#so this study examines methods of architecture from tropical climates and how
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morrocan architecture so cool so sexy so mathematically grounded so good for tropical environment <3
#redesigning my white whale (florida apartment complex that doesn't suck bad)#the more interesting of the original studies i used for my research paper is on AC costs worldwide & how to reduce them#and while a lot of it is from commercial enterprise and is difficult to address there is actually a pretty significant#reduction in energy that could be achieved by reducing use of residential air conditioning#but ofc in tropical climates AC is literally life saving#so this study examines methods of architecture from tropical climates and how#the structure of the home allows for air flow in a way to SIGNIFICANTLY reduce need for ac#courtyards flow of air across the house through windows use of lightweight materials that don't soak up heat even#stuff like walls made of a lattice allowing air flow#but ofc you make other sacrifices for this#like bugs are a problem#and some of these methods make you vulnerable to flooding#but generally its a lot better than most current architecture in the tropical parts of the US#which largely use either very bastardized spanish architecture or just new england#and don't accommodate for the climate as much as they should#the spanish architecture has become mostly aesthetic and not functional for climate control#i would also be very interested in a study on Florida Seminole architecture#though to my understanding the seminole were pretty nomadic and mostly lived in tent structures#ive seen some cool stuff abt managing flooding at different seminole like educational events#and in later eras of seminole history a lot of seminoles took up farming and built more permanent settlements#but I can't really find a lot of stuff on it? other than firsthand talking to people#which is useful but they usually can't like#show me blueprints yk#...anyway tldr im designing a courtyard with a big tree in the middle#crossflow of air through windows wld be cool but its hard in apartments so idk#and then irrigation is improved a lot from my original plan#bc instead of the excess at the end just going back to the city water recycling system#it can flow down from the rooftop garden and water the Big Tree :)#yippee
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Hurricane Center warns forecast accuracy will suffer when model upgrade goes forward
check it out @ https://tuthillscopes.com/hurricane-center-warns-forecast-accuracy-will-suffer-when-model-upgrade-goes-forward/
Hurricane Center warns forecast accuracy will suffer when model upgrade goes forward
Hurricane Matthew strikes Florida on March. 7, 2016.
Image: nasa
When Hurricane Sandy designed a devastating left hook in to the Mid-Atlantic on March. 29, 2012, killing nearly 150 people and causing about $70 billion in damage, a story required hold within the weather community and also the media that made its method to Capitol Hill.
U.S. weather models were late in forecasting that storm’s bizarre track in comparison to the top model from Europe, which locked about it greater than a week ahead of time. Many interior and exterior government started to criticize the things they saw like a growing modeling gap over the Atlantic.
The elements model wars are ongoing, and new evidence has emerged that rather of creating a step forward in forecast precision as Congress has directed, the U.S. might be going to move back, a minimum of with regards to high-impact occasions for example hurricanes and tropical storms are worried.
SEE ALSO: Looking for hope on climate change under Trump? Cities are where the action is.
The problem concerns a looming upgrade towards the National Weather Service’s top weather forecasting model, referred to as Global Forecast System, or GFS. Staff in the National Hurricane Center in Miami, which issues hurricane watches and warnings, are pushing back against an agenda to apply changes scheduled for May after simulations revealed the brand new version will make hurricane track forecasts less accurate for storm systems spinning within the Atlantic.
In a nutshell, their argument is the fact that no upgrade is preferable to a poor upgrade, which when the upgrade goes forward as planned, forecasts are affected. This might put countless seaside residents within the road to a hurricane in danger, with respect to the forecast error.
Illustration of a GFS computer model projection.
Image: weatherbell analytics
The planned changes, that the leadership from the National Weather Service have previously signed off on, are highly technical, however they add up to tries to better capture the way the atmosphere works.
Computer models really are a mainstay of contemporary weather forecasting. Each consumes a large number of observations from satellites, weather balloons, commercial aircraft, ground stations and much more, after which uses complex physics equations along with other strategies to project the condition from the atmosphere out a few days ahead of time.
In a number of presentations published to some National Weather Service website, the Hurricane Center documented a loss of forecast reliability, making known their objection to putting the 550d upgrade into service.
Other centers inside the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) documented either slight enhancements, no change, or slight degradations in forecast precision using the next model iteration.
Slide from the National Weather Service presentation showing reduced forecast skill for hurricane forecasts.
Image: NOAA
Particularly, when forecasters ran the upgraded model on past tropical weather systems, they found storm track forecasts within the Atlantic were about 9 to 10 % less than the prior GFS operating already, there seemed to be a little stop by the precision of track forecasts within the eastern Gulf Of Mexico.
One slide, that was given to senior management, summarized the Hurricane Center’s reservations.
It candidly states: “Losing short- to medium-range [tropical cyclone] track and intensity forecast skill for that Atlantic basin within the suggested 2017 GFS is unacceptable towards the National Hurricane Center.”
The Hurricane Center also expressed worry about how alterations in the GFS model would affect other hurricane mixers receive inputs in the GFS. Individuals possible impacts haven’t been examined.
“Therefore, we oppose this implementation,” the presentation states.
As a result of questions from Mashable, Bill Lapenta, the director from the National Centers for Ecological Conjecture, which oversees the Hurricane Center, stated the upgrade is made to “make proper architectural infrastructure enhancements to maneuver our entire modeling suite forward,” and doesn’t make many science alterations.
“Out of the box often the situation with model upgrades, we predict slight performance enhancements in certain NWS service areas (i.e., aviation, severe, winter, etc.) and slight degradations in other people,Inch he stated inside a statement.
Twiddling with a pc model is like trying to construct a bit of Ikea furniture: you might flourish in solving one area of the challenge, but while by using their allen wrench you’ll accidentally knock another part unnatural along the way. Also do model enhancements have a tendency to improve forecasts for many weather phenomena while causing others to become more problematic.
Lapenta stated that further analysis says the majority of the rise in forecast errors using the upgraded GFS model was originating from mistakes in the way it handled three particular storms, instead of all storms.
However, that finding wasn’t reflected inside a presentation in the Hurricane Center, which demonstrated a far more frequent forecast degradation according to greater than 700 test cases within the Atlantic. Also, if a person of individuals high error storms later on is surely a high-impact storm like Sandy, it might cause major trouble for seaside residents particularly.
It might be also another black eye with an already maligned computer model.
Additionally, he noted that hurricane forecasters in Miami have the full-range of information using their company models, and are not locked right into a GFS-based forecast.
Number of tune-ups
The elements agency contends the model is becoming much more advanced and reliable since 2012, thanks partly to publish-Sandy funding to enhance its power and abilities.
An invoice passed within the wake from the disaster provided $48 million for NOAA to enhance its forecasting operations, with $25 million likely to boosting its computing abilities to try and bring the GFS on componen using the model operated by the ecu Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, or ECMWF.
High in priority list for Congress and also the Weather Service continues to be increasing the forecasting of high-impact weather occasions for example hurricanes. So it’s particularly concerning for hurricane forecasters to determine a coming degeneration in forecast precision.
After Sandy we spent all of this profit supplemental modeling money” to enhance hurricane forecasts and predict the following Sandy further in advance, stated Ryan Maue, a meteorologist at WeatherBELL Analytics, a personal company. “I honestly I do not determine if we have ever accomplished that.
Maue has reviewed the elements Service presentations and also the Hurricane Center’s objections. He states the testing reveals one step backwards for that forecasting agency.
This can be a seriously negative result that will have real-world impacts on forecasting hurricanes especially for the short term,Inch he stated from the next GFS model upgrade.
We are back where we began 5 years ago whenever we all understood the GFS drawn, he stated.
The Hurricane Center hasn’t supported a few of the other GFS upgrades since Sandy either simply because they have proven little enhancements or perhaps degradations in forecast skill.
He problems the elements Service for growing the horizontal resolution of their flagship model without also addressing the vertical resolution, since weather happens both above and also at Earth’s surface. The Ecu Center, he states, has superior vertical resolution.
The Ecu Center, because of its part, is intending to develop a next-generation supercomputing center in Italia and is constantly on the outpace the U.S. when it comes to forecast precision and computing power. Lessening the outcome of the disparity, though, is always that American forecasters do have the European models’ simulations.
Florian Pappenberger, the director of forecasts in the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Studying, England, stated at his agency, you will find cases when the model is tinkered with and also the results backslide in precision instead of taking one step forward.
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Its a shame this appears to become no longer working out as had wished,” he stated from the GFS model changes. He stated sometimes agencies know they’ll have a hit in forecast precision within the short-term to be able to reap greater longer-term advantages of future tune-ups.
However, the following upgrade following this one is not scheduled before the next, brand-new GFS is folded in 2019.
In the past 5 years, NOAA continues to be busy attempting to improve its computing capacity to bring its forecasting models to parity using the Europeans along with other groups in Japan, China, Korea and also the United kingdom. Including an increase in computing power in 2016, along with a new 4D” system of inhaling data technically referred to as data assimilation in to the model.
Critics within and outdoors the company have lengthy stated the Europeans have a great method of ingesting data and making it helpful information because of its models.
At the end of This summer of 2016, NOAA announced its intention to construct a brand new, “condition-of-the-art” global forecasting model to eventually switch the current GFS.
WATCH: Check out this glorious map of lightning striking around the globe
Find out more: http://mashable.com/2017/03/10/hurricane-forecasts-suffer-gfs-model-upgrade/
#climate#computer-model#extreme-weather#hurricane#national-hurricane-center#national-weather-service#noaa#Science#weather#weather-forecast
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