Canadian Natural Resources want an oil quota system to save their bacon. And Suncor argues the market should rule. In fairness, all should be ashamed of participating in what has now been revealed as a ruse. There was never any real prospect of a quid pro quo deal on pipelines. They were duped.

Despite emissions caps and carbon taxes, no new pipelines have appeared to take Alberta’s crude to waiting markets and none are realistically in the offing. The Trudeau government deliberately killed Northern Gateway in 2016 and later regulated Energy East to death. The Trans Mountain pipeline expansion is stuck in judicial purgatory. Even Keystone XL, which once looked like a sure thing under U.S. President Donald Trump, still faces interminable delays. And Bill C-69, currently in the Senate, threatens to turn future pipeline proposals into a regulatory nightmare.

The solution to Alberta’s price-gap crisis is not oil quotas. It’s pipelines, less red tape and lower taxes. And you can’t get pipelines built by partnering with environmental groups, virtue signalling on climate change or offering political cover for new carbon taxes and regulations. Surely Cenovus and Suncor, for all their differences, can now agree on that.

• Peter Shawn Taylor is a journalist, policy analyst and contributing writer to Canadians for Affordable Energy.

from Financial Post https://ift.tt/2E6cVNA via IFTTT Blogger Mortgage Tumblr Mortgage Evernote Mortgage Wordpress Mortgage href="https://www.diigo.com/user/gelsi11">Diigo Mortgage

#IFTTT #Financial Post

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rajdeep36 · 1 year ago

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What Is Pneumatic Conveying and How Do These Systems Work?

Pneumatic conveying System is a strategy for moving mass materials, for example, powders or granules, through a pipeline utilizing a gas (normally air) as the conveying medium. This process Pneumatic conveying System is a method of transporting bulk materials, such as powders or granules, through a pipeline using a gas (usually air) as the conveying medium. This technique is widely used in industries such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and manufacturing to move materials efficiently and with minimal risk of contamination.

Here's an overview of how pneumatic conveying systems work:

Material Loading: The bulk material is typically loaded into a hopper or container at the starting point of the conveying system. This can be done manually or using automated systems depending on the specific requirements of the process.

Conveying Pipeline: A network of pipes or tubing makes up the conveying pipeline. This pipeline can be designed in various configurations, such as a dense-phase or dilute-phase system, depending on the characteristics of the material being transported and the desired conveying velocity.

Dense-Phase Conveying: In dense-phase conveying, materials are transported at a low velocity and high pressure, resulting in a more concentrated flow resembling slugs of material. This method is suitable for cohesive or abrasive materials.

Dilute-Phase Conveying: Dilute-phase conveying involves higher air velocities with lower pressure, resulting in a more dispersed flow of material. This method is suitable for non-abrasive, free-flowing materials.

Air Source: Compressed air or another gas is used as the driving force to move the material through the pipeline. The choice of the gas and its pressure depends on the characteristics of the material and the specific requirements of the process.

Conveying Valve: A conveying valve or feeder is used to control the flow of material into the pipeline. This valve ensures that the right amount of material is introduced into the airstream to maintain an efficient conveying process.

Separation and Filtration: Once the material reaches its destination, it needs to be separated from the conveying air. This is typically done using a separation device such as a cyclone separator or a filter. The separated material can then be collected and used in the intended process.

#Pneumatic conveying System

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alexandersmcdaniels · 8 years ago

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Basic Understanding of Underbalanced Drilling

Between the fracture pressure and the pore pressure of the formation, the hydrostatic pressure of drilling fluid will always be maintained according to conventional drilling practice. In order to control the transport cuttings to the surface as well as the formation fluids, the drilling fluid is held within the wellbore where it circulates. Furthermore, it also keeps the drill bit cool and lubricated as it acts as a stabilizing agent. For effective use, the fluid must be water- or oil-based and this leads to a maximum weight of 19 pounds for each gallon (minimum of 7.8 pounds). As an attempt at imparting fluid loss, density, and rheological properties, it also contains a mixture of liquid and solid products.

Figure 1 – Conventional Drilling

For many years, the conventional drilling has been the safest method when drilling a well but there are also some negatives to using the method. For example, fluid invasion is a common problem because the drilling fluid pressure is naturally above the pressure of the natural formation – this can cause permeability damage. Also, physical blockages and washouts are common as the solids and fluids lodge into the formation.

When drilling a well and keeping the wellbore fluid gradient below that of the natural formation gradient, this is called Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) and it has its differences with traditional methods. Namely, the well can flow throughout the drilling because the bottomhole circulating pressure always remains lower than the formation pressure. As well as penetrating at a faster rate and removing the risk of lost circulation, UBD also has another benefit in that the damage of invading fluid is reduced. Even after this, drilling time gets smaller, bit life improves, and it can be easier to detect and test productive intervals. Of course, this benefit isn’t seen when the well isn’t underbalanced so this is pivotal to the whole process.

Figure 2 – Underbalanced Drilling

If minimizing the risk of invasion is a priority, UBD can be a valuable tool. Over time, the method has been gaining in popularity because depleting pressure levels is a common occurrence and it also reins supreme within reservoirs that are low quality or particularly complex. Today, the vast majority of UBD applications use coiled tubing systems. As a sign of its popularity, around four in every ten onshore wells used underbalanced conditions back in 2000 and this has been increasing ever since.

Figure 3 – Comparison between conventional drilling and underbalanced drilling

Different Techniques in Underbalanced Drilling (UBD)

Ultimately, there are many different techniques used around the world and they fall into categories depending on the density of fluids – normally, the scale ranges from 0 all the way up to 7 pounds in each gallon. However, an injection of nitrogen gas can help to reduce the density of fluid and this helps to achieve the lower bottomhole pressure compared to the formation pressure. This being said, conventional liquids can be used for underbalanced conditions as long as the density is controlled properly. On the flip side, overbalance occurs sometimes with low-density fluid because of the drop in frictional pressure. When it comes to UBD, it has found a niche market with low-pressure and depleted reservoirs. Nowadays, technology has allowed us to monitor and record production whilst drilling and this means that operators have more control and more knowledge. Once the target zones and inflow mechanisms have been identified, the drilling can stop.

In some cases, a choke at the surface helps to control bottomhole pressure (BHP) – as the choke is opened and closed, it adjusts the standpipe pressure which is a great help for operators. Until the choking action actually reaches the bottomhole, there is a lag time to be expected and this is because of the speed of pressure waves. When passing through a static fluid column, the speed is equal to the speed of sound within the exact same medium. On a positive note, the lag time can be estimated within a single-phase system, we should note that multi-phase systems are a little more complex.

Alternately, the Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) can be adjusted to control the BHP rather than a choke. Essentially, the idea is to increase the gradient of fluid density between the bottomhole and the surface. In scenarios where the casing is a shallow depth, ECD is far more popular than using a choke. Whenever the flow stops during connections, the conditions seen when underbalanced can be preserved by utilizing the hydrostatic head. As the flow resistance increases, the ECD will follow but the opposite condition will be seen whenever the pipe is removed from the hole due to a swabbing effect.

Drilling Fluids for Underbalanced Drilling

Within UBD operations, there are three different types of drilling fluid seen; incompressible (liquid), compressible (gaseous), and two-phase. For drilling fluid selection, this will depend on the conditions of formation fracture pressure, bottomhole flowing pressure, formation pore pressure, and borehole collapse pressure.

Gaseous Drilling Fluids – Ever since the introduction of this technique, we have seen ‘dry air drilling’ which sees air pumped down the drill string; from here, it goes up through the annulus. In order to divert the returns, the process will normally require a rotating wellhead which sits between the rotary table and blowout preventer. Using a discharge pipe, the cuttings can be removed and the dust can be killed using a water spray. If there are any returning hydrocarbons, these will be burned away by a flame.

As a drilling fluid, nitrogen is common and many other inert gases are simply too expensive for use. Before the air stream is pumped into the wellbore, membrane filters allow the nitrogen to be extracted at a good rate. Furthermore, another option is natural gas as it can be sourced from pipelines. In fact, there isn’t even a need for compressors when using natural gas.

Finally, we should also note that hole cleanup and circulating pressure are dependant on one another. When there are more cuttings in the wellbore, this leads to higher downhole pressures. Using Angel’s method, you will see guidelines for the practice which shows air flow rates and a whole lot more for hole cleaning. Looking at the charts, we see that effective cutting transport occurs at a velocity of 3,000 ft/min.

Two-Phase Drilling Fluids – Sometimes called the ‘lightened drilling fluids’, this will have either aerated drilling mud or a foamy liquid. To achieve the circulating fluid density required, the liquids will be combined with gas and fluid properties can be predicted at downhole conditions using the equation of state method.

Before it enters the well, the liquid needs to enter the gas stream and this is achieved by using a pump and, from that point on, the liquid will change the way the gas acts. As more and more liquid enters, the second phase begins which sees a foam substance form – here, the gas bubbles are trapped inside. However, the foam structure ends after the liquid volume rises above 25% and the next stage begins with aerated drilling muds. Not only will this include fresh water, it can also involve crude oil, brine, and diesel. As an external flow path (e.g. coiled tubing), parasite string allows the gas into the liquid stream and this needs to be cemented outside the casing.

As temperature and pressure levels change, the compressibility is vastly different from gas to liquid which means that liquid fraction will also change. In addition to this, the frictional pressure drops can be controlled by a number of steps including the fluid properties, flow regime, flow geometry, and the flow rate. When using UBD, this perhaps highlights the importance of phase behaviour within the process. Finally, there are some common two-phase flow regimes that occur more frequently than any other and this includes; annular dispersed flow, slug flow, bubble flow, plug/churn flow, and laminar/stratified flow.

A steady-state flow regime map (http://www.drbratland.com, 2017)

Liquid Drilling Fluids – Finally, we have our third type of drilling fluid and this comes from liquids. As we saw earlier, even traditional drilling fluids can lead to underbalanced conditions and this is because the hydrostatic pressure of saline and fresh water are both lower than formation pressure. Sometimes, the formation pore gradient will be overcome by the drilling fluid density but even then pressure can reduce in the wellbore and this leads to the flow of formation fluids.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Underbalanced Drilling (UBD)

Before we leave you to get back to your day, we now have some benefits and drawbacks of using UBD!

Benefits

• No physical mechanism is required during the process to force drilling fluid into the actual formation. With this in mind, lost circulation is limited whenever we see high permeability zones or even fractures.

• To avoid formation damage, the wellbore pressure can be kept lower than the reservoir pressure. Therefore, the requirements for stimulation are reduced and savings can be made.

• When trying to detect hydrocarbon zones, drilling underbalanced can be helpful – at times, they lead to findings that would have been missed with conventional methods.

• Reduced chance of differential sticking due to no filter cake with the wellbore wall.

• Penetration rates excel when compared to conventional techniques because there is less pressure at the bit head. As a result, bit life can extend and drilling times can fall.

• Finally, there is no need for the disposal of hazardous drilling mud as the process doesn’t use the conventional drilling fluids.

As you can see, there are some superb advantages to choosing this technique. Essentially, this is why it has gained the attention of many in recent years. However, there are also some downsides to UBD.

Drawbacks

• Above all else, it is expensive and the cost ranges depending on the drilling fluid used.

• Unfortunately, it can be hard to maintain an underbalanced position. Without the filter cake, a sudden pulse of overbalance could cause damage.

• Also, it presents safety issues because there is a higher chance of fire, explosion, and blowouts.

• After this, there are a series of smaller drawbacks such as the fact that borehole erosion can occur, the borehole can collapse, the system can corrode if air is used for aerating, equipment and people could be in danger due to the vibration of drill string, and it is more complicated.

• To finish, we should also note that a lack of heat conduction capacity will cause damage to the surface of the formation itself!

References

Drbratland.com. (2010). Chapter 1, Pipe Flow 1 Single-phase Flow. [online] Available at: http://www.drbratland.com/PipeFlow2/chapter1.html [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017].

Azar, J. and Samuel, G. (2008). Drilling engineering. 1st ed. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell.

Bourgoyne, J., Millheim, ‎., Chenevert, M. and Young, ‎. (1986). SPE Textbook Series, Volume 2 : Applied Drilling Engineering. 1st ed. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Mitchell, R., Miska, S. and Aadny, B. (2011). Fundamentals of drilling engineering. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers.

from Oil And Gas Updates http://www.drillingformulas.com/basic-understanding-of-underbalanced-drilling/

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astralfrontier · 8 years ago

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A “fusion AU” - a combination of many fictional franchises into a single chronology - based on the theme of biology. Viral infections, nonhuman creatures or half-human hybrids, giant monsters, and more.

Prelude (antiquity - 1945)

Since ancient times, certain humans have been immortal. In later centuries, they would learn the reason: an infection by a strain of the "Progenitor virus". Aside from longevity, the virus conveys a healing factor, immense physical health, and silvery eyes. The virus conveys immunity to many diseases - it will immediately infect and neutralize microbes, for example - but does significant damage to the gut flora, leading to significant chronic pain.

Many immortals are angry at their condition: they will live forever, and suffer forever. Some manage to kill themselves, despite their resilience. Others form cults, or are overthrown by fearful mobs. Eventually, several immortals banded together to investigate their condition, and if possible cure it - if that meant death, at least they would know peace. They submitted themselves to investigation by Faraj ben Sālim, the Sicilian-Jewish physician and translator. In 1281, thanks to the ability to dissect and analyze a human body while it still lived and spoke, the group made a breakthrough. Though they do not speak of it, the group found a way to cure their endless pain and live normal lives. They banded together, taking the name Da’ath, or “knowledge” in Hebrew, swearing to become masters of the living world.

In 1718, a member of Da’ath manages to experiment with the Progenitor virus. He infects medicinal leeches with his own blood, which when applied to a human corpse could give it a temporary un-life. His story later forms the basis for Mary Shelley’s story “Frankenstein”.

In 1858, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace introduce the theory of evolution: genetic descent with modification due to natural selection. Virchow, Schleiden, and Schwann develop the components of cell theory around the same time. The Victorian zeitgeist takes such discoveries in strange and unexpected directions. “Social darwinism”, a term invented in the 1880s, claims that “survival of the fittest” is a suitable template for society, not merely a description of natural selection. The Contagious Diseases Act is passed in 1864 and confines women accused of venereal disease to “lock hospitals”, disproportionately affecting the female working class of Britain. This conflation of morality and biology continues as a theme throughout the Victorian era.

This mixing of science and sociology comes to a head in 1893, when Professor Emmanuel Hildern elaborates his theory of evil as a transmissible plague and proposed, effectively, a vaccination against it. He bases his theory on the discovery of a humanoid but non-human skeleton, which develops tissue when exposed to water. Hildern is eventually locked away in an asylum run by his brother, and no further sign of the skeleton is found after a heavy rainstorm.

According to Darwin’s theory, biological mutations can arise by chance, then spread broadly throughout a population. A radical change to the environment can be sparked by a single surprising event. History sometimes works in a similar fashion, and one particular spark came about because of a king and a writer.

In 1862, King Otto of Greece is forced to abdicate the crown. It is offered to Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the English novelist, poet, playwright, and politician. Bulwer-Lytton is a noted Hellenophile and his books have been well received by the public for years. Along with the offer, Bulwer-Lytton receives a startling secret. Shaken by what he is told, he declines the honor and returns to his work. Four years later, he is elevated to Baron.

In 1871, Bulwer-Lytton writes a fictionalized version of the secret he was told, called “The Coming Race”. This novel features an unnamed narrator who discovers a way into a subterranean world. This inner Earth is populated by a people called the “Vril-ya” with telepathic and parapsychological abilities. Their civilization and powers are attributed to mastery of a mystical substance called “vril”, analogous to electricity in its variety of applications.

The concept of “vril” is seized upon by a number of occult thinkers, including Rudolf Steiner, the literary critic, esoteric writer, and founder of Anthroposophy. Steiner’s thinking separates him from his original comrades in the Theosophical movement, as he is more interested in developing a philosophy that incorporates natural science than following Theosophy’s mystical mindset.

The Wahrheits Gesellschaft, or “Society for Truth”, emerges as an inner circle of the Thule Society in 1911. The Society for Truth’s members have read “The Coming Race” and other sources, and conclude that it is based on a true story. They begin searching for tangible evidence of vril, driven by Steiner’s naturalistic approach.

In 1927, Robert Olmstead visits the New England town of Innsmouth, as part of a search for details of his own family line. He speaks with town drunk Zadok Allen, and learns the secret history of the town. An intelligent non-human species, the “Deep Ones”, live under the sea, and periodically come to shore to breed with human beings. Almost everyone in Innsmouth is now a human-Deep One hybrid. Alarmed by this discovery, Olmstead approaches the Federal authorities with convincing evidence, causing them to send submarines and soldiers to Innsmouth. A general cleanup of the town occurs, driving the Deep Ones further under the sea. Olmstead himself commits suicide shortly thereafter, puzzling most members of his family.

Officials who obtain the corpses of Deep Ones compare them to the 1893 writings of Professor Hildern, and conclude that his “mysterious evil skeleton” was in fact a Deep One. The alarming conclusion is that the creatures must have existed for at least 80,000 years.

Josef Mengele, the infamous Nazi doctor, joins the Nazi Party in 1937, and the Schutzstaffel (SS) a year later. Heinrich Himmler, leader of the SS, was a noted esoteric and member of the Thule Society. Himmler’s mystical leanings aren’t of interest to Mengele, but some of the hints uncovered by the Society for Truth and spoken of by the SS high command

such as unusual human genetic potentials - fascinate him. He begins a series of monstrous experiments on prisoners during the war, unhindered by any sort of ethics or morality. He is assisted by other geneticists and scientists, among them Brigid Tenenbaum and Henry Jelliff.

Mengele and Jelliff escape the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945 and move to Paraguay. They continue their research into human cloning. The Battle of Berlin ends May 2, 1945. Only July 9, the day a partial solar eclipse occurs in Berlin, Brigid Tenenbaum finally uncovers evidence of vril in a secret laboratory.

Prophase (1946 - 1961)

Andrew Ryan flees Russia in 1919 as a child. His experiences under the Soviet dominion of his homeland sour him on any sort of socialist or collectivist system. He feels a similar disgust at America’s "New Deal" social programs. As a successful industrialist and capitalist, he envisions a place where his ideals could be fully realized. He plans to create his own city, untouchable by “parasites”.

Following the bombing of Hiroshima, an event that Ryan sees as a perversion of science, he creates blueprints for an underwater city called “Rapture” that will serve as a home for the elite. Construction commences in 1945. On November 5, 1946, Rapture is ready enough to welcome its first citizens. Only the best and brightest receive invitations, regardless of their origin or past history.

Operation Paperclip is started in 1945 by the OSS (the precursors to the CIA), as an effort to acquire Nazi scientific expertise, or at least deprive the Russians of it. Andrew Ryan’s well-known hatred for the Soviet Union, his fluency in Russian, and his ties to the military-industrial complex allow him to be an integral part of Operation Paperclip. This in turn gives him access to the personnel records of many of Germany’s top thinkers. He offers to smuggle them to safety in the United States, but channels several of them not to American shores, but to Rapture.

Brigid Tenenbaum is one such recruit. She spends the next four years researching vril and its applications in Rapture’s laboratories, as well as performing other scientific research. She discovers a gene transfer mechanism in sea slugs that allow them to acquire traits from algae they consume. Using this ability, she creates "ADAM", a viral precursor to the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing process, that allows human beings to be genetically engineered to manipulate vril.

In her diaries, Tenenbaum records secret meetings between strange humanoids and members of Rapture’s leadership. She hints that this contact may have been tied to the discovery of ADAM, and that these beings - the Deep Ones - may enjoy their immortality and ability to reproduce with humans thanks to their use of the proto-ADAM found in the sea slugs. Electron micrographs of viral bacteriophages have been available since 1940, and her diaries include similar micrographs showing samples taken from Deep Ones.

From 1946 to 1952, construction continues on Rapture. In 1951, Ryan’s only law is passed: contact with the surface is forbidden. This law creates a thriving black market under the direction of Frank Fontaine, as the rich and influential citizens of Ryan’s city are accustomed to getting what they want. Fontaine works with his existing contacts on the surface to create an “umbrella corporation” which will act as a front for his smuggling operation.

Tenenbaum’s research requires materials that only Fontaine’s black market pipeline can supply, and the two develop a working relationship. Once ADAM is ready, Tenenbaum uses Fontaine’s influence in the city to manufacture and distribute it.

Tenenbaum lacks the technology to extract and work with DNA directly, making the Elysia chlorotica slugs a vital resource in producing ADAM. By implanting these slugs into a human host, ADAM synthesis can happen fast enough to meet Rapture’s growing demand for designer genetic engineering. The implantation process requires immunosuppressive drugs which only function in conjunction with XX chromosomes in a pre-pubescent individual. The Little Sister’s Orphanage, founded by Fontaine as a place for poor families to send their children, becomes the breeding ground for ADAM production, and the “Little Sisters” themselves are fuel for Rapture’s new habit.

Ryan, realizing the psychological pressures facing the citizens of Rapture (lack of sunlight, close confinement, and so forth), brings in Dr. Sofia Lamb, a brilliant psychologist. However, Dr. Lamb’s altruistic ideals contrast sharply with Ryan’s “parasite” rhetoric, and she begins to persuade the poorer segments of the population to abandon Ryan’s vision of Rapture.

In 1953, Professor Tom Nesbitt is involved in an atomic test in the Arctic. The blast thaws out a cryogenically frozen Rhedosaurus dinosaur, which follows the oceanic current from Baffin Bay to New York City. The beast is killed with a radioactive isotope shot into its neck. Before it dies, much of its blood is shed by attacking soldiers. This blood contains ancient diseases to which modern humans have no resistance.

Tenenbaum sends samples of the brain chemicals produced in the Little Sisters to the surface for analysis in 1955. Dr. Paul Ruth performs the analysis and concludes that the chemicals have great potential. He synthesizes and distributes a drug called Ephemerol based on his findings, marketing it as a safe tranquilizer for pregnant women. Many women begin using it, including Ruth’s own wife, who gives birth in 1956 and 1960.

By 1958, “Plasmids” - the fully realized fruit of Tenenbaum’s integration of vril and human genetics - become commercially available in Rapture. These genetic weapons allowed people to start fires or create lightning, freeze a target, or even move things telekinetically. By 1959, the city has fallen into a civil war, stoked by the competing visions of Andrew Ryan’s twisted idealism, Frank Fontaine’s anything-goes capitalism, and Sofia Lamb’s altruistic excess, and empowered by ADAM and Plasmids.

Andrew Ryan’s mistress Jasmine Jolene becomes pregnant. Since much of Rapture’s critical technology was locked to Ryan’s genetic code, his biological child would have similar levels of access. Realizing the possibilities, Fontaine purchases the embryo from Jolene in 1956. Dr. Yi Suchong and Fontaine accelerate the development of this embryo to maturity, using a biochemical treatment called “Lot 111”. Dr. Suchong implants mental conditioning into this individual, named “Jack”.

In 1959, Joyce Webster finds her husband Paul at a secret science lab in the Louisiana bayou. The facility, funded by Fontaine’s smuggling corporation and doing experiments for Dr. J.S. Steinman, is experimenting with limb regeneration. As a side effect, the test subjects are mutating into alligator-human hybrids. The lab is destroyed in an explosion.

Jack is brought back to Rapture in 1960. Manipulated by Fontaine under the guise of populist hero “Atlas”, Jack kills Andrew Ryan. Dr. Tenenbaum assists Jack in overcoming his mental conditioning, and together the two rescue the remaining Little Sisters in Rapture. Jack confronts and kills Frank Fontaine. Jack, Dr. Tenenbaum, and several of the restored Little Sisters escape from Rapture in a bathysphere.

One of these Little Sisters is adopted by the Trevor family, George and Jessica. They name their child “Lisa”.

Metaphase (1961 - 1975)

Rapture couldn’t keep its secrets forever. The First Biological Warfare Command, alias “Blackwatch”, is established in 1962 by DARPA and the Department of the Army. The program’s mandate is to secure America against biological attack, but its leadership goes further: they want to create new viral agents as weapons of war.

Dr. Tenenbaum was one of Andrew Ryan’s Operation Paperclip recruits, under the alias “Anna Zimmerman”. Blackwatch’s agents track her down after her escape from Rapture, and manage to wrest some of the secrets of ADAM from her. She refuses to work with them, and is killed by government assassins. Blackwatch begins tracking down Jack and the escaped Little Sisters, whose bodies have been significantly altered by their exposure to ADAM.

In 1963, Blackwatch begins “Carnival I”: the introduction of a new "Redlight" virus into chimpanzees. Redlight is derived from the “Lot 111” treatment obtained from Tenenbaum, adapted into viral form. The effects are immediate and positive: enhanced intelligence, strength, and other physical features.

By 1964, Blackwatch is ready to test the effects of the Redlight virus on humans. The create an artificial town in Idaho, called “Hope”, and round up a genetically diverse population to inhabit the place. The official story is that Hope is meant to test self-sufficient towns in the event of a nuclear war. On June 11, 461 subjects are infected with Redlight, told only that they are receiving routine immunization shots. Unlike chimpanzee subjects, no immediate mutations or physical changes were observed. 27 children, dubbed “Hope Children”, were born to the infectees in 1965. Their life expectancy was typically 3 years or less.

Blackwatch also sponsors the creation of a facility for studying Redlight. This facility is buried underground near Flatrock, NV, and dubbed “Wildfire”. A series of protocols are put in place to keep Wildfire safe, and if necessary to sterilize it with an atomic bomb. The laboratory is equipped with every conceivable scientific tool for studying microbial and viral lifeforms.

Frank Fontaine’s investment in ADAM was richly rewarded. His Umbrella Corporation has become independently wealthy thanks to pharmaceuticals and medical supplies, bioweapons, and genetic engineering. Lord Oswald E. Spencer, one of the virologists and independently wealthy to begin with, publicly becomes president of Umbrella. In 1966, he, Dr. James Marcus, and Brandon Bailey make a breakthrough in unlocking the double-stranded RNA virus they called "Progenitor".

Lord Spencer has a mansion in the Arklay Mountains designed and built in 1967 as a place where research can take place away from official scrutiny and Blackwatch’s prying eyes. Spencer also leads an expedition to the city of Ndipaya people, during which his colleague Sir Edward Ashford dies due to viral exposure. To cover their tracks in Africa, the Umbrella team releases an artificial and rapidly-spreading virus into the ancient Ndipaya ruins. Blackwatch officers General Ford and Major General McClintock use a fuel bomb to destroy the infected area, assigning the name “Motaba” to the viral agent they found.

Spencer’s real reason for creating the mansion is to get access to George Trevor’s daughter Lisa, and her unique "Little Sister" physiology. Spencer does away with George, then forcibly administers the Progenitor virus to Lisa and her mother Jessica on November 10, 1967. When Jessica shows no interesting effects, Umbrella kills her. Lisa, however, survives the process and is horribly altered. Umbrella extracts a modified virus, the “G-virus”, from Lisa’s body.

In 1968, Dr. Marcus are officially brought on board by Umbrella to push Progenitor research forward. Spencer hope to use Progenitor’s unique infective and mutative properties as a substitute for ADAM, and as a tool to achieve godhood.

By 1968, almost all the “Hope Children” were dead. The exception was a child of a former Little Sister, now going by the name Elizabeth Greene. Redlight turned Greene’s body into a virus factory, and their infections turned the other residents of Hope into a hive mind with one purpose: defend and obey Greene.

Alexander Ashford, son of deceased Lord Edward, begins construction of a secret base in Antarctica to perform further viral research. This work is completed in 1968.

In 1969, Blackwatch initiates “Operation Altruistic”: the forced purification of the Carnival II experiment site in Hope, ID. They capture or destroy all of the infected citizens, take possession of the bodies of the Hope Children, and recover Elizabeth Greene and her child (dubbed “Pariah”).

The Hope infectees controlled by Greene come in several varieties. One, of a highly mobile and intelligent type dubbed a “Runner” by Blackwatch, escapes the Hope military cordon. It flees, crossing 1400 miles to reach Piedmont, AZ (mistakenly labeled “Two Bluff” in Blackwatch records). Robert Cross, then a captain in Blackwatch, tracks the creature there, thankfully with minimal casualties along the way. He is able to destroy it, but not able to prevent the resulting infection of Piedmont’s residents. Everyone except two people - the town drunk and an infant child - subsequently dies. Blackwatch sterilizes the town with a thermobaric weapon.

Blackwatch takes its Carnival II samples and dispatches government scientists to Wildfire to study mutated microbes that survived the Hope experiment, under the code name “Andromeda”. After several tense days, including the near obliteration of the facility by its inbuilt nuclear weapon, the researchers discover that Andromeda itself has mutated into a benign form. To maintain operational security, none of the researchers are told the true origin of the microbe: instead, they are informed that it came down as part of a crashed military satellite.

In 1970, Anna Hart is born. In reality, she is a clone of Brigid Tenenbaum, alias “Anna Zimmerman”. Blackwatch has produced several other clones, and fostered them into families identical to Tenenbaum’s. Over the next several years, the clones receive trace amounts of ADAM harvested from Tenenbaum herself. Blackwatch hopes that ADAM’s memory-transferring properties will awaken Tenenbaum’s memories and genius in the clones.

Blackwatch creates a front company, the Rossum Corporation, to invest in medical technologies and research that will validate the presence of emergent memories in their Anna clones. To that end, Rossum purchases the rights to magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, after it’s invented by Paul C. Lauterbur in September 1971. The corporation gradually dissociates itself from Blackwatch to pursue the ambitions of one of its executives, Clyde Randolph.

In 1970, Andy McGee and Vicky Tomlinson meet in college. The next year, the two are married and expecting their first child, Charlene. They met as test subjects for a hallucinogen called “Lot 6”. Like Ephemerol, Lot 6 is derived from Rapture “Plasmid” biotechnology and the mutated Little Sister physiology, but processed and concentrated. The drug in their systems endows both of them with psychic abilities, and finds its way into the brain of their unborn child Charlie. Charlie herself is born in 1973.

The National Institute of Mental Health receives samples of Redlight for further experimentation. They apply the virus to a collection of rats and mice. Unbeknownst to the researchers, the rodents acquire enhanced intelligence (and perhaps other special abilities), and engineer their own escape from the NIMH facility in 1971.

Blackwatch manages to extract a sample of the viral infection Elizabeth Greene used to control her fellow citizens in Hope. Although the infection doesn’t create a hive mind, it does induce gradual insanity. This virus, code named “Trixie”, is transported by airplane in

The plane crashes near Evans City, PA, and pollutes the local water supply. The townsfolk are quickly driven insane by the infection, while Blackwatch soldiers under the command of Colonel Peckem move in to clean up, contain, or sterilize the city.

Anaphase (1975 - 2009)

Biology itself is now officially a threat to mankind. High-ranking government officials, senior corporate officers, and experienced biologists all consider the problem in their own way, and with their own people. Their conclusions fall into two camps. Either humans need to be improved, or people need to escape being human.

John Hammond founds International Genetics Incorporated, or "InGen", in 1975. Born in 1913, he has a string of successes already behind him, but he is unable to conquer his real enemy: aging and death.

In 1975, rebel scientist Eddie Jessup experiments with a South American hallucinogen which, in combination with sensory deprivation, causes him to physically revert to a pre-human state. The hallucinogen is derived from a plant called the Sonnentreppe , or “Stairway to the Sun”, and also grows in West Africa. The plant is a natural producer of the Progenitor virus, and Jessup’s physical transfiguration is linked to his deeply repressed religious mania.

Dr. Raymond F. McMullen founds GenTek on November 1, 1976. He receives funding from the government’s Blackwatch organization. The company’s purpose is to experiment on the Redlight virus, and to study the research subject Elizabeth Greene.

Also in 1976, aging Nazi hunter Ezra Liebermann receives information that Nazi scientist Josef Mengele has cloned Adolf Hitler 94 times. He is attempting to recreate the Fuhrer’s mental state in the clones by carefully shaping their upbringing, culminating in the killing of their adoptive fathers. Rather than using Jelliff’s more careful approach, Mengele is determined to achieve quick results before he himself dies. Liebermann is able to track and confront Mengele, and in cooperation with another Nazi hunter, David Bennett, uncovers and dismantles the cloning operation.

Dr. James Marcus, working under Lord Spencer and the Umbrella Corporation, successfully engineers the Progenitor virus into the "t-virus" on September 19, 1977, using Eddie Jessup’s research as a basis for understanding its transformative properties. Marcus further experiments with infecting leeches in 1978, but later concludes that humans would be better guinea pigs. The t-virus is a multi-use biological weapon: it can kill and transform a population into ravenous zombie-like creatures, while one in ten million people have the correct genetic potential to mutate into monstrous living weapons called "tyrants". A t-virus victim’s mental state influences the mutation, and only humans have sufficiently controllable mental states.

The Umbrella research team responsible for the t-virus work to understand how the anomalous development of extra mass occurs in the bodies of infectees. They conclude that the mysterious “vril” is responsible for the observed effects, and dub the products of the t-virus (and similar life forms) as “VRIL” - Viral/Retroviral Intron Lifeforms. The first VRIL creations - the zombie and a creature dubbed the “Hunter” - show promise as a subset of VRILs called BOWs - Bio Organic Weapons.

Blackwatch’s Department of Scientific Intelligence, also known as "The Shop", kills Vicky Tomlinson in 1980. They pursue her family, Andy McGee and his daughter Charlie, who has developed powerful pyrokinetic powers. The pair are captured and separated, with members of the Shop unsuccessfully attempting to gain Charlie’s trust. The Shop’s senior man and much of the upper echelon is killed by Charlie herself, who also blows up several of its buildings in the process.

In 1979, Dr. Hal Raglan’s Somafree Institute of Psychoplasmics demonstrates a revolutionary method of treating patients with psychological issues. Dr. Raglan’s method depends on an infusion of modified ADAM, which doesn’t require infusions of EVE but can have unintended side effects. His star patient, Nola Carveth, begins spontaneously manifesting her frustrations as deformed dwarfish apparitions who kill the objects her frustrations. Eventually Nola’s husband convinces Dr. Raglan of the danger of his approach, and the institute is closed. Dr. Raglan and Nola die, but her daughter Candice (now showing signs of the psychoplasmic condition) escapes.

In 1981, members of Mengele’s cloning project join InGen as research scientists. Hammond is interested in their human cloning work, but they inform him that tremendous amounts of capital will be required to create a clone that will retain his personality, not merely resemble him. Hammond begins work on a radical idea: cloning dinosaurs and stocking a park with them as live exhibits. He believes that this will raise enough capital to fund his immortality research. InGen is able to successfully clone a dinosaur by 1984, and a velociraptor in

The children born after exposure to Ephemerol steadily reach adulthood. All of them exhibit telepathic powers, but also suffer from sensory overload, mental noise, and other side effects of uncontrolled mind-reading. Dr. Ruth dubs them “Scanners”, since they are able to scan or make mental contact with other minds, even with computers. Dr. Ruth’s employer ConSec is interested in the security applications of the Scanner power. When telepathic terrorist Darryl Revok disrupts a 1981 ConSec Scanner demonstration by killing the presenter, Dr. Ruth recruits Cameron Vale, another Scanner with powerful latent abilities, to track down and terminate Revok. In their final conflict, Revok kills Vale’s body, but Vale transmits his mind into Revok, overwriting his personality.

Anna Hart, one of the clones of Brigid Tenenbaum, learns of her existence as a clone in 1982 with the aid of Michaela Dupont, who is secretly also a clone. They confront Henry Jelliff, using Michaela’s knowledge of the cloning process in trade for the safety of the Anna clones.

Cloning the body is not enough to ensure immortality. One’s consciousness must also find its way into a new host. In 1984, the Rossum Corporation uses their existing position as number one seller of MRI machines to acquire mental maps of people around the world. They have a number of Scanners on the payroll, including Cameron Vale (now in the body of Darryl Revok), and offer psycho-suppressive drug treatments to keep them docile and sane. The Scanners, in turn, aid Rossum’s engineers in understanding how to imprint a human mind onto a brain. Rossum develops a combination of magnetic and chemical processes that lead to the first “Active”: a human body whose brain is a blank slate, ready to be programmed with a stored mind.

A chemical leak from Umbrella’s New York City laboratory occurs in

Some of their mutagenic viral samples infect a small group of turtles in the city sewers, causing significant physiological and mental changes. They encounter a similarly mutated rat, a survivor of the NIMH experiments, who has gained intelligence and martial arts skills over the last decade. The new humanoid-hybrid animals are sought after by Umbrella for their potential as weapons. They are hunted by Umbrella foot soldiers, or “the Foot” - half-alive humans infected by a variant t-virus, good for fighting but not much else.

Over the next several years, Rossum employs down-on-their-luck individuals to function as Actives. The Actives are assigned to "Dollhouses", scattered around the world in highly secretive locations, and deployed on engagements for high-paying clients. They receive synthetic personalities and skills to match the engagement’s requirements. Rossum’s eventual goal is the development of personal immortality through mind imprinting, and the Dollhouse is a way of building up a base of well-heeled clients and researching the necessary science.

Clyde Randolph is betrayed by one of his business partners at Rossum, and killed, in 1992. His conscious mind is transferred into “the Attic”, a virtual reality simulation hosted by the Rossum mainframe.

In the early 90s, Anna Hart is visited by a mysterious man who only calls himself “Jack”. He tells her the story of Brigid Tenenbaum, the woman from whom she was cloned. He leaves a package of information for her to read, and a word of advice: “don’t just obey. Choose for yourself.” Now an adult, Anna has her legal name changed to Anna Zimmerman, and begins the search for the Little Sisters of Rapture. Her search quickly leads her to Blackwatch itself, the sponsors of the cloning program which produced her. With the aid of Professor Bruckner, an expert in cloning who was also aware of Mengele’s attempt to reproduce Adolf Hitler via cloning, Anna resolves to rescue the surviving Little Sisters. Her records show that many of them have fallen into Blackwatch’s hands and are being used as experimental subjects.

InGen demonstrates Jurassic Park to a private team of scientists and investors in 1993. Due to sabotage of the park by InGen head programmer Dennis Nedry, several dinosaurs escape their enclosures and run rampant across the park. Nedry has been hired by InGen’s rival to deliver dinosaur DNA specimens, but he is killed by the very dinosaurs he released before he can leave the island. Despite these serious problems, John Hammond remains determined to make the park a reality. Seeing the pleasure that dinosaurs gave to visitors, including his own grandchildren, he loses interest in immortality research and plans to focus entirely on the Park.

By 1995, Lisa Trevor has been exhausted of her potential to spawn bio-weapons. Umbrella, having lost several personnel to her grief-driven berserk rages, orders her termination. The effects of Umbrella’s treatment on her have reawakened and enhanced her Little Sister durability, making her immune to almost any sort of attack. She is left for dead, but is in reality in a sort of suspended animation.

The Motaba virus reappears in Zaire in 1995, motivating USAMRIID (United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases) virologists, other scientists, and members of the military to deal with it. Colonel Sam Daniels and others manage to avert the destruction of Cedar Creek, CA. In the process, Col. Daniels’ analysis of Motaba reveals its ties to the Umbrella Corporation, prompting him to look further into the company’s history. He confronts Brigadier General Billy Ford, who investigated the original outbreak and helped cover up Umbrella’s involvement.

In 1998, both Raccoon City and the Umbrella base in the Antarctic both suffer t-virus outbreaks. The Raccoon City incident is investigated by members of STARS - a program sponsored by Blackwatch to train law enforcement personnel in detecting and combating “bio-crimes” - who discover the Arklay Mountains mansion of Lord Spencer, and are set upon by bio-organic weapons created by the t-virus. Raccoon City and the Antarctic base are both eventually destroyed by nuclear devices to contain the outbreak, and some of the STARS personnel do survive.

During the Raccoon City incident, Anna Zimmerman - who has joined STARS under an assumed identity - finds and rescues Lisa Trevor in the Spencer mansion. While Lisa is horrifically mutated and has been driven to near total madness by her experiences, Anna’s resemblance to her long-lost “mother” Brigid Tenenbaum transfers Lisa’s yearning for her mother into loyalty to Anna. The two escape Raccoon City’s destruction together.

In the mid-90’s, the ancient conspiracy Da’ath sponsors Operation Manticore, a program to genetically engineer controllable super-soldiers. They obtain DNA samples from the New York turtle hybrids’ blood, which Umbrella managed to secure during its battles with them. With this as a foundation, Manticore begins work on human-animal hybrids for use as soldiers.

In 1999, in an attempt to treat Alzheimer’s disease, sharks are genetically engineered to serve as donors for a vital protein. As a result, the animals become super-intelligent. They escape their underwater cages and kill several members of the science team, but are killed themselves. Unbeknownst to the team, the program is a cover for Manticore. From their perspective, they’ve gained valuable data on human intelligence in a non-human body.

Manticore succeeds in creating the first of their “X5” series human-animal chimeras in 2000.

Type S influenza, also known as the “Reaper virus”, breaks out in Scotland in 2008. After a fruitless search for the cure, the entire country is quarantined.

On March 11, 2008, a weaponized form of rabies is released in an apartment building. The CDC establishes a quarantine. Reporter Angela Videl’s footage is recovered from the scene, but there are no survivors and the entire building is isolated and purged. Unknown to the public at large, the virus was engineered by Da’ath. Dr. Peter Farragut of the CDC is instrumental in preventing the spread of the disease and performing an analysis of the virus itself.

Telophase (2009 - 2038)

Geneticists Clive Nicoli and Elsa Kast work on a series of transgenic human-animal hybrids in 2009. Their work is sponsored by a company called NERD (Nucleic Exchange Research and Development), a front for the secretive Operation Manticore. Their most successful creation is a being called Dren, who is intelligent but inhuman in its behavior. A series of tragedies and deaths close the program, but Manticore privately considers the work a success.

In 2009, Alex J. Mercer wakes up in a Gentek morgue in Manhattan, as the Blacklight virus overwhelms the city. With assistance from his sister Dana, he opposes Blackwatch and the USMC to find pathologist Dr. Bradley Ragland (half-brother to Dr. Hal Ragland). Ragland assists Alex in confronting Elizabeth Greene. In the process, Alex comes to understand that the real Mercer is now dead, having spitefully released Blacklight into the population upon his death, and that “Alex” is a sentient entity constructed by the Blacklight virus itself.

Blackwatch’s General Randall is prepared to execute the Wildfire protocol, obliterating Manhattan with a nuclear weapon to contain the virus. Realizing that an electromagnetic pulse is enough to defeat the virus in its current form, Alex takes off with the weapon aboard a helicopter. The bomb itself doesn’t physically damage Manhattan, but the EMP successfully purges the infection.

The cost is staggering. The EMP pulse has wiped out the major data centers of the East Coast, and the resulting power surge across a faulty and antiquated electrical grid does tremendous damage to the North American electronic infrastructure. This outcome, called “the Pulse”, is attributed by the military to terrorist action.

Among other effects, the Pulse also wipes out the delicate imprinting tech being used by Rossum and its Dollhouses - perhaps for the best.

The Pulse paves the way for the Balkanization and fragmentation of the United States as a single political entity. Autonomous regions, indepence-minded microstates, corporate franchises, and even organized crime groups eclipse the previous Federal government in power.

In 2009, several X5 super-soldiers escape a Manticore facility located in Guilette, WY. They disappear into the offline darkness of America.

In 2010, United Nations negotiator Edward Douglas crash-lands near an island in the Java sea. He discovers the island is inhabited by a former neurosurgeon named Montgomery, a geneticist named Dr. Moreau, and Moreau’s daughter Aissa. Douglas gradually discovers that Moreau was responsible for experiments in animal-human hybridization on the Manticore project. He now rules as a mad god-king over the hybrids of the island, including Aissa herself. Douglas’s arrival unbalances the fragile tension of the island, leading to a general uprising and the deaths of Moreau, Montgomery, Aissa, and several of the hybrids. Douglas himself is able to escape and report his story.

Over the next several years, corporations rise in power and influence, without the restraint of government regulation. Although the largest and oldest corporations have been ruined by the Pulse, their human resources retain their skills. Meanwhile, the government consolidates and privatizes.

In 2013, con artist Sarah Manning observes the suicide of a woman who looks exactly like her. Taking advantage of the situation to steal the woman’s identity, Sarah eventually discovers she is one of several clones and that Neolution, a secret corporate conspiracy headed by Aldous Leekie, has an interest in her and her fellow clones.

In 2014, Dr. Alan Farragut and his team of CDC researchers fly to the Arctic BioSystems research facility. Their goal is to contain and study the Narvik virus, which has similarities to rabies, and was worked on by Alan’s brother Peter. Peter came to ABS’s attention after his work with the engineered rabies outbreak in 2008. The ABS facility is quickly overrun by zombie-like “vectors”, who are infected with the virus and compelled to spread it to the uninfected. ABS’s parent company, the Ilaria Corporation sends senior executive Constance Sutton to contain the situation.

In reality, Ilaria is a front for the ancient conspiracy of immortals called Da’ath, with the virus a key element in their plans. Narvik infectees will not attack Da’ath immortals, but will actively try to infect other people, making it an imperfect but viable tool for world conquest. The crisis ends with several members of Da’ath “killed” - unable to move, but still somehow alive - and the ABS lab destroyed, along with all samples of Narvik.

By 2015, the changing geopolitical climate makes big-budget funding from defense departments unlikely. Many companies, such as InGen and Gentek, leverage their in-house expertise in cloning and biotech in more public ways. Companies like RePet offer a cloned copy of family pets, and human organ cloning is a commercial business. Human clones are still technically illegal, under “Sixth Day” laws, and corporations (publicly) honor this restriction. Behind the scenes, Neolution continues to both promote and hinder human cloning research to further their agenda of reinventing human evolution.

Helicopter pilot Adam Gibson encounters billionaire Michael Drucker of Replacement Technologies, whose company employs former Rossum employees and Neolution members. Drucker intends to create a cabal of immortals, whose minds can be copied from body to body. Gibson finds himself cloned, and works with his clone to take down Drucker and reveal the plot.

In 2016, freelance journalist/intel-operative Hiro Protagonist encounters Snow Crash, a virus/drug/religion being promulgated by industrialist L. Bob Rife. Rife’s purely fiber-optic communication network survived the Pulse, and as a result he now controls American Internet traffic. Rife has acquired a “metavirus”, able to affect the human mind, and has repackaged it under the name “Snow Crash”. Hiro, his skateboard courier partner Y.T., and their allies stop Rife from distributing Snow Crash widely and manage to shut down the distribution network.

By 2017, the leadership of Blackwatch and the Umbrella Corporation are systematically eliminated, or simply disappear. Careful observers attribute this to a team of highly skilled and uniquely powered individuals: a stern old man who mixes heavy firearms and elemental powers, a STARS-trained genius gunslinger/geneticist, a humanoid virus who can consume and assimilate memories, a multi-ethnic hacker/swordsman, an aggressive pyrokinetic, and a woman who can summon negative emotions into an ectoplasmic reality or shape it into humanoid minions. They uncover the machinations of the Wahrheits Gesellschaft, or "Society for Truth", still operating behind the scenes and guiding vril-empowered virus research, and manage to overthrow the Society’s key members.

In 2019, X5 super-soldier “Max” works for a bicycle courier service in Seattle, called Jam Pony. She comes to learn more about the Manticore program, and works to rescue other X5s from Manticore’s custody.

While Replacement Technologies was exposed by Adam Gibson, other companies quietly acquire its assets and human resources. Merrick Biotech establishes several facilities where clones of famous or wealthy individuals are force-grown and prepared as physical or mental backups should their originals become sick or die. The clones themselves are told that the outside world is intensely contaminated, but that there is a lottery system allowing a few of them to visit a safe haven. While they are mental duplicates of their originals thanks to Dollhouse technology, they are also engineered to be more docile and controllable. Clones Richard, Lena, Lincoln Six Echo, and Jordan Two Delta overcome their programming through curiosity, escape from the confinement zones in 2019, and learn the truth about their situation.

By 2020, several prominent individuals have passed away or disappeared. Jack has passed away from old age, accompanied at his last moments by nearly every surviving Little Sister. Most of them have thankfully lived ordinary lives, and the last thing Jack sees is their grateful smiles. Alex Mercer encounters his genetic complement, Elizabeth Greene’s psychopathic child Pariah, and both perish. As a result, the last samples of the Blacklight virus are now eradicated.

In 2022, a meteorite strikes Tokyo, Japan. The Da’ath conspiracy discovers it, and uncovers an extraterrestrial viral element. Through analysis, they discover that the Progenitor virus and the alien sample show distinct signs of common ancestry. The history of super-viruses on Earth may in fact start in outer space. Da’ath begins work on this new sample.

On December 24, 2029, the meteorite is discovered by a trio of children. One of the children, Mana, is found by the secret Da’ath lab stationed nearby. Finding that the child is already ill with an untreatable form of cancer, she is injected with a modified version of their current viral agent as a test - their reasoning is that her life is over anyway. She escapes, becoming Patient Zero of what will later be called the "Apocalypse Virus".

Apocalypse is the second attempt by Da’ath to engineer a worldwide system of control through a viral mechanism. It incorporates the “hive mind” element of Redlight - Mana is able to control the actions of infectees - and provides both a ready supply of vril and a means to manipulate it. The subjects retain their intelligence, but can still be kept docile and controllable.

Apocalypse spreads wildly throughout Japan, in an event that will be called “Lost Christmas”. The rest of the world hurriedly works to isolate Japan. What’s left of the United Nations organizes GHQ - Genomic Headquarters - to deal with the outbreak, find a cure, and contain the spread of the virus at all costs.

In 2035, the Reaper virus is confirmed in London. A military team is sent to Scotland by GHQ to recover data on a possible cure, after satellite imagery discovers signs of survivors. The team, led by Major Eden Sinclair, finds only survivors with a natural immunity, who have regressed into cannibalistic barbarity, adopting medieval weapons and customs.

Division (2039 - forward)

By 2039, blood and DNA tests had become mandatory for several of the "doomsday" viruses or genetic abnormalities that had threatened mankind. When a broad-spectrum immunity factor was discovered in human DNA, the law went one step further. Babies would be engineered with the immunity factor, no exceptions. Automated testing would become routine.

Many - later, most - families opted to go further. If a child could be made resistant to disease, could the genetic engineers go further, making those children smarter, stronger, or better as well? The mechanics of genetics were well understood. Germline engineering became the new normal. A generation of ��designer babies” came to dominate the world. George Glenn, astronaut and later the man who will be known as the first “Coordinator”, is born in 2039.

In 2039, Shu Ouma is an ordinary high school student in Japan. GHQ has locked the country down. Patrols are everywhere, ready to drag away any Apocalypse infectees. The infection is easy to spot: the virus literally transforms parts of the body into a strange crystal, in reality solidified vril. Shu encounters Inori Yuzuriha, who introduces him to the anti-GHQ resistance cell “Funeral Parlor” and its leader, Gai Tsutsugami.

Through a series of events, Shu obtains the Void Genome - a modification of the Apocalypse Virus capable of extracting solidified vril from a person and transforming it into a tool or weapon appropriate to the donor’s personality. These creations of vril are called “Voids”. The Void Genome creates a specialized gland in the right arm of the user, and loss of the arm means the user is unable to conjure Voids. In addition, the destruction of a person’s Void leads to a fatal and near-instantaneous transfiguration into solidified vril.

With Funeral Parlor’s help, Shu fights back against GHQ. The organization responds with even more force, finally partitioning Tokyo completely and isolating all residents. After much struggle, betrayal, and heartache, Shu and his friends manage to purge the Apocalypse Virus itself from Japan. GHQ eventually relents and releases Japan from their control. Shu and his allies retreat into obscurity, but not before confronting Da’ath and their “envoy” Yuu, who have attempted to use the Void Genome to take over the world.

In the next 20 to 30 years, disease is all but eradicated. Society is a fearsome police state, closely scrutinizing people and their health. Any corporation dealing with genetic engineering is strictly monitored, to prevent another apocalyptic virus or biological monstrosity. The high level of tension leads to several wars: the Pan-Asian war, the Third Gulf war, and others. While traditional bioweapons are considered verboten, genetically engineered super-soldiers are created and deployed in these conflicts. During peacetime, society struggles to re-integrate its living weapons.

By 2053, animal-human hybrids and genetically engineered humans are a fact of life. Edward Douglas’s report on Dr. Moreau’s activities has led to a long-standing fear and mistrust of any such creatures, and half-human “Moreaus” and engineered “frankensteins” are second-class citizens at best. Private detective and tiger-human hybrid Nohar Rajasthan is hired to investigate the death of a conservative anti-moreau politician, which leads him to uncovering evidence of Da’ath. Nohar only learns hints: Da’ath seems interested in pushing humanity away from a mechanistic technology and toward a biotech-driven future, one that they can control with their mastery of biology.

Humanity turns to space to satisfy its need for natural resources, as the exhausted Earth has suffered. Nation struggles against nation, even as the “Cosmic Calendar” is inaugurated in 2055 in an attempt to bring a fragmented world back together. Many older Moreaus are re-activated as soldiers, and second-generation Moreaus are offered full citizenship in exchange for military service in the new conflict.

Artificially created Frankensteins, such as the Nexus-6 Replicants created by the Tyrell Corporation, are extensively used in space, both as workers and soldiers in the ongoing conflicts. Some escape to Earth, only to be hunted by specially trained police units called “Blade Runners”. One such group manages to get to Earth, then kill the head of the Tyrell corporation, noted geneticist Eldon Tyrell. Meanwhile, the Rossum Corporation continues to use its “Active” technology in the creation of cloned humanoid automatons called “Universal Robots”, who can be mentally programmed for highly skilled and specialized tasks.

Nuclear weapons are deployed on the front lines of central Asia, in the Kashmir region, in 2056. The wholesale destruction of Kashmir’s industrial facilities reduces much of the fighting to hand-to-hand or close-quarters combat, where the Moreaus’ natural talents give them a decisive edge.

Biological weapons are unleashed around the world as well, killing even civilian populations or threatening them with organ failure. Companies like GeneCo emerge, providing synthetic organs to the sick for a profit. Organ “repo men” exist, who will reclaim such organs - and coincidentally harvest the other organs of a defaulting client who dies during “reclamation” - if the client doesn’t keep up their payments.

The formal end of the “Reconstruction War” is in 2064, or C.E. 9 in the new calendar. The construction of the Lunar city, Copernicus, begins the next year, and is completed in 2067 (C.E. 11).

Unlike earlier wars in the century, the Reconstruction War is generally seen as ending well for all involved. The public has been familiar with Moreaus for a generation, and their heroic feats and victories in battle shift attitudes positively toward genetic engineering.

By 2070, designer babies are the default condition for the developed world. The population is divided into “valids” (those with engineered DNA and no handicaps) and “invalids” (those born naturally). The Gattaca Aerospace Corporation begins planning a mission to the Jovian moon of Titan. Vincent Freeman, an “in-valid”, has dreamed of space flight since he was a child. He obtains the aid of Jerome Morrow, a “valid” with excellent genetics who was crippled in an accident, to pass himself off as a genetically acceptable “valid”.

Vincent is successful in getting aboard the Titan mission, and serves under senior astronaut George Glenn. Scientists studying L. Bob Rife’s "metavirus", and the Apocalypse Virus meteor responsible for Lost Christmas, have traced both to the Jovian system. The Gattaca vessel, named “Tsiolkovsky” after the Soviet rocket scientist, will spend seven years exploring Jupiter. Their hope is to establish whether or not extraterrestrial life - even a virus - really exists.

Before leaving, Glenn makes an impassioned speech to the world’s population, asking that genetically engineered people become "Coordinators" rather than controllers, guiding mankind rather than ruling it, and urging a more egalitarian society. Unfortunately, his message is not received as intended, and societal friction arises between the “valid” and “in-valid” factions. “In-valids” claim a new name for themselves: “Naturals”. In 2072, the bioterrorist group Blue Cosmos launches attacks against hospitals performing genetic enhancement on unborn children.

In 2084, the Tsiolkovsky returns from Jupiter with “Evidence 01”, the first known extraterrestrial fossil.

The first permanent L5 space colonies, called PLANTs and shaped like extended hourglasses, become ready for population. Due to the demands of living in space full-time, only Coordinators - now the accepted term for all genetically-engineered humans - are accepted aboard. The PLANTs become a nexus for scientific progress and artistic accomplishment due to the presence of so many “improved” humans. The next year, anti-Coordinator terrorism is aimed at PLANT inhabitants who come to Earth, driving a wedge between the space-dwelling Coordinators and the planet-bound Naturals.

On February 5 of C.E. 70 (2125 AD), a joint peace conference being held at the lunar city Copernicus is struck by a terrorist attack, wiping out the entire United Nations’s leadership. War breaks out between Earth and the Plants on February 11.

The Treaty of Junius in C.E. 73 marks the end of hostilities, but fails all of its major political objectives. A second war soon breaks out, which includes nuclear strikes and other weapons from both sides. After much heartbreak and sacrifice, including the deaths of senior leaders on both sides, a ceasefire is announced in C.E. 74.

Blue Cosmos releases a final apocalyptic bioweapon attack that spreads across the world, but ironically fails to contaminate the PLANT population. Earth’s remaining human population is nearly obliterated as a result. Lacus Clyne, then leader of the PLANTs, announces that a plan to reboot the devastated Earth’s biosphere. Corrupted soil must be purified; radiation must be purged. The effort will take centuries. In the meantime, many Coordinators leave Earth orbit, in an effort to colonize the Jovian system.

The PLANT repopulation plan involved the creation of a vast forest (to leech poison from the soil) and the engineering of giant insect guardians (to reboot the animal-plant biosphere). The Alliance-PLANT wars are remembered a millennium later as “the Seven Days of Fire” by human survivors on Earth, and the forest becomes known as the “Sea of Corruption” for the poisonous miasma found there. The human population has formed kingdoms such as Torumekia and the Dorok Empire, echoing the return to Medieval form once seen in Scotland during the Reaper outbreak. Such kingdoms live in uneasy alliances with each other, as well as struggling to survive the spreading Sea of Corruption itself.

During this time, Nausicaa, princess of the Valley of Wind and daughter of its king Jhil, forms a strange bond with the insect life. She functions as both scientist and mediator, studying the forest and searching for ways for humans and the forest to co-exist. During this time, she encounters Princess Kushana of Torumekia, Asbel of Pejite, and other national leaders, and tries to convince them - with varying levels of success - that cooperation is better than war for ensuring human survival. She penetrates to the heart of the forest, learning of the ancient humans’ plan to reboot the Earth at the cost of the lives of those now on the planet.

Faced with the choice of allowing ancient humanity to return to the planet of their birth, or saving the lives of those now living there, Nausicaa disables the computer which manages the reclamation program and would have otherwise sent a signal into space when the plan was complete. The Sea of Corruption will continue to spread, eventually unifying into a single functional entity.

Human beings are now forced to live within the forest, adapting to it and adapting it in turn to their own needs. In effect, humanity is now a virus with the world as its host. Only time will tell if its presence is beneficial or not.

#IFTTT #Astral Frontier

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little-p-eng-engineering · 5 years ago

Link

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS Services

Meena Rezkallah (Owner) started his career in consulting engineering firms in 2009 and began carrying out pipe stress analysis (PSA) using Caesar II (Intergraph) software in 2009. Meena Rezkallah started instructing other engineers in pipe stress analysis courses and piping design courses in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Meena Rezkallah has both managed and carried out pipe stress analysis / pipe designs and Structural Engineering on a large number of projects since 2009.

TASKS WE CAN BE PERFORM:

B31 and Z662 Code stress checks (SUS, EXP, OCC stresses)

Displacements, forces & moments on piping, restraints and boundary conditions

WRC 107/297 calculations (if critical loading, FEA is recommended)

SIF’s at Intersections and Bends (FE Pipe recommended in certain applications)

Flexibility at intersections (tees, trunnions, nozzles) – (FEA recommended)

Trunnion supports at pipes and elbows (Kellogg calculation or FEA)

Spring hanger selection

Expansion joint selection (if pipe expansion loop is not possible or not reasonable) and ratings check

Flange stress checks using the equivalent pressure method (very conservative for lower class flanges)

wind, seismic, pressure relief discharge, water hammer (static analysis)

natural frequencies, harmonic effects, relief discharge, slug flow, water hammer (dynamic analysis)

buried piping

NOZZLE LOAD COMPLIANCE CHECKS USING THE FOLLOWING STANDARDS:

NEMA SM-23 (Steam Turbines)

API-610 (Centrifugal Pumps)

API 616 (Gas Turbines)

API-661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers)

API-560 (Fired Heaters)

HEI Standard (Heat Exchanger Institute)

Nozzle loads based on manufacturer recommended allowables

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

If we verify that the stresses or nozzle loads do not pass, then we recommend the options available for the system to pass. We issue a report for every project which summarizes the analysis in an easy to read format, and includes 3D plots, node identification, nozzle load tables (if applicable) and includes the Caesar II software output indicating pipe displacements, loads and stresses, as well as restraint loads.

Located in Calgary Alberta, We offer our Piping Engineering Services, Skid Design Services, Pipeline Engineering Services and Structural Engineering Services across Canada. To get our Piping Stress Analysis Services, please contact our Engineering company.

Our professional piping stress engineers have a bachelor's and Masters degree in mechanical / structural engineering and province license (P.Eng.) in Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia and Ontario. We review, validate, certify and stamp piping and structural packages. Also check Industries We Serve:

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sinkrepairemam308-blog · 5 years ago

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The Best Guide To Shower Plumbing

They do not make up for stress variations. Only proper venting will certainly get rid of stress troubles. Ventilation A pipes system is aerated to avoid catch seal loss, product wear and tear. and circulation retardation. Trap Seal Loss The seal in a pipes catch may be shed because of siphonage (direct and indirect or momentum), back pressure, evaporation, capillary destination, or wind impact.

If a drain is put vertically after the component trap, as in an "S" catch, the drainage remains to move after the fixture is cleared as well as gets rid of the trap. This is triggered by the stress of air on the component water's being higher than the pressure of air in the waste pipe.

When it comes to indirect or energy siphonage, the circulation of water past the entrance to a component drainpipe in the waste pipe eliminates air from the component drainpipe. This decreases the air pressure in the fixture drain, and also the entire setting up works as an aspirator such as the medical professional makes use of to spray an infected throat.

A bathroom offers a little circulation and also a water storage room a huge flow. Small flows have a tendency to cling to the sides of the pipeline, however huge ones develop a slug of waste as they go down. As this slug of water drops the pipe the air in front of it ends up being pressurized.

This point is either a vent or a component electrical outlet. If the air vent is plugged or there is no air vent, the only getaway for this air is the fixture electrical outlet. The atmospheric pressure forces the trap seal up the pipe into the fixture. If the stress is great sufficient the seal is blown out of the component entirely.

Not known Facts About Clogged Toilet

Vent Sizing Vent pipe installment is similar to that of dirt as well as waste pipeline. The same fixture unit requirements are made use of. Vent pipelines of much less than 11 D 4 inches in diameter ought to not be used. Vents smaller sized than this size have a tendency to obstruct and do not execute their feature.

This kind of system conserves a large amount of cash and area when fixtures are put back to back in different homes. Wet airing vent: Wet venting of a plumbing http://hydrocheck.co.il/ בדיקת נזילות מים system prevails in house shower room fixture collection. It is precisely what the name suggests: the vent pipeline is utilized as a waste https://en.search.wordpress.com/?src=organic&q=plumbing company line.

Authorize Up to The Erector to ask questions, address individuals's concerns, compose posts and get in touch with other individuals. Have an account? Sign In.

What is Plumbing?Plumbing The setup, maintenance, expansion, change and removal of all piping, pipes fixtures, pipes home appliances, and plumbing appurtenances is gotten in touch with the following: a) Hygienic drainage system as well as associated air vent systems.b) Tornado water drainage centers and venting systems.c) Public or personal drinkable water supply systems.d) The first link to a potable water upstream of any type of required backflow avoidance device as well as the last link that releases indirectly right into public or exclusive disposal system.e) Medical gas and medical vacuum systems.f) Indirect waste piping, consisting of refrigeration and also cooling drainage.g) Fluid waste or sewage, and water, of any kind of premises to their link with accepted water supply system or to an acceptable disposal center.

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Plumbing professionals achieve this objective in 2 means. Click on each switch to recognize more:1 Plumbing technicians install safe, trusted pipes systems. 2Plumbers preserve and also repair existing systems properly. The health and wellness as well as security of a plumbing is equally as crucial as that of the clients. Besides scalding, among the most significant health and wellness concerns facing plumbing technicians today is contamination brought on by an incorrect cross-connection in between plumbing systems.

The Shower Plumbing Ideas

Heartburn can force wastes with a cross-connection. A number of points can create heartburn: • Cuts or break in the water main • Failing of a pump • Injection of air into the system • Unintentional connection to a high-pressure source When waste water or various other fluids are siphoned into the fresh water system, they can cause contamination, sickness, and also death.

Getting My Water Leak Finder To Work

coli, as well as Legionella can be spread out via heartburn from contaminated system. Note: Safety devices called backflow preventers keeps drainage from entering the supply of water system. Methods for Making Water Safe To avoid the spread of damaging organisms, chemicals, as well as products with water supply system, water is ensured through disinfection, filtering, and conditioning.

Purification Filtration is the process of cleaning water to get rid of fragments and chemicals. Softening Softening gets rid of magnesium and also sodium salt that creates scale on the within pipeline and also installations.

A plumbing is an individual who installs, repair work and maintains plumbing components or systems in companies, markets or residences. The main tasks of a plumbing technician are to: Haul products, step, cut, shape, put together and join numerous materials (e.g. pipes, installations, components) with different tools, servicing the supply of water, garbage disposal, and also heater.

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engineercity · 8 years ago

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Новости сайта #ENGINEERING - 工程

New Post has been published on http://engineer.city/pipeline-flow-induced-vibration/

Pipeline flow-induced vibration

Dr Matt Straw and Alex Read look at the phenomena termed flow-induced vibration, where the internal flow of process fluids within a pipeline or piping system causes some form of vibration of the pipe

Pipeline and piping vibration can cause a range of issues from reduced process efficiency and unplanned shutdowns to decreased equipment life or even loss of containment.

It is an issue for engineers designing systems in many industries and has been of specific concern in subsea oil and gas in recent years.

Flow-induced vibration is a complex mechanism and one in which engineering design has traditionally relied on empirical methods for its avoidance.

Empirical design methods are often, necessarily, conservative. High levels of conservatism can result in engineers identifying vibration risks that constrain designs or limit operations.

Here we aim to present how computer-based simulation of flow and structural behaviour can offer engineers greater understanding in cases where empirical approaches have identified potential vibration issues.

The most critical aims of pipeline and piping system design are to minimise the risk of pipe vibration and to improve safety, reliability and efficiency of process and production operations.

Through engineering simulation, we may be able to meet these aims while reducing conservatism and cost.

Causes of flow-induced vibration

Flow-induced vibration of pipelines and piping can be caused by a number of mechanisms including:

* Pumps and compressors which could produce pressure pulsations, exciting a response in nearby piping

* Fluctuating flow past obstructions or objects in the flow (for example, thermowells or other intrusions in the flow) and piping dead legs

* Multiphase flow – for cases with flowing multiple phases (for example, gas and liquid), specific multiphase flow regimes and flow frequencies through piping may drive vibration (for example, slug flows where packets of liquid impact the walls of the pipe at bends, elbows and obstructions)

* Rapid changes in flow conditions or fluid properties caused by opening valves, cavitation or other large pressure variations leading to changes in state, for example, flashing of liquids to vapour.

Identifying flow-induced vibration risk

The seminal guidance document used in the field of flow-induced vibration is published by the Energy Institute (EI). This provides a very clear method to determine the likelihood of FIV when designing new plant, assessing or modifying existing pipework or assessing an identified problem of an operating system.

But what happens in the event that an unacceptable vibration risk is identified? Using the Energy Institute approach the engineer has three options:

* Redesign or re-support the pipe section

* Perform detailed analysis

* Carry out vibration monitoring during operation.

While redesign may be possible for new facilities, the number of options available for design modifications in existing facilities is often severely limited. In cases where designs cannot be changed the options are limited to detailed analysis or monitoring vibration in operation.

If the monitoring approach is taken, it could be costly to install and, if vibration is subsequently observed, it could result in operating restrictions with significant economic impacts on a process or production rates.

The option of performing detailed analysis could be the preferable choice, offering engineers greater understanding of the vibration risk or the actual response of the system to the required operating conditions.

The challenge here is 'what is detailed analysis?' While there is very little in terms of industry best practices currently available, there are analysis and simulation approaches that engineers can turn to in order to further assess the risk of vibration.

Vibration assessment using Energy Institute guidelines

Fig. 1 shows a piping system that was initially investigated using the Energy Institute guidelines.

The system is based on piping at an existing process facility being reviewed to accommodate an upgrade in the process with the aim of increasing process flow rates.

Table 1 summarises the findings of the empirical assessment for three operating cases assessed.

For a number of vibration mechanisms, the pipe work is identified as having vibration risk and requires more detailed investigation.

Flow-induced pulsation, vortex-induced vibration (VIV) from flow past intrusive elements (the thermowells) and small bore connections were all identified as limiting at least two of the three operating cases assessed.

Using multiphase flow maps, the flow regime was estimated to be dominated by annular flow (where a liquid film forms and flows along the pipe walls) and so slug flow was not identified as a potential vibration mechanism.

The failure to meet the requirements of the EI guidelines means we need to redesign the system, perform detailed analysis or install monitoring equipment. In this case, we will look into detailed analysis and assess how an engineer could gain further information to make an informed decision as to how to proceed.

Full system flow and structural analysis

With modern computing capabilities it is now more practical than ever to simulate flow and structural responses of larger systems; even using desktop workstations.

In this case, we will demonstrate how the flow field within the piping can be simulated and used to predict the subsequent structural response of the system.

The two modelling approaches used for the piping system (shown in Fig. 1) were:

a) Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the flow. This was performed using the STAR-CCM+ software (by Siemens PLM Software)

b) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to assess the structural response. This used wave6 FEA software (by wave6), a frequency domain vibro-acoustic software package designed specifically to assess noise and vibration.

In the situation where flow-induced pipe deflections are large it may be necessary to perform a two-way coupled fluid-structure simulation where the flow-driven deflections of the pipe feedback to impact the flow through pipe.

However, in the case presented, this approach was not necessary and the flow results were used to predict structural response but this was not fed back to the flow simulation since it would have negligible effect, a one way coupling approach.

CFD simulation of the multiphase flow through the piping confirmed the flow regime was dominated by annular flow for all three operating cases with some liquid carried in a dispersed manner (as large droplets).

Fig. 2 shows results from the CFD analysis, illustrating contours of liquid speed on interfaces that exist between the gas and liquid phases present in the flow. It is clear that there is a gas-liquid interface near the pipe wall, confirming the dominant annular flow regime.

In addition, large droplets of liquid are carried along in the gas through the main bore of the pipe, shown in red. The CFD simulation demonstrated that no slug flow occurred through the system, which corroborated the empirical assessment made in the EI guidelines approach.

CFD simulation suggested that some flow-induced pulsation was occurring, both in the thermowell housing as well as in the main vertical dead leg. This was indicated by the fluctuating pressures recorded in the relevant areas.

Detailed analysis of the flow around the thermowells (not presented here) showed no signs of adverse response or loading through the onset of vortex-induced vibration, which is contrary to the findings of the EI method.

Fig. 3 shows the frequency content of the flow-induced pressures on the pipe wall. Two dominant spectral peaks can be observed as generated by the flow at 4Hz and 32Hz.

These two spectral peaks were investigated further and it was identified that the:

* 4Hz peak was the characteristic frequency of the large liquid droplets passing through the pipe

* 32Hz peak was related to the liquid film interaction with the first thermowell housing (deadleg).

The frequency content of the flow-induced forcing on the pipe can be compared to the natural frequencies of the pipe system, which were calculated using wave.

The natural frequencies of the system are shown in Fig. 4 and are generally higher than much of the spectral content in the flow-induced pressure signal captured on the pipe walls from the flow simulations. This indicates that the forcing function induced by the flow on the pipe system is unlikely to excite these natural structural modes.

To complete the investigation, a one-way coupled analysis was undertaken. Here the forcing functions predicted from the CFD analysis were applied to the wave6 FEA model to assess the response.

A vibro-acoustic model was solved to yield the forced response of the system, taking into account both the forcing function obtained from the CFD model and the impedance of the structure and fluid.

Fig. 5 shows the pointwise maximum Von Mises stress for one of the operating cases. It can be seen that the peaks correspond to the structure’s modal frequencies (shown in figure 4) and that there are no ‘line-up’ effects, where a forcing frequency (from the fluid) and a modal frequency coincide, to produce excessive vibration.

While results presented are for a single operating condition, the same process (CFD and FEA) was undertaken across the operating range and no significant changes in system response was observed.

This insensitivity to flow conditions suggests that the overall levels and peak values in the structural response are being sustained by wall turbulence rather than by specific mechanisms exciting structural modes. No significant vibration risks were identified by the analysis.

Closing remarks

Detailed analysis was selected as the way to further assess the identified vibration risks identified by the assessment using the Energy Institute approach. This work aimed to present how a combined approach using computational fluid dynamics and finite element methods can offer the opportunity to more fully understand vibration risks.

The detailed analysis presented briefly here suggested that there was no significant vibration risk in the system.

The starting point for a flow-induced vibration assessment will continue to be based on desktop studies and empirical approaches.

In cases where a vibration risk is identified, flow and structural analysis has the potential to inform engineers of options available.

Analysis best practices are not yet widely available but the tools are there and methods exist to help make well informed decisions and to enable the design and operation of safe and efficient pipelines and piping systems.

Dr Matt Straw, Norton Straw Consultants, and Alex Read, Siemens PLM Software.

Tags:

Siemens PLM Software

Norton Straw Consultants

Pipeline flow-induced vibration

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Process Engineer

Source: engineerlive.com

#engineering

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studentofrhetoric-blog · 8 years ago

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Part 2, Thursday, March 9th, 2017

International News:

--- "U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson will host a 68-nation meeting in Washington this month to discuss the next moves by a coalition fighting Islamic State, the State Department said on Thursday. The March 22-23 meeting of coalition foreign ministers aimed "to accelerate international efforts to defeat ISIS in the remaining areas it holds in Iraq and Syria and maximize pressure on its branches, affiliates, and networks," the State Department said in a statement, using an acronym for Islamic State. The State Department said it would be the first meeting of the full coalition since December 2014, shortly after it was founded."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-idUSKBN16G271?il=0

--- "The U.S. State Department held out the possibility on Thursday that Secretary of State Rex Tillerson might take reporters with him to Asia after it initially broke with decades of tradition by telling the media he would not. "We are still working out the logistics for this trip, so (we) cannot yet speak definitively as to whether we'll be able to accommodate any press on the Secretary's plane," State Department spokesman Mark Toner wrote in an email."Going forward, the State Department will do everything it can to accommodate a contingent of traveling media on board the Secretary's plane." The State Department told reporters earlier this week that Tillerson would not take any of them on a March 15-19 trip to Japan, South Korea and China, countries of strategic, military and economic interest to the United States."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-diplomacy-idUSKBN16G34K?il=0

--- "Canadian Environment Minister Catherine McKenna said on Thursday the "No. 1 focus" of her government, including her department, is trade relations with the United States, as Canada steels itself for possible NAFTA renegotiation with its southern neighbor."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-usa-trade-idUSKBN16G30B?il=0

--- "A new U.S. strategy to break a stalemate in Afghanistan will require additional American troops, the head of the U.S. Central Command said on Thursday. "I do believe it will involve additional forces to ensure that we can make the advise and assist mission more effective," Army General Joseph Votel said during a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing. Votel said a strategy was still being developed and did not give details on the number of troops that would be required or when a final decision would be made."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-afghanistan-idUSKBN16G28V?il=0

--- "The United States looks forward to a "productive relationship" with the next South Korean president, a U.S. embassy spokesman said on Friday following the removal of President Park Geun-hye from office over a corruption scandal."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-politics-usa-idUSKBN16H0BT?il=0

--- "Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Thursday repeated his opposition to a U.S. proposal for an import tax, telling energy executives gathered in Houston a levy would hurt both economies. "Anything that creates impediments at the border, extra tariffs, new taxes is something we're concerned with," Trudeau said, adding: "You're going to be hurting not just the Canadian economy but the American economy as well." Republicans have proposed a border adjustment tax that favors exports over imports as part of a plan to overhaul the U.S. tax code. The idea is under attack from import-heavy businesses but it is supported by large exporters, such as manufacturers."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-nafta-idUSKBN16H04Y?il=0

Domestic News:

--- "A Republican plan backed by President Donald Trump to overhaul the U.S. healthcare system passed through a second congressional panel on Thursday, despite controversy among lawmakers, hospitals and insurers about its unknown costs and impact on coverage. The House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee approved the proposal to repeal and replace former President Barack Obama's "Affordable Care Act" by a vote of 31-23, after debating the draft legislation for more than 24 hours."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obamacare-vote-idUSKBN16G2PK?il=0

--- "Mexico's Economy Minister Ildefonso Guajardo is in Washington D.C. to meet with U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross to discuss the bilateral agenda, Mexico's government said on Thursday, without offering further details."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-mexico-trade-idUSKBN16G2UN?il=0

--- "The U.S. Senate intelligence committee wants some former aides of President Donald Trump to testify in its investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, CNN reported on Thursday, citing senators who sit on the panel. CNN said lawmakers wanted to hear directly from former Trump aides who have been named in news reports, including Paul Manafort, Trump's former campaign manager; retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn, Trump's former national security adviser; and Carter Page, a foreign policy adviser to Trump's campaign."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-probe-idUSKBN16G2UT?il=0

--- "The U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee voted overwhelmingly on Thursday in favor of President Donald Trump's nominee to be director of national intelligence, former Republican Senator Dan Coats, sending his nomination to the Senate floor. The vote, which took place in a closed hearing, was 13-2, the committee said. Democratic Senators Ron Wyden and Kamala Harris were the only two members to vote no. Coats must still be confirmed by the full Senate to be the top U.S. intelligence official. The popular former lawmaker, who also served as ambassador to Germany, is expected to be confirmed easily."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-coats-idUSKBN16G2Z3?il=0

--- "President Donald Trump promised in a meeting with community bankers on Thursday to strip away some Dodd-Frank financial regulations and ensure they can continue giving small businesses access to capital. Trump, joined by National Economic Council Director Gary Cohn and Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin, said community banks play a "vital role" in the U.S. economy. "Nearly half of all private-sector workers are employed by small businesses. We must ensure access to capital to small businesses and for small businesses to grow. Community banks are the backbone of small business in America," Trump said at the beginning of the meeting. Representing the industry were chief executives of nine community banks with assets of around $1 billion or less and the heads of the American Bankers Association and the Independent Community Bankers of America (ICBA). Bankers who attended the 45-minute meeting said they discussed the role community banks play in rural areas and provided real-world examples about the difficulties smaller banking institutions face."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-banking-idUSKBN16G14G?il=0

--- "FBI Director James Comey on Thursday met with senior congressional leaders, including the intelligence committee chiefs, FBI and congressional officials said. The officials declined to discuss the subject of Comey's meeting with the group of leaders known as the "Gang of Eight". U.S. President Donald Trump has alleged that the Obama administration wiretapped his election campaign. The Gang of Eight, who have routine access to highly classified materials, include House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan, Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin Nunes and its top Democrat, Adam Schiff. Senate members include Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, and the top Republican and Democrat on the intelligence committee, Senators Richard Burr and Mark Warner."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-documents-idUSKBN16G2PY?il=0

--- "U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin on Thursday called on Congress to raise the federal debt ceiling "at the first opportunity" and announced the first of several likely cash management measures aimed at staving off a U.S. default. The Treasury said it would suspend sales of State and Local Government Series securities, known as "slugs," effective noon EDT on March 15. A debt ceiling suspension expires at the end of that day...Mnuchin said additional "extraordinary measures" to avoid default would likely be taken. The United States is one of only a few nations where the legislature must approve periodic increases in the legal limit on how much money the federal government can borrow."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-debt-limit-idUSKBN16G2QO?il=0

--- "Several states said on Thursday they would move forward with legal challenges to a revised executive order signed by President Donald Trump this week that temporarily bars the admission of refugees and some travelers from a group of Muslim-majority countries."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-legal-idUSKBN16G2RC?il=0

--- "U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has recused himself from issues related to TransCanada Corp's application for a permit for the Keystone XL pipeline, the State Department said in a letter on Thursday to the environmental group Greenpeace. "He has not worked on that matter at the Department of State, and will play no role in the deliberations or ultimate resolution of TransCanada's application," said the letter from Katherine McManus, the State Department's deputy legal adviser. McManus' letter came after Greenpeace wrote to officials at the State Department and the Office of Government Ethics on Wednesday, urging Tillerson recuse himself from any decisions on the multibillion-dollar pipeline, given his former role as chief executive officer of Exxon Mobil Corp."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-transcanada-keystone-tillerson-idUSKBN16G384?il=0

--- "The new head of the Environmental Protection Agency said on Thursday he is not convinced that carbon dioxide from human activity is the main driver of climate change and said he wants Congress to weigh in on whether CO2 is a harmful pollutant that should be regulated. In an interview with CNBC, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said the Trump administration will make an announcement on fuel efficiency standards for cars "very soon," stressing that he and President Donald Trump believe current standards were rushed through...Scientists immediately criticized Pruitt's statement, saying it ignores a large body of evidence collected over decades that shows fossil fuel burning as the main factor in climate change. "We can’t afford to reject this clear and compelling scientific evidence when we make public policy. Embracing ignorance is not an option," Ben Santer, climate researcher at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, said in a statement...Pruitt has previously said the EPA should not regulate CO2 without a law passed by Congress authorizing it to do so. The Republican-controlled Congress could potentially issue a strong signal to the EPA that carbon dioxide should not be regulated by the agency, a move that would undermine many Obama-era rules aimed at curbing emissions. "Administrator Pruitt is correct, the Congress has never explicitly given the EPA the authority to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant and the committee has no plans to do so," said Mike Danylak, spokesman for the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, the panel that oversees the EPA."

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-epa-pruitt-idUSKBN16G1XX?il=0

Trump's potential domestic conflicts of interest: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-conflicts-idUSKBN16H0JN?il=0

#international affairs #domestic affairs #trump administration #source: reuters

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